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swfrq ntlffi lS 1599 : 2019

ISO 7438 : 2016
lndian Standard

tITFrfi rnqfrJqi Eiq'rfrqrur

r den"
-
yrfiq, t

Metallic Materials Bend Test

-
( Fourth Revision )

tcs 77 040 10

0) Bts 2019

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BUREAU oF rNDrA* aioNDARDS
tlT{-.Tt '*f4.{. ', xlrll{lilTl ,1'; I plri . +i ll il I l(}{lo-i

NEW DELHI-11OOO2
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April 2019 Price Group 4

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Mechanical Testing of Metals Sectional Committee. MTD 03

NATIONAL FOREWORD
This tndian Standard (Fourth Revision) which is identical with ISO 7438'.2016'Metallic
materials-
Bend test' issued by the lnternationai Organization for Standardization (lSO) was adopted
by the
Bureau of lndian Siandards on recommendation of the Mechanical Testing of Metals Sectional
committee and approval of the Metallurgical Engineering Division council
and 20'12'
This standard was originally published in 1960 and subsequently revised in 1974' 1985
The fourth revision oi tnir standard has been undertaken to align it with the latest version of
tso 7483 .2016.
The major changes in this revision are as follows:

- Figure 3 has been revised;

in 4.2.2;
- A note has been added
-. Formula (A.4) and Figure A.1 have been revised'
The text of ISO standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an lndian Standard
without deviations. Ceiiiin terminologies and conventions are, however, not identical with those
used
in lndian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words 'lnternational Standard'appear referring to this standard, they should be as
read as'lndian Standard'.
b) Comma ( ) has been used as a decimal marker, while in lndian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point ( ) as the decimal marker
ln ,r,r:,,rrlrnr't li'.. ji.-..,1'r1, ,.1 ..i "itS, ,.:i :':AlySrS mAC? tl\;,lCCf:fdanCe Wiln ih,S Slan0airl. lf tile lnai ValUe'
oo."'rulO ,i'r.rf.rfrt"J, is to Oe rounOeO off, it shall be done in accordance with lS 2 : 1960'Rules for
rounding off numerical values (revtsed)
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lS 1599 i 2019
ISO 7438 : 2016

lndian Standard
METALLIC MATERIALS BEND TEST
-
( Fourth Revision )

t Scope

undergo plastic deformation in bending.

relevant product standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full
'r!: r,ir ui ',,elijetj jrritris, itr'*hich oll:errl;ntji;rr.1s *xjri.

2 Symbols and designations

. ,".r ,t:.-',llt.titi)lls i;sr:Li irr Ihr: br:rri.l r.Lr:;t r:r"r::;]rorvn irr IiigufeS landZ r:rtrl sltr:r:!lir:rl in Tabl.g-..-1".

Table 1 Symbols and designations

-
Symbol Designation Unit
Thickness or diameter of test piece (or diameter of the inscribed i mm
.,, i ,l I'ir,,: ,; .. ,l '- , ,: r .. , ,' ,

. I
Width of the test piece mm
i Length ofthe test piece mm
Distance between supports
,
TT
Diameter of the former mm
Angle ofbend
"999tlL
mm
mm

Distance between the vertical planes including the central axis of mnt
I each support and the vertical plane including the central axis of
'the former
Raclius ol the supports mm

3 Principle
: ,, l,,r ,,.

::-.!.r',.,1 ]t-:ltl .S i'eaCheC] ,

Tl.tr:rrs oitrvo lcgs olthc tcst pie( c renrain in a plilne pcrpcnclicular to thc axis olltcnding. In thc case ol
:,,
 I I

lS 1599 : 2019
ISO 7438 : 2016

4 Test equiPment

4.1 General
presses equipped with the following devices:
he bend test shall be carried out in testing machines or
,f

be'nding deVice $'ith two supports and a former as shown

in Figure l";
a)
b)bendingdeviceu'ithaV-blockandaformerasshowninFigure2;
cJ bencl itlg clevice rvith a clarllp as showt.t in [iigure 3'

rl)
T]
a t\
-l-
I ) I -\j
I

Figure 1 - Bending device with two supports and a former

\, r/

Figure 2 - Bending device with a V'block and a former

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ISO 7438 :2016

i
I
I
2
I ./
I
It
t
tl::
tt
::
?\ .-- I I
\

Key
1 clamp
2 former

Figure 3 Bending device with a clamp

-
4.2 Bending device with supports and a former

4.2.1 The length of the supports and the width of the former shall be greater than the width or

llicrrt: supporls;rttl 11tr: firt'nti,r lhl,rll lir,r rrJ tiliir ir,ril h;;nirre,ii; {r1,,1, F'igufe 1J.

4.2.2 llrtless otht:r'rvist: sllecilied, thr: tlirl;rnr:t: hr:{r+,ecn the str1r1:rtlts, 1, shall be:

| =(D +3o)t1 (1)

2

and shall not change during the bend test.

NOTE When the distance between the supports (1 J i:; s1:rt:r;iiir,:r.i suralltrr'lhrrr'r i.rl'rilual tc D .;7.'t,ll (:itn rltsult
in clamping during the test and stretch forming of the test piece.

4.3 Bending device with a V-block

in the relevant standard.

 I

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lS 1599 i 2019
ISO 7438 : 2016

1 to i.0 times the thickness of the test piece and

The edges of the V-brock shail have a radius between
sh.l l i he ol' stt fiir- irtrl h;l t'd tlr'ss'

4.4 Bending device with a clamP

'l.he device r:onsists of a clamp antl ;l folmeI of suificient ltarrlness: it may l:e equippecl
with a lever fol'
apply,ing force lo the test piece (see Eigurc 3)'
influe-nce the test results, the left f;rce of the
Bec,use the positi.. oi the left tace of the clarrrp could ol the
,,,- b.yr,,ld lhe vertical line througlt the cerrtre
clamp (as shown in Figure 3-J shtruld not rr,rrt,'i,p [o
circular former shaPe'

5 Test Piece

5.1 General
test piect:s sirall be tlsecl ilt the test' Any areas of
Rounil, srlilare, r.er:tangular, or polygollal cross-sectiorl

test;i;;;, in" irr"ttua parts of which have not been removed' is

shall be removed. However, testing a
;lr:t:tt1 lt.ilt.tltr, Irov id tti t ltr,l t'i:s tti { ts sa t j s i ar: tttt'v'

5.2 Edges of rectangular test pieces

to a radius not exceeding the following values:
The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded
mm or greater;
3 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is 50

1,5 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is less

than 50 mm and more than or equal to
10 mm (inclusive);

L mm when the thickness is less than 10 mm'

scratches or marks are formed which might
The roundinfshall be made so that no transverse burrs,
pie ce, the edges of which have not been r,unded'
a6versely a f,fect the tesl results. llorn tve r, t"i,ing o.,"tt
is acceptnbie, provided thet tho result is satisfactot'y'

5.3 Width of the test Piece

piece shall be as foll<lrvs:
r-lniess ,rher.i'ise s1;ecilierl in tlre rcler:ant .standaril, the lvidth oI the test
ldss than 20 mm;
a) the same as the product width, if the latter is equal to or

b) when the width of a product is more than 20 mm:

1) (20 t 5J mm for products of thickness less than 3 mm'

to or greater than 3 mm'
2) between 20 mm ancl 50 mm for prociucts of thickness equal

5.4 Thickness of the test Piece

of
5.4.1 'l'he thickness of test pieces from sheets, strips and sections shall be equal to the thickness

mm. During bending, the unmachined side

machining one surface to attain a thickness not less than 25
shall be on the tension-side surface of the test piece'

circle diameter, of the test piece

section) does not exceecl'30 mrn. when the diameter, or the inscribed
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lS 1599 : 2019
ISO 7438 : 2016

or inscribed circle diamete4 exceeds 50 mm it shall be reduced to not less than 25 mm (see Figure 4).
During bending, the unmachined side shall be on the tension-side surface of the test piece.

Dimensions in millimetres

r/\
N
I
T

F'igure 4
- Diameter and the inscribed circle diameter of the test piece

lr.', ii".l ,' :.

5.6 Agreement for test pieces of greater thickness and width

' .,.,: " ';r: ll,, ,
';i',1 \ tt)t,ij i,; 5.3 and 5.4 ,'
--., r,'rtrt:ii i. lrr ililiri iesi.

5.7 Length of the test piece

The length ofthe test piece depends on the thickness ofthe test piece and the test equipment used.

6 Procedure
WARNING During the test, adequate safety measures and guarding equipment shall be provided.
-
6,L In general, tests are carried out at ambient temperature between 10 'C and 35 .C. Tests carried out
under controlled conditions, where required, shall be made at a temperature ol (23 1 S) "C.

6.2 'l'he [reltd tt.st shall ire carried orrt using one of tho firliow,ilrg rncl]rocls as
spccifier"i ir: lhc
relevant standard:

a) a sltecifie-tl ;ngle rlf llertd is;tt:hit'll,i:ri lrnrllr',rn;,rlrlrr"opliitlr: iol'r.r:;rrrrl ftlr.{.lrc given t i tiitli\ tunt l:.,t' t:
Eigures 1.,Zand 3-);

bl the legs of the test piece are parallel to each r>ther al a :;pccified distencc agrar-t r,,hiit rrr:tlcr;trr
appropriate force (see Eigure 6);
c) the legs of the test piece are in direct contact while under an appropriate force (see F-igure 7).
 I

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tS 1599:2019
ISO 7438 :2016

Figure 5 Bending the legs of the test piece

-

each other
Figure 6 - Legs ofthe test piece parallel to

N
Figure 7 - Legs of the test piece in direct contact

6.3lntlrr:irettrltesiloa:;pectfiedallgleoibetttl,thelesl"pirceshallbcPrlaeedonlltt':sultltttrls[see
Lt" n.,i,'r,il" berwe*, suPports by the act"itn ola
Figure 1) or on,t" l"uro.r. Ge Figure ri;;.,;l;;iii,
force.Theangleofbend,ir,canbecalculatedfromthemeasurementofthedisplacementoftheformeras
given in Annex A'
st: as trt perruit il't'-t:
For the three methods (Figures 1,2 and3], the lrend irr;i {irrr:t': sha}l he ;rpplir,:rl slor'vly
pli:stic Ilott rii thtl tttirtt:t'i;'r l'
In case of dispute, a testing rate of [1 t 0'2) mm/s shall be used'
the spcr'ii'ied altgle itt-thc mallner tjt'ret"iht'tl abtl'e'
il is ll't prtssihle l, [rend the trlst pier:e rJit"ectty to 5)'
;i.,. errcrs ortnL,liigs olthr test pirce {s*e Figure
1t
rhc iie nrj sl:"rp hr co*r'ir,rrcrr r1-1: pr.*:s;ri*g dtl.c;r:'Ji,;;;
and then
piece r1a-v be bent first' as indicated in Figures'
ln a hencl test recluiriug parallellegs, the test appiication
placed between tr," prliii.r ptrt"t oi tr,.
p."r! fi"u neure-6), rv'ere it is further formetl hy insert.,l'he
of n ior.r:e t* ,l:tain ,aririle!iir* ai trre r"gi.
iir*tt*nt ,iir-, he car"r'iecl r;ut r'vith o'rvithor'rt *
strtltlilrti *r hv agl"rement'
rhir.k,ess,ri rhc ir.scri ii-rr'i i 1.,t, lls tili;lreii trt lii* t't:ler;;rt.ti
Analternatemethodoftestisthatofbendingoveraformer(see4;4)'
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(see Figure 7).

7 Interpretation of results
7.1 The interpretation of the bend test shall be carried out according to the requirements oF the

iii tl:;tlll:i).'jtrg litls i:; ct:tt.sjLlyr-ei! :rs cirirlgt,'r-, l.h1l litr, llsl pir.,r'r,'.,,':.1;.,:iri,i1 ri:r, ir, , ,r .....

7.2 'i'iir angle nf honrJ, spocilitri in plodirr:t st;rrrr-j":r'iis, is;:lr"r.r',s L{rii)irri.,rr{l .. .

rrirt|riJl rlrl irrr o1-;r'hrnrj is spccilirtl, i1 is i nr;siricrt.rrl :i:; rrr:rr.ii.r:r:::r.

B Test report
The test report shall include the following information:

a) a reierence to this International Standard, i.e. IS0 7438;

.): rr'rri ll:r,1r,\lJli(,('(t llr;yti:,,t!. i:ti;1i,ii;ii,i.i:t5l nt;ittirr,t.l:r. i t:,,, ,. r,. . .,. .,...,: ,.,
:u a product, etc.);

c) shape and dimensions of the test piece;

d) test method;

r_) lir\'(ii:\'iali0rt Ir-rlrlt t.ltis ll.itrrl'jtJl1i,r:ai St;,riltl,rr.rj;

f) test result.
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lS 1599 i 2019
ISO 7438 : 2016

Annex A
(informative)
of the
Determination of the bend angle from the measurement
disPlacement of the former

this reason, ihe method of calculation oithis

The direct measurement of this angle is.o*pfiirt.a.^For of the
of the former is proposed' The bend angle' "
angle from the measuremlnt of the"displace;;;i,i ihe former and the gi'en in
of
test piece under fo..".un be dctermined f,rom the displacement 'alues
Irigure A,1, as lollowsr

. u Ttxc+Wr[,f-c)
Slfl- ='---;---T
(A.1)
2 p'+U -c)"
a W xP-cxtf -c)
cos-
-"" = ----;--
(A.2)
2 p2 *(f - c)z
where
[A.3)
W_ p2 *[f -r)z

D (A.4)
c=R+a+
Z

Figure A.1- Values for the calculation of the bend angle' rr

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Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises
ts reaffirnred *hen s'jcr reV!8v;'" 32:'::^a:
reviewed periodically, a standard along with amendments it is taken up for revtston
are needed.
no changes are neeoeo; it tne revieui indicates that changes
ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or
Users of lndian Standards should 'standards: Addrttons
'BlS Catalogue' and Monthly
by referring to tn" Lt".t issue of
edition
ThislndianStandardhasbeendevelopedfromDocNo.:MTD03(12053).

Amendments lssued Since Publication

Date of lssue Text Affected
Amend No.

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