THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

NEW EDITION
PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF
LEADING ORIENTALISTS

EDITED BY

B. LEWIS, CH. PELLAT AND J. SCHACHT

ASSISTED BY J. BURTON-PAGE, C. DUMONT AND V. L. MENAGE AS
EDITORIAL SECRETARIES

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF

THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES

VOLUME II

C—G
FOURTH IMPRESSION

LEIDEN
E.J. BRILL
1991
III2 GlLAN — GIRAY

it was put under the direct rule of the central power Tokhtamish, and were from time to time forced to
(cf. Lambton, op. cit., 108). Since then Gllan has relinquish control of the Crimea to khans supported
belonged to Persia, apart from the years between by Edigii (for coins struck in the Crimea by Temur-
1136/1724 and 1146/1734 when it was annexed by Kutlufc Khan between 802/1399 and 810/1407 and
the Russians who, however, finally left it on account by Pulad Khan in 811/1408 see Spuler, Horde, 140-1,
of its climate. From 1917 to 1921 the Bolsheviks notes 25, 32). Upon the death of Edigii in 822/1419,
tried to impose their rule on it; in the end they Tash-Temiir's son Ghiyath al-Din gained control of
succeeded with the help of intermediaries in founding the Crimea, where we find his brother Dewlet-Birdi
a Soviet republic of Gilan (cf. Kurt Geyer, Die ruling in 830/1427 (when he sent an embassy to the
Sowjetunion und Iran, Tubingen 1955,13-8, especially Mamluk sultan Barsbay: cAyni, *Ikd al-d[umdnt
14, note, sources and bibliography). All these attemptsBayazid Public Lib., Istanbul, MS Veliyiiddin 2369,
were finally brought to an end when Rida Shah s.a.). Henceforward the dynasty's efforts were con-
[q.v.] took over the government and, later on, the centrated on maintaining their hold on the Crimean
throne. peninsula and, when opportunity offered, on seizing
Bibliography: Apart from works named in Saray and thus acquiring the khanate of the Golden
the article: L. Rabino di Borgomale, Les Horde.
provinces caspiennes de la Perse: Le Gutldn, Paris According to local tradition in the Crimea (al-Sabc
1917 (condensed version of a special number of al-sayydr [see Bibl.], 72), Ghiyath al-Din, in ac-
RMM, ix-x (1915-6) ; a detailed historical cordance with the customs of the Golden Horde
and geographical account with a list of the older (see *Umdat al-tawarikh, 204), was brought up by
and specialized literature on the subject, including
his atallk [q.v.], who belonged to the Kerey tribe,
descriptions of travels and consular accounts, and and later, out of respect for his atallk, gave his first
special maps). Geography: Hudud al-cdlam, son the name Hadidji Kerey; thereafter the members
136 f., 388-91; Le Strange, 172-5 and Map V; of this family bore the cognomen (lakab) Kerey/
Rabino, Deux descriptions du Gilan du temps des Giray.
Mongols, in JA, ccxxxviii, 325-34 (after Kashani According to G. Nemeth (A Honfoglald Magyarsdg
and cUmari); Brockhaus-Efron, Entsiklopediya, Kialakuldsa, Budapest 1930, 265-8), the name is
viii A (16), 1893, 688 f.; BSE*, ii, 1952, 378 f. composed of ker, 'giant', with the diminutive suffix
History : cAbbas Kadlvar, Ta>rikh-i Gildn, -ey. As a name borne by various sections of the tribe,
Tehran 1940 (inaccessible to me); Spuler, Iran, it is found among the Kazaks, the Turkmen, the
545 and index; idem, Mongolen*, 108 f., 165 f., Bashdjirt, the Buriats and the Mongols, with various
index. Sources: Storey, i/2, 361-3 and 1298, pronunciations: Kerey, Kirey, Kiray, plural: Kereit.
no. 479, 481-3 (cf. with this no. cAbd al-Fattah When Cingiz Khan defeated the powerful Kereit
Fumani in i, 60). Maps (apart from those already ruler Ong Mian, some of the Kereit fled to the
named): Rabino, Carte de la province du Gutlan, West, the rest being scattered among the Mongol
Lyon 1914; Ifudud, 389. See also the Bibliogra- tribes (Secret history, § 186; Turkish tr. by Ahmet
phies of the articles on towns mentioned above Temir, Ankara 1948, 109; German tr. by E.
and Of DAYLAM, MAZANDARAN and TABARISTAN. Haenisch, Leipzig 1948, 74). Thus the Kereit,
(B. SPULER) either fleeing before the Mongols or coming with
AL-GILDAKl [see Supplement, s.v. AL-DJILDAKI]. them, were spread over a very wide area, as far
GILGIT [see Supplement; for the languages of west as the Crimea. Until recent times the Tarakli
the region, see DARDIC AND KAFIR LANGUAGES, vi]. branch of the Uvak-Kirey led a nomad existence
GIMBRI [see KONBUR]. among the Kazaks in the valleys of the Irtish, the
GINUKH [see DIDO]. Sari Su and the Chu (H. H. Howorth, Hist, of the
GIPSIES [see CINGANE, LURI, NURI, ZUTT]. Mongols, ii, London 1876, 6, n). The tamgha of
GIRAFFE [see ZARAFA]. the Khans of the Crimea (for its shape see the coins
GIRAY, cognomen borne by the members of the of Mengli Giray in Muze-i Humdyun: meskukdt
dynasty which ruled in the Crimea from the frataloghu, 3rd section, Istanbul 1318/1900, 211,
beginning of the 9th/i5th century until 1197/1783. and I A, iv, 784b) was called tarak tamgha.
The family was descended from Togha Temur, a The Kerey were one of the four main tribes
younger son of Cingiz Khan's son Diocl. Mongke (keshik) upon which the Khanate of the Golden Horde
Temiir, the Khan of the Golden Horde (665/1267- depended. The Kerey, dwelling east of the Don and
679/1280), had granted the Crimea and Kafa as in the northern Caucasus, gave their support to
nuntukh (appanage) to his son Urang Temiir (Oreng Hadidii Giray. Only one of his sons, Mengli, used
Timur) (Abu '1-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, Shed^ere-i Turk, the cognomen Giray, but it was borne by all Mengli's
St. Petersburg 1871, 173). During the civil wars sons and descendants, and was assumed also by
which from 760/1359 onwards convulsed the domains some of the begs of the Shirin who married into the
of the Golden Horde, the descendants of Togha ruling family ('Umdat al-tawarikh, 200).
Temiir joined in the struggle and laid claim to the , Hadidji Giray made an alliance with the Ottoman
Khanate; they finally succeeded in establishing a Sultan Mehemmed II in 858/1454 [see HADJDJI GIRAY],
state in the Crimea, independent of the other khans and this alliance was maintained by his successors.
ruling at Ulugh Yurt, the centre of the Golden Horde. In 880/1475, called in by Eminek Mirza to assist him
There survives a coin of 796/1393-4 issued by Tash- against the Genoese, who were stirring up internal
Temiir in the Crimea in his own name, and another troubles, the Ottomans responded immediately and
of 797/1394-5 with Tash-Temur's name on one face occupied the Genoese fortresses in the southern
and the name of Tokhtamish Khan [q.v.] on the Crimea; Mengli Giray [q.v.], released from prison,
other (A. K. Markov, Inventarnly Katalog musul- was placed on the throne as a client of the Ottoman
manskikh moneP Imperatorskago Ermita&a, St. Sultan (H. Inalcik, Yeni vesikalara gdre Kinm
Petersburg 1896, p. 491, nos. 1239-40; Lane-Poble, Hanhgimn Osmanh tdbiligine girmesi, in Belleten,
Cat., vi, p. 184, no. 558). In Tokhtamish's struggles viii/3o (1944), 185-229).
against Timur and later against Edigu, the descend- At first, the Giray rulers were in alliance with the
ants of Togha Temur were always on the side of Grand Dukes of Moscow, against the Khans of the
 GIRAY
Golden Horde (ruling at Saray and hoping to recover
control of the Crimea), and against the Jagiellos of
Poland. But after 926/1520, the khans of the Crimea
laid claim, as being the rightful heirs, to the patri-
mony of the Golden Horde, and when the Russians
began to threaten Kazan embarked on an unrelenting
struggle against them, which bore the character of a
religious enterprise (ghazd). In 927/1521 Sahib Giray
[q.v.] became Khan of Kazan; three years later he
went to Istanbul, being succeeded, until spring 9387
1532, by Safa Giray (HadI Atlasi, Kazan Khanllghl,
Kazan 1913, 125-35). When in Rablc I 939/October
1532 Sahib Giray returned as Khan of the Crimea, he
attacked the Russians, and after a long struggle the
Giray house were obliged to cede the Volga basin
and the old capital of the Golden Horde, Takht-ili
(Ulugh Yurt); Kazan was lost in 959/1552, Astrakhan
in 961/1554. It is from this period onwards that the
Giray house, who had heretofore claimed to follow
an independent policy, adopted Ottoman protection
against the Russian threat, acting in ever closer
cooperation with the Ottomans in the wars in Central
Europe and against Persia [see giulM]. The first
joint military enterprise had been the Moldavian
campaign of 881/1476, the second was Siileyman I's
Moldavian campaign of 945/1538.
The Ottomans recognized the Giray house as their
intermediaries in their political relations with northern
powers: ambassadors of Poland and Russia would
first present themselves at the court of the Khan
and then proceed to the Porte.
Domains. The capital is referred to in HadjdjI
Giray's yarllfr of 857/1453 as "Orda-i mucazzam
Kirk-yirde Saray" (see A. N. Kurat, Altinordu, Kinm
ve Turkistan Hanlanna ait yarhk ve bitikler, Istanbul
1940, 62-80, plate 173-84). His coin of 845/1441 was
struck at "Beldet-i Kirim", that of 847/1443 at
"Kirk-yir" (for these towns see V. D. Smirnov,
Krimskoye khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom ottomanskoy
Porti do natala XVIII. veka, Odessa 1887, 102-22).
Under Mengli Giray the palace was moved from the
strong citadel at Kirk-yir into the valley, to the
site now called Baghcesaray (Simferopol). In the
yarlifr HadidjI Giray claims sovereignty over Taman,
the Kip£ak and Kabartay. In their yarlifys the
Giray rulers give themselves the title 'Ulugh or da
we Ulugh yurtnin we Desht-i Kipcaknin ve Takht-i
Kirimnin . . . . Cerkesnin ve Tat bile Tavghatnln
Ulugh Pddishdhi we hem Ulugh KhdnV. In the
attempt to establish their sovereignty over the
Desht-i Kipcak (the steppeland to the north of the
Black Sea) and Circassia the Khans had to engage in
long struggles, achieving partial success particularly
under Sahib Giray I [q.v.]. Sultans of the Giray
family, with the title Ser-casker Sultan, were sent to
govern the Khanate's territories in Kuban, Budjak
and Yedisan. Like the khans of the Golden Horde
before them, the Khans exacted an annual tribute
of money and furs (known as tiylsh and bolek) from
the rulers of Russia and Poland. Since the Khans
always claimed sovereignty over the ports on the
southern coast of the Crimea (Tat-ili), from 889/1484
onwards the Ottomans made them a yearly grant
(sdliydne) from the customs revenues of Kefe [q.v.]
(a million and a half aktes annually). Mehiemmed
Giray I, and some later Khans, attempted to establish
direct control over these ports.
The dynasty first openly acknowledged the
sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan in Mengli Giray's
letter of Rablc I 88o/July 1475 (see H. Inalcik, op.
tit.). Although the new relationship resulting from
the strengthening of this sovereignty was later
1113
presented as arising from a special agreement, the
texts adduced are clearly fabrications.
From Mengli Giray onwards, the Khans each had
a kalghay [q.v.} (also kaghalghay) as wall *ahd, 'heir
apparent', and from 992/1584 also a second wall *ahd
known as Nur al-Din (Nuradin). According to the
Kdnun-i Djenglzl (tiire, yasa), the fralghay should be
the Khan's brother; when the throne fell vacant,
the kalghay became Khan and the Nur al-Din became
fralghay. The attempts of some khans to appoint their
sons to these posts caused disturbances and civil war.
When the tribal aristocracy of the Crimea [see
K!R!M], following the tiire and without reference to
the Porte, appointed a fyalghay as the new khan
(as in the cases of GhazI Giray I and To^tamlsh
Giray), the Ottoman Sultan withheld his recognition
and fierce conflicts resulted, but in general the Porte
was influenced in its choice by the claims of the
existing kalghay. Of the forty khans, 24 had been the
fralghay, and five the Nur al-Din.
From the time of Sacadet Giray (930/1524-938/1532)
onwards, it became customary that one of the Khan's
brothers should be sent to Istanbul as a hostage
(Ferldun Beg, Munsha^dt al-saldtinl, ii, 167; Mii-
nedidjim-bashi, Sahd^if al-akhbdr, ii, 699). Two of
these hostages (Islam Giray II and Bahadlr Giray I)
were sent to the Crimea as Khan. The Khan chosen
received his diploma direct from the hand of the
Ottoman Sultan and was presented with the khdnllk
teshrifdti (a sword, a banner, a kalpafr with a jewelled
sorghut and a sable robe) (see Sildhddr ta'rikhi, ii,
131, 683). When there was a campaign, the Sultan
sent the Khan a gift of 40,000 gold pieces, known
as dizme-bahd, which was distributed to the Khan's
household troops and to the mirzds. The Sultan
could depose, imprison or exile the Khan; occasionally
the Khan was executed. When a Khan had to be
appointed, the Porte usually came to an agreement
with the Shirin Begi, the leader of the Crimean tribal
aristocracy. When a Khan succeeded to the throne,
the hostage, together with other members of the
dynasty who found themselves in danger, entered
the Ottoman domains and were installed in tiftliks
in various parts of Rumeli (Islimye, Yanbolu,
Tekirdaghi, Cataldja). When the succession to the
Ottoman throne was threatened, the Giray family
was regarded as having a claim to it (e.g., in the
revolution of 1098/1687, see Sildtiddr ta^rikhi, ii, 630).
The branch of the family known as Coban Giraylar
arose at the end of the ioth/i6th century. The
fralghay Feth Giray, in return for ransom, sent back
to her country the daughter of a Polish boyar who
had been captured; on the way, the girl gave birth
to a son, but Fetti Giray refused to acknowledge the
child as his and tried to have it killed. A certain
HadidjI Ahmed, who was travelling with the girl,
hid the child in Moldavia and, when Feth Giray
was killed in 1004/1596, brought him to the Crimea,
He was appointed Nur al-Din, with the name
Dewlet Giray; his descendants were called (pejora-
tively) 'Coban Giraylar'. Although one of this line,
c
Adil Giray, was appointed Khan (1075/1665-
1081/1670), the later Khans denied that this branch
was of royal blood and gave no further offices to its
members.
By article 3 of the Ottoman-Russian treaty of
Kii6uk Kaynardja (8 Diumada I 1188/17 July 1774),
each signatory recognized the independence of the
Giray house, but on 20 Shacban 1197/21 July 1783
the Russians occupied and annexed the Crimea.
In 1199/1785 the Ottomans considered appointing
a member of the house as Khan over the Tatar
HI4 GIRAY — GlSO DARAZ
tribes in Budjak (Djewdet, Ta'rikh, iii, 142); in
1201/1787, when war was declared on Russia, this
plan was put into effect and Shahbaz Giray, with
the title of Khan, and later Bakht Giray fought in the
Ottoman ranks at the head of the Tatars of Budiafc.
By article 6 of the treaty of Jassy (Yash), in I2o6/
1792, the Ottomans recognized the Russian annexa-
tion of the Crimea.
Bibliography: Further to references in the
text: V. Velyaminov-Zernov, MaUriaux pour
servir a rhistoire du Khanat de Crime'e, St. Peters-
burg 1864; A. Z. Soysal, Jarlyki Krimskie z czasdv
Jana Kazimierza, Warsaw 1939; K. V. Zetterste"en,
Tiirkische, tatarische und persische Urkunden im
Schwedischen Reichsarchiv, Uppsala 1945, 78-128;
B. Lewis, Some Danish-Tatar exchanges in the
I'jth century, in Zehi Velidi Togan'a armagan,
Istanbul 1950-55, 137-46; O. Retowski, Die
Munzen der Girei, Moscow 1905; Seyyid Mehmed
Rida5, al-Sab* al-sayydr fi akhbdr al-muluk al-
Tdtdr, ed. Kazim Bik, Kazan 1832 (summary by
Kazimirski, in JA, xii (1833)); Halim Giray,
Gulbun-i khdndn, Istanbul 1287/1870, 2nd ed.
Istanbul 1327/1909; cAbd al-Ghaffar, 'Umdat al-
tawdrikh, TOEM supplement, Istanbul 1324/1924;
Mefrmed Giray ta*rikhi, Vienna National Lib.,
MS 1080. General accounts will be found in the
works of Howarth and of Smirnov, cited above;
also in J. v. Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte der
Chane der Krint, Vienna 1856, and H. inalcik,
article Giray, in IA, with a complete genealogical
tree. (HALIL INALCIK)
GIRESUN, a town on the Black Sea coast of
Anatolia about no miles west of Trabzon, the prin-
cipal town of a vilayet, with a population (1960) of
19,902. It is the Kerasos of antiquity (for the classical
names and their possible permutations see A. D.
Mordtmann, Anatolien, Hanover 1923, 405); threat-
ened by the Turks from the 8th/i4th century onwards,
it came under Ottoman control with the Empire of
Trebizond. The town has a favourable site on a
peninsula of basaltic lava (tombolo) on which is
built the acropolis, sheltering a small natural harbour,
with an island nearby, the Ares of antiquity, now
Giresun adasi. The fortress was however of no great
strength, and the town which spread out below it
was exposed in the i7th century to the raids of the
Cossacks (Ewliya telebi,Seydfratndme, ii, 70). Kerasos
is said to have given its name to the cherry, intro-
duced to Rome by Lucullus after his victory over
Mithridates, but the cherry trees, which were still
numerous in the region until the igth century (W. J.
Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, London 1842,
i, 265) have been replaced by hazel-nut trees whose
fruit is more easily stored and transported and for
which Giresun is today the most important centre of
preparation, trade and export, a position confirmed
in 1961 by the completion of an artificial harbour
enabling ships to come alongside the quay (trade
about i million tons).
Bibliography : apart from the works cited, see
tA, s.v. (B. Darkot); on the hazel-nut region of
Giresun, X. de Planhol, A travers Us chatnes pon-
tiques, plantations cdtieres et vie montagnarde, in
Bulletin de rAssociation de GJographes Francais,
1963, 2-11. (X. DE PLANHOL)
GIRGA, (Djirdia; an obsolete form Dadiirdja is
also found), a town and province of Upper
Egypt. The name is said to be derived from a
monastery of St. George (V. Denon, tr. A. Aikin,
Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt, London 1803, ii,
25). The town originated in the late 8th/i4th century
as the tribal centre of Hawwara [q.v.], who dominated
Upper Egypt for the following two centuries. About
983/1576, the power of this tribe was broken, and
Girga became the seat of the governor of Upper
Egypt, who was also kdshif of the Girga district. The
governors, who are variously referred to as frdkim al-
Sa'id, amir al-Sa^ld, and bak Djiirdid, belonged to
the neo-Mamluk elite, and frequently intervened in
the factional struggles in Cairo. The kdshiflik of
Girga is represented today by the mudlriyya of the
same name, although for some time after 1239/1823-4,
in consequence of Muhammad CA1I Pasha's admini-
strative experiments, it was absorbed in a larger
territorial unit. In 1859, Sohag (Suhadj) took the
place of Girga as the provincial capital.
Bibliography: al-Makrizi, al-Baydn wa 'l-i'rdb
c
ammd bi-ard Misr min al-Acrdb, ed. cAbd al-
Madjid cAbidin, Cairo 1961, 58; P. Vansleb,
Nouvelle relation . . . d'un voyage fait en Egypte,
Paris 1677, 21-5; CAH Mubarak, al-Khitat al-diadida,
x, Cairo 1305, 53-5; H. A. B. Rivlin, The agricul-
tural policy of Muhammad CAH in Egypt, Cam-
bridge, Mass. 1961, 87-8, 323-4. (P. M. HOLT)
GIRGENTI [see DJIRDJENT].
GIRISHK, a town of ca. 10,000 inhabitants,
altitude 865 metres/2830 ft, on the Helmand River
in present Afghanistan.
Girishk is not mentioned in sources before the time
of Nadir Shah, when he captured the citadel in 1737,
but a fort probably had guarded the passage of the
river at this site for a long time before this date.
In the 19th century Girishk was the centre of the
Barakzai Afghans, and as such assumed a new
importance. The site was of strategic importance and
Girishk played a role several times during the
troubles of the igth century.
At present the town is an important centre for the
irrigation of the Helmand basin.
Bibliography : Le Strange, 346; S. K. Rishtiya,
Afganistan v XIX veke, trans, into Russian,
Moscow 1958, index; D. Wilber, Afghanistan,
New Haven, Conn. 1954, index. (R. N. FRYE)
GIRIT [see IKRITISH].
GlStJ DARAZ, SAYYID MUHAMMAD Gisu DARAZ,
a celebrated Cishti saint of the Deccan, was born at
Delhi on 4 Radjab 721/30 July 1321. His ancestors
originally came from Harat, from where they migrated
to India and settled at Delhi. His father, Sayyid
Yusuf Husayni alias Sayyid Radja, was a disciple
of Shaykh Nizam al-Dm Awliya3 [q.v.}. Gisu Daraz
was a small child when Sultan Muhammad b.
Tughluk (725/1325-752/1351) embarked upon his
Deccan experiment and forced the 'ulamd* and
mashd^ikh of Delhi to migrate to Dawlatabad.
Sayyid Radja left Delhi under duress and settled at
Dawlatabad, where he died in 731/1330. In 735/1335-6
Gisu Daraz left Dawlatabad with his widowed
mother and returned to Delhi. He completed his
study of the external sciences fulum-i zdhir) under
Sayyid Sharaf al-Dm Kaythall, Mawlana Tad] al-Dln
Bahadur and Kadi cAbd al-Muktadir. His search for
a spiritual master brought him to Shaykh Nasir al-
Dm Ciragh [q.v.], whom he served for years with
single-minded devotion, and from whom he received
the khildfa and the title of Gisu Daraz ('one possessing
long locks of hair').
When Timur turned towards India (800/1398),
Gisu Daraz hastened to quit Delhi. He stayed for
some time in Gwaliyar and then left for Gudjarat
where he was the guest of Khwad]a Rukn al-Dm
Kan-i Shakar. Later he migrated to Gulbarga and
finally settled there. FIruz Shah Bahmani (800/1397-