Smart Digital Substation (Standards Connection Code Review Design and Result Analysis For Online Monitoring System)

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และวิเคราะห์ผลระบบเฝ้าตรวจแบบออนไลน์
Smart Digital Substation: Standards, Connection Code, Review
Design and Result Analysis for Online Monitoring System
Rathanak Seoun
Chanawee Jirapong
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
Academic 2022
Smart Digital Substation: Standard, Connection Code, Review Design
and Result Analysis for Online Monitoring System
Rathanak Seoun
Chanawee Jirapong
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Academic 2022
Project Report Title Smart Digital Substation: Standard, Connection Code,
Review Design and Result Analysis for Online
Monitoring System
By Mr.Rathanak Seoun ID: 62172110346-8
Mr.Chanawee Jirapong ID: 62172110116-6
Project Report Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr.Krittidet Buayai
Asst. Prof. Dr.Yuttana Kongjeen
School of Electrical Engineering
Academic Year 2022
..........................................................................................................................................
Accepted by the School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan in Partial Fulfillment for the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering.
................................................................ Head of Electrical Engineering

(Asst. Prof. Dr.Phinit Srithorn)
................................................................ Project Report Advisor
(Asst. Prof. Dr.Krittidet Buayai)
................................................................ Project Report Advisor
(Asst. Prof. Dr.Yuttana Kongjeen)
Project Report Committee
................................................................ Chairman
(Asst. Prof. Dr.Phinit Srithorn)
................................................................ Member
(Dr.Mongkol Danbumrungtrakul)
................................................................ Member
(Mr.Adisorn Polsena)
Copyright of School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and

Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
Academic Year 2022
I
Project title Smart Digital Substation: Standard, Connection Code, Review

Design and Result Analysis for Online Monitoring System
Candidates Mr.Rathanak Seoun ID: 62172110346-8
Mr.Chanawee Jirapong ID: 62172110116-6
Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr.Krittidet Buayai
Asst. Prof. Dr.Yuttana Kongjeen
Department Electrical Engineering
Academic year 2022
Abstract
The project cooperative education report presents about smart digital
substation, standard, review design, connection code, and online monitoring according
to the IEC 61850 standard of high voltage digital substation. By comparing the
utilization of a merging unit to conventional substations. Calculating the digital
substation availability by the reliability blog diagram method and considering the
performance of the protection system by total fault clearance time. On the other hand,
collects data from electronic sensors and analysis for online monitoring, asset
performance management (APM), and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) on the power
transformer. Thousands of sensors are integrated into digital substations, increasing
reliability, availability, and safety will reduce costs and risks. The online monitoring
system increases the lifespan of transformers and improves maintenance efficiency.
Keywords: APM, Digital substation, IEC 61850 standards, Merging unit, Online
monitoring
II
Acknowledgment
This project would not have been successfully completed without the support
of Hitachi Energy (Thailand) Limited which offered the opportunity for us to
accomplish the project. We are grateful to the Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal
Thai Navy Welfare Concession for providing the case study information for this report
cooperative education. We are also deeply grateful to Dr.Praditpong Suksirithawornkul,
who assists in serving as a mentor and consultant throughout this project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project advisors,

Assistant Professor Dr.Kritidet Buayai and Assistant Professor Dr.Yuttana Kongjeen
for all their advice and guidance. Without their passionate participation and input, this
project could not have been successfully conducted.
Finally, we would be remiss in not mentioning my family, which provides

funding and encouragement. Including all colleagues and all those involved in this
project that was not mentioned. Thank you.
Rathanak Seoun
Chanawee Jirapong
III
Table of contents
Page
Abstracts I
Acknowledgment II
Table of contents III
List of tables VI
List of figures VII
CHAPTER I Objective and Scope of Study
1.1 Background and statement of problems 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Scope of Study 2
1.4 Methodology 2
1.5 Contribution to knowledge 2
1.6 Procedure and research methodology 2
CHAPTER II Background Introduction
2.1 Substations 6
2.1.1 Definition of substation and its function 6
2.1.2 Types of switchgear 6
2.1.3 The conception of substation designing 8
2.1.4 Choosing the type to be applied 11
2.1.5 Conventional substation 12
2.1.6 The evolution from conventional substation to digital
substation 15
2.2 Digital Substation Based on IEC 61850 Standard 16
2.2.1 IEC 61850 standard 16
2.2.2 The three levels architecture of digital substation 16
2.2.3 Protocol used in digital substation 18
2.2.4 Reliability and availability 18
2.2.5 Network redundancy protocol 21
2.2.6 Fault clearance time of substation 22
2.2.7 Stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) 24
2.2.8 Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) 25
2.2.9 Medium voltage switchgear (MV switchgear) 26
2.3 Transformer 27
2.3.1 Why need power transformers? 27
2.3.2 Power transformer working principles 27
2.3.3 Power transformer components 28
2.4 Surge arrester of power transformer 29
2.4.1 Definition of surge arrester 29
2.4.2 Why do we need the surge arrester? 29
2.4.3 Working and method of measurement of surge arresters 29
IV
Table of Contents (Continued)

2.5 The traditional monitoring system of power transformer 30
2.5.1 Monitoring of a conventional power transformer for
protection needed 31
2.5.2 Gas and moisture in power transformers according
to IEEE/IEC standard 35
CHAPTER III Review Design
3.1 Review design of digital substation 43
3.1.1 Method of communication and the connection code
from process level to station level of digital substation 43
3.1.2 SAM600 process bus I/O enabling digital substation 44
3.1.3 Types of relays in the digital substation
(Relion 670 series) 47
3.1.4 MV SCC600 48
3.2 The online monitoring of power transformer 50
3.2.1 TXpertTM enabling digitalization transformer 50
3.2.2 CoreTecTM 4 51
3.2.3 CoreSenseTM family – TXpertTM ready sensors 52
3.2.4 eDevce - TXpertTM ready sensors 55
3.3 The Procedure for Analysis and Interpretation of Consequence
from CoreTecTM 4 58
3.3.1 Thermal screen 60
3.3.2 Colling screen 62
3.3.3 DGA screen group 63
3.3.4 Bushing screen group 66
3.3.5 OLTC screen group 66
3.3.6 Safety devices screen group 68
3.3.7 Accessories screen group 69
3.4 Asset performance management of transformer 69
3.5 Surge counter and monitoring 71
CHAPTER IV Case Study
4.1 Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare
Concession 74
4.2 The first digital substation (Sattahip 2 substation) 74
4.2.1 Single diagram 75
4.2.2 SCADA configuration 77
4.2.3 Medium voltage switchgear 82
4.2.4 Availability calculation 84
4.2.5 Comparison of measurement data between merging units
and multifunction meter 89
4.2.6 Fault clearance time of digital substation 92
4.2.7 Fault clearance time of conventional substation 93
V
Table of contents (Continued)

4.3 TXpertTM – Sattahip 2 substation, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare
Concession 94
4.4 Collecting data from an online monitoring system of the power
transformer for analysis 97
4.5 The EXCOUNT-IIIA – Sattahip 2 Substation 108
4.6 Collecting data from an online monitoring system of
EXCOUNT-IIIA For Analysis 108
CHAPTER V Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions 112
5.2 Recommendations 112
REFERENCES 114
APPENDICES
Appendix A – Raw data 116
Appendix B – Technical data 119
Appendix C – Single line diagram and ANSI code 125
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY 133
VI
List of tables
Table Page
2.1 Common standard of high-voltage equipment 10
2.2 The reasonable of choosing the type to be applied 11
2.3 MTBF of each equipment in the substation 19
2.4 Type of merging units 24
2.5 The regular monitoring of power transformers 31
2.6 The recommended temperature configuration 35
2.7 Condition classification of gas concentration limits by IEEE 37
2.8 Classification of gas concentration limits by key gas 37
2.9 Roger ratio 38
2.10 The signification ratio of each gas 38
2.11 Classification of gas concentration limits by IEC 39
2.12 Classification of gas concentration limits by doernenburge ratio 39
2.13 Classification of gas concentration limits by Duval’s triangle 40
4.1 Component of 115 kV switchgear 78
4.2 Per transmission line bay configuration 78
4.3 Per transformer bay configuration 79
4.4 Per bus tie bay configuration 79
4.5 Components of 22 kV switchgear 83
4.6 MTTF data of substation devices 84
4.7 Current measurement from RET670 (HV – TCPP1) 90
4.8 Current measurement from RET670 (MV - TCPP1) 90
4.9 Current measurement from REC670 (HV - TCPP1) 90
4.10 Current measurement from RET670 (HV – TCPP2) 90
4.11 Current measurement from RET670 (MV – TCPP2) 91
4.12 Current measurement from REC670 (HV – TCPP2) 91
4.13 Current measurement from RED6700 (LCPP2) 91
4.14 Voltage measurement from RED6700 (LCPP2) 91
4.15 Current measurement from REC6470 (LCPP2) 91
4.16 Voltage measurement from REC670 (LCPP2) 92
4.17 Trip time of digital substation 93
4.18 Trip time of conventional substation 93
VII
List of figures
Figure Page
2.1 Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) 7
2.2 Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) 7
2.3 Mix-technology switchgear (MTS) 8
2.4 Land requirement of AIS GIS and MTS Substation 12
2.5 Conventional substation 12
2.6 Hardwired from primary to secondary equipment in
conventional substations 13
2.7 Communication of conventional substations 14
2.8 Copper wiring connection in conventional substations 14
2.9 The evolution from conventional substations to digital substations 15
2.10 IEC 61850 Communication bus 16
2.11The architecture of digital substations 17
2.12 Communication protocol use in digital substations 18
2.13 The structure of system 21
2.14 The PRP topology 21
2.15 The HSR topology 22
2.16 Secondary systems in conventional and digital substations system 22
2.17 Fault clearance time of conventional system 23
2.18 Fault clearance time of digital system 23
2.19 The connection from the instrument transformer to SMU 24
2.20 Merging unit architecture 24
2.21 Non-conventional instrument transformer 25
2.22 Relion 670 series IEDs 26
2.23 Medium voltage switchgear (ABB) 26
2.24 Location of transformer connection in electricity system 27
2.25 Working principle of power transformer 28
2.26 The component of a power transformer 29
2.27 The equivalent of surge arrester 30
2.28 The parameter that affects to transformer component 30
2.29 Types of any faults that fluence by gas generated 36
2.30 Duval’s triangle 40
3.1 Flow chart 42
3.2 Standalone merging unit in an SV Application 43
3.3 IEDs in GOOSE application 44
3.4 Method of communication in digital substations 44
3.5 SAM600 located at process bus 45
3.6 SAM600-I/O 45
3.7 Line feeder arrangement 46
3.8 Transformer feeder arrangement 46
3.9 Relion 670 Series 47
3.10 SSC600 49
3.11 Connection of SSC600 49
3.12 Structure of MV switchgear with SSC600 50
VIII
List of figures (Continued)

Figure Page
3.13 TXpert Ecosystem 51
3.14 CoreTecTM 4 51
3.15 The accessory sensors connected to CorTecTM 4 52
3.16 CoreSenceTM – single gas sensor 52
3.17 CoreSenseTM M10 - mutiple-gas sensor 53
3.18 Located of CoreSenseTM 54
3.19 Working principle of CoreSenseTM M10 54
3.20 The accessories of a power transformer (e-Devices) 55
3.21 Online monitoring of bushing – TXpert BM 57
3.22 OLTC 57
3.23 Dashboard (Main screen) 58
3.24 Production icon bar display tree 59
3.25 Thermal (Measurement) 61
3.26 Thermal (Temperature) 61
3.27 Thermal (Aging) 61
3.28 Thermal (Overload) 62
3.29 Cooling (Status menu) 63
3.30 Cooling (Control overlay) 63
3.31 DGA Levels Screen 64
3.32 DGA (TDCG stacking menu) 64
3.33 DGA (Duval triangles menu) 65
3.34 DGA (Roger ratios overlay) 65
3.35 DGA (IEC Gas Ratios) 66
3.36 Bushing (Measured screen) 66
3.37 OLTC (Status screen, top section) 67
3.38 OLTC (Status screen, lower portion) 67
3.39 OLTC (Contact wear overlay) 68
3.40 Safety devices (Measured screen) 69
3.41 Accessories (Measured screen) 69
3.42 The data sources for APM 70
3.43 Clear and crisp interface of APM 71
3.44 EXCOUNT-IIIA 71
3.45 EXCOUNT-IIIA connection point 72
3.46 Surge impulse waveform 72
3.47 Measured values screen 72
3.48 Maximum Recommended Resistive Current 72
4.1 Digital substation (Sattahip 2 substation) 75
4.2 Single diagram (Sattahip 2 substation) 76
4.3 SCADA system configuration 77
4.4 SCADA configuration of high-voltage for each bay 78
4.5 SAM600-VT and SAM600-CT 79
4.6 SAM600-I/O 79
4.7 Merging unit to IEDs 80
IX

Figure Page
4.8 The working principle of SAM600 process bus I/O 80
4.9 SAM600 installation 81
4.10 Meinberg M500 GPS time server 81
4.11 IEDs install in control and protection panels 82
4.12 Connection topology of Sattahip 2 substation 82
4.13 Medium voltage switchgear of Sattahip 2 substation 83
4.14 SMU615 84
4.15 REF615 84
4.16 Reliability block diagrams of 115 system 85
4.17 Reliability block diagrams of GPS 85
4.18 Reliability block diagrams of ethernet switch 86
4.19 Reliability block diagrams of line bay 86
4.20 Reliability block diagrams of transformer bay 87
4.21 Reliability block diagrams of bus tie bay 87
4.22 Reliability block diagrams of the 115 kV system 88
4.23 Measurement data transfer between MU compare with meter 89
4.24 Fault clearance time test of digital system 92
4.25 TXpertTM ecosystem of Sattahip 2 substation 94
4.26 Front of power transformer 95
4.27 Back front of power transformer 95
4.28 CoreSense (Gas sensor) 96
4.29 eWTI 96
4.30 Pressure relief (OLTC) 96
4.31 Pressure relief (Main tank) 96
4.32 eBR 96
4.33 eOLI (Main tank) 96
4.34 eOLI (OLTC) 97
4.35 eOTI 97
4.36 eSDB 97
4.37 LCC box 97
4.38 CoreTecTM 4 97
4.39 Dashboard (Main screen) 98
4.40 Thermal (Measurements) 99
4.41 Thermal (Temperature) 100
4.42 Thermal (Aging) 101
4.43 Thermal (Overload) 102
4.44 DGA levels screen 102
4.45 DGA (TDCG stacking menu) 103
4.46 DGA (Duval triangle menu) 103
4.47 DGA (Roger ratio overlay) 104
4.48 DGA (IEC gas ratio) 104
4.49 Bushing (Measured screen) 105
4.50 OLTC (Status screen) 105
X

Figure Page
4.51 OLTC (Contact wear overlay) 106
4.52 Safety devices (Measurement screen) 106
4.53 Accessories (Measured screen) 107
4.54 EXCOUNT III-A 108
4.55 Leakage current 24h average 108
4.56 Number of registered surges 109
4.57 Surge impulse waveform (19/12/2020) 109
4.60 Leakage current measurement by online monitoring 111
CHAPTER I
Objective and scope of study

1.1 Background and statement of the problems
Nowadays, electricity is important energy for daily life that is essential to human
activity every day and the other related parts, on the whole side industrially, medicine,
communication, transmission, education, tourism and in all aspects, without electricity, it
cannot have evolved this far. Developing electrical systems and giving everyone access to
electricity because many activities in today's world require electricity, is an important part
of facilitating and getting the job done. Having enough efficient electricity is essential to
today's world, where technology is advancing rapidly almost every day. With the electricity
that we use every day, the source or power plant is away from the consumption or
Industries, so for some of these reasons, we needed to build a power substation to convert
the voltage level accordingly so that the electricity supply continues efficiently.
The substations currently use in Thailand mostly are conventional substations,

which measurement in analog values and transfer the data to relays for control. Due to the
conventional substations needed for a large area for installation the electrical equipment
such as disconnecting switches, circuit breakers, earth switches, CT, VT, etc. Moreover, it
requires more controlling and protecting cabinets, the connection among appliances in the
switchyard to relays, relays to relays, and relays to the control room are connected by
hardwired. So, it uses a lot of copper wire with a complex system in the substation and
sometimes it is difficult to maintain or hard to find fault points when the problem occurs,
because of these reasons we have found a solution for this problem by the digitalization of
substations.
Therefore, a digital substation is thought out by implementing IEC 61850 standard

can reduce copper connections between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) by
replacement of fiber optics. So, the digitalization focuses on SAM 600 process bus I/O
system, TXpertTM, CoresenseTM, CoreTecTM, EXCOUNT III, and MV Digital SSC 600
system devices enabling digital substation, which connects point-to-point by fiber optics.
With the IEC 61850 standard transfers data by using protocols such as SV, GOOSE, and
MMS, which can send the data from electrical equipment to SCADA through IEDs with
quick speed and accuracy data for protection, controlling, and online monitoring system.
This will allow for better Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) as well as easy configuration
for operations in a substation. The implementation of the IEC 61850 also benefits by
reducing operating costs, higher reliability, reduce cabling, gain more efficiency, and
safety.
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 To study the standard, connection code, and monitoring of digital
substations.
1.2.2 To study and compare conventional substations and digital substations
according to IEC 61850 standard.
2
1.2.3 To study and understand the concept of design and analysis for the online
monitoring system.
1.2.4 To study and understand the operating of the appliances in the switchyard.
1.3 Scope of Study

1.3.1 Study the determination and the requirement for designing high voltage
substations according to IEC/IEEE standards.
1.3.2 Study and review of the differences and comparison between conventional
substations and digital substations based on IEC 61850 standard.
1.3.3 Study of SAM 600 process bus I/O system, TXpertTM, CoresenseTM,
CoreTecTM, EXCOUNT III, and MV Digital SSC 600 system devices for design and
utilization of Digital High Voltage Substation.
1.3.4 Study of the data analysis by comparing and evaluating the usage of cost and
reliability of the equipment.
1.4 Methodology (Research Process/Conceptual Framework)

Research related to the information and IEC/IEEE standard about the concept or
consideration of digital substations focuses on designing, connecting code, and collecting
the result of data from devices such as SAM 600 process bus I/O system, TXpertTM,
CoresenseTM, CoreTecTM, EXCOUNT III, and MV Digital SSC 600 for an online
monitoring system to transfer accuracy data for controlling and protection electrical
system.
1.5 Contribution to knowledge

1.5.1 Knowledgeable about the IEC/IEEE standard design requirement for High
Voltage Substations.
1.5.2 Knowledgeable and able to compare the differences determine between
Conventional substations and Digital substations.
1.5.3 Understand the functions and operation of the apparatus in Digital
Substations (SAM 600 process bus I/O system, TXpertTM, CoresenseTM, CoreTecTM,
EXCOUNT-III, and MV Digital SSC 600).
1.5.4 Understand and can analyze the consequence of any apparatus from Online
Monitoring System for control and protection in Digital Substation.
1.6 Procedures and research methodology

1.6.1 Study the technology format of AIS S/S, GIS S/S, MTS S/S, and Application
of High Voltage Substations.
1.6.2 Study the key requirements for designing High Voltage Substations
according to IEC/IEEE standards.
1.6.3 Study and compare Conventional High Voltage substations and Digital High
Voltage Substations.
1.6.4 Study of SAM 600 process bus I/O system equipment for the design and
Utilization of Digital High Voltage Substation (Case study: Substation 2, SEA Utility).
1.6.5 Study the equipment by using TXpertTM, CoresenseTM, CoreTecTM,
EXCOUNT III devices for designing and operating of Digital High Voltage Substation.
3
1.6.6 Review apparatus by using MV Digital SSC 600 according to IEC 61850
for the design and operation of Digital High Voltage Substations.
1.6.7 Analyze, compare, and evaluate the usage of the SAM 600 device.
1.6.8 Analyze, compare, and evaluate the usage of TXpertTM, CoresenseTM,
TM
CoreTec , EXCOUNT III.
1.6.9 Analyze, compare, and evaluate the usage of MV Digital SSC 600.
1.6.10 Summarize the result, prepare a handbook, and prepare to present the
project.
Table 1: Thesis project plan

Project detail / June July August September October
Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1) Study the
technology
format of AIS
S/S, GIS S/S,
MTS S/S, and
Application
of High
Voltage
Substations.
2) Study the key
requirements
for designing
High Voltage
Substations
according to
IEC/IEEE
standards.
3) Study and
compare
Conventional
High Voltage
substations
and Digital
High Voltage
Substations.
4) Study of
SAM 600
process bus
I/O system
equipment for
the design
and
Utilization of
Digital High
4

Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Voltage
Substation
(Case study:
Substation 2,
SEA Utility).
5) Study the
equipment by
using
TXpertTM,
CoresenseTM
, CoreTecTM,
and
EXCOUNT
III devices for
designing and
operating of
Digital High
Voltage
Substation.
6) Review
apparatus by
using MV
Digital SSC
600 according
to IEC 61850
for the design
and operation
of Digital
High Voltage
Substations.
7) Analyze,
compare, and
evaluate the
usage of the
SAM 600
device.
8) Analyze,
compare, and
evaluate the
usage of
TXpertTM,
CoresenseTM
, CoreTecTM,
5

Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
EXCOUNT
III.
9) Analyze,
compare, and
evaluate the
usage of MV
Digital SSC
600.
10) Summarize
the result,
prepare a
handbook,
and prepare to
present the
project.
CHAPTER II
Background Introduction
Many types of research are related to the renovation of conventional substations
to digital substations, and try to find a solution for improving the substation in other to
increase more abilities and transmission stability power to consumers. Moreover, gain
more efficient and accurate data for protection. The topic is related to the project can
present as follows.
2.1 Substations
2.1.1 Definition of substation and its function [1][2]
Dave (2018) presented the electrical substation as a network of electrical
components that includes power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries, switchgear, and others.
The electrical substation is the part of the power system that could vary or transform the
voltage levels from high to low or versa to transmit the high voltage from the generation
source to the distribution consumers.
The substation also functions as a location for safety devices to be installed

to disconnect equipment or circuits in the case of a fault, switching stations are the amid
part or connected part to the transformation of power between generating stations and
consumer loads in other to control power flow and protected equipment in the substations
and delivered stable power. The electrical substations received energy directly from
transmission system adjusting voltage levels.
The components are interconnected in substations that are created with a control
and protection sequence of circuit cables to be switched OFF while in an emergency it can
be switched OFF automatically and provide a flexible system. Emergencies situations such
as earthquakes, floods, or short circuits can be managed.
2.1.2 Types of switchgear [3]

Another significant thing to making decisions for the planning or concept
stage be considered the type of equipment that will be utilized in the substation. There are
three types of switchgear of substation designers that might be chosen among these for the
optimal approach for the substation, as listed below:
• Air-insulated switchgear (AIS)

• Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS)
• Mixed-technology switchgear (MTS)
1) Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) [3]

The type of substation that switchgear and the other high voltage equipment
where the air atmospheric pressure mainly functions as insulated to earth and between
phase conductors, which some active parts are not enclosed (according to IEC 6050-605-
02-13)
7
The designer must be planed the primary equipment to be mounted on the steel
frame and the determined distance between each apparatus for electrical safety (Electrical
Clearance). Although the AIS substation mostly is installed Outdoor, therefore needed to
be considered environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, humidity, fouling,
dust, and lighting protection must be considered.
Figure 2.1 Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) [4]
2) Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) [3]

The GIS substation can be presented the metal-enclosed switchgear and
other high voltage apparatus are insulated by gas other than air at atmospheric pressure
(from IEC 62271-203, 3.102). The GIS is a compact, metal-enclosed switchgear system
composed of high-voltage equipment parts including disconnecting, circuit breaker, and
others that may be securely operated in tight spaces. The insulating gas can be used SF6 or
gas mixer (SF6 mixture with other gases).
The GIS substations can be installed in various areas, outdoors, indoors,

underground, or inside the tunnel. It depends on the main consideration of implementation
such as high-reliability requirement, confine space, or not needed frequent maintenance.
Therefore, the GIS substations have been likewise popular.
Figure 2.2 Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) [4]

8
3) Mix-technology switchgear (MTS) [4]

The MTS substation has been developed and combined from AIS or/and
GIS into one of the following combinations as listed:
• AIS in compact or/and combined design

• GIS in combined design
• Hybrid-insulated switchgear where bays are developed from a
combination of AIS and GIS technology components.
Figure 2.3 Mix-technology switchgear (MTS) [4]
2.1.3 The conception of substation designing [5][11]

The essential parameters for the substation are designed a careful emphasis
to ensure that the design addressed the primary issues of all relevant parts. A different
perspective, conceptual engineering should specify all the fundamental requirements that
significantly affect network costs and network reliability, and offer the owner a flexible
network.
The following are general conceptual and the consideration for designing
substations.
Service condition
• Location, Altitude
• High and low Mean temperatures
• Temperature extremes
• Wind load and ice loading
• Seismic qualifications
• Area classification
• Contamination
Primary system characteristic

• Local Utility
• Normal operating voltage
9
• System Frequency
• System grounding
• System impedance data
Secondary system characteristic

• Nominal voltage
• Maximum operating voltage
• System grounding
• Facility Load/Generation Characteristic
• Load type
• Average running load
• Maximum running load
• On-site generation
• Future load growth
• Harmonic load
• Equipment Ratings
• Insulation Requirements
o BIL (basic insulated levels)
o Insulator and bushing creep
o Minimum clearance
o Phase spacing
o Arrester duty
• Current Requirement
o Rated continuous current
o Maximum 3-phase short-circuit current
o Maximum phase-to-ground short-circuit current
o Electrical studies
• Power/load flow
• Short-circuit/Device evaluation
• Device coordination
• Arc-flash hazard assessment
• Motor starting, transient stability
• Insulation coordination
• Harmonic analysis
Substation layout considerations

• Available real estate
• Substation configuration
• The necessary degree of reliability and redundancy
• Number of incoming lines
• Proximity to transmission lines and loads
Utility requirements
• Application of utility specifications
• Application of utility standards
10
• Application of utility protection and control schemes

• SCADA/RTU interface
• Metering requirement
Communication/Monitoring requirements
• Manned or unmanned
• Power management/Trending
• Fault recording
• Local and remote annunciation
• Local and remote control
• Automation
• Communication protocol
Other studies / Field tests

• Soil boring results – foundation design
• Soil resistivity – ground grid design
• Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans -
contamination
• Stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) – Runoff during
construction
• Stormwater management – detention pond requirements
Moreover, the determined standardized for application in individual devices

in substations such as circuit breakers, disconnecting/earthing switches, disconnecting
circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, surge arresters, bushing,
insulators, and cable connections. It has been designed and mounted according to standard
IEEE/IEC, etc. The common standards, specified by the IEC and another standard that
apply to various devices as listed below:
Table 2.1 Common standard of high-voltage equipment

Devices Standardization
Circuit breakers IEC 62271-100 (2008), AMD1 (2011)
IEC 62271-102 (2001), AMD1(2011),
Disconnectors/earthing switches
AMD2 (2013)
Switches IEC 62271-103 (2011)
Disconnecting circuit breakers IEC 62271-108 (2005)
Current transformer IEC 60044-8 (2002), IEC 61869-2 (2012)
IEC 60044-7 (1999), IEC 61869-3, IEC
Voltage transformer
61869-5 (2011)
Combined transformer IEC 61869-4 (2013)
Surge arresters IEC 60099-4 (2014)
Bushing IEC 60137 (2008)
insulators IEC 61462 (2007), IEC 62155 (2003)
Cable connections IEC 62271-209 (2007)
11
2.1.4 Choosing the type to be applied [3]

The consideration of selecting the types of switchgear is an important thing
for suitability with the demands of load and the term of deciding is depending on the
evaluation of the advantage and the disadvantage of different switchgear technology (AIS,
GIS, and MTS) as followed the Table 2.1
Table 2.2 The reasonable of choosing the type to be applied
Types of Switchgear The advantage The disadvantage

• The equipment is
generally cheap
• Require large space
• Simple to upgrade the
system or adjust the • The equipment is
device coordinates close to outside
• Use less SF6 than other • Take caution when
types (gas SF6 is affect working in
AIS substations
the environment)
• In case of any • Each component
equipment is broken, an must be connected
easy to replace and mounted on the
steel frame base at
• Appropriate for High the site area
Voltage (HV) and Ultra-
High Voltage
substations
• Easy to install and • The equipment is
compact typically pricey
• Require less space when • Limited capacity for
compared to the AIS flexibility to expand
GIS
switchgear type • Requiring difficult
• No impact from external repairing, causing
pollution higher outage time
• High security of • Using more SF6
utilization gas, which is pricy
• Required less and affects the
maintenance environment
• Compact space and
inexpensive
• Suitable for a variety of
applications (multiple
MTS functions)
• Can be applied for
expansion or extension
of existing AIS
substation
12
Figure 2.4 Land requirement of AIS, GIS, and MTS substation [3]
Figure 2.4 compare that the AIS substation demands the largest area size of 100
%, followed by the MTS substation with 30 % of the AIS substation and the GIS substation
with 10 % of the AIS substation, which means that if the AIS substation covers an area of
200 meters, the GIS and MTS will cover an area of 20 meters and 60 meters, respectively.
2.1.5 Conventional substation [6][7]

The conventional substation is an elderly substation that uses conventional
switchgear equipment, electromechanical relays, and the legacy protocol. The exchange of
data from and to the switchyard uses copper wires as the main medium for the various
devices. The interface between primary equipment (CT&VT, etc.) through secondary
protection devices (relays) and from the relay room to the control center (HMI, Gateway,
SCADA) are entirely copper hardwired.
Figure 2.5 Conventional substation [6]

13
Primary equipment in conventional Substations [8]

The primary equipment consists of a conventional instrument transformer,
circuit breaker, disconnector switch, etc. The conventional primary equipment on the
switchyard is generally directly millions of point-to-point copper wires from terminals and
marshaling kiosks connected to all conventional secondary protective equipment. The
characteristic of the conventional switchgear is;
• One-on-one copper wiring connection
• Transmits signals in analog values (High & low)
• With a long cable, the transmitted signal can be interrupted by
electromagnetic interference
Secondary equipment in conventional substation [8]

The secondary equipment has control and protection functionality
implemented by devices like “electromechanical relays” embedded in the control and
protection panel. The relay has an isolation function and interacts with primary equipment.
The characteristic of conventional secondary equipment is:
• Low speed of operation
• Need its own inputs and sends its own outputs
• Limited to access the measured signals
In order to perform all control and protection functions, there must
be numerous relay panels in a conventional substation.
Figure 2.6 Hardwired from primary to secondary equipment in conventional

substations [9]
Communication of conventional substations [8]

A conventional substation, the connection between the field device and the
control room HMI (Human machine interface) goes through a microprocessor device as
RTU (Remote Terminal Unit). The RTU collects information from the switchyard and
transfers it to the control room. It also receives orders from the network control center for
controlling field devices and ensuring the safety of outgoing commands. However, these
methods of communication have inherent limitations that restrict their use in future
substation automation systems. The DNP3 communication protocol, which is based on
IEEE 1379-2000, is vulnerable to poor network conditions and difficult to implement.
14
Figure 2.7 Communication of conventional substations
Copper wiring in conventional substations [6][8]

Thousands of copper wire circuits in the conventional substation come with
massive and complicated substation infrastructure. It makes the installation process for new
protection and control systems, testing and commissioning takes a long time, uses a lot of
control/relay panel space, and affects to massive the size of the control room.
The conventional substation also comes with electromagnetic interference

and high-frequency noise from using copper cable. Electrical signal communication can be
easily interrupted by both external and internal factors which may disturb electronic
equipment inside a substation.
The design of the conventional substation lacks modern trends in

technology, including digital communication, configuration, remote monitoring, remote
controlling, and consumer participation. Furthermore, the connection between electrical
equipment and protection relays required a variety of wired connections. It’s around a
thousand hardwired point-point connections. As a result, the system is now complex,
costly, and unreliable.
Figure 2.8 Copper wiring connection in conventional substations [9]

15
2.1.6 The evolution from conventional substation to digital substation [6][7]

The technology in electrical substations has been very revolution rapidly.
Today there are roughly one hundred thousand substations of various sizes and functions
distributing electrical services around the world. This is a substation evolution from the
past to the present.
In conventional substations, all data is transmitted via hard-wired copper

cables, from primary equipment in the switchyard (e.g. circuit breaker, CT, VT) to all
secondary equipment in the control and protection panel (e.g. mechanical relays), then sent
information and substation event into the control room which has HMIs and event
recording.
In modern substations, there are still copper cables connecting on the

primary side to all secondary equipment (IEDs), but the communication between IEDs to
the control room came up with the IEC 61850 station bus, which eliminate copper cables
and reduce control and protection panel by fiber optic cable compatible with Ethernet
communication, allows to command and remote control the station through a station bus.
In digital substations, the IEC61850 standard has been fully applied. The
copper cables connecting the primary side are eliminated by the IEC 61850 process bus
compatible with the Merging Unit. IEDs can perform both protection and control functions.
A digital communication capable of transmitting critical time data at high speeds capable
of transmitting data in milliseconds. Remote control of SCADA automation systems in
real-time via fiber optic cable with ethernet connection comes with redundancy to ensure
system reliability and availability.
Figure 2.9 The evolution from conventional substations to digital substations [6]
16
2.2 Digital substation based on IEC 61850 standard [8]

2.2.1 IEC 61850 standard
The IEC 61850 is an international standard defining communication of the
digital substation. It is defined by the common work of both ANSI (North America) and
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC 61850 standard defines:
• Defines communication between devices in digital substations.
o SMV, GOOSE, MMS
• Defines system architecture
o Process level, Bay level, Station level
• Defines how to expand systems without compromise, flexible & future-proof
o Provides a variety of possibilities in designing the next generation of
Ethernet-based protection and control systems
The IEC 61850 standard provides interoperability, all devices in the
substation will be able to communicate with each other even if they use equipment from
different manufacturers. The IEC 61850 standard allows data exchanges for substation
automation systems (SAS). All information is available for communication in digital with
seamless latency time, such as measurement value, switchgear status, and monitoring data
by integrating the communication to the process bus and station bus provided by the IEC
61850 standard.
Figure 2.10 IEC 61850 communication bus [10]
2.2.2 The three levels architecture of digital substation [8]

Digital substation is designed according to the IEC 61850 standard to
achieve the goals of data sharing and interoperability between different vendors’ products.
The Digital substation is distinctly separated into three levels of the SAS: the process level,
the bay level, and the station level.
17
• Process level
Process level functions in a switchyard is including switchgear and merging
units. The merging units located at this level digitize voltage and current measurements
and send these digital values to IEDs.
• Bay level
Bay level consists of protection and control devices or IEDs. The IEDs
receive information and the status of the primary equipment from the process level and
process these data to perform protection and control functions through protective devices
in switchyards, including circuit breakers and disconnecting switches.
• Station level
Station level functions in a control room are used for control and monitoring
the substation. It consists of devices such as HMI and SCADA. it can monitor, control, and
record events in the substation. Operation in the station can be controlled with remote
control.
Communication bus in the digital substation

The data exchange occurs through two digital buses: the process bus and
the station bus.
• Process bus:
The process bus is contained in the IEC61850-9-2 standard and allows
digital signals and messages to be sent and received between the process and bay levels.
This provides communication between the control IED and the protection IED, enabling
the circuit breaker to trip. process bus allows for a significant reduction of copper
hardwires.
• Station bus:
The station bus is for remotely controlling and monitoring all of the
substation's status and information. The station bus enables digital communication between
the station and bay levels. This allows control centers (HMI, SCADA) to monitor bay level
and process level operations. Generally, SCADA control, monitoring, and alarm services
are available via the station bus.
Figure 2.11 The architecture of digital substations [15]

18
2.2.3 Protocol used in the digital substation [11][12]

The communication protocol of the substation according to the IEC61850
standard is communicated by exchanging messages through these three types of
communication protocols:
• SMV Protocol
SMV (Sampled measured Value) is used to transmit electrical data obtained
from measurements of instrument transformers in real-time digital data. The SMV is
converted from analog data by the Merging Unit (MU) with a sampling rate of 80 or 256
samples per system power cycle. Time reference and time synchronization are necessary
to separate samples from various sources.
• GOOSE Protocol
GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event) is the protocol for
control communication at the bay level. The GOOSE works at high speed (<3ms) and used
with systems where the time of operation is critical. The GOOSE message is used to
exchange and publish the data between IEDs for interlocking and logic and to control high
voltage equipment such as “trip” the circuit breaker.
• MMS Protocol
MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification) is a protocol that transmits
system information in the vertical direction from IEDs into the station level, to report
information on the HMI in the control room. The MMS protocol or client-server has no
critical times requirement.
Figure 2.12 Communication protocol use in digital substations [29]
2.2.4 Reliability and availability [10][11][16]

Studying the performance and evaluation of the digital substation system
consists of two factors:
19
Reliability is the reliability of the whole system. The system can work
according to the function in the specified conditions and time without fail and the system
can run with high confidence and high reliability.
Availability is the availability of the system. When the system fails or is in

the repairing process, system components must always be ready to be backed up.
Ways to increase the reliability of the system include

• Add appropriate redundancy to the system.
• Reduce the number of components required in the system.
• Always have spare parts ready.
• Always prepare the system to be ready to work, such as during system
maintenance. An error has occurred in the system.
Availability calculation:
The Availability is calculated from,
(2.1)
Where;
MTTR (Mean Time to Repair) is the amount of time it takes to repair a
system.
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) is the amount of time the system can
work normally
The reliability calculations in the model diagrams are done according to the
following formulas;
Availability:
A= A1*A2 if components 1 and 2 are in series
A= A1 + A2 – (A1*A2) if components 1 and 2 are in parallel
• MTBF
The following table contains reliability data for the used
components. This data is from supplier documents.
Table 2.3 MTBF of each equipment in the substation

Component Name MTBF (h) Component
Time Server 142,636 LANTIME/M300/GPS
Gateway 857,122 RTU560CMR02
Gateway 536,000 RTU560PSU02
Gateway 5,068,696 RTU560SFR02
Station Controller 48,100 SYS600 Server
20
Component Name MTBF (h) Component

Switch for IEC 61850 1,320,000 IEC 61850 switch
Relay Rex6xx 893,000 Main, Back-up and BCU
• MTTR
This time is expected to begin with the occurrence of a fault, involve
diagnosis and replacement of the failed part in the system, and finish when the failed part
is fully operational again.
In this system, we will determine MTTR as 3.5 hours.
• Calculation model
Gateway
MTTR = 3.5
RTU560CMR02 = 857,122/(857,122+3.5) = 0.9999959165
if components 1 and 2 are parallel A= A1 + A2 – (A1*A2)

Therefore;
RTU560CMR02 // RTU560CMR02 = (RTU560CMR02+
RTU560CMR02- (RTU560CMR02 * RTU560CMR02)
RTU560CMR02//RTU560CMR02 = 0.99999999998
RTU560PSU02 = 536,000 / (536,000+3.5) =

0.99999347019
RTU560SFR02 = 5,068,696 / (5,068,696+3.5) =
0.99999930948
A = (RTU560CMR02 // RTU560CMR02) * RTU560PSU02 *

RTU560SFR02
A = (0.99999999998) * 0.99999347019*0.99999930948
= 0.99999277965
21
• Main system model
Figure 2.13 The structure of 115 kV system [16]
A (system)= A(1)*A(2)*A(34)*A(56)*(A78)
The availability is more than 99.95% is calculated by the worst case of

MTTT; 4 hours.
In reality, this value can be decreased which means the availability will be
increased. ABB has used the highest values (4 hours)
2.2.5 Network redundancy protocol [10][17]

Network redundancy protocol is an ethernet network protocol standard that
provides seamless failover in the event of a network component failure. The advantage is
that there is no downtime due to redundancy, allowing for maintenance and testing without
disrupting the network. Network system reliability and availability are improved.
There are two types of network redundancy protocol according to IEC

62439-3 standard:
• PRP
PRP (Parallel redundancy protocol) uses two separated ethernet networks
(LANs) that are operated in parallel. If switch LAN A fails, an IED destination operates to
switch LAN B. The PRP can thereby accommodate more IEDs than HSR (high availability
seamless redundancy protocol).
Figure 2.14 The PRP topology [10]

22
• HSR
HSR (High availability seamless redundancy) is a network protocol that
employs in a single-ring topology. The HSR will allow sending data in both directions of
the single ring. If a link fails, an IED destination will operate to the other path that still
working. Due to ring topology, HSR is less expensive than PRP.
Figure 2.15 The HSR topology [10]
2.2.6 Fault clearance times of substation [10][12][13]

When assessing the performance of the substation, the ability of the
protection system to isolate the fault is the main consideration. The high speed to clear
faults is critically needed. Fault clearance time is required, to clear all faults that occur in
the system. Relay operation to trip the circuit breaker starts at the time of merging units
that transmit data to IEDs to detect faults and ends when the arc of the circuit breaker is
extinguished.
Figure 2.16 Secondary systems in conventional and digital substations system [13]
In a conventional substation, the primary equipment is directly interfaced

by a protection and control IED, which received data from instrument transformers. At a
protection and control device with the ability to process analog values, run protection
algorithms, and operate a trip output on its IO card, all signals are immediately terminated.
In a digital substation, IEC 61850 is put into the switchyard referred to as
the process bus, where merging units are connected to the instrument transformers to
transfer data to the IEDs. IEDs used the GOOSE message as the command signal to trip
the circuit breaker using breaker IEDs (BIED).
23
Fault clearance time of conventional system

The tripping command is adapted to the protection system in conventional
systems, In the input signal IED is directly connected to the instrument transformer to
receive measurement data for processing the fault signal. The time of IED to process the
fault signal is referred to T1. The time from IEDs (Detect fault) to circuit breaker (Trip) is
referred to T2.
Figure 2.17 Fault clearance time of conventional system [10]
Fault clearance time of digital system

The protection function of the digital substation consists of merging unit
IED and Breaker-IED (BIED). T1 is the amount of time it has taken since the merging unit
sent measurement data to the IED to detect the fault and then sent the command signal to
the BIED. Then T2 is the amount of time since the BIED sends command signal to the
circuit breaker to trip.
Figure 2.18 Fault clearance time of digital system [10]
2.2.7 Stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) [14]

The stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) is located in the switchyard for
collecting analog current and voltage signals from the instrument transformer (CT/VT) or
binary information from switching equipment and digitizes these analog signals and
transmits these digital data over the IEC61850 Ethernet LAN. The signals are published in
sampled values (SVs) to IEDs to protect and control the substation.
24
Figure 2.19 The connection from the instrument transformer to SMU [18]
Merging unit architecture

The MU architecture consists of the first part filters and processes the
analog signal. The second part has ADC to transform the analog signal from CT/VT to a
digital signal in the MU. Digital signal processing involves noise removal and digital
filtering. The digital signal will then synchronize time for the accuracy of the measurement
data.
Figure 2.20 Merging unit architecture [14]
Types of Merging Units

According to IEC 61869-9 standard merging units using SMV
communication. It can work with a variety of instrument transformers, depending on the
technology of the device. The MUs are divided according to the measurement function and
use.
Table 2.4 Types of merging units

No Scheme Observation
The merging unit is incorporated into the
1 CT + MU
instrument transformer
25
No Scheme Observation
A SAMU is a device that is separated from
2 CT - DIG - SAMU
the instrument transformer and has digital inputs
A SAMU is a device that is separate from

3 CT - AN - SAMU
the instrument transformer and has an analog output
SAMU = Stand Alone Merging Unit, DIG = Digital Connection, AN = Analog

Connection
Non-Conventional Instrument transformer (NCIT) [7][14]

Non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs) are instrument
transformers that use digital sensors to measure current and voltage values within
themselves. There is a MU inside NCIT that uses fiber optic cables to connect the
switchyard to the protective device. It eliminates the risks associated with conventional
instrument transformers such as open (short) secondary in CT (VT), saturation, and
nonlinearity. NCIT provides fully digital communication between the process level and the
bay level with a fiber optic cable. These are the different technologies used in NCITs:
• Rogowski coil CT
• Electronic current and voltage transformer (ECT & EVT)
• Fiber optical current sensors (FOCs)
Figure 2.21 Non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs) [7]
2.2.8 Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) [17][19]

Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are a new type of relay that can perform
multifunction. It is capable of monitoring station processes by receiving data from
switchyard sensors and switchgear equipment. The IEDs use the GOOSE protocol for
operating the circuit breakers. The IEDs also have self-monitoring, enabling them to be
26
alerted when there is an abnormality in IEDs. Common types of IEDs include protective
relay devices and circuit breaker controls.
Figure 2.22 Relion 670 series IEDs [19]
Types of IEDs
The IEDs applied to IEC 61850 standard have the following categories:
• Protection IEDs
The protection IEDs include the bus, transmission line, and transformer
relays which perform protection functions such as overcurrent protection, differential
protection, directional protection, etc.
• Control IEDs
The control IEDs include bay control functions for switchgear equipment
and transformer tap changers with monitoring and metering functions.
• Breaker IEDs
The breaker IEDs are the circuit breaker monitors and controllers. These
IEDs send GOOSE messages throughout the whole system, mostly to the upper-level IEDs,
alerting them about state changes in the local substation network.
2.2.9 Medium voltage switchgear (MV switchgear) [20]

Medium voltage switchgear is a switchgear that supervises and protects a
medium voltage system in the outgoing feeder of the substation. The MV switchgear is
normally located indoors and installed inside a steel enclosure. The MV switchgear uses
air or SF6 gas as an insulator, which can lower space requirements and efficiently
extinguish arcs caused by circuit breaker activation.
Figure 2.23 Medium voltage switchgear (ABB) [20]

27
2.3 Transformer [21]

2.3.1 Why needed power transformers?
Transformer acts as important functions for adapting voltage levels in
electrical power systems, stepping voltage up or down to transfer voltage among power
generation systems, transmission systems, and distribution systems for commercial &
industrial users and residential customers’ demands. Moreover, transformers not only
regulate the stepping voltage but, also mitigates power loss and supplement energy
efficiency, preventing DC from passing the circuit, and utilize as a switch to prevent
ainterrupt can occur in the power flow of electricity.
Figure 2.24 Location of transformers connection in electricity system [22]
2.3.2 Transformer working principles

The working principle of a power transformer is generating mutual
induction, when the alternating voltage is supplied to the primary winding of the
transformer, an alternating flux (øm) or mutual flux is produced in the core of the
transformer. According to Faraday’s rule of electromagnetic induction, the alternating flux
connects both of windings magnetic and generates EMFs in the primary winding and the
secondary winding, respectively, thus electrical power is delivered from the primary circuit
to the secondary circuit via mutual inductance. EMF (V1) is known as the primary EMF,
while EMF (V2) is known as the secondary EMF and given as equations below,
(2.1)
(2.2)
therefore (2.3)
28
Figure 2.25 Working principle of power transformer [22]
Voltage times current in the primary = voltage times current in the secondary:
Vp*Ip = Vs*Is or kVA in = kVA out (less losses)
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
Voltages are proportional to the turn ratio: = (2.4)
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
Currents are inversely proportional to the turn ratio:
𝐼𝑝 𝑁𝑠
= therefore (2.5)
𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝
where
• Vp is the primary voltage
• Vs is the secondary voltage
• Ip is the primary current
• Is is the secondary current
• Np is the number of turns in the primary winding
• Ns is the number of turns in the secondary winding
2.3.3 Transformer components [23]
There are several components of a transformer including
1. Tank
2. Radiator & Fan
3. Local control cabinet
4. Breather (Silica-gel)
5. Conservator
6. HV bushing
7. LV bushing
8. MV cable box
9. Surge arrester
10. Buchholz relay
11. Air leakage detector
12. Tap changer (TC)
13. Core &Clamp, 14).
14. Winding
15. Insulator
29
Figure 2.26 The component of a power transformer [23]
2.4 Surge arrester of power transformer [24]

2.4.1 Definition of surge arrester
The surge arrester is a type of electric device primarily used to shield crucial
equipment in a substation from any damage caused by over-voltages. Lightning strike or
switching in substations affected to exceed voltage to an electric system, so the surge
arrester offers prevention risk to apparatus.
2.4.2 Why do we need the surge arrester?

As mentioned above, surge arresters protect high-voltage equipment, such
as circuit breakers, busing, and transformer, beneficial for preventing overvoltage which is
generated by a lightning strike or switching surge caused by switching on-off operators in
a substation. When that situation occurs surge arrester will allow the high-voltage surge to
the ground without disrupting the system.
2.4.3 Working and method of measurement of the surge arrester

The lightning surge arrester can protect the electric system from damage by
intercepting flashes of lightning and delivering its current to the ground through low-
resistance cables. In normal operation, the surge arrester has high resistance that cannot
allow the current through SA, hence when the lightning strike or surge switching occurs
the SA works and has low resistance and the current can transmit to the ground to protect
assets in the substation. As Figure 2.25 below describes the surge arrester circuit, Ir is the
current run across a surge arrester 100 – 600 μA and Ic is the current over the surface of
SA, which rating 0.2 – 3 mA.
30
Figure 2.27 The equivalent of surge arrester [24]
Metal-oxide surge arresters (MOSAs) is popularly used nowadays,

consists of nonlinear metal-oxide resistors connected in series without spark gaps that
allowed current through pass and can be measured the leakage current, hence it is the better
type than the surge arrester design with valve-type, or spark gap arrester. The total leakage
current of a metal oxide surge arrester can be divided into resistive leakage current and
capacitive leakage current.
2.5 The traditional monitoring system of the power transformer [25]

During normal operation, the condition inspected of the transformer is the most
essential subject in purpose to gain more reliability and safety to the electricity system.
Moreover, to keep the transformer energize power continuously, protection is thought out
and it is the main consideration. The affected things to the power transformer are come out
by external and internal that have been impacted, thereof gases, moisture, pressure in the
oil conservator, air, temperature, and lighting or light surge are the parameters need to
know. The solution to these problems, there are many sensors or devices mounted with the
component of the transformer.
Figure 2.28 The parameter that affects to transformer component

31
2.5.1 Monitoring of a conventional power transformer for the protection

needed [25][26]
As the figure above there are many devices that need to monitoring such as
insulated (paper insulated and oil insulated), rubber bag (Buchholz relay), oil level (main
tank and OLTC), core, tap changer, silica gel, and winding temperature, etc. and included
with a visual inspection of the connection point, oil leakage, and other components of the
transformer.
Table 2.5 The regular monitoring of power transformers

Items need to be inspected Monitoring Inspection frequency
Temperature of • Ambient temperature

Transformer • Oil temperature Hourly
• Winding temperature
Oil level
• Main tank
Measure the values of oil
• On Load Tap levels by the oil level gauge
Daily
Changer
• Check the changing

color of the moisture
absorb device (Silica
gel)
• The silica gel must be
Dehydrating breather replaced when Daily
approximately 2/3 of the
silica gel turned from
blue to red (old type) or
from pink to white
(conservator type)
• Checking the pressure

Pressure relief in a conservator Daily
• Checks the general state

of the lightning
conductor
• The counterpoint of
Lightning Arrester lightning Arrester Daily
• Measure the insulation
resistance of lightning
Arrester
32
Items need to be inspected Monitoring Inspection frequency
• Inspection of the oil

Bushing level of the bushing,
leaks, cracks, and dust Quarterly
on the bushing.
• Visual inspects of
OLTC
• Check the oil level of
On Load Tap Changer OLTC Quarterly
• Test the dielectric
strength insulated of
transformer oil
• Check the dielectric

breakdown voltage
• Dissolve gas analysis
(DGA)
Transformer oil, oil filled,
surge, winding, relay • Check for cracks and Yearly
dirt deposits of surge
• Check relay and alarm
contacts for operation
and relay accuracy
The signals of power transformer status can either be local or remote,

accessories on the transformer define any of the signals along the customer requirements.
The signals may be collected and transferred to a common connection box or deliver to a
termination cabinet. Thereof, the signals needed to transfer to the control room such as:
• Top oil level temperature (OTI)

• Winding temperature (WTI)
• Gas actuated relay (Buchholz Relay)
• Oil level indicator (OLI)
• Pressure relief devices (pressure gauges)
• Oil and water indicators (transformer, tap changer)
• On load tap changer position indication (OLTC pressure, oil filter
manometers)
The power transformer is always equipped with a protection system to evade

any damage from the abnormal operation of the transformer or network. The main reason
to install monitoring sensors on the transformer is to mitigation of any faults (IEC 61378-
33
3). The monitoring system of the transformer can roughly be separated into two-level, high-
level monitoring, and low-level monitoring.
• High level
Online monitoring: the online monitoring system is protection various
failures for better load capacity, minimal maintenance, and reliable operation. The online
monitoring system provided the data from just a few sensors such as temperature, gas in
oil, moisture, currents, voltage, and tap changer.
• Low level
- Periodic recording of a few parameters, visual inspection
- Oil condition monitoring
- Off-line monitoring
The parameters that were verified could be oil level, top oil temperature,
winding temperature, dehydrating breather, and load current. These parameters may be
checked daily and the visual inspection of the transformer for leakages and cracks in the
bushing should be performed weekly or monthly. Additionally, the oil and transformer’s
insulation condition is determined by taking oil samples from the transformer for dissolved
gas analysis (DGA). Off-line condition monitoring actually during transformer de-energize
to impossible to inspect components that are not visible when transformers still operating,
the internal checkup of the power transformer may be performed after draining the oil.
To measure and indicate the fault of transformers we need to implement
many of the accessories as listed below:
Gas actuated relay or Buchholz Relay: it is a connection tube between the

tank and the conservator, there are two functions, collecting free gas bubbles on their way
up to the conservator from the transformer tank and being sensitive when the oil flow
between the tank and conservator exceeds the pressure value. When less amount of gas is
collected in the gas relay alarm and if an additional amount of gas is collected, then actuated
the tripping contact.
Temperature indication: consists of thermometers that are normally

installed in purpose to the measurement of top oil temperature and winding hot spots. The
top oil temperature is measured directly by the sensor in the top layer of the tank, and the
measurement of winding temperature method in an indirect way. Hence the winding hot
spot is supposed to be near the winding top that surrounding by oil at the top oil
temperature, winding thermometer is then set as a sensor inside a resistor immersed in the
top oil. The precise conveyance of the temperature rises from the bulb to the main dial. The
adjustable switching system connected to the pointer shaft provides the desired alarm/trip
signals.
Dehydrating breathers: it is the main thing and necessary to check the

eliminated moisture from the air in the conservator to ensure that the transformer is in dry
condition. This space is vented by a containing dry device usually silica gel to the
absorption power of humidity. The total absorbed water until about 15% of its weight, the
34
saturation value is reached at around 30% to 40% of its weight. And then may be indicated
by the changing color from blue to pink color of silica gel. The new type of silica gel will
show from orange to colorless.
Oil preservation system: most common when open conservator tank,

where air space above the oil level is vented through a dehumidifier unit, the transformer
conservator tank offers an airbag system. The inside of the bag is connected to the
atmosphere, then it can breathe in the air when the transformer cools and the oil volume is
decreased and breathed out when the transformer heats up.
Oil level indicators: the oil indicators are utilized to measure the oil level
in the conservator tank, and the dial instrument was placed directly on the conservator tank.
The indicator is equipped with switches for high and low oil levels with an alarm.
Pressure relief devices: pressure relief is used to limit the tank's exceeded
pressure on an internal fault and to reduce the harm of rupture of the tank and uncontrolled
spill of oil, that influence to make the fire associated with the fault.
Sudden pressure relief devices: the sudden pressure relay is designed to

pick up the oil pressure wave in the transformer tank when there is any fault occurs. The
device can distinguish between rapid and slow rates of pressure rise and will trip a switch
when the pressure increases faster than a specified rate.
Combustible gas detector: it is utilized as a detector for indicates hydrogen

in oil, the hydrogen is picked up through a dialytic membrane. It indicates a slow gas
generation before free gas in the oil starts bubbling towards the gas accumulation relay and
gives an earlier warning.
Flow indicator: for controlling of oil flow out of pumps on the transformer
with forced oil cooling. The indicator is often based on a method of measuring the pressure
difference across an obstacle in the oil flow. The indicators are equipped with an alarm
switch and also include a dial.
All the connecting equipment must have a limited rate and functions
• Thermometer with contacts for alarm and tripping signal
• Oil level indicator with contacts for alarm signal
• Gas relay with contacts for alarm and trapping signals
• Pressure relief device with contacts for alarm Recommended thermometer
settings for ONAN transformers
35
Table 2.6 The recommended temperature configuration

Type of temperature equipment Alarm Tripping
Oil thermometer setting 85oC 100 oC
Oil thermometer setting, when
combined with a winding temperature 90 oC 105 oC
indicator
Winding temperature indicator setting 105 oC 135 oC
2.5.2 Gas and moisture in power transformer according to IEEE/IEC

standard [21][27]
The power transformer is like the heart of the electrical system, if any
problems occur with the transformer, the electricity will not flow to the consumer.
Moreover, its reliability not only affects the availability of the supplied area but affects the
whole operation of a utility. The power transformer failure is affected by the deterioration
of insulation and aging, thereof caused by thermal stresses, electrical stresses, mechanical
stresses, moisture, and oil decomposition. The moisture present in the transformer
deteriorates to transformer insulation. Measuring the moisture levels is a significant part of
the protection of transformer cellulose insulation. As mentioned point above the
decomposition of some gases decreases the heat dissipation capability and the dielectric
strength of the transformer. However, the exceeded value of both gases and moisture in the
power transformer generation many faults in power transformers such as overheated oil,
overheated cellulose, arcing in oil, temperature thermal, thermal fault, and partial
discharge. According to IEEE C57.104, there are many gases to analyze such as H2
(Hydrogen), CH4 (Methane), C2H2 (Acetylene), C2H4 (Ethylene), C2H6 (Ethane), CO
(Carbon monoxide), and CO2 (Carbon dioxide). These gases are combustible gas except
CO2. And IEC 60599 there are five gases type that needs to know H2 (Hydrogen), CH4
(Methane), C2H2 (Acetylene), C2H4 (Ethylene), and C2H6 (Ethane). All the gases are
calibrated to offer a hydrogen concentration in part per million (ppm) and moisture
concentration in relative percent or part per million (ppm). There are two states of gases
single gas and multiple gases.
Single gas
Hydrogen and moisture are defined as single gas, the exceeded quantity of
this mentioned gas very affects the power transformer since hydrogen gas is the main
component of any chemical gases that allowed the deterioration of the power transformer
oil and the exceeded moisture in of transformer oil, will raise the transformer temperature
in oil and impact to paper insulated.
Multiple gases
The justification for using dissolved gas analysis is based on the discovery
that during a lifetime, oil or cellulose insulation can still operating condition. For many
years the method of analysis of gases dissolved in oil (DGA) has been used as a tool for
transformer diagnostics for purposes to detect incipient faults, to supervises, suspect
transformers, test a hypothesis or explanation cause of failures, to ensure that the new
transformer is healthy, so there are several gases need to know such as Hydrogen (H2),
Methane (CH4), Ethylene (C2H4), Ethane (C2H6), Acetylene (C2H2), Propene (C3H6),
36
Propane (C3H8), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Carbon dioxide (CO2). All gases are
combustible gases except oxygen and nitrogen, so the total dissolved combustible gasses
are TDCG = H2 + CH4 + C2H4 + C2H6 + C2H2 + CO.
The reason behind the dissolved gas analysis is based on the fault during a
lifetime, all oil and cellulose insulated systems generate decomposition gases under the
impact of stress, both normal and abnormal states that allowed many faults to the power
transformer, and the diagram below will describe why the gases are generated faults. These
gases concentrations are measured in Parts Per Million (ppm)
Figure 2.29 Types of any faults that fluence by gas generated
Moreover, if there are exceeded gases, means that need to take oil to a
laboratory for analysis and may be followed by the procedure.
The procedure for performing dissolved gas analysis consists of main four
steps:
• A sampling of oil from the transformer
• Extraction of oil from the transformer
• Analysis of the extracted gas mixture through gas chromatography
• Interpretation of the analysis according to an evaluation scheme.
The last step is the interpretation of gases is essential for defining the
condition and avoiding any faults of the power transformer for energized power
continuously. Interpretation is taken from DGA and followed by six popular methods such
as:
1. IEEE method
2. Key gas method
3. Roger’s ratio method
4. IEC method
5. Doemenburg ratio method
6. Duval triangle method
37
IEEE method
The interpretation of gases based on IEEE C57-104 and consideration of the Total
Dissolved Combustible Gases (TDCG) to determine whether a transformer is behaving
normally with the acceptable concentration of gases or over the limitation.
Table 2.7 Condition classification of gas concentration limits by IEEE

Dissolved key gas concentration limits [uL/L (ppm)]
Hydroge Carbon Carbon
Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane
Status n
(CH4) (C2H2) (C2H4) (C2H6)
monoxide dioxide TDCG
(H2) (CO) (CO2)
120 1 50 65 350 2500 720

100
121- 2500-
2-9 51-100 66-100 351-570 721-1920
101-700 400 4000
401- 571- 4001-10 1921-
10-35 101-200 101-150
701-1800 1000 1400 000 4630
>1000 >35 >200 >150 >1400 >10 000 >4630
>1800
Condition 1: TDCG below this level indicates the transformer is operating

satisfactorily but if any individual combustible gas exceeds specified levels should be
investigated by any methods for interpretation.
Condition 2: TDCG within this level indicates an over-than-normal combustible
gas range. If there are any individual combustible gas exceeding the determined level
should prompt investigation. Faults may be present.
Condition 3: TDCG within this range indicates a high level of decomposite gas.
It needs an immediate check, action should be taken to establish a trend. Faults are probably
present in the condition.
Condition 4: TDCG exceeding this level indicates excessive decomposition, if
continued operation, the transformer can fail. It needed immediately check and maintained
with caution.
Key gas method

According to IEEE C57-104, this method was used to interpret and analyze
transformers gas for a long time with never analysis, and the TDCG is the main value to
consider.
Table 2.8 Classification of gas concentration limits by key gas

Principle
Case
fault CO H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
gas
Overheated
1
C2H4 - 2% 16% 19% 63% -
oil
Overheated
2
CO 92% - - - - -
cellulose
Corona in
3 H2 - 85% 13% 1% 1% -
oil
38
Principle
Case
fault CO H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
gas
Arcing in
4
C2H2 - 60% 5% 2% 3% 30%
oil
Roger’s method
This method takes into account the criteria for each gas’s ratio, the ratio of gas is
significant and will be used for the analysis of the result. There are five ratios, but this
method will be taken only the ratio of R1, R2, and R5 (ppm).
Table 2.9 Roger ratio

Ratio
Gas (ppm)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Table 2.10 The significant ratio of each gas
Case fault R2 R1 R5
Unit Normal < 0.1 0.1 – 1.0 < 1.0

1
Low energy density < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1
2
High energy discharge
0.1 – 0.3 0.1 – 1.0 > 0.3
3 arcing
Low temperature
< 0.1 0.1 – 1.0 1.0 – 3.0
4 thermal
Thermal fault <700oC < 0.1 > 0.1 1.0 – 3.0
5
Thermal fault >700oC < 0.1 > 0.1 > 3.0
6
39
IEC Method
The interpretation method according to IEC 60599 is similar to Roger’s ratio, by
focusing on three gas ratios R1, R2, and R5 (ppm) for indicates the abnormal and any faults
of the transformer as defined in the table below.
Table 2.11 Classification of gas concentration limits by IEC

Fault
R2 R1 R5
Case
Partial discharge - < 0.1 < 0.2
PD
Low energy discharge >1 0.1 – 0.5 >1
D1
High energy discharge 0.6 – 2.5 0.1 – 1.0 > 2.0
D2
Thermal fault <300oC - > 1.0 < 1.0
T1
Thermal fault 300oC -
< 0.1 > 1.0 1.0 – 4.0
T2 700oC
Thermal fault > 700oC < 0.1 > 1.0 > 4..0
T3
Doernenburge ratio method

The Doernenburg ratio method used four ratios gas R1, R2, R3, and R4 for
indicates the incipient fault of the transformer followed by the below table.
Table 2.12 Classification of gas concentration limits by doernenburge ratio

Fault diagnosis R1 R2 R3 R4
Case
Thermal decomposition > 1.0 < 0.75 < 0.3 > 0.4
1
Corona (low-intensity partial < 0.1 - < 0.3 > 0.4
2 discharge)
Arcing (high-intensity partial 0.1 – 1.0 > 0.75 > 0.3 < 0.4
3 discharge)
Duval’s triangle method

This method is found by Mr. Duval (M.Duval, 2008) by using the triangle to
describe any fault of the transformer that is divided into seven faults by determining the
percent of three gases such as CH4, C2H2, and C2H4 to find the interaction of the lines
exactly within the triangular area, which will indicate the nature of abnormality of the
transformer.
40
Figure 2.30 Duval’s triangle
The equation of finding the percent of each gas:
(2.6)
(2.7)
(2.8)
Table 2.13 Classification of gas concentration limits by duval’s triangle

Case
Fault diagnosis CH4 C2H2 C2H4
PD
Partial discharge 98% - -
D1
Low energy discharge - > 13% < 23%
13% - 29%
23% - 38%
D2
High energy discharge -
> 29%
> 23%
T1
Thermal fault <300oC - < 4% < 20%
T2 Thermal fault 300oC to
- < 4% 20% - 50%
700oC
41
Case
Fault diagnosis CH4 C2H2 C2H4
DT Combination of thermal
-
and electrical fault
This chapter covers the theory of digital and conventional substations, the IEC
61850 standards, reliability and availability, and fault clearance times of the substation.
The theory of the power transformers is also covered in this chapter and as well as the
impact of gas on transformers, several transformer protection devices are used. The next
chapter will focus on the online monitoring system of power transformers by applying a
variety of sensors and the communication of digital substations utilize by merging units
will be made possible in the next chapter.
CHAPTER III
Review Design
This chapter discusses the review design of the digital substation, the
communication, and the connection code, and how to transmit the data from the CT,
and VT to the control room for control. Moreover, will mention about SAM600 process
bus I/O enabling digital substations including IEDs for protection and control. In
another hand, to supplement substation reliability and efficiency, the power transformer
is the main component of the electrical system to thought about. So, the TXpertTM
enables the digitalization transformer. This section mainly talks about the digitalized
substation based on the products of Hitachi Energy.
Hitachi energy is the global technology leader and advancing a sustainable
energy future for all.
Figure 3.1 Flow chart

43
3.1 Review design of digital substation [10]

The introduction of digital substations with the IEC61850 standard has
completely changed the appearance of substations. The whole communication of the
substation conforms to the same international standard, allowing all systems in the
station to operate in unity. All data in the substation can be monitored and collected in
real time in order to analyze and improve the substation system.
3.1.1 Methods of communication and the connection code from process

level to station level of digital substation [8]
In the study of digital substations, the communication system within the
substation is established by the IEC 61850-9-2 standard, which specifies the
communication protocols within the substation, such as MMS, GOOSE, and SMV,
however, in this chapter we will examine the communication processes within the
substation. IEC61850 9-2 standard known as "Process Bus" for communication and
interconnection in substations by employing fiber optic based ethernet Local Area
Network (LAN) to establish what is known as process bus, a communication, and
control system. This is a method of communication from the process level to the station
level.
Communication from process level to bay level

Data gathering is started at the process level with the instrument
transformers (CT/VT). The CT/VT measures current and voltage as an analog and sends
these values to the merging unit, to digitize the measured current and voltage signals.
The MU will merge these analog values into a standard data packet format and publish
these current and voltage as Sampled Measurement Values (SMV) ethernet packets. a
fiber-optic cable will carry megabits of digital data through the IEC 61850 process bus
networks. SMV is necessary to synchronize with time to ensure that the SMV is fast,
accurate, and reliable. The digital measurement data is then transmitted in the form of
the SMV vertically to IEDs located at the Bay level.
Figure 3.2 Standalone merging unit in an SV application [29]
Communication in bay level

IEDs located at the bay level will receive SMV from the process bus and
will process the received data to protection and control algorithms. Then IEDs transmit
the data by using the GOOSE messaging to broadcast events to peer IEDs in a
substation with horizontal communication for redundancy and backup protection. IEDs
also use the GOOSE message to control breaker status. The GOOSE message will use
to command the circuit breaker to “trip” when the system is abnormal.
44
Figure 3.3 IEDs in GOOSE application [29]
Communication from bay level to station level

To report the status of a substation and the event that occurred, all data
from IEDs and the process bus will be sent up to the station level through MMS protocol
(Client-Server). Every event will be recorded by the SCADA server, allowing the
operator to monitor and improve decisions for the entire system at the substation.
Clients can also have access to this data via the gateway.
Figure 3.4 Method of communication in digital substations [10]
3.1.2 SAM600 process bus I/O enabling digital substation [28]

SAM600 process bus I/O is the key device in the migration from
conventional to digital substations. SAM600 is designed for measuring current and
voltage signals from the instrument transformers and merging them into the standard
digital output code that other devices can further use for different power system
protection application purposes.
SAM600 is placed in the field inside a marshaling kiosk to connect

conventional equipment to the IEC 61850 process bus. It enables substations to use
digital communication even when conventional switchyard equipment is existing.
SAM600 simplifies substation by reducing the extensive copper wires in the switchyard
to a few fiber optics. SAM600 process bus I/O series consists of four types of merging
units SAM600-CT, SAM600-VT, SAM600-TS, and SAM600-IO.
45
Figure 3.5 SAM600 located at process bus [7]
SAM600-CT: It is a merging unit for current measurement for

protection and metering. The SAM600-CT module has four analog input current
measurement channels and interfaces conventional current transformers (CT) with a 1A
or 5A secondary interface. The neutral current can either be measured or calculated as
the sum of the three-phase values.
SAM600-VT: It is a merging unit for voltage measurement for

protection and metering. The SAM600-VT module has four analog input measurement
channels and interfaces conventional voltage transformers with a configurable input
voltage between 100V – 125V AC (phase-phase). The neutral voltage can either be
measured or calculated as the sum of the three-phase values.
SAM600-TS: It is a merging unit used for time-synchronization. The

SAM600-TS module has redundant communication, as well as time synchronization
functionality. The module also has a hardware watchdog functionality. A SAM600
system can run in a free-running mode or synchronize with IEEE 1588 or 1PPS signal.
SAM600-IO: It uses binary signals use for control circuit breakers,

disconnectors, earth switches, and transformer tap changers. The SAM600-IO
Switchgear Intelligent Electronic Device.
IEDs are used for controlling and monitoring primary switchgear in power
networks. Typically, one IED is used for the control of all primary switchgear, such as
circuit breakers, disconnectors, and earth switches in any type of switchgear
arrangement and it is suitable for all voltage levels. Control operations of the primary
switchgear are performed from remote (SCADA/Station) via bay control IEDs.
Figure 3.6 SAM600-I/O [28]

46
SAM600 series arrangement

• One SAM600-IO device for interfacing I/O for complete primary
apparatus for feeders
• SAM600 merging units according to voltage and current instrument
transformer
• Process bus realized between process and bay level through HSR
• Supports IEC 61850-9-3 for time sync, GOOSE, and 9-2LE traffic.
• SAM600 supports the integration of existing equipment via single links
and PPS replication, e.g. FOCS sensor
Line feeder arrangement
Figure 3.7 Line feeder arrangement [7]
Figure 3.7 and Figure 3.8 Shows the installation and connection of SAM600
series devices, including the use of SAM600-CT connected to a current transformer to
digitize current, SAM600-VT connected to a voltage transformer to digitize voltage,
SAM600-TS connected to another SAM600 to synchronize time, and SAM600-I/O
connected to a circuit breaker to command the circuit breaker to operate.
Transformer feeder arrangement
Figure 3.8 Transformer feeder arrangement [7]

47
3.1.3 Types of the relay in the digital substation (Relion 670 series) [19]
The protection relay in modern microprocessors is called IEDs. IEDs
can perform multifunction both control and protection functions, depending on the
system requirements by configurations the Relion 670 series. The Relion 670 series
include all applications as follow:
• Support pure digital as well as mixed applications with digital and
conventional IO
• Redundant communication on station and process bus
• Precise time synchronization over Ethernet (IEEE1588/IEC 61850-93)
Figure 3.9 Relion 670 Series [19]
Mainly used IEDs include covering all application areas with the
products REB670 (Busbar protection), REC670 (Bay control), RED670 (Transmission
line differential protection), REL670 (Transmission line distance protection), and
RET670 (Transformer protection).
REB670 Busbar protection:

REB670 is differential protection of busbars, T-connections, and
meshed corners. REB670 can be used for the protection of every substation
configuration.
Protection function:
• Bus Differential (87B)
• Internal phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults
• Internal multi-phase faults in isolated or high-impedance grounded
power systems
REC670 Bay control

The REC 670 is used for the control, protection, and monitoring of
different types of bays in power networks. REC670 can be used up to the highest
voltage levels. It is suitable for the control of all apparatuses in any type of switchgear
arrangement. REC also has a backup protection function if the main IED protection
does not work. The control is performed from a remote (SCADA/Station) through the
communication bus
Control function
• Control and interlocking for up to 30 switching devices
• Ready to use interlocking for different switchgear arrangements
• Auto recloser for single or multiple breakers
• Back-up protection function
48
RED670 Transmission line differential protection

The RED670 is used for the protection, monitoring, and control of
overhead lines and cables. Additionally, this IED is capable of handling transformer
feeders, generators, and transformer blocks. Differential protection from three to five-
line ends, with up to two in-zone transformers.
Protection function
• Line differential protection (87L)
• Distance protection phase/ground (21/21N)
• Synchronizing check relay (25)
• Auto reclose relay (79)
REL670 Transmission line distance protection

REL670 provides versatile protection, monitoring, and control
functionality optimized for transmission overhead lines and cables. The IED provides
distance protection for the double circuit, parallel operating and series compensated
lines. REL670 IEDs able to protect and control several objects, for instance, a
combination of a line and a transformer with a single IED.
Protection function
• Line differential protection (87L)
• Distance protection phase/ground (21/21N)
• Synchronizing check relay (25)
• Auto reclose relay (79)
RET670 Transformer protection

The transformer differential protection is unit protection. It serves as the
main protection of transformers in case of winding failure. The protective zone of
differential protection includes the transformer itself, the bus work, or cables between
the current transformers and the power transformer.
Protection function
• Transformer Differential (87T)
• phase-to-earth faults on 3-phase windings with earthed neutral
(64REF)
3.1.3 MV SSC600 [30]

SSC600 is a smart substation control and protection system. It is a
centralized device for a variety of medium-voltage switchgear protection and control
operations. The SSC600 enables access to centralized control and monitoring capability
through a single human-machine interface (HMI). SSC600's centralized protection and
control features make it simple to optimize. Every protective device in the MV
switchgear can be configured by a single SSC600. This makes it simple to enlarge or
adjust the bay without replacing the new protector device by just setting and configuring
it from the SSC600.
49
Figure 3.10 SSC600 [30]
The connection of smart substation control and protection SSC600

The addition of SSC600 centralized protection with a connection
“centralized” protection. offers extended capabilities by incorporating merging units
(SMU615). All units via an ethernet switch allow protection function, control, and
measurement settings to allow the merging unit to act as a backup of the IEDs.
Figure 3.11 Connection of SSC600 [30]
The function of smart substation control and protection SSC600:

The smart substation control and protection function SSC600: Existing
IEDs have installed overcurrent, earth fault, overvoltage, and undervoltage protective
functions. However, when the SSC600 arrives, the SMU615 will be capable of
performing additional protective functions. Each SMU615 can be identified by
SSC600, and the merging unit can be configured as overcurrent, undervoltage, or
overvoltage. The SSC600 may apply a protective function to every feeder.
The SSC600 can determine protection for each feeder. If the first bay is
a transformer and it needed to modify to a motor feeder, just modify the SSC600 to
configure the merging unit.
50
Figure 3.12 Structure of the MV switchgear with SSC600 [31]
Key features and advantages of SSC600:

• Able to make devices in the station as the main backup
• Flexibility to adapt and modify to changing network requirements
• Visibility to view and monitor processes on the substation level
• Fast utilization of modern high-performance computing and reliable
operation
• Enabling the operator to manage the system with less complexity.
• Needing new or advanced functions/applications with smaller
requirement.
• Protection function, control function, and measurements can be
configured within itself
3.2 The Online monitoring of the power transformer

The online monitoring of a power transformer is the most essential system to
allow live data of a transformer for the planning of maintenance and its operation
without any disturbing. The TXpertTM mentioned above is the digitalized technology
for the online monitoring system of a power transformer. There are many digital
sensors, CoreTecTM 4, CoreSenceTM, and EXCOUNT – IIIA to implement with the
transformer to acquire real data and continuously monitor all times.
3.2.1 TXpertTM enabling digitalization transformer [9]

The TXpertTM ecosystem is the digitalization technology of
transformers, where designed to drive data-driven intelligence, a comprehensive
solution that enables continuous monitoring and decision-making for operations and
maintenance of transformers and power grids. It is open and a suite of products,
software, services, and solutions can integrate with new and existing digital equipment
from other manufacturers and work together through greater flexibility, efficiency, and
resilience in the electricity network. The TXpertTM is covered from implement the e-
Device (digital sensors), CoreSenceTM, and EXCOUNT-IIIA which means that these
sensors are monitoring the status of transformers and transferring the data to
51
CoreTecTM. These data are taken for analysis through Asset Performance Management
(APM) or transmitted to User Interfaces or SCADA. More detail as Figure: 3.13.
Figure 3.13 TXpert Ecosystem [9]
3.2.2 CoreTecTM 4 [9]

CoreTecTM 4 is an intelligent device with monitoring and diagnostic
functions. It is a modular transformer monitoring system designed to collect, aggregate,
manage, and analyze data for a single transformer. Based on ABB the TXpertTM
technology supports integration and connection of TXpertTM Ready sensor with other
manufacturers suit with the present and future demands. CoreTecTM 4 is the collecting
data device, which aggregates data from DGA, bushing, tap changer, and other
accessory monitoring devices to allow for better decisions based on the data-driven
intelligence of power transformers.
Figure 3.14 CoreTecTM 4 [22]

52
The accessory sensors of the power transformer connect to CoreTecTM 4

as Figure: 3.15
Figure 3.15 The accessory sensors connected to CoreTecTM 4 [7]
Key features and advantages of CoreTecTM are:

• Optimize transformer with live data
• Detect faults and avoid unplanned outages
• Measure top oil temperature, ambient temperature, current, voltage,
tap-changer temperature, tap-changer position, DGA
readings/analysis, bushing health detection, and other parameters
(depending on available sensors)
• Reduce insulation aging
• By tracking temperature, moisture, and oxygen variations
• Increase load capacity
• Model winding hot-spot temperature, load radios, insulation aging,
loss of life, transformer overload capacity, contact wear for tap-
changer, DGA interpretation, and bushing health
• Control up to cooling banks with adjustable thresholds
• Delay replacement of a sick transformer
• Integrate with equipment’s digital offering
3.2.3 CoreSenceTM family – TXpertTM Ready Sensors [32]

The CoreSenceTM family is the result of ABB’s combined expertise in
transformer and sensor technologies. The CoreSenceTM family:
1. CoreSenceTM – Single-gas sensor
2. CoreSenceTM M10 – Multiple-gas sensor
Figure 3.16 CoreSenceTM – single-gas sensor [4]

53
Figure 3.17 CoreSenseTM M10 - mutiple-gas sensor [4]
How to choose between a single or multiple-gas sensor

Transformers vary widely in criticality and size. It can be as important
to monitor a small power transformer feeding a hospital as to monitor a medium power
transformer at an industrial installation. In the first case, a power transformer
interruption to critical life-support or surgical equipment can cost lives, while in the
second case, the shutdown of an industrial plant can cause millions of dollars in revenue
losses.
As a general rule, adding monitoring to a transformer should represent a

small percentage of the asset’s overall value. This usually implies that smaller critical
units are equipped with single gas monitoring sensors while the larger critical
transformer tends to be equipped with multiple-gas sensors.
CoreSenceTM (Single gas sensor): is the hydrogen and moisture sensor.
It utilizes two solid-state sensors to directly measure hydrogen and moisture in
transformer insulating oil. This is accomplished without the need for complex sample
handling, including the use of membranes to separate the dissolved gas from the oil.
Solid state hydrogen sensor: CoreSenceTM uses an oil-immersed

palladium element that is sensitive to hydrogen. Hydrogen will split and lodge into the
palladium lattice, thus changing the electrical potential of the material. This reversible
reaction is proportional to the hydrogen levels in oil. The sensors thus measure the
change in resistance and capacitance of the palladium and are calibrated to provide a
hydrogen concentration in ppm.
Solid state moisture sensor: CoreSenceTM is equipped with an oil-

immersed capacitive sensor that is sensitive to moisture. The sensor is made out of two
capacitor plates separated by the transformer oil that acts as dielectric insulation.
Dissolved moisture in the oil will change the dielectric properties of the oil, effectively
changing the capacitance between the two plates. The sensor measures the changes in
capacitance and is calibrated depending on the oil type to provide moisture
concentration in relative percentage or ppm.
CoreSenseTM has a built-in embedded computer that continuously

monitors all of its functions, it provides status-at-a-glance capability with three super
bright LEDs As the figure below:
• One for system self-diagnostics
• One for hydrogen level
• One for moisture levels
54
Figure 3.18 Located of CoreSenseTM [32]
CoreSenceTM also has a built-in web server that publishes a simple

Human Machine Interface (HMI) to enable local and remote network access to the gas
and moisture levels as well as the current status of the monitoring system. Moreover,
provides accurate measures of hydrogen in oil with readouts every 10 minutes resulting
in the fastest response times, a gas increase in a transformer can detect an accurate
quantity in under 2 hours, and a detection limit of 25 ppm with an error of ±25 ppm or
20%.
CoreSenceTM M10 (Multi-gas analysis): the CoreSenceTM M10

multiple-gas analysis is a dissolved gas monitoring system that addresses the challenge
of easy installation, robust design, and low maintenance cost. It utilizes Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) technology combined with solid-state and provides real-
time monitoring, continuous online monitoring of dissolved gas and moisture levels in
transformer oil. It is qualified as TXpertTM Ready sensor to connect with CoreTecTM 4
and offers accurate measures of nine gases such as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4),
acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), propene (C3H6), propane (C3H8),
carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Figure 3.19 Working principle of CoreSenseTM M10 [32]
Dissolved gas readings are used to provide early identification and

warnings for transformer faults, whereas moisture monitoring can prevent premature
aging of a unit. Early identification and detection of incipient faults will allow the
information to take preventative measures and can avoid an expensive outage.
CoreSenseTM M10 is designed for at least 10 years of maintenance-free operation with
no consumables. Moreover, reduces the risk of oil leaks with a simple pump-less oil
circuit limited to the measuring head and uses built-in redundancies for reliable
maintenance-free operation. CoreSenseTM M10 could survive in harsh outdoor
55
conditions with temperature extremes from -50 to +50◦C, and corrosive conditions and
can operate under one meter of water.
CoreSenseTM M10 is comprised of two enclosures:

• A measurement head has the same dimensions as a CoreSenseTM single-gas
sensor and
• The analytical unit can be installed on the transformer, on a firewall, or on
a pedestal.
3.2.4 e-Device - TXpertTM ready sensors [9][33][34]

The TXpert Hup CoreTec 4 Software Version system offers complete
transformer monitoring by interfacing with the following ABB transformer sensor
family called eDevice. Additional eDevice can be integrated into the TXpert solution.
Thereof such as eOTI (Oil Temperature Indicator), eWTI (Winding Temperature
Indicator), eOLI (Oil/Liquid level indicator), eSDB (Self-dehydrating breather), eBR
(Electronic Buchholz Relay), ePRD (Electronic pressure relief device). The accessories
sensors of an electric power transformer by eDevice can be defined in the figure below:
Figure 3.20 The accessories of a power transformer (eDevices) [33]
eOTI (Oil temperature Indicator): oil temperature is an essential

parameter to monitor in large distribution transformers and power transformers, which
provides a preliminary understanding of the overall performance of the equipment by
avoiding unacceptable thermal degradation and ensuring a longer lifetime. Moreover,
it is designed to measure the temperature of the insulating oil inside power transformer
tanks and is suitable for controlling cooling equipment and protection circuits (alarm
and trip). The data monitoring is offered through a 4-20 mA analog output and Modbus
RTU communication protocol.
eWTI (Winding temperature indicator): gives a fundamental

understanding of the overall performance of the equipment by avoiding unacceptable
thermal degradation and ensuring a longer lifetime. Additionally, is designed to
measure the temperature of the power transformer, it may be fitted with up to five
changes over a micro switch suitable for controlling cooling equipment and protection
circuits (alarm and trip) of the transformer. The data monitoring is offered through a 4-
20 mA analog output and a Modbus RTU communication protocol.
56
eOLI (Oil/Liquid level indicator): accident oil leakage may occur

randomly during the lifetime of the transformer, with a clear indication of the oil level
inside a transformer tank and on-load tap changer is provided through a pointer on the
main dial which ensures high visibility from any viewpoint. The data monitoring is
provided through a 4-20 mA analog output and a Modbus RTU communication
protocol.
eSDB (Self-dehydrating breather): moisture is a leading of transformer

aging. The self-hydrating breather (SDB) is a solution to guarantee a consistent flow of
dry air, outperforming both conventional breathers and alternative low-maintenance
solutions. The SDB is the right choice to minimize the risks of a transformer outage
due to insulation fluid impairment through moisture. With its distinct and proven
working principle, the air is always fully dehydrated because silica-gel tanks are
independent of each other. So, the regeneration process does not start simultaneously
in the two tanks. The data monitoring is provided through a 4-20 mA analog output and
a Modbus RTU communication protocol.
eBR (Electronic buchholz relay): an electronic transducer and a

dedicated PCB constantly monitoring gas accumulation in the Buchholz relay by 4-20
mA analog output and Modbus RTU protocol. The double-flow vans ensure the
detection of two thresholds of oil flow speed.
ePRD (Electronic pressure relief device): to measure tank pressure as

known the pressure relief device. It is used to control the pressure inside tanks, an
important in cases where an accidental, sudden, and uncontrolled increase in pressure
causes the danger of an explosion. By designed to discharge pressure in a very short
time (a few thousandths of a second). The data monitoring is provided by a 4-20 mA
analog output and a Modbus RTU communication protocol.
The integrates data from sensors and displays a large number of

operational parameters through a web interface. CoreTecTM is a complete transformer
monitoring, which includes bushing and tap-changer monitoring as well as cooling
control conditions.
Bushing monitoring using TXpert BM: offline testing required

outage, with the TXpertTM solution which provides real-time bushing monitoring for
power transformers according to the two main technology: voltage reference and the
sum of current. It can monitor 1, 3, or 6 bushing configurations and give an early
warning of incipient faults generated in a bushing. The bushing monitoring acquisition
hardware connects to the CoreTec 4 by the ethernet expansion port. Digital sensor
implements real-time monitoring through leakage current analysis, capacitance, and
dissipation factor.
57
Figure 3.21 Online monitoring of bushing - TXpert BM [4]
OLTC Monitoring using CoreTec 4: to ensure that the oil, motor, and
tap position of OLTC protect from damage. There are some signals needed to monitor
• Temperature differential: this means monitoring the relative

temperature of the main tank and tap changer tank oil. Under normal
operation, the tap changer will not generate much heat, and the oil will
be heated by contact with the main tank.
• Change in tap-changer: potential problem with shaft coupling or tap-
changer causing the motor to work harder.
• Time in position: Too long in the same position and the contacts may
weld.
• The number of operations: allows evaluation of contact wear based on
design rules.
Figure 3.22 OLTC [4]
For all the signals measured by sensors, CoreSenseTM, CoreSenseTM

M10, bushing, and OLTC are connected to CoreTecTM 4 and then can be transferred
sensor’s signals through many protocols such as Modbus RTU, Modbus IP, DNP3,
OPC/UA, IEC 60870, and IEC 61850. Additionally, the CoreTecTM support various
communication interfaces RS485 serial port, RJ45 100 base-T Ethernet port, and 100
base-FX fiber-optic ethernet port.
58
3.3 The procedure for analysis and interpreting the measurable consequence from
sensors while displayed on CoreTecTM 4 interface [34]
Figure 3.23 Dashboard (Main screen) [34]
• A – OIL TEMPERATURE: the top and bottom oil temperature readings

from the asset are displayed here. This will require sensor mapping and input
scaling to be provided from the applicable device in the device mapping
section of the configuration page.
• B – HOT SPOTS: thermal calculations for the asset based on sensor/data
inputs for the chosen IEC or IEEE algorithms. For instance, the calculated hot-
spot temperature in the transformer windings is displayed here. The top-most
value is the high-voltage (HV) winding temperature, the middle value is the
low-voltage (LV) winding temperature and the bottom value is the tertiary
voltage (TV) winding temperature.
• C – LOAD: the highest measured load is displayed here as an absolute value
as well as a percentage of the maximum nameplate load. If the default load
algorithm is used to calculate this output, the calculation utilizes the actual
current measurement (sensor/data point input) and compares them against
nameplate parameters.
• D – BUSHING: the system is capable of acquiring data from external bushing
monitoring devices. The status card is displayed the most critical state for the
sensor/data point mapped to the bushing category for each system. If input
mapping is not configured, that data will be not displayed on the UI.
• E – DGA: dissolved gas analysis information collected by the gas sensors
installed on the asset will be displayed here. Users can define up to 6
sensor/data points inputs in the category mapping section on the configuration
page.
• G – OIL LEVEL: the system can display oil level information. As an input,
users can define sensor/data point acquired from external devices.
• H – AGEING: thermal aging at the hot spot of the winding is displayed here.
The calculation is based on the hot spot temperature in the winding. Aging is
calculated according to IEEE or IEC for non-thermal upgraded paper.
59
Aging is expressed as Cumulative and Aging Factors:

o Cumulative: is the accumulated calculated aging of the winding since
the monitoring system began conducting the measurements.
o Aging factor: the ratio of current transformer aging compared to the
specified transformer aging accumulation at 100% load and rated
ambient temperature.
Moreover, several parameters need to measure to ensure the limit values of the
power transformer. These parameters are shown in the Sub-screen clusters as shown in
Figure: 3.24.
Figure 3.24 Production icon bar display tree [34]
The TXpert Hub CoreTec 4 software version 2 is collecting information from

various sensors and data points, displaying them with parameters defined by the user.
These parameters are configured within the device descriptor page of the User Interface.
The user also defines warning and alarm thresholds for event reporting if desired. When
an input exceeds these defined thresholds, the color displayed will change for a visual
indication of the event. Highlighted below are several examples of supported alarm
states for the sensor/data point being provided. The alarm states are defined by the
thresholds configured within the device descriptor.
Alarm state 0 – Sensor/Data point value below or equal to the low Critical
threshold definition (RED)
Alarm state 1 – Sensor/Data point value below or equal to the low warning
threshold definition (ORANGE)
Alarm state 2 – Sensor/Data point value is within a normal operating range

between low and high warning thresholds. (Blue – Negative Value)
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Alarm state 2 – Sensor/Data point value is within a normal operating range

between low and high warning thresholds. (Blue – Positive Value)
Alarm state 3 – Sensor/Data point value above or equal to the high warning
Alarm state 4 – Sensor/Data point value above or equal to the high critical
Alarm state 5 – Sensor/Data point value cannot be read correctly, it is

currently reading outside the pre-defined domain, and the sensor is not properly
connected, or the inputs to the algorithm are not as capable of computing a result. This
will display as a Red Asterisk (*) on the UI. The database will represent data as NAN.
3.3.1 Thermal Screen

The thermal screen group consists of four individual screens:
measurements (default), temperatures, ageing, and overload.
The measurements screen is dictated by selections made in the Category

Mapping configuration screen. By default, there are no data points mapped to this
screen. This screen displays zero or more value-data cards regarding general thermal
data for the transformer, including device and parametric tags associated with the
thermal conditions acquired by the measurement.
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Figure 3.25 Thermal (Measurements) [34]
The temperature screen is dictated by the selections made in the

Category Mapping configuration screen. By default, there are no data points mapped to
this screen. If configured, this screen will display the selected value-data cards tied to
the selected temperature sensors for the transformer, including calculated and
parametric tags. This page is used to group and display information calculated by
predefined thermal algorithms (IEC or IEEE). Detail about winding hot spots and
additional information about thermal conditions.
Figure 3.26 Thermal (Temperatures) [34]
The ageing screen is dictated by the selections made in the category

mapping configuration screen. By default, there are no data points mapped to this
screen. If configured, this screen displays the selected value-data cards regarding
specific aging data for the transformer, including device, calculated, and parametric
tags.
Figure 3.27 Thermal (Ageing) [34]
The overload screen is divided into two sections, overload capacity and
calculation tools (What-if analysis and forecast).
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Overload capacity: predictions of the highest allowed load without the

top oil and hot-spot temperature exceeding preset values in the order datasheet. The
basic idea is to know how much the transformer can be loaded for a certain amount of
time without exceeding the limit. The time scopes are 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30
minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours. The overload capacity forecast is set to
a maximum of 200%.
What-if analysis: the forecast is calculated in two steps for 10 hours.

Enter the forecast value in all entry fields in the two calculation groups “start value”
and “overload”, then click the Update Graph bottom.
Thermal forecast: using inputs provided by the user, the thermal

forecast of the unit temperature is calculated. The required inputs for the forecast are
the ambient temperature and expected transformer load. When calculating the expected
load, enter a number between 0.00 and 2.00. this range represents a percentage between
0 – 200%.
Figure 3.28 Thermal (Overload) [34]

3.3.2 Cooling screen
The colling screen group consists of two individual screens: status
(default) and control.
Colling – status: the status tab is used to show more detailed status
information about the cooler groups attached to the system. For each colling group
following information is provided:
• Total time: show how many hours the cooler group has been in
operation.
• Since last maintenance: shows many hours the cooler group has been in
operation since the last service.
• Date of last maintenance: this box allows for tracking of the last
completed service on the cooling system.
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Figure 3.29 Cooling (Status menu) [34]
Colling – Control: inputs for the cooling control configuration are not
driven by selections made in the Category Mapping configuration screen. This screen
provides four mechanisms related to the transformer cooling control and fan
disposition: configuration of cooling groups, time for rotation of cooling groups, start
or stop of cooling groups, auto-configuration, and configuration of cooling groups. The
number of cooler groups to be automatically and/or manually controlled by the system.
Figure 3.30 Cooling (Control overlay) [34]
3.3.3 DGA screen group

The TXpert Hup CoreTec 4 platform will allow multiple DGA devices
to be mapped concurrently. The transformer could have an independent system
monitoring performance of the main tank as well as tap changers. The DGA (Dissolved
Gas Analysis) screen group consists of five individual screens: Levels, TDCG stacking,
Duval triangles, Roger Ratios, and IEC Gas ratios.
DGA – levels: this screen displays the levels and/or rate-of-changes for
the concentration of the measured gases that are sampled by the configured DGA
devices.
64
Figure 3.31 DGA levels screen [34]
DGA – TDCG stacking: this content is dictated by the devices and

algorithms selected or configured for the specific TXpert Hup CoreTec 4 Software
Version 2. If the selected DGA sensor provides all of the key gases identified in the
TDCG, this screen will display a chronological graphic of the total dissolved gases that
have been measured by the configured device.
Figure 3.32 DGA (TDCG stacking menu) [34]
DGA – Duval triangle: the content is dictated by the devices and

algorithms selected/configured for the specific TXpert Hub CoreTec 4 software version
2. Internal faults in transformers generate several gases, the most commonly generated
gases are H2, C2H2, C2H4, CH4, C2H6, CO, and CO2, which are dissolved in the
insulating oil. Duval triangle uses these 3 gases: CH4, C2H2, and C2H4 to distinguish
between 6 different types of electrical and thermal faults corresponding to DGA results
in ppm are calculated as a percent of total gas for CH4, C2H2, and C2H4 separately.
65
Figure 3.33 DGA (Duval triangles menu) [34]
DGA – Roger ratios: the content is dictated by the devices and

algorithms selected/configured for the specific TXpert Hub CoreTec 4 software version
2. Rogers’s ratio gas interpretation method for DGA is another tool that may be used to
detect dissolved gases in transformer oil.
Figure 3.34 DGA (Roger ratios overlay) [34]
DGA – IEC gas ratios: the content is dictated by the devices and
algorithms selected/configured for the specific subsystem. In the IEC 60599-3 (2015)
standard, the same ratio used by Rogers is used to diagnose 6 potential fault conditions.
66
Figure 3.35 DGA (IEC gas ratios) [34]
3.3.4 Bushing screen group

The bushing screen group consists of a single screen titled “Measured”.
The content of this screen is dictated by the selections made in the category mapping
configuration screen. This screen displays the measured value associated with one or
more bushing monitoring devices. Bushing information can be grouped into sets (up to
9) and each set is represented by three phases system.
Figure 3.36 Bushings (Measured screen) [34]
3.3.5 OLTC screen group

This screen consists of two individual screens such as Status and Contact
Wear.
OLTC – Status: the tap-changer basic information for which the system
is preconfigured is presented in the panel heading – information displayed on the screen
can be defined in the Nameplate parameter section. The tap-changer oil temperature is
displayed, sensor/data point can be assigned by the user in the category mapping section
of the configuration page. If a sensor fails, no value will be displayed, and an asterisk
will be shown. In normal service conditions, the temperature of the tap-changer should
not be more than 10 – 15 0C higher than the transformer top oil temperature. For tap-
67
changers in industrial applications, the temperature can be up to 25 0C higher than the

top oil temperature.
Figure 3.37 OLTC (Status screen, top section) [34]
Current position: current tap changer position and the number of days
since the last movement, based on the information provided by the external sensor.
Adjacent position: position and the number of days since the last
movement will be displayed here. The adjacent to the one in service is pre-selected load
free by the tap selector.
Diverter contact: position and the number of days since the last
movement will be displayed here. Switching between two different positions of the tap
selector. The selector position will operate under load. The other contact of the tap
selector determines the next tap position of the tap changer. The diverter switch moves
its contact from the operating to the selected tap.
Change over contact: position and the number of days since the last
movement will be displayed here. contacts of the change-over selector. In case of larger
tapping ranges the reversing arrangement can be used. The change-over selector allows
the taps to be added or subtracted from the main winding, giving a larger tapping range
from a smaller tap winding.
Figure 3.38 OLTC (Status screen, lower portion) [34]

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OLTC – contact wear: the contact wear tap is used to show a panel that
displays the number of tap-changer operations, the time to service, the time to contact
exchange, and the wear on each of the moving tap-changer contacts.
History – operations model: total number of mechanical operations

performed since the tap-changer was taken into service for contact change. Note that
from a mechanical (springs) point of view, the contact must be replaced after 500,000
operations, whether the contacts are worn out or not, please refer to the operation and
maintenance manual of the installed tap changer.
Insights: the contact wear function keeps track of the wear on each
contact during operation and calculates how much material has been worn off. From
this information, it calculates operating time and time to the next service/contact
replacement. This is especially important for transformers with frequent tap-changer
use, where more regular service is required. Instead of performing service based on
operations (1/5 of the contact life), TXpert Hup CoreTec 4 estimates when 1/5 of the
contacts are worn.
Service and contact exchange (Estimated date): based upon contact

wear and historical tap changer operation data from the service history. Regular
inspections of oil quality, internal cleaning, or mechanical wear as stated in the tap
changer service manual are not included.
Service and contact exchange (Operations remaining): assumes that

the future load corresponds with the service history. This calculation is based on contact
wear, if oil quality is maintained according to the tap changer's maintenance manual.
Figure 3.39 OLTC (Contact wear overlay) [34]
3.3.6 Safety devices screen group

The safety devices screen group consists of a single screen measured.
The content of this screen is dictated by the selections made in the category mapping
more safety devices. The users must configure the screen to display the specific value-
data cards associated with the safety device on the category mapping page. An
alternative method is to use the ‘+’ button on the screen, when this is pressed then the
69
users can search for the appropriate device data tag to be displayed on the screen, select
and then update. The safety device consists of the eDevices, etc.
Figure 3.40 Safety devices (Measured screen) [34]
3.3.7 Accessories screen group

The accessories screen group consists of a single screen Measured. The
content of this screen is dictated by the selections made in the Category Mapping
more accessory devices. The users must configure the screen to display the specific
value-data cards associated with the accessory device on the category mapping page.
An alternative method is to use the ‘+’ button on the screen, when this is selected then
the users can search for the appropriate value-data card to be displayed on the screen,
select and then update.
Figure 3.41 Accessories (Measured screen) [34]
3.4 Asset performance management of transformer

To protect the transformer avoiding from mechanical faults, electrical faults,
thermal faults, etc. The aging diagnostics of a transformer is a crucial subject need to
know. The TXpertTM APM Edge solution is the response to these problems, APM Edge
is an on-premise, standalone asset performance management (APM) software. Enabled
by the data and intelligence of TXpertTM Ecosystem and optimized to enhance the
70
functionality of the digital transformer, it permits asset owners to leverage their online
and offline data to drive more intelligent, risk-based approaches to asset management.
The APM edge offers with:

• In combination with TXpertTM Ecosystem products and service enables
smarter decisions based on data-driven intelligence
• Increased transformer reliability and resolved risk before the fault occurs
• A flexible, quick, and simple way to establish a scalable Asset Performance
Management solution
• Lower maintenance costs by reducing time-based practices and expensive
failures
• Reduces capacity expenditures by getting longer economical life out of
existing assets
• Increased efficiency and storage of online and offline data
• Meets stringent Cyber Security standards
The digests data from online and offline sources
Mandatory data
o Nameplate data
o Outline drawing data
o Factory test report data
Online sensors data

o CoreSense DGA sensors
o CoreTec transformer monitoring (eDevice sensors, other, etc.)
Inspection data
o DGA lab results
o Insulation test results
o LTC DGA lab results
o Standard oil test results
o Visual inspection results
o Bushing test results
Figure 3.42 The data sources for APM [9]

71
Figure 3.43 Clear and crisp interface of APM [9]
3.5 Surge counter and monitoring [9]

EXCOUNT-III
The EXCOUNT-III provides online real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and
analysis. The state-of-the-art EXCOUNT-III is available in two versions:
I. EXCOUNT-IIIM
• Real-time remote monitoring
• Count surges (with amplitude categorization and time stamp)
• Leakage current
• Resistive leakage current
II. EXCOUNT-IIIA
• Real-time remote monitoring
• Count surges (with amplitude, steepness, and time stamp)
• Leakage current
• Resistive leakage current
• Surge current impulse analysis (enable overvoltage analysis).
Figure 3.44 EXCOUNT-IIIA [9]
The EXCOUNT-III provides the users with remote real-time monitoring of

surge arresters. It permits the registration of the total number of discharges, the surge
amplitude, and wave steepness, and the date and time of the incident, the total leakage
current as well as the resistive leakage current through the surge arrester. The
information from these monitors is used to define the residual voltage across the arrester
for the actual surge, which in turn can be estimated as overvoltage in the station for a
better-detailed insulation coordination evaluation.
72
Figure 3.45 EXCOUNT-IIIA connection point [9]
EXCOUNT-III supports the protocol IEC 61850 and communicates remotely

via the fiber optic cable to allow the user to add signals to the existing data collection
system (SCADA). Moreover, with the remote retrieval of data EXCOUNT-III
eliminates the need for substation supervision to monitor surge arresters to gain more
personnel safety by not having to approach an energized arrester to perform an online
diagnostic measurement.
The procedure for evaluating and interpreting the consequence from

ECOUNT-IIIA while displayed on CoreTecTM 4 interface.
Figure 3.46 Surge impulse waveform [9] Figure 3.47 Measured values [9]
The resistive leakage current allows us to evaluate the condition of the SA is

good or not. Especially, to ensure that it can shield critical equipment such as power
transformers and high-voltage equipment (CT, VT, etc.). The indicated conditions of
SA operation depend on the comparison between the resistive leakage current from
EXCOUNT-IIIA with the maximum recommended resistive current see Figure 3.48.
The comparison value from online monitoring of SA with the maximum recommended
resistive current depends on the types of surge arresters.
Figure 3.48 Maximum recommended resistive current

73
This chapter examines the operation of the technologies that enable digital
communication in the digital substations according to the IEC 61850 standard.
Moreover, this section is focused on the effect of online monitoring transformers from
various sensors and the method of result analysis of online monitoring systems of a
power transformer. The next chapter will be discussing a case study at the Sattahip 2
substation, by assessing the reliability of the digital communication method, assessing
the performance of the digital protection system, then compared with the conventional
system. Including the study of collecting data from the power transformer monitoring
system to analyze the results and assess the availability status of the power transformer
at the Sattahip 2 substation.
CHAPTER IV
Case Study
4.1 Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession [35]
Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession has
a mission to distribute electricity in the concession area of Sattahip District, Chonburi
Province for people, private sectors, and government agencies in the aforementioned
area. Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession has
continuously developed the power distribution system to be more steady, stable, and
efficient to meet the increasing demand for electrical consumption and to be able to
support the expansion of the community and the trend of industrial and economic
growth in line with government policies that promote the economy in the region.
Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession also needs to
develop and improve the power distribution system to support the Eastern Economic
Corridor (EEC) following the government’s policy. Therefore, Sattahip Electricity
Authority, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession has a renovation project for high-
voltage substation 2 to be able to receive 115 kV voltage from the Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in place of the old 22 kV system. The
construction project was held on 18 February 2019 and handed over on 30 July 2022.
This project finished according to the dates in the contract on 11 August 2022. The
renovation project for high-voltage substation 2 will provide the power distribution
system with more stability in this business concession area and also reduce the problem
of voltage sag and outages in this area.
4.2 The first digital substation (Sattahip 2 substation) [35]

The high-voltage substation 2 is designed as a digital substation. The Sattahip
2 substation is the first digital power substation in Thailand, equipped with a smart
analog-to-digital, input-output connection device according to IEC 61850 standards
(SAM 600 process bus I/O system). This digital substation reduces the use of copper
wires, and the time to implement constriction projects reduces work and maintenance
risks and enables higher cybersecurity. There are also digital transformers equipped
with sensors that can continuously online detect hydrogen gas and humidity. There is
also online monitoring of the current flowing through the surge arrester to assess the
availability and service life of the equipment. The operating condition of high voltage
switchgear circuit breakers is monitored online. High voltage equipment in the
substation utility with polymer insulators, which is more flexible using, more resistant
to ultraviolet radiation, and lightweight. It becomes easier to install and maintain than
porcelain insulators. Therefore, this substation is a sustainable and stable power station
to supply electricity to customers of the Sattahip Electricity Authority, The Royal Thai
Navy Welfare Concession.
75
Figure 4.1 Digital substation (Sattahip 2 substation) [35]
4.2.1 Single diagram [35]

This is the single diagram of the first digital substation (Sattahip 2
substation). As this single diagram shows, there are 6 bays (high-voltage side), each
bay consists of switching equipment such as disconnecting and circuit breakers.
Moreover, there are many protection relays such as Distance Relays (21), AC Reclosing
Relays/Auto Reclosing (79), Under-voltage Relays (27), Overvoltage Relays (59) AC
Directional Overcurrent Relays (67), Neutral Directional Overcurrent Relays (67N),
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays (50), Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent (50G), and
AC Time Overcurrent Relays (51), etc. Additionally, there are two power transformers
to step down for receiving the115 kV from the Electricity Generating Authority of
Thailand (EGAT) and step down to 22 kV through an underground cable to the
distribution system.
The Sattahip 2 substation was designed for the scheme as the main and
transfer bus arrangement. Main and transfer bus arrangements have two buses namely
the main busbar and the transfer busbar. This kind of busbar arrangement is suitable for
the system where the power system with many connections and flexibility. The two
double isolating switches (disconnecting switch) and one circuit breaker are arranged
for each circuit as shown in the single diagram continuously supply and allowed
maintenance for some time without blackout. The main and transfer bus has been
utilities where loads and continuity supply are required.
76
Figure 4.2 Single line diagram (Sattahip 2 substation) [35]

77
Each feeder is connected to either the busbar with the bus coupler. For
normal working conditions, the main busbar is operated but when the main busbar is
needed maintenance, the transfer busbar is in operation. In this main and transfer busbar
arrangement, a bus coupler is always used to change the connection from one busbar to
another busbar. The advantages & disadvantages of the system with main and transfer
busbar are given below:
The advantages of the main and transfer busbar arrangement:

• In case of any fault in any busbar, the outgoing circuit may be transferred
the load to another transfer busbar without disturbing the system
• Maintenance of other components like the feeder circuit breaker can be
carried out by putting them on an additional bus and keeping the system
in operating condition
• The cost of repair and maintenance is less
• The bus potential can be used for relays
• Maintenance of the main busbar can be carried out by transferring the
entire load on the transfer busbar
The disadvantage of the main and transfer busbar arrangement:

• Additional busbar to the system which affects the cost of the system
increases.
• The whole system may cause a shutdown if faults occur on any circuit
in the load after transferring all circuits to the auxiliary busbar.
4.2.2 SCADA configuration [35]

The key to switching from the conventional substation to the digital
substation by implementing SAM 600 process bus I/O, which enables the substation to
use digital communication even if the conventional switchgear equipment is existing.
Moreover, the online monitoring of the power transformer system by the TXpertTM, is
a complete transformer monitoring system that integrates the data from sensors and
displays parameters through a web interface to ensure the confidence to schedule
maintenance.
Figure 4.3 SCADA system configuration [35]

78
Figure 4.4 SCADA configuration of high-voltage for each bay [35]
The SCADA configuration describes the connection of equipment and

data transmission within Sattahip 2 Substation, from the switchyard to the SCADA
system located on the station-level devices. They are connected to an ethernet switch
network via fiber optic cables to enable efficient protocol communication. which
complies with the IEC 61850 standard. The Sattahip 2 Substation is divided into high
voltage switchgear of 115 kV and medium voltage switchgear of 22 kV.
High voltage switchgear

Components of high voltage switchgear in the Sattahip 2 substation are
shown in the table below:
Table 4.1 Components of 115 kV switchgear

Components Numbers in Use Locations
Ethernet Switches 3 Bus Tie and Station bus
Merging Units 26 Within each bay
Protection IEDs 12 Within each bay
Multifunction Meter 6 Within each bay
GPS Time server 2 Station level
In SCADA system configuration of the 115kV switchgear

consist of a total of 6 bay.
• Transmission line bay (2 bays)
• Transformer bay (3 bays)
• Bus Tie Bay
Table 4.2 Per transmission line bay configuration

Components Name Number in use
SAM600-CT 2
SAM600-VT 1
79

SAM600-I/O 2
RED670 1
REC670 1
Table 4.3 Per transformer bay configuration

SAM600-CT 2
SAM600-I/O 2
RET670 1
REC670 1
Table 4.4 Per bus tie bay configuration

SAM600-VT 1
SAM600-I/O 2
REB670 1
REC670 1
Ethernet Switches 1
SCADA system configuration in Sattahip 2 substation, The Royal

Thai Navy Welfare Concession [35]
In SCADA system configuration on the 115kV switchgear consist of a
total of 6 bay. Data gathering starts at the process level with the instrument transformer
(CT/VT). The CT/VT measures current and voltage as analog values and converted
them to digital values by stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) consisting of SAM600-CT
for current and SAM600-VT for voltage. The SAMU will merge three phases of current
and voltage data to the sampled measured value (SMV) and transmission by fiber optic
through the process bus. SMV is synchronized with time by GPS Time server provides
a time stamp on each data packet. Additionally, an Ethernet switch (AFS677)
appropriate for IEC 61850 applications was installed for the equipment interconnection.
On the other hand, switching equipment like the circuit breaker and disconnector switch
are connected to SAM600-I/O to receive digitized binary signals from the Bay Control
Unit (BCU) allowing command switching equipment by digital communication as
GOOSE messaging from the SAM600-I/O. The digital measurement data is then
transmitted vertically in the form of the SMV to IEDs at the Bay level.
Figure 4.5 SAM600-VT and SAM600-CT [35] Figure 4.6 SAM600-I/O [35]
80
IEDs which are Relion 670 series located at the bay level will receive
SMV from the process bus and process the measurement data for control and protection
functions. RED670 will use to protect the transmission line bay. RET670 will use to
protect the transformer bay and REB670 will use to protect the bus tie bay. The IEDs
will transmit and publish the message by using the GOOSE protocol to broadcast events
to peer IEDs in a substation with horizontal communication and when the system is
abnormal, whether it is an abnormal current or voltage, the REC670 will send the
GOOSE message to SAM600-I/O to command the switchgear to operate, for example:
commanding the circuit breaker to “trip” or command the disconnector switch to be on-
off.
Figure 4.7 Merging unit to IEDs [35]
All data from IEDs and the process bus will gather in the Ethernet switch
network to send up to the station level by MMS protocol (Client-Server) to report the
status of a substation and the event that happened. The station level consists of HMI,
station computer, and SCADA, allowing the operator to monitor and remote control the
whole system of the substation in the operator workstation and control center room.
• SAM600 process bus I/O

SAM600 process bus I/O is placed in the switchyard to connect
conventional equipment to the IEC 61850 process bus. SAM600 process bus I/O series
used in Sattahip 2 Substation consists of three types of merging units SAM600-CT,
SAM600-VT, and SAM600-IO.
Figure 4.8 The working principal of SAM600 process bus I/O [7]
81
SAM600 modules of the Sattahip 2 Substation are installed in a

marshalling kiosk which is placed in the field close to the primary apparatus. Cabling
from the instrument transformers is terminated at the kiosk and fiber optic is used for
communication to protect and control equipment. The kiosk requires a station battery
supply for powering the SAM600 modules.
Figure 4.9 SAM600 installation [28]
The time synchronization of Sattahip 2 Substation uses GPS systems,

which are highly redundant and can be used for direct time synchronization or as a time
source for other time protocols. An antenna is required for each IED or switch for direct
time synchronization. with GPS
Figure 4.10 Meinberg M500 GPS time server [35]
• Relion 670 series

The IEDs used in Sattahip 2 are Relion 670 series for control and
protection functions. Sattahip 2 Substation use RED670, RET670, REB670 and
REC670 for the protection and control of the substation system. The function of the
82
Relion670 is described in chapter 3. The IEDs in Sattahip 2 were installed in two units
on a single panel to offer redundancy by providing REC670 as backup protection. The
top IED performs the main protection function, while the lower IED performs the
control function while also providing backup protection.
Figure 4.11 IEDs install in control and protection panels [35]
• Connection topology of IED to SAM600

The connection topology of Sattahip 2 Substation is a single process bus,
single station bus. And use the same GPS time server for time synchronization. The
SAM600-CT connected with SAM600-VT to transmit the data to IEDs. By using GPS
for time synchronization, Make SAM600-TS is not required.
Figure 4.12 Connection topology of Sattahip 2 substation [35]
4.2.3 Medium voltage switchgear [35]

The 22kV switchgear of Sattahip 2 consists of a total of 22 bays. The
incoming bay from the power transformer consists of a medium voltage standalone
merging unit SMU615 to digitize the measurement data on the MV side. The protection
and control devices (IEDs) use REF615 which contains a protection function for feeder
83
control and protection within each bay and REU615 in the bus tie bay for voltage
protection and control relay for voltage and frequency of the distribution system. The
MV side also has a multifunction meter to measure electrical parameters and sends data
to the station level via RTU for monitoring on the SCADA system.
Components of medium voltage switchgear are shown in the table below
Table 4.5 Components of 22 kV switchgear

Components Numbers in Use Locations
Merging Units 2 Incoming Bay
Protection IEDs (REF 615) 21 Within each bay
Protection IEDs (REU 615) 2 Within each bay
Multifunction Meter 21 Within each bay
RTU 1 Station bus
• SMU615 substation merging unit [29]

SMU615 is a merging unit in the MV switchgear. SMU615connectst
ABB sensors and conventional instrument transformers to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE-based
process bus. SMU615 provides a physical interface between the primary equipment in
the medium voltage switchgear and the protective devices in the distribution system.
SMU615 fully supports fast GOOSE messaging, IEEE 1588 for high-accuracy time
synchronization
• REF615 Feeder protection and control [36]

REF615 is a feeder protection and control relay that is located at every
feeder of
Figure 4.13 Medium voltage switchgear of Sattahip 2 substation [35]
MV switchgear for protection, control, and measurement of overhead

lines and cable feeders in distribution systems. REF615 has an extensive range of
protection and control functionality, either with sensors or conventional instrument
transformers. REF615 has directional and non-directional overcurrent and earth-fault
84
protection, voltage, frequency, and power-based protection and measurement

functionality.
Figure 4.14 SMU615 [36] Figure 4.15 REF615 [36]
4.2.4 Availability calculation [16]

This is a calculation of availability for the Sattahip 2 substation applying
commonly used methodologies in the reliability evaluation of the relay protection
system using the reliability block diagrams (RBD) method. Different sections or
components of the system may be represented by boxes in this manner, and the effective
or flawed logic of the system can be represented by the linkages between the boxes. To
calculate the system's reliability, the minimal path sets method is used.
To calculate this reliability, it consists of the equipment inside Sattahip

Power Station 2 as follows:
• GPS Time server (GPS)
• Ethernet Switch (ETH)
• Relay Relion 670 (IED)
• SAM600 Merging Units (MU)
The calculation is based on the type of bay. It will consist of

• Line bay to calculate the reliability of the device inside the line bay.
• Transformer bay to calculate the reliability of the equipment inside the
transformer bay.
• Bus tie to calculate the reliability of the devices inside the bus tie bay.
In this calculation, the control function of the local bay level and report
center are ignored. These control accesses could be viewed as a redundant control
facility for the SA system. In this case, the resulting availability would be even higher.
The general system structure relevant to this analysis is as follows:
Table 4.6 MTTF data of substation devices [3]

Component Name MTBF (hours) Component
Time Server 142,636 GPS
Switch for IEC 61850 1,320,000 IEC 61850 switch
Main, backup, and
Relay Rex6xx (IED) 893,000
BCU
Merging Unit (MU) 893,000 SAM600 series
85
(4.1)
Where,
MTTR (Mean Time to Repair) is the amount of time it takes to repair a
system.
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) is the amount of time the system
can work normally
The reliability calculations in the model diagrams are done according to

the following formulas;
Availability:
A = A1*A2 if components 1 and 2 are in series
A = A1 + A2 – (A1*A2) if components 1 and 2 are in parallel
For 115 kV system
Figure 4.16 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of 115kV system
• GPS time server (GPS)
Figure 4.17 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of GPS

86
MTTR = 4
GPS 1 (A1) = 142,636 / (142,636 + 4) = 0.99997195738
GPS 2 (A2) = 142,636 / (142,636 + 4) = 0.99997195738
A1 // A2;
⸫ A12 = A1 + A2 – (A1 * A2) = 0.99999999921
• Ethernet switch (ETH)
Figure 4.18 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of ethernet switch
MTTR = 4.0
A3 = 1,320,000 / 1,320,000 + 4 = 0.99999696971
• Line bay (A4)
Figure 4.19 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of line bay
MTTR = 4
Prot. IED 1 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
Prot. IED 2 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
Protection IED 1 // Protection IED 2;
A’ = (IED1 + IED2) - (IED1 * IED2) = 0.99999999997
MU-VT = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074

MU-CT 1 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
MU-CT 2 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
MU-CT1 // MU-CT2;
= (MU-CT1 + MU-CT2) - (MU-CT1 * MU-CT2)
= 0.99999999997
A’’ = MU-VT * (MU-CT1 // MU-CT2) = 0.99999552071
A4’ = A’ * A’’; A4' is the availability per line bay.
= 0.99999552068
87
There are three line bays that connect in parallel to each other. As a
result, the line bay's availability value is equal to
A4 = A4’ // A4’ //A4’
= A4’ + A4’ – (A4’ * A4’) // A4’
= (0.99999999997) // A4’
=1
• Transformer bay (A5)
Figure 4.20 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of transformer bay
MTTR = 4
Prot. IED 1 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
Prot. IED 2 0= 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
MU-CT 1 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074

MU-CT 2 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
A5’ = (Prot. IED1 * MU-CT1) // (Prot. IED2 * MU-CT2)
A5’ = (0.99999552074 * 0.99999552074) // (0.99999552074 *
0.99999552074)
= (0.99999104150) // (0.99999104150)
= 0.99999104150 + 0.99999104150 – (0.99999104150 *
0.99999104150)
A5’ = 0.99999999991
There are two transformer bays that connect parallel to each other. As a
result, the transformer bay's availability value is equal to
A5 = A5’ // A5’
= (0.99999999991 * 0.99999999991) // (0.99999999991 *
0.99999999991)
=1
• Bus tie bay (A6)
Figure 4.21 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of bus tie bay

88
MTTR = 4
Prot. IED 1 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
Prot. IED 2 = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
Protection IED 1 // Protection IED 2;
A’ = (IED1 + IED2) - (IED1 * IED2) = 0.99999999997
MU-VT = 893,000 / 893,000 + 4 = 0.99999552074
ETH 3 = 1,320,000 / 1,320,000 + 4 = 0.99999696971
MU-VT // ETH 3;
A’’ = (MU-VT + ETH3) – (MU-VT*ETH3)
= 0.99999999998
A6 = A’ * A’’
A6 = 0.99999999995
A4, A5 and A6 are connected parallel to each other, so these availability

values can be combined as
A456 = A4 // A5 // A6
= (A4 + A5) - (A4 * A5) // A6
= 1 // A6
= (1 + 0.99999999987) - (1 * 0.99999999987)
=1
• Total availability of the system

A12 = 0.99999999921
A3 = 0.99999696971
A456 = 1
Figure 4.22 Reliability block diagrams (RBD) of the 115kV system
A(system) = (A12) * (A3) * (A456)

= 0.99999999921 * 0.99999696971 * 1
= 0.99999696892
Availability = 99.999696892 %
89
• Result
The availability of the Sattahip 2 Substation is 99.9996%. It shows that
the availability of equipment in the station is highly reliable. Calculated by the worst
case of MTTT; 4 hours. In reality, this value can be decreased which means the
availability will be increased.
4.2.5 Comparison of measurements data between merging units and

multifunction meter [35]
The purpose of this operation method is to test and evaluate the
reliability and accuracy of digital systems in the process bus installation at Sattahip 2
substation. By comparing the digital measurement data from Merging Unit (SAM600)
with conventional measurement data from Multifunction Meter (ISKRA MC640).
The equipment used to measure the values will consist of:

1. Multifunction Meter (ISKRA MC640)
2. Merging Unit (SAM600)
3. Merging Unit (SMU615)
The equipment used to observe the measurements values:

1. SCADA HMI
2. IEDs Relion 670 series
The SAM600 Standalone Merging Unit converts analog to digital signal,

then broadcasts through the Sampled Measurement Values (SMV), the SMV value will
be read and observed by a protection relay (IED Relion series).
A multifunction meter refers to an analog acquisition device. It receives

analog data from both CT VTs and transfers it to the SCADA monitor screen for
monitor and visualization.
In order to compare the accuracy of conventional acquisition systems

and MU sampled measurement values (SMV), it is requisite the system be in the same
condition as follows:
• Meter and MU are synchronized in time using a GPS for the accuracy
of observation. The overall view of the system is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 4.23 Measurement data transfer between MU compare with meter

90
The test was performed by observing the SCADA monitors which

measure data from meters and observing IEDs (Relion 670 series) for digital data which
receive data from Merging Units (SAM600) in order to compare this measurement.
• TCPP1 panel 115/22kV of transformer bay.

TCPP1 (Transformer control and protection panel) consists of RET670
for transformer protection, which has both HV and MV sides.The REC670 for control
of the bay, which has only HV sides. The measurement data is shown in the table below:
Table 4.7 Current measurement from RET670 (HV)

Type of
phasor MU (SAM600) Meter Error (%)
Measurement
Phase A 46.654 46.71 0.12%
Current(A) Phase B 47.875 47.94 0.14%
Phase C 48.486 48.87 0.79%
Table 4.8 Current measurement from RET670 (MV)

Type of
phasor MU (SMU615) Meter Error (%)
Measurement
Phase A 260.772 262.89 0.81%
Current(A) Phase B 254.510 253.40 0.44%
Phase C 259.418 260.16 0.29%
Table 4.9 Current measurement from REC670 (HV)

Type of
Measurement
Phase A 48.229 48.30 0.15%
Current(A) Phase B 47.461 47.25 0.45%
Phase C 49.342 49.44 0.20%
For the current measurement from RET670 in TCPP1 panel is possible

to observe a mean error of 0.35% on the HV side and a mean error of 0.51% on the MV
side. For the current measurement from REC670 in TCPP1 panel is possible to observe
a mean error of 0.26% on the HV side.
• TCPP2 panel 115/22kV of transformer-bay

TCPP2 (Transformer control and protection panel) consists of RET670
for transformer protection, which has both HV and MV measurement, and REC670 for
the control bay, which has only HV side measurement.
Table 4.10 Current measurement from RET670 (HV)

Type of
Measurement
Phase A 104.289 104.20 0.09%
Current(A) Phase B 106.167 106.45 0.27%
Phase C 104.814 104.74 0.07%
91
Table 4.11 Current measurement from RET670 (MV)

Type of
phasor MU (SMU615) Meter Error (%)
Measurement
Phase A 537.619 540.16 0.47%
Current(A) Phase B 535.477 537.47 0.37%
Phase C 554.763 555.26 0.09%
Table 4.12 Current measurement from REC670 (HV)

Type of
Measurement
Phase A 103.044 103.09 0.04%
Current(A) Phase B 105.595 106.15 0.52%
Phase C 106.665 106.72 0.05%
For the current measurement from RET670 in the TCPP2 panel is

possible to observe a mean error of 0.14% on the HV side and a mean error of 0.31%
on the MV side. For the current measurement from REC670 in the TCPP2 panel is
possible to observe a mean error of 0.20% on the HV side
• LCPP2 115kV of Line-bay

LCPP2 (Line control and protection panel) consists of RED670 for
transmission line protection and REC670 for the control bay.
Table 4.13 Current measurement from RED670

Type of
Measurement
Phase A 149.64 149.96 0.21%
Current(A) Phase B 152.43 152.48 0.03%
Phase C 154.36 154.46 0.06%
Table 4.14 Voltage measurement from RED670

Type of
Measurement
A-B 114.44 114.38 0.05%
Voltage(V) B-C 114.69 114.68 0.01%
C-A 114.45 114.50 0.04%
Table 4.15 Current measurement from REC670

Type of
Measurement
Phase A 152.66 152.84 0.12%
Current(A) Phase B 155.11 155.18 0.05%
Phase C 158.24 158.42 0.11%
92
Table 4.16 Voltage measurement from REC670

Type of
Measurement
A-B 114.44 114.42 0.02%
Voltage(V) B-C 114.68 114.64 0.03%
C-A 114.48 114.46 0.02%
For the current measurement on the HV side from RED670 in LCPP2

panel is possible to observe a mean error of 0.10% and for the voltage measurement a
mean error of 0.03%. For the current measurement on the HV side from REC670 in
LCPP2 panel is possible to observe a mean error of 0.09% and for the voltage
measurement a mean error of 0.02% on the HV side.
Considering all errors from observing the measurement data such as time
synchronization, and analog to digital conversion of SAM600 compared to the
multifunction meter, these results are good which means the functionality and accuracy
of measuring using a merging unit are acceptable.
4.2.6 Fault clearance time of digital substation [35]

The fault clearance time of the digital substation is tested by observing
the trip time the of protection relay. Therefore, the main purpose and focus of the tests
presented here are to establish the basic principles of validation of protection functions.
which is to use a relay test kit to create a fault. Then measure the time it takes for the
system to execute (create trip output) after an actual fault.
In this test, the distance protection (21) function is configured with a

RED670 relay operating with the digital voltages and currents (Sampled value) coming
from the merging unit SAM600. The test set used for generating the voltage and current
signals was the model Omicron CMC353 to verify the response time of the digital
substation protection system.
Figure 4.24 Fault clearance time test of digital system

93
Ten different cases of distance protection (21) were created operating in

the 50 Hz frequency, pre-fault current equal to zero. Because the data in the other zone
has no different, we will only apply the function value in zone 1 of protection. The trip
times are shown in the Table below.
Table 4.17 Trip time of digital substation

Case Phasor Time (ms)
1 L1-E 34.05
2 L2-E 32.55
3 L3-E 34.00
4 L1-L2 32.80
5 L2-L3 34.75
6 L3-L1 26.85
7 L1-L2-L3 34.45
Mean 32.77
The average operating time was about 32.77 ms, considered adequate
for the current pre-fault zero condition.
4.2.7 Fault clearance time of conventional substation [37]

The test results for the conventional system were obtained from the
Hanuman Wind Farm. In a conventional system, there is no merging unit, and the test
is performed on the relay itself in the conventional substation, which links the copper
wires directly from the switchgear to the protective relay. As a result, the protective
relay is configured with distance protection (21), which is identical to the digital
substation.
Table 4.18 Trip time of conventional substation

Case Phasor Time (ms)
1 L1-E 22.61
2 L2-E 23.34
3 L3-E 22.16
4 L1-L2 19.20
5 L2-L3 19.51
6 L3-L1 19.35
7 L1-L2-L3 22.99
Mean 21.30
The average operating time was about 21.30 ms, considered adequate
for the current pre-fault zero conditions.
The result of the fault clearance time test of the digital protection system
included ded tripping time of the circuit breaker contact was 72.77ms, which is slower
than the conventional protection system but still within the time limits set by IEC
60834-1 std, which specifies the total fault clearance time for the high voltage
substation at 75ms.
94
4.3 TXpertTM – Sattahip 2 substation, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession
[35]
The TXpertTM monitoring system that has been implemented in Sattahip 2
substation is an open digital platform that helps enterprises make better and faster
decisions through enhanced asset performance visibility. A new generation of sensor
and diagnostics technology is opening up the potential for digital and analog monitoring
of the critical components of the power transformer. The Royal Thai Navy Welfare
Concession has been utilized by e-Device sensors like eOLI, eOTL, eSDB, eBR, ePRD,
eWTI, and CoreSenseTM. Moreover, the CoreTecTM 4, is a complete transformer
monitoring system that integrates the data from sensors and displays operational
parameters through a web interface to ensure the confidence to schedule maintenance.
The TXpertTM structure of The Royal Thai Navy Welfare Concession is as the figure
below.
Figure 4.25 TXpertTM ecosystem of Sattahip 2 substation [35]
These e-Device sensors and CoreSenseTM will be allowed with the digital and
analog output providing continuous monitoring of the key transformer parameters such
as:
• Oil levels and oil temperature
• Winding temperature
• Air humidity
• Gas and moisture levels
• Internal pressure
• Gas accumulation
• Hydrogen and moisture detection.
95
The first digitalization substation in Thailand at Sattahip/Chonburi

30/40/50 MVA 115/22 kV power transformer [35]
Figure 4.26 Front of power transformer [35]
Figure 4.27 Back front of power transformer [35]

96
The e-Device that has been implemented in Sattahip 2 substation is shown

below:
Figure 4.28 CoreSense (Gas sensor) [35] Figure 4.29 eWTI [35]
Figure 4.30 Pressure relief (OLTC) [35] Figure 4.31 Pressure relief (Main tank) [35]
Figure 4.32 eBR [35] Figure 4.33 eOLI (Main tank) [35]
97
Figure 4.34 eOLI (OLTC) [35] Figure 4.35 eOTI [35]
Figure 4.36 eSDB [35] Figure 4.37 LCC box [35]
Figure 4.38 CoreTecTM 4 [35]
4.4 Collecting data from an online monitoring system of the power transformer
for analysis [35]
This section will be discussed the consequence of the online monitoring
system by collecting the data from the CoreTecTM 4 web interface to evaluate the
98
parameters of the transformer as mentioned in 4.3 points are in good condition or not.
The online monitoring data are shown as the results below:
Figure 4.39 Dashboard (Main screen) [35]
A – oil temperature: the top oil temperature from the asset displayed here is
45 oC show that the data point value is within a normal operating range between low
and high warning thresholds (Blue – Positive Value). The threshold is between 0 – 120
o
C. The low critical point is under 0 oC and the high critical point is over 120 oC.
B – hot sports: the calculate hot spot temperature in the transformer winding
based on sensor/data inputs is displayed here. The calculated hot spot temperature is
related to ambient temperature, rated hot-spot temperature rise above top oil-rated
current and load current. This interface does not display because the signal of the load
current from CT of a power transformer cannot consign to CoreTecTM 4.
C – load: the highest measured load is displayed here as an absolute value as

well as a percentage. This load measured is disabled to display because it is required
the actual current measurement (sensor/data point input) from CT of a power
transformer to send the load current by 4 – 20 mA to CoreTecTM 4 utilized for
calculation.
D – bushing: this is capable of acquiring data from external busing monitoring

devices. This is not displayed as HV capacitance, HV leakage current and HV TanD
because there is no sensor input for bushing in the Sattahip 2 substation.
E – DGA: the dissolved gas analysis information collected by the gas sensor
(CoreSenseTM) shows that the transformer oil is in good condition. This display
interface shows the value of dissolved gas in oil of Hydrogen at 4 ppm and the moisture
value at 3 ppm, by this online monitoring result can consider that it is in good condition
for operation. The limitation of moisture is 25 ppm by IEC and the limitation of
Hydrogen is 100 ppm by IEEE C57-104.
99
G – oil level: the system can display oil level information as an input
sensor/data point acquired from external devices. The oil level would define the oil
level OLCT and the oil level of the main tank. The configured thresholds of oil levels
in the Sattahip 2 substation are defined:
• The low critical level at 10%
• The high critical level of 90%
• The low warning level is between 10 – 20%
• The high warning is between 80 – 90%
• The normal operating range between low and high warning thresholds is 20 –
80%
H – aging: there is no value display on this screen because it requires the hot
spot of the winding. The aging is calculated according to IEEE or IEC and the normal
aging which defined by different values of hot spot temperature, where 110 oC to IEEE
and 98 oC to IEC. If the hot spot temperature is over this standard temperature, it means
that power transformers lose a life.
Figure 4.40 Thermal (Measurements) [35]
Figure 4.40 there is no value data displayed because there are some problems
related to thermal sensors do not send the signals to CoreTecTM 4.
100
Figure 4.41 Thermal (Temperatures) [35]
Figure 4.41 shows the average fluid temperature, HV average temperature, LV

average temperature, TV average temperature and ambient temperature where the
temperature measurement allows by the temperature sensors that connect to the
transformer (the HV, LV and TV temperature is the winding temperature).
Additionally, the hot spot temperature offers by calculation. The calculation of hot spot
temperature required top oil temperature, rated hot spot temperature rise above top oil,
load current, rated current and winding exponent. The average temperature does not
display because 4 – 20 mA signal of thermal sensors connected to CoreTecTM 4.
Moreover, the hot spot temperature does not display too since the load current signal
does not consign to CoreTecTM 4 for calculation.
The configuration of thermal measurements:

• The average fluid temperature is defined as a high critical point of 110 oC
• The ambient temperature is defined as a low critical point is below 0 oC, a high
warning between 80 -90 oC, a high critical point over 90 oC, and within a
normal operating range between low and high warning thresholds 0 - 80 oC
• The HV average temperature (high-voltage winding temperature) is defined as
a high critical point of 110 oC
• The HV hot spot temperature is defined as a high warning point between 110
– 160 oC and a high critical point of 160 oC.
• The LV average temperature (low-voltage winding temperature) is defined as
a high critical point of 110 oC
• The LV hot spot temperature is defined as a high warning point between 110
– 160 oC and a high critical point of 160 oC
• The TV average temperature (tertiary winding temperature) is defined as a
high critical point of 110 oC
• The TV hot spot temperature is defined as a high warning point between 110
– 160 oC and a high critical point of 160 oC
101
Figure 4.42 Thermal (Ageing) [35]
Figure 4.42 shows the top oil temperature measurement, HV Aging Factor, LV
Aging Factor and TV Aging Factor as listed below:
• Top Oil Temperature is 45.2 oC and which means that the data point is within
a normal operating range between low and high warning with a threshold
between 0 – 120 oC. the low warning point is under 0 oC and the high warning
point is over 120 oC
• Cumulative Aging is the measurement value of accumulated calculated aging
of the winding since the monitoring system began conducting the
measurements
• Aging Factor effects by the hot spot temperature which means that it is usually
taken in investigating the aging process with the hot spot temperature. The
aging factor value represents time in hours (smaller numbers are better).
Moreover, the aging factor is the ratio of current transformer aging compared
to the specified transformer aging accumulation at 100% load and rated
ambient temperature.
These values did not display because it required aging calculation that is
related to hot spot temperature, so the main problem is the 4 -20 mA signal of CT of
the transformer connected to CoreTecTM 4 for calculation.
102
Figure 4.43 Thermal (Overload) [35]
Overload capacity: predictions of the highest allowed load without the top oil
and hot-spot temperature exceeding preset values in the order datasheet. The basic idea
is to know how much the transformer can be loaded for a certain amount of time without
exceeding the limit
What-if analysis: the forecast is calculated in two steps. Enter the forecast
value in all entry fields in the two calculation groups “start value” and “overload”, then
click the Update Graph bottom
Thermal forecast: using inputs provided by the user, the thermal forecast of
the unit temperature is calculated. The required inputs for the forecast are the ambient
temperature, top oil temperature, max hot spot and expected transformer load. The
reason of disable the value on this screen may be the same problem as mentioned above
point
Figure 4.44 DGA levels screen [35]

103
Figure 4.44 shows the displays of the oil-immersed of transformer oil. The
hydrogen and moisture are within a normal operating range between low and high
warning thresholds.
• The normal operating point of hydrogen is under 50 ppm. The high warning
point of hydrogen is between 50 - 100 ppm and the critical point is over 100
ppm. If the hydrogen in oil concentration close to the critical point the operator
must take investigate and find the problems of power transformers
• The normal operating point of moisture is under 20 ppm. The high warning
point of moisture is between 20 – 30 ppm and the critical point is over 30 ppm.
If the moisture in oil concentration close to the critical point the operator must
take investigate and find the problems of power transformers
Figure 4.45 DGA (TDCG stacking menu) [35]
Figure 4.46 DGA (Duval triangles menu) [35]

104
Figure 4.47 DGA (Roger ratios overlay) [35]
Figure 4.48 DGA (IEC gas ratio) [35]
The TDGC stacking screen, Duval Triangles screen, Roger Ratios screen, and
IEC Gas Ratios screen of will not display because there is no sensor for multiple gas
analysis CoreTecTM 4.
105
Figure 4.49 Bushings (Measured screen) [35]
Figure 4.49 shows that there is no value or data point display on this screen
because there is no TXpert BM sensor for transformer bushing monitoring.
Figure 4.50 OLTC (Status screen) [35]

106
Figure 4.51 OLTC (Contact wear overlay) [35]
Figure 4.50 and Figure 4.51 shows that there is no value or data point display
on this screen because there is no sensor for online monitoring of OLTC, no value will
be displayed, and an asterisk will be shown. monitoring.
Figure 4.52 Safety devices (Measured screen) [35]
Figure 4.52 shows that there are four types of e-Device display measurements
on the Safety Devices screen.
• eBR: the Buchholz Relay for checking gas accumulation in the Buchholz relay
that is mounted between the main tank and the conservator. It is within a
normal operating range between low and high warning thresholds of 0 – 220
cm3 (5 cm3). The high warning point of gas accumulation is between 220 - 240
cm3 and the critical point is over 240 cm3
107
• eOLI: the oil transformer levels of the main tank or OLTC, with this result (46
o
C) within a normal operating range between low and high warning thresholds.
The normal operating point is between 20 – 80 oC. The high warning point of
oil levels is between 80 -90 oC. The low critical point is under 20 oC and the
high critical point is over 90 oC
• ePRD: is the pressure relief device of the main tank and the OLTC of
transformers, the result is within a normal operation
• eWTI: is the winding temperature of power transformers. It shows the 3 phases
of winding temperature within a normal operating range between low and high
warning as follows 47 oC, 46 oC and 47 oC. The normal operating range is
between 20 - 120 oC. The low warning point is between 0 - 20oC and the high
warning point is between 120 – 130 oC. The low critical point is under 0 oC
and the high critical point is over 130 oC
Figure 4.53 Accessories (Measured screen) [35]
Figure 4.53 shows that there are two types of e-Device display measurements
on the Safety Devices screen such as eOLI and eSDB:
• eOLI: certainly, the oil levels of the main tank and OLTC (35% and 36%) are
within a normal operating range between low and warning thresholds of 20 –
80%. The low warning point is between 10 - 20% and the high warning point
is between 80 -90%. The low critical point is under 10% and the high critical
point is over 90%. The min and max levels today mean to show the highest
and the lowest oil levels
• eSDB: the self-dehydrating breather is an automatic silica gel with a
regeneration process, so there is no need to set the thresholds for this sensor.
The result of the percent of eSDB is display the capacity value that can absorb
moisture and the temperature tank shows the temperature through the eSDB
device
108
4.5 The EXCOUNT-IIIA - Sattahip 2 substation, [35]

The purpose of the implementation of EXCOUNT-IIIA is for online
monitoring of the condition of the surge arrester of a power transformer, whether is a
good operation or not. It can measure the leakage of 0.2 – 12 mA and resistive leakage
current of 10 – 2000 µA. The EXCOUNT-IIIA support IEC 61850 protocol, Ed. 2.
TCP/IP with the web server in the device, which is transmitted the record data through
an optic fiber connection to the web interface of EXCOUNT-IIIA.
Figure 4.54 EXCOUNT III-A [35]
4.6 Collecting data from an online monitoring system of EXCOUNT-IIIA for

analysis [35]
To collect the data from ECOUNT-IIIA such as surge counting, timestamp,
impulse amplitude measurement, leakage current, resistive leakage current
measurement, and wave steepness to evaluate the condition to avoid overvoltage for a
more detailed evaluation of surge arrester insulation. The online monitoring of surge
arrester by EXCOUNT-IIIA is shown as figures below:
Figure 4.55 Leakage current 24h average [35]
Figure 4.55 show the present leakage current value (mA) and can display the
history leakage current by chosen interval time for analysis of resistive leakage current
or surge arrester with the resistive current standard condition.
109
Figure 4.56 Number of registered surges [35]
Figure 4.56 displays the total number of surge arresters, the date occurred
surge current/voltage, front time, maximum surge amplitude and minimum surge
amplitude by chosen date interval of register surges.
Figure 4.57 Surge impulse waveform (19/12/2020) [35]
Figure 4.57 show the surge current impulse with this screen displayed and
allowed us with the current waveform, the date and time of the surge occurred, max
peak and rise time of the current surge:
• Date: 19 December 2020
• Time: 19:49:59s
• Max peak: 38.1 A
• Rise time: 0.03 μs
110
• Date: 21 December 2020
• Time: 10:38:26s
111
• Date: 17 September 2020

• Time: 19:49:59s
Figure 4.60 Leakage current measurement by online monitoring [35]
Figure 4.60 displays a measured value that allows us the information related
to leakage current, harmonic leakage current, number of surge impulses, etc. Along
with this result will mainly focus on resistive leakage of the surge arrester to compare
with the maximum recommended resistive currents to ensure that the surge arrester has
good insulation for protecting power transformers. With the results of online
monitoring of surge arrester can read the value of a total leakage current is 0.001 mA
and a resistive leakage current is 0.5 μA.
The analysis of the availability value calculated from the Sattahip 2 substation
shows that there were benchmark values, and the comparison between the merging unit
and the multimeter showed low tolerance. Moreover, this chapter discussed the
comparison of the total fault clearance time between digital and conventional protection
found to pass the criteria. On the other hand, evaluate the results of the power
transformers from the online monitoring system. However, the values of hot spots and
aging factors did not display because of the signal of thermal sensors and the 4 -20 mA
signal of CT of the power transformer does not consign to CoreTecTM4.These results
will be summarized and recommended in the next chapter.
Note: Sensor/Data point value cannot be read correctly, it is currently reading

outside the pre-defined domain, and the sensor is not properly connected, or the inputs
to the algorithm are not as capable of computing a result. This will display as a Red
Asterisk (*) on the UI. The database will represent data as NAN.
CHAPTER V
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
Digital substations according to the IEC 61850 standard bring “cost-effective”
because copper wires are almost eliminated, reduced the number of wires, reduced the
footprint by decreasing the control and protection room, and reduced on-site testing and
commissioning by switching to fiber optic cable. Digital substation technology not only
benefits in terms of cost but also in performance over the old technology, according to
the digital substation availability calculation using the Reliability Block Diagram
method, the value is 99.9996%, which is a higher availability value than the MEA
specified because the MEA will not consider the proposal if the Warranty Availability
is less than 99.95%. So, the Sattahip 2 meets the MEA standards. When the
performance of a digital substation with a total fault clearance time of 7 2 . 7 7 ms was
compared to the performance of a conventional substation with a total fault clearance
time of 6 1 . 3 0 ms, it was found that the digital substation performance was slightly
slower but still satisfactory and passed the benchmark of the IEC 60834-1 standard.
Accuracy testing of the merging unit shows reliable results. By comparing the measured
value of the MU with the measured value of the multi-function meter at the same
instrument transformer at the same time. Given similar values with an error of 0 . 0 2 –
0 . 1 % , it is possible to conclude that the digital measurement value of the digital
substation is reliable. Benchmarking ensures high availability and acceptable protection
performance.
The results provided by CorTecTM 4 – Sensor/Data point value is within a

normal operating range between low and high warning thresholds. (Blue – Positive
Value) and the results provided by online monitoring of EXCOUNT-IIIA with resistive
leakage current Ir = 0.5 μA which compared with the maximum recommended resistive
current is below all of the types of SA. The SA withstands can prevent the power
transformer from overvoltage. Moreover, an online monitoring system can avoid
unplanned outages by continuously measuring oil temperature, load and gas forming in
real time. These parameters provide information on the health indicators of the
transformer and can trigger advanced investigations as needed. On the other hand,
CoreTecTM tracks key parameters to warn the operator of the accelerated aging
conditions and activates the coolers sooner than a conventional system. The limitation
of the temperature excursions, the track current conditions can be provided an overview
of the short-term overload capacity which allows the operator to consider transformer
aging versus increased throughput and revenues.
5.2 Recommendation
CoreTecTM 4:
• Need to check the CT signal of a power transformer to ensure the load
current signal consign to CoreTecTM 4 for calculation:
• Hot Spot Temperature
• Aging Factor
• Should have identifiable names of safety devices and accessories since
displayed on an online monitoring system (CoreTecTM 4)
113
• Even though has implemented online monitoring of the power

transformer, the operator needs to check the system to ensure that the
digital sensors transmit to CoreTecTM 4 under designated parameters
In the future when power transformers in operating under stress and want to
track the live data with the full option of online monitoring systems need to require
more sensors such as:
• CoreSense M10: for online monitoring of DGA, which eliminate
routine oil sampling for power transformers
• The sensor of OLTC: to monitor the position and number of operations
remaining in service
• TXpert BM: measure capacitance and tan delta by an online
monitoring system
REFERENCES
[1] Dave, (2018). “What is an Electrical Substation – Layouts & Uses”.

[2] Finn, J., & Zomers, A. (2019). “Introduction (pp. 1-4)”.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49574-3_1
[3] Twomey, C. (2019). “Type of Switchgear to Be Used (pp. 11-13)”.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49574-3_3
[4] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “Types of Switchgear”.
https://www.hitachienergy.com/offering/product-and-system/high-voltage-
switchgear-and-breakers/gas-insulated-switchgear
[5] Pieniazek, D., Ieee, P. F., & Chapter, C.-H. (n.d.). HV Substation Design:
Applications and Considerations.
[6] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “We are bridging the gap. Enabling Digital Substations”,
ABB Digital Substation.
[7] Marchetti, C. (n.d.). “ABB Digital Substation”.
[8] Klaus-Peter Brand, Volker Lohmann, & Wolfgang Wimmer (2003), “Substation
Automation handbook”.
[9] Hitachi Energy, (2022). “EPC Academy, Digital Substation and TXpertTM
Ecosystem”.
[10] Suksirithawornkul P. & Vasunt S. “Digital Substations: Evolution, Performance,
Operation, and Maintenance”. Hitachi Energy.
[11] CIGRE Green Books Substations International Council on Large Electric Systems
(CIGRE) Study Committee B3: Substations. (n.d.).
[12] Meier, S., Werner, T., & Popescu – Ciestucescu, C. (n.d.). Performance
consideration in digital substations.
[13] Meier, S., Werner, T. (n.d.). “OP060P - Performance Considerations in Digital
Substation Applications”.
[14] Mohamed Younis, (2016). Digital Substation and Process Bus "Part 2 of 5")
Merging Unit and Non-Conventional Instrumentation Transformer, [Online] State <
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/digital-substation-process-bus-part-2-5-merging-
unit-mohamed > (15 September 2022).
[15] ABB Power Grid Thailand, (2016). “Functional Design Specification MicroSCADA
Base Application Substation Monitoring and Control System, Thailand”.
[16] Energy, H. (2022). “Calculation Sheet Title Availability Calculation Owning
Organization Document ID”.
[17] Mohamed Younis, 2017, Reliability Study for Process Bus based Substation
Considering Various Practical Process Bus Architectures, [Online] State <
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-study-process-bus-based-substation-
various-mohamed> (25 September 2022).
[18] International Electrotechnical Commission, Technical Committee 38. (n.d.),
Instrument transformer. Part 9: Digital interface for instrument transformer, Hitachi
Energy.
115
[19] Energy, H. (n.d.). Relion 670 and 650 series substation solution, Hitachi Energy.
[20] Energy, H. (n.d.). Air Insulated Switchgear – Medium Voltage. [Online] state
<https://new.abb.com/medium-voltage/switchgear/air-insulated> (25 September
2022).
[21] Transformer handbook, (n.d.). www.iec.ch.
[22] Energy, H. (n.d.). Presentation on Transformer Structure.
[23] IEEE Seminar. “Maintenance of Power Transformer”.
[24] Vachiratarapadorn, Y., Wieck, H., Taylor, J., Zetterberg, O., M., & Generating, E.,
(n.d.). Measurement of Resistive Leakage Current of Metal Oxide Surge Arrester in
Service and Inspection of Surge Arrester Type PEXLIM after Field Trail: Case
Study of EGAT in Thailand.
[25] Service Handbook for Transformer. (n.d.).
[26] Irfan Akhtar, (2016). “Transformer Routine Inspection and Testing”.
[27] Vichakorn, H., & Members (2018). “Dissolved Gas Analysis in Transformer Oil for
Preventive Maintenance Planning”.
[28] Mohan, M. (2016). “Grid Automation Products SAM600 Process Bus I/O System
Product Guide 1MRK 511 428-BEN”.
[29] Hitachi Energy (2019). “Substation Merging Unit SMU615 Technical Manual”.
[30] Hitachi Energy (2021). “ABB AbilityTM Smart Substation Control and Protection
SSC600 Operation Manual”.
[31] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “Smart Substation Control and Protection SSC600”.
[32] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “Online Dissolved Gas Monitoring Introducing the
CoreSenseTM family”.
[33] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “e-Device-Family”.
[34] Hitachi Energy (n.d.). “Digital Transformer Monitoring and Diagnostics Device
TXpert Hub CoreTec 4 Software Version 2”.
[35] Learning Center (2022). “Sattahip 2 Substation, The Royal Thai Navy Welfare
Concession”.
[36] Hitachi Energy (2012). “Relion 615 Series Feeder Protection and Control REF615
Application Manual”.
[37] ABB Limited (2018). “Test and Commissioning Inspection and Test Report 115/33
kV Substation Hanuman Wind Farm (HWF)”.
APPENDICES
117
Appendix A
Raw Data
Figure A-1 Distance trip time of digital substation

118
Figure A-2 Distance trip time of conventional substation

119
Appendix B
Technical data
Figure B-1 Connection diagram of SAM600-CT

120
Figure B-2 Connection diagram of SAM600-VT

121
Figure B-3 Connection diagram of SAM600-TS

122
Figure B-4 Technical data of SAM600 process bus I/O system

123
Figure B-5 Relion 670 series products

124
Figure B-6 Technical data of RED670

125
Appendix C
Single diagram and ANSI code
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
Author Biography
Name – Surname Mr.Rathanak Seoun

Date of Birth 20 May 2000
Present Address Dormitory of Rajamangala University of
Technology Isan (RMUTI), Main Campus,
#744, Suranarai Road, Nai Muang Sub-district,
Muang Nakhonratchasima District,
Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand, 30000
Contact rathanak.seoun@gmail.com
Education
2013-2018 High School,
Science and Mathematics Program,
Hun Sen Angprey High School
Takeo Province, Kingdom of Cambodia
2019-present Bachelor of Electrical Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
(RMUTI)
134
Author Biography
Name – Surname Mr.Chanawee Jirapong

Date of Birth 04 November 2000
Present Address 260/86 Mittraphap Road, Muen Wai Sub-
district, Muang Nakhonratchasima District,
Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand, 30000
Contact shiekchanawee@gmail.com
Education
2013-2018 High School,
Science and Mathematics Program,
Rajsima Witthayalai School,
Nakhonratchasima, Thailand, 30000
2019-present Bachelor of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
(RMUTI),

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สถานีไฟฟ้าแรงสูงดิจิทัล: มาตรฐาน การเชื่อมต่อ ศึกษาการออกแบบ

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

................................................................ Head of Electrical Engineering

Copyright of School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and

Project title Smart Digital Substation: Standard, Connection Code, Review

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project advisors,

Finally, we would be remiss in not mentioning my family, which provides

Table of Contents (Continued)

Table of contents (Continued)

List of figures (Continued)

List of figures (Continued)

List of figures (Continued)

Objective and scope of study

The substations currently use in Thailand mostly are conventional substations,

Therefore, a digital substation is thought out by implementing IEC 61850 standard

1.3 Scope of Study

1.4 Methodology (Research Process/Conceptual Framework)

1.5 Contribution to knowledge

1.6 Procedures and research methodology

Table 1: Thesis project plan

Project detail / June July August September October

Project detail / June July August September October

The substation also functions as a location for safety devices to be installed

2.1.2 Types of switchgear [3]

• Air-insulated switchgear (AIS)

1) Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) [3]

Figure 2.1 Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) [4]

2) Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) [3]

The GIS substations can be installed in various areas, outdoors, indoors,

Figure 2.2 Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) [4]

3) Mix-technology switchgear (MTS) [4]

• AIS in compact or/and combined design

Figure 2.3 Mix-technology switchgear (MTS) [4]

2.1.3 The conception of substation designing [5][11]

Primary system characteristic

Secondary system characteristic

Substation layout considerations

• Application of utility protection and control schemes

Other studies / Field tests

Moreover, the determined standardized for application in individual devices

Table 2.1 Common standard of high-voltage equipment

2.1.4 Choosing the type to be applied [3]

Table 2.2 The reasonable of choosing the type to be applied

Types of Switchgear The advantage The disadvantage

2.1.5 Conventional substation [6][7]

Figure 2.5 Conventional substation [6]

Primary equipment in conventional Substations [8]

Secondary equipment in conventional substation [8]

Figure 2.6 Hardwired from primary to secondary equipment in conventional

Communication of conventional substations [8]

Figure 2.7 Communication of conventional substations

Copper wiring in conventional substations [6][8]

The conventional substation also comes with electromagnetic interference

The design of the conventional substation lacks modern trends in

Figure 2.8 Copper wiring connection in conventional substations [9]

2.1.6 The evolution from conventional substation to digital substation [6][7]

In conventional substations, all data is transmitted via hard-wired copper

In modern substations, there are still copper cables connecting on the

2.2 Digital substation based on IEC 61850 standard [8]

Figure 2.10 IEC 61850 communication bus [10]

2.2.2 The three levels architecture of digital substation [8]

Communication bus in the digital substation