Volume 52, Number 9

Lubrication
A Technical Publication Devoted to
the Selection and Use of Lubricants

PUBLISHED BY
TEXACO INC.
TEXACO PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
 80010001200
140
400
Whenthe pressure’s really on
TEXACO RANDO OIL HD
cuts out the wear and tear
Hydraulic systems take a beating at pressures
above 1500 psi-unless they’re protected by a
high anti-wear hydraulic oil. Texaco Rando
Oil HD has the special anti-wear characteris-
tics that mean longer life for pumps and valves
in high pressure, high speed systems.
Rando HD gives you smoother performance,
uniform pressure and a clean system, for
fewer oxidation foul-ups, less downtime - less
maintenance.
And Rando HD resists foaming, separates
readily from water, and prevents rust through-
out the hydraulic system.
For a fact filled Rando Oil leaflet showing
typical test results, write: Texaco Inc., 135
East 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. 10017.
TEXACOIDEAS
KEEP THINGS MOVING
 LUBRICATION

paper, extendedarea type cartridges as well as was,

packeddepth type cartridges. In addition, a filte
ENGINE screen at the oil pumpintake is standard equipment.
The four systems--by-pass, shunt, full flow and
combinationas applied to automotivecrankcase oil
HYDRAULIC filtration are illustrated schematicallyin Figures21,
CYCLONE
22, 23, 24, and 25.
~ SUMP Althoughthe trend is towardsfull-flow oil filtra-
tion, the majority of passenger cars are installed
with by-pass or shunt systems. Somecars are
equippedwitha full-flow filter in the oil supplyline
to the hydraulicvalve lifters wherethe cleanest oil
is required. The remainder of the system works on
partially filtered by-passoil.
Althoughmaintenance procedures vary greatly,
the generally acceptedpractice is to replace filters
or filter cartridges every 6000to 7000miles, except
in cars equippedwith hydraulic valve lifters where
the prescribed practice is 5000-milefilter changes.
Courtesy ol Sharpies Equipment Division, However, one manufacturer recommendsa filter
Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation changewith each oil change.
Figure 20--A schematic diagram of a combination flow sys-
Results of 5,000 miles of road testing on 25 auto-
tem using a "hydraulic cyclone" in full-flow and a centrifuge
in by-pass. mobiles are charted in Figure 26. The 100 percent
wear indicated is considered to be the amountof
wearobtainedwithoutoil filters of any type. Results
internal combustionengines. Oil cleanliness has a represent those obtained under average driving con-
direct correlation with engine wear, operating and ditions encounteredin all parts of the country using
maintenancecosts, out-of-operation time, length of all typesof fuel andall typesof lubricatingoil.
time between overhauls, etc. Equipmentmanufac-
turers and users are awarethat efficient oil condi- Automotive Diesel Engines
tioning equipmentresults in a substantial reduction Similar to gasoline engines, space limitations re-
in overall costs. This is understandable whenone strict the size and type of filter used with highway
considers that virtually every knowntype of con- type diesel engines. Theuse of additive oils in this
taminant can be detected in used internal combus-
tion engine oils. Aside from engine wear, contami- service dictates the preference for absorbent depth
nants of both internal and external origin also con- type and extendedarea surface type filters. Adsorb-
tribute to bearing corrosion, oil line plugging, oil ent type filters are not generally used, as additive
starvation, stuck valves and hydraulicvalve lifters, depletion mayresult.
ring sticking, oil ring plugging and other condi- Anyof the gasoline engine filter systems shown
tions of engine malfunctioning. The need to mini- in Figures 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 are applicable to
mize these problemshas beena significant factor in diesel engines as well. The by-pass systemis widely
the developmentand acceptanceof inhibited, highly used. The combinationsystem using separate car-
dispersantoil. tridges for by-passand for full flowfiltration is in
common use in heavy duty applications, where the
Althougha widevariety of filters andoil purifiers space limitations are not too restrictive. Figure 27
are used in stationary service, the space limitations illustrates a typical exampleof such a combination
of the on-the-road units generally require the use systemfor automotivediesel engines. The full flow
of relatively small filter cartridges. Thereis also a portion of the combinationis intended to maintain
definite trend towardsthe incorporationof full-flow a copious flow of oil while removing mainly the
design. Units are available to provide full-flow larger contaminantparticles; the by-pass portion
filtered oils to critical areas with shunt or by-pass removesthe finer contaminantparticles. Becauseof
filtered oils to less critical areas. the relatively large fuel soot contaminationin diesel
engines and the common use of dispersant oils, the
Automotive Gasoline Engines properselection of an efficient filter is of consider-
Spacelimitations in gasoline engines necessitate able importancein maintenance.
the use of relatively small replaceablecartridge fil- Filtration has also receivedconsiderableattention
ters, and the widespreaduse of heavyduty dispers- recently in railwaydiesel engines, particularly with
ant type oils restricts the use of highly adsorbent the introduction of high dispersant oils for locomo-
types. Wide use is made of folded, impregnated tive service. Highlyefficient pleated paper filters

[ i26 ]
 LUBRICATION
A TECHNICAL PUBLICATION DEVOTED TO THE SELECTION AND USE OF LUBRICANTS
Published by

Texaco Inc., 135 East 42nd Street, NewYork, N. Y. 10017

J. H. Rambin, Jr., Chairman of the Board of Directors; J. W. Foley, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors;
M. J. Epley, Jr., President; A. W. Baucum, Harvey Cash, J. W. Green, J. H. Pipkin, Executive Vice Presidents;
W. E. Avery, A. M. Card, W. G. Copeland, S. T. Crossland, R. J. Derby, C. H. Dodson, Henry Flynn, M. F. Granville,
Ben Halsell, O. B. Hocker, H. C. Hose, L. C. Kemp, Jr., Kerryn King, J. W. Kinnear, J. I. Mingay, W. H. Ryer,
H. O. Woodruff, Vice Presidents; A. B. Steed, Vice President and General Counsel; W. J. Clayton, Secretary;
x.v4. R. Love, Comptroller; E. C. Mitchell, Treasurer.

Volume52, Number9, 1966

COPYRIGHTS: The contents o[ LUBRICATION are cop)righted and cannot be reprinted legally by other publications without written prior
approval ]rom Texaco and then only i~ the article is quoted exactly and accompanied by the credit line "Courtesy o! Texaco’s magazine
LUBRICATION", Copyright © 1966 by Texaco Inc. Cop)right under International Copyright Cont,’ention. All rights Resert,ed under Pan-
American Copyright Convention.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS:In reporting change o~ address please gite both old and new address: Write to--C. R. Frohlin, Texaco Inc.
135 E. 42rid St,, New York, N. Y. 10017: or H. E. ll’/hiting, Texaco CanadaLtd,, 1425 Mountain St., Montreal 25, Quebec, Canada.

CONTAMINANT REMOVAL FROM

CIRCULATING OIL SYSTEMS--II
T HEPRECEDING issue of this publication dis-
cussed sources of contaminationin circulating
oil systems and equipmentfor its control and
(3) Thefull-flow connectionas used with filters
is identical with the shunt hook-up.The basic dif-
ference betweenthe two methodsis that the full
removal, including gravity separation, centrifuges flow filter systemmust contain sufficient cartridges
andfilters. Thisissue will concludethe article by dis-to permit all of the oil entering the filter to pass
cussingapplications of various purification systems. through the cartridges without by-passing through
the relief valves.
FLOW SYSTEMS (4) The combination system normally requires
two units, one returning directly to the sumpand
Five commonly used methodsof filter installation
are by-pass, shunt, full-flow, combination,and inde- the other handlingthe full flow to the bearings. The
combinationprinciple is applied to centrifugal sep-
pendent. A brief description of each follows: aration as well as to filtration. A "hydraulic cy-
( 1 ) The by-pass method,perhaps the most com- clone"* is used as an unblockablefull-flow coarse
mon, operates on only a portion of the oil in the separator, preventingany isolated coarse particles
systemand takes its supply off the mainlubricant from circulating to the bearings, while a centrifuge
line, usually between the discharge pumpand the is used in by-pass operation. Figure 20 is a sche-
oil cooler. The amountby-passed is normally only matic diagramof a combinationsystem.
approximately 10%of the quantity of oil circu- (5) The independent system makes use of a
lated by the oil pumpand is generally returned to separate auxiliary pumpcompletely separate from
the sump. By this arrangement, the lubricated area the lubricating system. Here a portion of the system
is never suppliedwith completelypurified oil. oil is pumped throughthe filter or purifier and then
(2) The shunt connection as used with cartridge returned directly to the sumpor crankcase.
filters directs the flow of oil from the oil pump
through the filter. Shunt type filters are equipped INTERNAL
withrelief valves. Theentire flowof oil at first goes COMBUSTION ENGINES
throughthe cartridges, but as the cartridges become Theoil filter or purifier is secondonlyto the air
loadedwith contaminants,the flow of oil is divided. cleaner in importance as auxiliary equipment for
A portion of the oil continues to pass through the * The "hydraulic cyclone", although not a centrifuge, separates
cartridge and the balance by-passes. heavy particles from a liquid stream in swirling flow.

[ 125]
 LUBRICATION

Figure 21 --A schematic of a by-pass type automotive filter

system. CourteJy o/Fram Corporation
Figure 22--A schematic of a shunt type automotive filter
system.

DEPTI
(COTTON~
BLEND~

Courtesy ot Fram Corporation

Figure 23 ~ A schematic of a full flow type automotive filter _ RELIEF
syslem. VALVE

SECTION

" ’ .... ~ , t~
’ ........ ~ ~, ,,c :~/~ INLET
ANTI-DR.41N-BACK
(; LET
VALVE
........ +l
i ;i ~+ ~ .........
Courtesy o/ Ford ~lIotor Compan)
Figure 24 -- Details of a two stage full flow depth type auto-
Courtesy o[ Fram Corporation motive filter incorporating fine and coarsesectionsin parallel.
Hgure 2S--~ mchemoti¢ of o ¢omblnotion full flow ond
by-po*+ automotive filter system. of the shunt system), by-pass and full flow filter
systemsfor large engines in stationary service. With
have proven very satisfactory whenused in com- non-additive oils, adsorbent type depth filters are
’°
bination with the newtype railway diesel oils. used quite advantageously,since they removeextra-
neous contaminantsand oxidation products as well.
Stationary Industrial Engines Completepreassembledcentrifuge systemsare avail-
In industrial service, wherespace limitation may able for contaminant removal, such as a combina-
not be as important a factor, a numberof satisfac- tion centrifuge with a filter and a centrifuge com-
tory oil conditioning systems can be employed.In plete with automatic washwater density controls.
addition to the variety of equipmentused for indi- Examplesof these two types are shownin Figures
vidual engines for full-flow, continuousor by-pass 29 and 30.
operation, portable purifiers and filters are often Diesel enginesprobablypresent the greatest chal-
used to service several engines. lenge of engine oil purification, as diesels tend to
Figure28 illustrates typical dry sump(a variation contaminatethe crankcase oil to a greater extent

[127]
 LUBRICATION
ENGINE WEAR- FILTER TESTS
’YLINDER BORE MAIN BEARING
WEAR WEAR
I00
90
BO
70
60
50
40
:50
20
I0
0
Figure 26 -- Enginewear--filter tests.
than other engines. For example, under unfavorable
operating conditions, it is not unusual to accumulate
0.3 pounds of debris per 1,000 rated horsepower
hours. In fact, analysis has shownthat a 1,000 horse-
power diesel engine may, in a year’s service, dis-
card through the oil purifier:
110 gallons of water,
530 pounds of carbon ( fuel soot),
180 pounds of oxidized matter, and
150 pounds of minerals (dust, iron, lead, copper,
tin, etc.).
Heavyduty oils can be used satisfactorily in diesel
engines equipped with centrifuges. However, these
oils tend to form stable e~nulsions with water, thus
making the removal of water by centrifuging diffi-
cult. If stable emulsions persist, it maybe helpfnl to
heat the oil to approximately 180°F. before it enters
the centrifuge to encourage the emulsions to break.
Although a certain amount of water in the crankcase
from blow-by of combustion products and conden-
sation is inevitable: water washingshould be limited
to straight mineral oils. As far as diesel engine serv-
ice is concerned, these oils are generally restricted
to large, slow speed diesel engine crankcase lubrica-
tion.
STEAM TURBINES
Oil conditioning equipment is highly important
in the preparation of new steam turbine lnbricating
[ ~28]
NO FILTER
PARTIAL FLOWFILTER
FULL FLOWFILTER
CONNECTING ROD
BRG, WEAR
PIS TON WEAR
Courtesy o/Purolator Product~ Incorporated
systems, in flushing of reconditioned systems, and in
the maintenance of lubricating oil during operation.
Water, rust, dirt and wear particles are the principal
contaminants in steam turbine lubricating oil sys-
tems. Premiumquality turbine oils are formulated
to provide top performance and system protection,
even in the presence of some contamination. They
are generally defined as highly refined oils with good
water separating characteristics incorporating anti-
foam, anti-rust and anti-oxidation additives. In com-
bination with effective purification, these oils are
serving the requirements of the steam turbine sys-
tems in a remarkably efficient fashion. Relatively
simple maintenance programs providing for oil
conditioning eqnipment will preserve these essen-
tial qualities and provide dependable service for ex-
tended periods. The use of oils containing additives
precludes the use of adsorbent type filter materials,
although other purification systems can be used
satisfactorily.
Water contamination is probably the greatest
single concern in steam turbines. In addition to the
problems of sludge formation and oil emulsification,
excessive water may eventually cause depletion of
the rust inhibitor and without it, serious rusting can
occur. Rusting, especially in critical areas such as
governors, actuators, etc., cannot be tolerated.
 LUBRICATION

(3) Filter systems. The filters are limited to sur-

face and absorbent types, except where straight
mineral oils are employed. Onevariation is to com-
bine gravity settling in series with gravity fed open
bag filters, followed by a pressure fed polishing
filter, such as shownschematically in Figure 32. A
polishing filter serves to removethe majority of the
very finely divided contaminant particles and mois-
ture haze.
It is particularly important that the oil purifica-
tion equipment be operated continuously during the
installation of newturbine systems and recondition-
ing of existing systems. This ensures removal of
potentially harmful materials which may be present
in such systems before they can circulate and cause
damage. In fact, a Joint ASTM-ASME Committee
on Turbine Lubrication has issued a list of recom-
mended practices for preparing newly installed
turbine systems, cleaning used systems and purify-
ing turbine oils.’ ....

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Courtesy o/AC Spark Plug Division, General Motors Oil cleanliness is of paramount importance in
Figt;re 27--A schematic of a combination full fiow and by- hydraulic systems.*aa~’*~a"The same type of oils used
passfiltration system for highway type diesel engines. in steam turbine systems are also generally used as
premium grade hydraulic oils. As previously de-
Entrance of water may be: fined, these are highly refined, inhibited oils with
(1) From steam leaks due to faulty shaft pack- good water separating characteristics. The fact that
ing glands or seals; they are usually inhibited precludes the use of ad-
(2) Through leaks in cooling coils (leakage sorbent (active) type filters. However,in those few
sea water on marine units is especially serious);
(3) Condensation from moisture in the air;
(4) Higher than normal gland water tempera-
tures, and
(5) Steam blow-by when glands become scaled
or when vacuumis lost.
The use of dehumidifiers on tank breathers is
helpful in reducing moisture contamination from
condensation. In addition, the following auxiliary
oil purification equipment may be used effectively
in maintaining turbine oil quality:
(1) Gravity settlers for separation of excess
water and suspended insoluble oxidized material,
dirt, etc. Settling purification is normally conducted
by heating the oil to approximately 120 to 140°F.
and permitting the oil to stand for several days.
(2) Centrifuges for faster and more effective re-
moval of contaminants. Centrifuges are generally
connected to the sump for intermittent or continu-
ous processing of the oil. The oil is supplied to the
centrifuge by an auxiliary pump. Wet centrifuging
for removal of oil soluble oxidation products is gen-
erally restricted to straight mineral oils or turbine
oils containing rust and oxidation inhibitors which
resist depletion by water washing. The centrifuge is
used extensively in the circulating oil systems of Courtesy ol 1Vm. W. Nugent & Co. (Inc.)
steam turbines used for marine propulsion. A typi- Figure 28~Some typical filtration systems for stotionarg
cal system of this type is shownin Figure 31. internal comb~stlon engines.

[129]
 LUBRICATION

Courtesy of The DeLaval Separator Company

Figure 29 -- A combination centrifuge and filter.
systems employingstraight mineral oils, active
filters can be used. Other purification equipment
described underSteamTurbinesis also applicable to
hydraulic systems.
Undernormal conditions, the quantity of con-
taminantsentering a closed and sealed hydraulicsys-
tem will be small. However,whenone considers the
possible damageto precision valves or pumpsthat
mayresult from the presence of contaminants, it
canbe realized that the use of oil purification equip-
mentis highly desirable.
Courtesy o/Sharpies Equipment Division,
Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation
Figure 30--A centrifuge with automatic wash water density
control.
The type of purification equipmentwill depend
upon the type and amountof contaminant. In large
systems where water contamination maybe rela-
tively heavy,gravity settling tanks for batch purifi-
cation or centrifuges for either continuousor inter-
mittent purification can be considered. Smallersys-
tems can be satisfactorily serviced by absorbent or

FILLING CONNECTION

OIL TANK
OVERFLOW
7
OIL
COOL ERS OIL FEED
TURBINES

-RESERVE
OIL
TANK OIL
DELAVAL
" UNI- MATIC" PURIFIEDOIL
S TRAI NER.~- OIL TO SYSTEM --

MAIN
TURBINES

Courtesy o~ The DeLaval Separator Company

Figure 31 --A schematicof a typical marine turbine oil purification systemusing a centrifuge.

[130]

.tscRvo~u AUX,t,AU~
~. ~ ~"
II ~I I ~_Lt~t_~o~
Courtesy o! |Vm. IV. Nugent & Co. (Inc.)
Figure 32- A schematic of a typical oil filtration
stationary steam turbines.
surface filters. Wherea numberof units are operat-
ing, a portable conditioner can be employed and
operated on shunt connection to the various indi-
vidual unit sumps.
ROLLING MILLS
Contamination of heavy circulating oils is a major
problem in rolling mills. The main contaminants
are water, mill scale, and dirt. Themill scale and dirt
are not only abrasive, but also stabilize emulsions
which form from mixing lubricating oil with water.
The object, then, is to maintain the circulating oil
as free of these contaminants as possible. The large
quantities of oil and the high degree of contamina-
tion encountered in rolling mills often requires the
use of both continuous and batch purification. The
fact that water contamination is a problem in roll-
ing mills dictates the use of circulating oils with
FILTERCYCLE
FROMMILL
Figure 33 -- A schematic of an automatic cycling precoat filter
thin stainless steel strip.
LUBRICATION
good water separating characteristics. However, in-
adequate purification eventually encourages the
formation of stable emulsions and sludge which
makes subsequent recovery more difficult.
The elaborate oil conditioning systems employed
in rolling mills generally consist of several gravity
settling tanks for batch removal of bulk contami-
nants and polishing cartridges or bag filters with
magnetic strainers for removal of small mill scale
particles. Compact combination unit purifiers are
popular for the polishing step and combine a water
~I+ or sludge precipitation compartment with a series
of cloth bag filters stretched over wire frames, as
described earlier in this article. Metal gauze bags are
syslem for
also used in combination units with automatic
cleaning.
Wherecontinuous gravity settling is desired, as
in cold strip mills, the system is equipped with a
ba~ed settling tank and a storage supply tank. The
bafftes are arranged on the oil inlet side of the
settler to permit slow movementof oil and efficient
separation of the water and debris, which settles to
the bottom and is easily removed. The separated oil
overflows the baffles to the clean oil compartment
where it is drawn off: continuously, finished by a
centrifuge or filter, and finally returned to the oil
supply tank. Filters especially adapted to this serv-
ice are available, and are capable of removing for-
eign particles downto a few microns in size.
Belt type surface filters of the flat bed pressure
variety are often used in combination with polish-
ing filters in both ferrous and non ferrous rolling
oil systems. One system incorporates an auto-
matically cycling precoat filter with a belt type filter
to obtain a very high degree of rolling oil contami-
nant removal required in the production of stainless
~-[ ~ DESLUDGiNGCYCLE
:~-WAYVALVE
I OVERFLOW EJECTOR
WASTE
VACUUM ~
BOX
Courtesy o/STEEL and Hydroraation Engineering Company
in combination with a belt type filter system as applied to rolling
[131]
 LUBRICATION

Courtesy o! The Cuno Engineering Corporation Courter) o/The Leon]. Barrett Co.
Figure 34 -- A cut-away of a woundwire filter with a rotating Figure 35--A bowl type centrifuge for metal working fluid
continuous backwash. purification.

steel strip as thin as 0.0005 inches/~ Such a filtra- upon manyfactors, including size and capacity, op-
tion system is shown schematically in Figure 33. erating conditions, space limitations, degree of pt~ri-
fication desired, and, most decidedly, the char-
CUTTING AND GRINDING FLUIDS acteristics of the oil itself.

A wide variety of methods are used successfully

for the removal of contaminants from metalwork- BIBLIOGRAPHY
ing fluids. Gravity settling is commonlyused as the 10. Magazine LUBRICATION, Volume 52, Number 6,
only means, or may be included as a part of an over- "Diesel Locomotives."
all system. Flotation is applicable to aqueous cutting 11.ASTM-ASME RecommendedPractices for the Flush-
and grinding fluids, illustrated previously in Figure ing and Cleaning of Marine Propulsion Turbine Lu-
2, as well as to the removal of fines from aqueous bricating Systems. ASME Standard No. 113 (1964).
fluids used in copper wire drawing. 12. ASTM-ASME Recommended Practices for the Purifica-
tion of MarinePropulsion Turbine Lubricating Oil.
Belt type surface filters such as the one shownin ASME Standard No. 114 (1964).
Figure 10, filtering under vacut~m or modified for 13. Magazine LUBRICATION, March 1954, "Filters and
pressure filtration, can handle large quantities of Purifiers for Oil Circulating Systems."
grinding debris easily. Various types of surface 14. Magazine LUBRICATION, July 1965, "Industrial
HydraulicOils."
filters are frequently combinedwith gravity settling. 15.Magazine LUBRICATION, August 1956, "Keep Hy-
Self cleaning filters utilizing a built-in back washare draulic Oils Clean."
also used. Figure 34 is an exampleof such a unit. 16.Magazine LUBRICATION,Volume 52, Number 5,
Perforate basket type centrifuges are used to ex- "Hydraulics."
tract cutting fluids from chips, while bowl type cen- 17. Editorial, "Filter SystemUpgradesUltrathin Strip,"
Steel, January9, ( 1961).
trifuges like the one shown in Figure 35 are em-
18. EI-Hindi, A., "Flotation Systems for Removalof
ployed for removing fine particles from the fluid. Copper Fines from Water Emulsions Used in Copper
Wire Drawing," Wire & Wire Prod., October
SUMMARY ( 1962).
19. Ayres, R. B., "Chip and Oil Handling," Automatic
Maintaining circulating oil in good operating Machinery,July, p. 44-46 (1965).
condition is second in importance only to the 20. Fairchild, D., "HeavyDutyEngineFiltration Systems,"
quality of the oil itself. A wide selection of purifica- SAEPaper 734C (1962).
tion systems is available, ranging from relatively 21. Nugent, W.M., "Lubricant and Fuel Filter Theory
Operation and Maintenance," Talk before Lake
simple to fairly complex, with contaminant removal Carriers Assn., Cleveland,Ohio, February,( 1965).
efficiency varying accordingly. The choice of a cir- 22. Ambler,C. M., "Centrifugal Purification of Lubri-
culating oil purification system therefore depends cating Oil," ASLE J., January, p. 34-39( 1961).

[132]
The best anti-wear prescrip-
tion you can give your pumps
is Texaco Rando Oil HD. They
need the long-life protection
of the special additives in
Rando Oil.
In addition to wear protec-
tion, Rando HDgives you the
smooth performance, uniform
pressure and clean system you from water fast.
can’t expect to get with ordi- Texaco Rando Oil is avail-
nary oils. It resists oxidation. able in viscosities to meet
Eliminates valve gum-up. every requirement. For more
Reduces downtime. Cuts your information, including accel-
maintenance costs. Prevents erated pumpwear test results,
rust throughout your hydrau- write: Texaco Inc., 135 East
lic system. It is designed to 42nd Street, NewYork, New
prevent foam and it separates York 10017.

~ TEXACO IDEAS
KEEP THINGS MOVING

Preventivemedicine for high

pressure
hydraulic pumps.ItS; fortified
withspecial anti-wearingredients.

TEXACO
RANDO OIL HD
 TRUST YOUR CAR TO THE MAN WHO WEARS THE STAR

TEXACO ,.c. DALLAS,TEXAS75222 NORFOLK, VA. 23501

P.O. Box6171 P.O. Box 901

DIVISION
DENVER,COLO.80201 ORLANDO, FLA. 32802
OFFICES P.O. Box 40
P.O. Box 2100
ATLANTA, GA. 30301
P.O. Box 1722 HOUSTON SANFRANCISCO, CAL. 94111
P.O. Box 430 255 California Street
BALTIMORE, Bellaire, Texas77402
P.O. Box 6760
Towson,Md. 21204 SEATTLE,WASH.98111
LOSANGELES, CAL. 90005 1511 Third Avenue
BOSTON 3350Wilshire Blvd.
P.O. Box 149 ST. LOUIS,MO.63119
ChestnutHill, Mass.02167 7020 ChippewaStreet
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 55403
1730Clifton Place
BUFFALO, N. Y. 14205
TULSA,OKLA.74101
P.O. Box 368
NEWORLEANS, LA. 70160 P.O. Box 2420
1501CanalStreet
CHICAGO, ILL. 60604
332 So. MichiganAve. Texaco Petroleum Products
NEWYORK are distributed throughout
COLUMBUS, OHIO 43216 2100HuntersPt. Ave. the United States, Canada,
P.O. Box538 LongIsland City, N. Y. 11101 Latin AmericaandWestAfrica.