OBJECTIVE

1. To find the form factor

2. To investigate the load defection relationship for a beam to the point of plastic collapse.

THEORY

During the design process for beams it would not be for one to assume that no part of the
beam should experience a stress greater than the allowable for the working material.
However, it can be found that a beam will withstand much larger forces before collapses than
simple elastic theory predicts.

When a beam is bent round the neutral axis, the stresses through the beam section varies with
the distance from the neutral axis, form the greatest at the extreme fibres (y=maximum) to
zero at the neutral axis (y=0).

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build up through the
section to maximum at the extreme fibres. This means that although the outer parts of the
beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the inner part may still be
behaving elastically and resisting loud. If the bending moment continues to increase, the
plastic portion will move further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the
partially plastic condition. The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although
with an increasing rate of deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral
axis. Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam and the beam will be ‘fully’
plastic. It will form plastic hinge and be unable to resist any further bending moment.
APPARATUS

Specimen beam

Digital Force Display

Measurement Deflection Force Output

PROCEDURE

1. The cross-sectional of specimen beam was measure and the second moment of area for
the specimen is calculated.
2. The clamp plates was remove and the specimen beam across the chucks of the unit was
placed.
3. The roller mechanisms was pushed outwards to its stop.
4. The pin was put through the load cell fork and the load cell was adjusted down until the
pin touches the specimen beam, zero both load cell and indicator.
5. The load cell were adjusted down to 3mm measured deflection and take a reading of the
force required.
6. The load cell were continue adjusted down with increment of 3mm deflection until there
is no or very little rise in load.
7. The result was recorded in table 1.

Diagram of apparatus arranged.

DATA ANALYSIS

Deflection (mm) Force (N)

0 -36
3 -15
6 4
9 29
12 53
15 75
18 92
21 99
24 108
27 111
30 114
33 119
36 119

DISCUSSION

VARIABLES :

Manipulated variable : Deflection (mm)

Responding variable : Force (N)

Contant variable : Type of beam

Recommendation :

1. Lock the beam tightly at the support to prevent it from slipping through during the
experiment.
2. Wear protective glasses and glove when doing the experiment.
3. It is recommended to use a straight beam. A beam with bend will reduce the accuracy of
data.
4. Set the indicator to zero first before taking data.
CONCLUSION

From the experiment that we had made, we will able to know the relationship between
deflection to the plastic collect which we can investigate the point of the beam may collapse. The
larger the deflection the larger the load given. The changes of the stiffness usually effect the
plastic analysis. We also can know that the advantages of considering the extra strength when
designing the structures which are to determine the collapse load or the ultimate load.

REFERENCE :

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bending
 https://www.researchgate.net/post/plastic_deflection_and_rotation_for_cantilever_beam
https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=ZOnWcRRbGy4C&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=plastic+deflection&source=bl&ots=owopQ
L-fjS&sig=VZ2MaW_Y8BpiVGnz2s-
pkxYWCpU&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=plastic%20deflection&f=falsr