Principles of Cognition/Knowledge

 Subject – person, has the capacity to perceive things/ objects.

 Object –
 Cognition -

Proximate (cause) Principles of Cognition – the boy throws the ball. Boy is the Proximate
Proximate Principles
1. The Subject taken itself totally – proceed immediately to the subject. The person is capable even if he
is blind.
2. The Subject’s Nature
3. The Cognitive Powers of the Subject Nature – Faculty to Know.

Cognitive Faculties
1. It is an operative power the capacity of the operation.
2. It is not an active power. It does not produce the object. It only receives the object.
3. It is a passive power, passive but operative. It means reactive. It reacts from the object because of the
power or cognizing.
Transubjectivity of Knowledge
1. Purely Subjective – depend on the subject, more subjective power of man’s knowing.
2. Purely Subjective but based on objective – the things that are outside our knowledge but yet they have
no existence in the outside world apart from my knowledge.
Ex. Virtues, Square Circle, Beauty, blindness
They exist because they are known by Humans. They are being known by my knowledge. Their
existence depends upon the subject’s cognition of reality.
3. Logical Beings – their existence in and from the mind if the being. It is cognize as they are as
something.
Ex. Universal, particular
Transubjective Object – are objects that are in being and existence independently of Knowledege.
1. Objectively – do not depend on the knowing subject. They are knowable.
2. Subjectively – do not depend on the knowing subject for their proper being but are real beings in the
world.
Why transubjective?
1. To possess that knowledge the subject must go across the chasm between the physical and physical or
the real being and being known.
2. Human knowledge does not make or project the objects, but receives them.
Object of knowledge has three aspects:
1. Matter – it is the content or actual being.
2. Form – its mode in which it exists.
3. Presence – its attendance, its being there.

September 23, 2020

Degrees of Transubjectivity (present in matter only) refers to the intellectual knowledge.
 Presence in the mind is intentional. Outside is singular.
Object of Internal senses are transubjective in matter in matter and form not in presence.
 This refers to the internal senses.
 For example, dragon – present in matter and form but not present in reality.
Object of the external sense are present in form, matter and presence.
 The object of our external sense is direct in perception.
Sense and its function
- Capacity of directly perceiving of any kind of material object.
- It is also an animal faculty, man is an animal: therefore, man has an animal faculty.
Object of senses
- The object per se – proper object sense by all senses.
- Common object – sense by one or two senses.
The product of senses
- Sensation- conscious reaction of the subject. For example, seeing red.
- Perception- cognitional presence awareness of the object. Recognizing a thing. For example,
seeing a red notebook.
- Percept is more vivid than phantasm. Changeable.
- Phantasm is anywhere. Constant.
The Operation of the External Senses
- Ideogenesis
The operation of Internal Senses
- Imagination
- Memory
- Common sense
 - Estimative Sense
These 4 internal senses came together.
Dogmatism – Arcala
- Doctrines are interpretation of Dogmas.
Skepticism - Atis
- skepticus “Enquirer”
- Skeptic questions everything.
- Man don’t have to be skeptic in order to doubt.
- Doubting is the act of the mind. It is only a mental attitude.
Agnosticism – Baladhay
- Without knowledge.
- They only want proof of existence.
- Essence before existence.
Relativism - Besorio
Truth – is the conformity of the thought and the thing.
- Comformity of the mind and reality.
- The mind is the one judging and the thing is being judged
Thought and concept – judgement is the process of knowing.
Judgement is between two ideas.
Truth is in the judgement. Ideas have an imperfect truth.
Involve in Judging
1. Thinking mind – makes the judgement of a thing.
o The relation of the object depends on the judging mind.
o Only adequate or confront.

2. Judgement –
3. Object being judged – may not depend on the existence but somehow the thing is already there.
Classification of Truth
 Ontological Truth - is the conformity of the thing of the mind. It is in the reality. It is in the
thing itself.
o When we judge must conform to the reality of the mind. Conformity is necessary of the
thing of the Divine mind. It is the Divine mind that cuase the existence of a thing.
o Do in the standpoint of reality. Judgement is the standard of Truth. The thing is not being
be in falsity by the one who judges the thing.
 Logical Truth – It is the judgement of the mind to reality. The conformity of the mind to reality.
The judgement of the mind conforms to reality is logical truth.
o If the mind is not conforming to the reality which means we lack logical knowledge.
o Not necessarily because of the human capacity.
 Moral Truth – truthfulness or veracity of the speech. The moral truth must be in the mind and
must be in speech. If the mind does not agree with the speech of a person is a LIE.
Degrees/Stages of Truth
 Absolute – formally and practically speaking truth has no degree. But objectively and materially
speaking truth has degree.
Ex. Half dead is not truth.
The object of human knowledge shows the wider and expanded knowledge.
Truth does not change. It is constant. Accidence only changes. Time does not affect truth. Once
true always true.
The turth of the doctrine (ang gina hambal sang isa ka tawo) changes.
Opposite of Truth
Falsity – the thinking of the mind does not agree with the thing. The lack of conformity between the
though and the thing in the mind. It has degree or measurement. It is not in the thing but it is in the mind.

 There is no such thing ontological falsity because there is always an agreement and necessarily
conformity of the Divine mind.
A thing can be false objectively or materially because there is a resemblace in the thing
which represent. Ex. False teeth (Pustiso) it is just a metaphor. But Metaphysically
speeking, there are no false thing.
 Falsity is in the logical turth because it is the judgement of the mind because it lacks the logical
knowledge. Falsity of the thought, falsity of the mind, falsity of the judgement. Because of the
false judgement of the mind in a thing. Wrong idea is not acceptable in the philosophical area but
it is a bad idea. Bad idea is the result of the fallacious judgement.
 Moral falsity is not conforming a thing with the speech.

Objective Evidence
Part III - Nature of Certitude

Cetitude – a firm and unwaivering effect ascent to the mind to the known truth. Firm ascent of
the mind.

Subject – a firm and waivering effect. Aggree.

Object – this object is true and known as such.

Formally speaking, certitude is the part of the mind.

- The state of the subject which results to the manifestation of the truth.

The manifestation of the object to the truth through the objective evidence.

- Evidence is the ultimate criterion of truth. The visibility of the objective truth which
manifest to the mind. It is also the motive of truth,

Certitude (5 answer)

It is formally subjective because it is state of the mind. The condition of the mind is not
something which the subject produces within itself, it only aggree the state of the subject which
is manifested of the object.

- Causally objective because it is the objective truth which cause the intellect to make the
firm ascent manifest to the object of the mind.

Spontaneous certitude – ex. The sun is shinning.

False Certitude – state of the mind which it firmly ascent to what is not true.

Contradictory Judgement affirming the other side is the total certitude.

Contrary Judgement affirming the other side is the total certitude.

Evidence is the motive of certitude.

Three Things To Remember Of The Intellebiligity Of The Object.

- Manifest to the intellect

Certitude Imfalsity ascent of the mind which is false.

Certitude in true

Mytaphysical certitude. Being is existing. Absolute. The essence of the thing itself is the strong
evidence. Neccesary certitude. Based in on the essence and nature of the thing.

Physical certitude – constancy of Nature. Natural law. Unless there is a suspention of natural law.

Conditional Certitude it will happen if the miracles intervene. The cancellation/suspention of the
physical/natural laws.

Moral certitude is based on the moral law. It is possible with the moral miracles happen. Consistency
of moral standard.

Certitude of Faith founded by the authority of the witness as manifested by the known by the
authority of the object ascent to the mind. (1) God (2) Man.

Certitude of Science unwaivering ascent of the mind which is understood by itself.

On Degree Of Perfection

On the basis of evidence, science is more perfect in truth because of the physical evidence.

Cerdibility of the faith depends on the credibility manifested by the authority.

But based on the Divine Faith

The faith is more cridible in science.

*Certitude rests upon motive and upon evidence.