North South University

Department of Mathematics and Physics, BUS 112: Introduction to Business

Mathematics

Mid 1 Exam Solutions

Q. 1. (a) A typical PIN (personal identification number) is a sequence of any 4
symbols chosen from the 26 letters in the alphabet and the10 digits, with repetition allowed.
i) How many different PINs are possible? ii) How many PINs contain repeated symbols?

SOLUTION of Problem 1 (a):

The PIN consists of 4 symbols out of 26 letters and 10 digits. Note that PIN may consist of either
letters or digits.
Let A = the set of all PINs.
B = the set of all PINs with no repetition.

Then A – B = the set of PINs that contain repeated symbols. So,

N(A - B) = N(A) - N(B)
There are 4 positions in the PIN to be filled up by any 4 of 36 (26 letters and 10ndigits) symbols.
Since the symbol can be repeated, any one of these positions can be filled up in 36 ways. So, by
the multiplication principle, there are
36×36×36×36 = 364 = 1,679,616 PINs altogether
Hence N(A) = 1,679,616
For the case when PINs are made without repetition of symbols, the 1st position from left can be
filled up in 36 ways, the 2nd position by 35 ways, 3rd by 34 ways and 4th by 33 ways. So,
N(B) = 36× 35× 34× 33 = 1,413,720 PINs

Therefore, N(A - B) = N(A) - N(B) = 1,679,616 – 1,413,720 = 265,896 PINs that contain at least
one repeated symbol.

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 (b) Suppose five members of a group of twelve are to be chosen to work as a team on a
special project. How many distinct five-person teams can be selected?

SOLUTION of Problem 1 (b):

The solution of this problem is given at page 16 of Countings Lecture Materials

(c) Suppose two members of a group of twelve insist on working as a pair- any team
either contains both or neither. How many five-person teams can be formed?

SOLUTION of Problem 1 (c):

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 2. SOLUTION of Problem 2 (a):
Perform the binary operations and check the results: (i) 1101 + 1111 = 11100

CHECK: 1101 13

1111 15 Hence, 13 + 15 = 28

11100 28

(ii) 10101 + 1111 = 100100

CHECK: 10101 21

1111 15 Hence 21 + 15 = 36

100100 36

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 SOLUTION of Problem 2 (b):
Perform the binary operations and check the results:
(i) 1001 - 1011
This problem has an error so everyone will get the marks for it.

(ii) 1000 – 101 = 11

CHECK: 1000 8

101 5 Hence, 8-5 = 3

11 3

SOLUTION of Problem 2 (c):

Perform the binary operations and check the results:

(i) 111 × 101 = 100011

CHECK:

111 7

101 5 Hence, 7*5 = 35

100011 35

(ii) 11001 × 10101 = 1000001101

CHECK:

11001 25

10101 21 Hence, 25*21 = 525

1000001101 525

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 SOLUTION of Problem 2 (d):
Perform the binary operations and check the results:

(i) 11111 ÷ 111 = 100 Remainder 11

CHECK:

11111 37

111 7

31 ÷ 7 = 4 Remainder 3

(ii) 110001 ÷ 1010 = 100 Remainder 1001

CHECK:

110001 49

1010 10

49 ÷ 10 = 4 Remainder 9

Q. 3. (a) Define singleton and empty sets with examples.

SOLUTION of Problem 3 (a):

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 (b) For all integers 𝑛 ≥ 4 evaluate 𝑛 𝑃4 + 𝑛 𝑃3 .

SOLUTION of Problem 3 (b):

We have solved similar problems at class. Please refer to the class note.

(c) Explain union and intersection of sets with Venn diagrams.

SOLUTION of Problem 3 (c):

The answer of this question is given in Sets Lecture Material page number 3.

(d) Define power set. Find the power of the following set: A = {1, 3, 7, 9}.

SOLUTION of Problem 3 (d):

The given set is A = {1, 3, 7, 9}.

Hence the power set of A is given by

P(A) = {ϕ, {1}, {3}, {7}, {9}, {1,3}, {1,7}, {1,9}, {3,7}, {3,9}, {7,9}, {1,3,7}, {1,3,9},
{1,7,9}, {3,7,9}, {1,3,7,9}}

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 (e) How many different ways can three of the letters of the word BYTES be chosen and
written in a row? How many different ways this can be done if the first letter must be B?

SOLUTION of Problem 3 (e):

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