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Chapter 5: Hydrograph Analysis

ER. Saugat Tiwari
Lecturer
SOE, PU

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Hydrograph: It is the plot of the runoff discharge of a stream / river and the
corresponding time duration. i.e., discharge of flow is plotted in y- axis and the
corresponding time in x – axis. Hydrograph determines the peak flood
magnitude of flood for the design of hydraulic structures i.e., a dam, spillway,
bridge, culvert, etc.
• A storm hydrograph/flood hydrograph is a graph showing the relationship
between rainwater and discharge in a river. Discharge is the water flowing in a
river in a given unit of time. The storm hydrograph is mainly used to observe
discharges for given storm events.
• Hydrograph may be single peak or multiple peaks, depending upon the nature
of the storm and characteristics of the catchment.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Factors Affecting the Storm Hydrograph

• Precipitation
• Nature of Surface
• Vegetation Cover: Vegetation can absorb and hinder surface runoff from
reaching the river. In addition, densely vegetated areas in tropical regions can
intercept rainwater and less water reaches the surface as runoff.
• Soil/Rock Type :Porous soils such as sands or rocks such as limestone are
permeable, therefore runoff is reduced and leading to long lag times and
gentler hydrographs.
• Slope: Overland flow (run-off) is highest on steep slopes because infiltration is
reduced, therefore water reaches the river fast (short lag time) and discharge is
high.
• Basin Morphology and size : Small circular catchments will have short lag
times as runoff water quickly reaches the river. High elevated basins results in
high runoff rates which shortens the lag time.
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Components of hydrograph:

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Rising limb: The rising limb is the ascending portion of the hydrograph
corresponding to the increase of discharge due to gradual accumulation of
storage in the channels existing in the area and also over the watershed surface.
The rising limb is also known as the concentration curve.
• The peak or crest: - The peak or crest segment includes the part of the
hydrograph from the inflection point on the rising limb to an inflection point
on the recession limb. The peak segment is the most important part of the
hydrograph because it indicates the peak flow rate. The peak represents the
arrival of flow at the outlet from all the parts.
• Recession limb / falling limb: After the inflection point, there is no inflow to
the stream due to surface runoff. The recession limb extends from the
inflection point, to the point of recommencement of the natural base flow or
ground water flow. The recession limb represents the withdrawal of water from
the storage already built up in the catchment during the earlier phase of the
hydrograph when surface runoff was occurring.
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

Time to peak: TP: It is the time to peak discharge from the

starting point of hydrograph.

Lag Time: TL: It is the time interval from the center of the
mass of rainfall to the center of mass of hydrograph.
Base time: Tb: It is the total time of the direct runoff
hydrograph from the starting point of rising limb to the end of
the recession limb; i.e it is the duration of direct runoff
hydrograph after deducting the base flow from the flood
hydrograph.
Time of concentration: TC: It is the total time required to
flow/ travel water from the most remote / farthest part of the
catchment to its outlet i.e. inlet point considered of river /
stream.

Volume of the stream flow during any period is equal to the

area of the hydrograph between two successive time interval.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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Direct runoff and Base flow

Direct runoff: It is the part of precipitation which appears quickly as flow in
river.
Direct runoff = Surface runoff + subsurface runoff
Base flow: The part of runoff which receives water from the groundwater
storage.
Direct runoff hydrograph: DRH/SRH: It is the portion of the flood
hydrograph which is the contribution of direct surface runoff only. i.e the flood
hydrograph obtained for a certain stream / river may be from the combination of
surface flow (surface runoff) and the base flow/ sub surface runoff (delay flow).
for obtaining the DRH, base flow contribution due to sub surface runoff have to
be deducted from the flood hydrograph.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Method of separation of base flow:

Straight line method: By joining the

points A and B of the starting point of
rising limb and the ending point of
recession limb respectively. the position
of point B can be found out by using
formula
N = 0.83 A 0.20 from the peak discharge of
the flood hydrograph. where,
N = number of days
A = area of catchment in km2

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Method 2: The base flow curve prior to the commencement of the surface
runoff is extended to the line drawn vertically from the peak to determine point
C and is joined with B. line AC and CB separates base flow and surface runoff.

• Method 3: Draw the vertical line from the inflection point Pi ( point on
hydrograph where rainfall end) of recession limb. Again, extend the line from
the lower point of the recession limb E to the line drawn earlier to find the
position of F. join A and F. the line AF and FE separate base flow and surface
flow.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Rainfall excess and effective rainfall:

• Rainfall Excess
• If the initial loss and infiltration loss are subtracted from the total rainfall , the
remaining portion of rainfall is called the rainfall excess.
• Volume of rainfall available for direct surface runoff.
• Rainfall excess = total rainfall – ( Initial loss and infiltration loss)
• Effective rainfall:
• The effective rainfall is the portion of the rainfall which causes direct runoff.
• As the direct runoff includes both the surface runoff and the interflow, the
effective rainfall is slightly greater than the rainfall excess.
• The effective rainfall can be obtained from the hydrograph. The volume of the
direct runoff is obtained from the area of the hydrograph after separating the
base flow.
• The effective rainfall is then obtained from the volume of the direct runoff
divided by the area of catchment.
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Unit Hydrograph, their Application and limitations

• Unit hydrograph: It is the direct runoff hydrograph resulting from the rainfall
excess of 1cm or 1 inch uniformly over the catchment at a constant rate for a
duration of D hrs. rainfall / storm.
• if we know the unit hydrograph of any duration then we can also calculate other
durations unit hydrograph as well as runoff hydrograph and flood hydrograph
i.e., from the unit hydrograph, runoff hydrograph as well as flood hydrograph
can be calculated for different duration as well as ER of other depths.
• Basic assumptions:
• ER has constant intensity of 1/D cm/hr. for effective storm duration of D hrs.
• ER providing 1 cm runoff is distributed uniformly over the entire catchment.
• The base time of DRH resulting from an excess rainfall of given duration is
constant. The time base of DRH and the UH remains same whatever may be the
magnitude of effective rainfall.
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Basic assumptions:
• There is linear response between the ER and the direct runoff discharge. i.e
• DRH ordinates = ER X UH ordinates. if ER is 3cm then DRH will be triple of
UH.
• Given ER will always produce same DRH what ever may be the season of the
year. ( unchanging basin characteristics)
• Features of unit hydrograph:
• Rainfall excess ER = 1cm produces the runoff depth of 1cm.
• continuity = total depth of rainfall excess = total depth of direct runoff
• runoff volume = basin area x runoff depth
• rainfall intensity = 1/D cm/hr.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Uses of unit hydrograph:

• Flood hydrograph can be developed from the unit hydrograph for the extreme
rainfall magnitudes for the design of hydraulic structures.
• Used for water shed simulation models.
• Flood forecasting and warning system based on the observed rainfall in the
basin.
• Once the UH is prepared for a duration of D hr. of a basin, the storm
hydrograph for that basin with any values of other rainfall intensities of same
duration can be developed.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Limitations of UH
• For the area below 2 km2 and above 5000 km2, UH theory cannot be applied.
• Not suitable for long basin.
• Applicable for short duration.
• Precipitation must be from rainfall only and not applicable for basin having
large storage.
• Not applicable for the basins having high / large variations in rainfall
intensities.
• This theory is not very accurate. Accuracy is ±10% only.
• The principle of linearity is not strictly correct. It is found that UH derived
from light rainfall generally, has lower peaks in comparison to heavy rainfall.
• The base period of the DRH is not exactly the same for all storms of same
duration but different intensities.
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Derivation of UH from flood hydrograph, method of superposition and S-

Curve

• Derivation of UH from the flood hydrograph.

• With the given flood hydrograph find the ordinates of DRH by subtracting base
flow. DRH ordinates = Flood Hydrograph ordinates – Base flow
• From the DRH, find the volume of runoff. i.e Volume of runoff = ∑(𝑄 𝑥 𝛥𝑡)
• Find the depth of Runoff = volume of runoff / catchment area
• Divide each ordinate of DRH by ER depth to find the UH ordinates.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Derivation of unit hydrograph from method of superposition:

• Suppose there is the complex storm of ER of R1, R2 and R3 due consecutive
durations of D hr.
• From the flood hydrograph FH due to the complex storm, the DRH is
calculated by subtracting the base flow contribution.
• DRH ordinates = FH ordinates – base flow
• Assume the ordinates of Unit hydrograph be U1, U2, U3, U4….. Un
• Calculate DRH due to first ER of R1 depth = U1R1, U2R1, U3R1, U4R1
UnR1
• Again, Calculate the DRH due to second ER of R2 depth lagging by D hr.
DRH = U1R2, U2R2, U3R2, U4R2 UnR2
• Similarly, Calculate the DRH due to third ER of R3 depth lagging by another
D hr. DRH = U1R3, U2R3, U3R3, U4R3 UnR3
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Now, sum up all the DRHs i.e Total DRH of each D- hr. will be
• then, U1R1 = Q1
• U2R1 + U1R2 = Q2
• U3R1+ U2R2+ U1R3 = Q3
• U4R1+ U3R2+ U2R3 = Q4
• and so on ….
• where Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Qn are the ordinates of DRH.
• solving these terms then values of U1, U2, U3, U4… Un can be worked out

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Computation of runoff from given UH for single storm

• A storm hydrograph of duration D hr can be developed from the unit
hydrograph of D hr duration.
• 1- Determine the effective rainfall depth from the rainfall hyetograph and
given Ф – index.
• 2- Compute the ordinate of direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) by multiplying
the ordinate of UH by rainfall excess.
• 3- Add the base flow to the direct runoff hydrograph ordinate to obtain the
storm hydrograph.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Computation of runoff from given UH for multiple storm

• For Multiple storms
• The unit Hydrograph (UH) and effective rainfall for multiple durations is given. The
storm hydrograph can be calculated by using principle of proportionality and
superposition as described below.
• Determine the different effective rainfall depths (Re1, Re2, Re3...) from the rainfall
hyetograph and given Ф - index.
• Multiply the ordinate of UH by first rainfall excess. (DHR₁ = UH X Re1).
• From second rainfall excess onwards, multiply the ordinate of UH by rainfall excess
by lagging with a time interval equal to the time interval of rainfall excess.
• (DRH₂ =UHX Re2 (lagged by D hour) and DRH3 =UHxRe3 (lagged by 2D hour)
• Add the ordinates of DRH for each rainfall excess to get total direct runoff.
• (DRH = DRH1+DRH2+DRH3)
• To compute total runoff, add baseflow to DR. (Q = DRH +Q)
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Unit hydrograph of different duration

• The unit hydrograph of various durations should be derived by the analysis of
the storm hydrograph of the same duration. But if the storm hydrograph for the
storms of required duration are not available, the unit hydrograph of other
durations can be used to develop the unit hydrograph of the required duration.
• Two methods are available for this purpose:
• 1) Method of superposition
• B) S- curve
• N = D’/D
• D= duration of given UH,
• D’ = Duration of required UH
• If n is integer, use superposition methods
• If n is fraction, use S- curve methods
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• A: Method of superposition:
• If a D-h unit hydrograph is available, and it is desired to develop a unit
hydrograph of nD h, where n is integer , it is easy accomplished by superposing
n unit hydrograph with each graph separated from the pervious one by D h. If
the two unit hydrograph are added graphically or analytically, the combined
hydrograph (3) is obtained.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• S- Curve
• If it is desired to develop a unit hydrograph of duration mD, where m is a
fraction, the method of superposition cannot be used.
• A different techniques known as the S- curve method is adopted.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Consider two D - hr S- curves displaced by T h

• If the ordinates of B are subtracted from that of A, the resulting curve is a
DRH produced by a rainfall excess of duration T h and magnitude (1/ D * T)
cm.
• Hence if the ordinate differences A and B i.e. (SA-SB) are divided by T/D,
the resulting ordinates denote a hydrograph due to an ER of 1cm and of
duration T hr.
• i.e. T hr unit hydrograph.

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Steps
• Calculate, m = T/D
• Compute S-curve addition (=S (t-D)).
• Compute the ordinate of S-curve.
• S = UH(t)+ S(t-D)
• Lag the ordinates of S, hydrograph by the duration T. This is S₂.
• Ordinate of T-hour UH= (S₁-S₂)/m

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Numerical 1: Given below are the observed flows from a storm of 6-h duration
on a stream with a catchment area of of 500 km2. Assume the base flow be zero.
Determine the ordinates of 6-h unit hydrograph.
Time h 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

Observed flow 0 100 250 200 150 100 70 50 35 25 15 5 0

m3/s

• Solution: DRH ordinates = 6-h

Time h Flood hydrograph Base FH ordinates – base flow unit hydrograph
ordinates flow DRH = FH – Base flow ordinates
UH = DRH / ER
0 0 0 0 0
6 100 0 100 23.26
12 250 0 250 58.14
18 200 0 200 46.51
24 150 0 150 34.88
30 100 0 100 23.26
36 70 0 70 16.28
42 50 0 50 11.63
48 35 0 35 8.14
54 25 0 25 5.81
60 15 0 15 3.49
66 5 0 5 1.16
72 0 0 0 0
∑𝐷𝑅𝐻 = 1000m3/s

Volume of runoff =Area under DRH = ∑𝐷𝑅𝐻 𝑥 𝛥𝑡 = 1000m3/s x (6h x 60 x 60) s = 21600000m3
Depth of ER = volume / Area of catchment = 21600000m3 / (500km2 x 106) m2 = 0.043m = 4.3cm
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Numerical 2: The ordinate of 6 h unit hydrograph is given below.

Time h 0 3 6 9 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

6-h unit 0 150 250 450 600 800 700 600 450 320 200 100 50 0
hydrograph

A storm had three successive 6-h intervals of rainfall magnitudes of 3, 5 and 4cm
respectively. Assuming ф- index of 0.20cm/h and a base flow of 30m3/s; determine
the resulting hydrograph of flow.

Solution:
• From the question,
• the infiltration loss per 6 hours = 0.20cm/hr x 6hr = 1.2cm
• Now Excess Rainfall of 1st 6 h duration of rainfall = R1 = 3-1.2 = 1.8cm
• ER of 2nd 6 h duration = R2 = 5-1.2 = 3.8cm
• ER of 3rd 6 h duration = R3 = 4-1.2 = 2.8cm
• DRH = UH x ER= UH x R
• Base flow = 30 m3/s
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

DRH1 due to DRH3 due

DRH2 due to
1st ER of R1= to3st ER of Total Flood
Ordinates 2st ER of R2=
Time h 1.8cm R3= 2.8cm DRH= Base hydrograph
of 3.8cm lagged
= UH x 1.8 Lagged by 1+2+3 flow = Total DRH + Base
6-h UH by 6h
another 6 h m3/s flow m3/s
2
1 3
0 0 0 - -- 0 30 30
3 150 270 - - 270 30 300
6 250 450 0 - 450 30 480
9 450 810 570 - 1380 30 1410
12 600 1080 950 0 2030 30 2060
18 800 1440 2280 700 4420 30 4450
24 700 1260 3040 1680 5980 30 6010
30 600 1080 2660 2240 5980 30 6010
36 450 810 2280 1960 5050 30 5080
42 320 576 1710 1680 3966 30 3996
48 200 360 1216 1260 2836 30 2866
54 100 180 760 896 1836 30 1866
60 50 90 380 560 1030 30 1060
66 0 0 190 280 470 30 500
72 - - 0 140 140 30 170
78 - - -BY Er. Saugat Tiwari 0 0 30 30

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• Numerical 3: The ordinates of 2 h unit hydrograph are given:

Time h 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

2-h UH 0 25 100 160 190 170 110 70 30 20 6 0

ordinates

• Determine the ordinates of S- curve hydrograph and using this determine the
ordinates of 6 h unit hydrograph.
• Also determine the 6-h UH by method of superposition.
• Solution:

• Calculation of S – curve ordinates and determining 6-h UH

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Calculation of S – curve ordinates and determining 6-h UH

6 h UH
S curve lagged by
2-h UH S curve S curve DRH of 6 h of 6/2 = ordinates =
Time h 6h
ordinates m3/s addition m3/s ordinates = S1 3cm ER = S1-S2 DRH / 3
= S2
m3/s
0 0 - 0 - 0 0
2 25 0 25 - 25 8.33
4 100 25 125 - 125 41.67
6 160 125 285 0 285 95
8 190 285 475 25 450 150
10 170 475 645 125 520 173.33
12 110 645 755 285 470 156.67
14 70 755 825 475 350 116.67
16 30 825 855 645 210 70
18 20 855 875 755 120 40
20 6 875 881 825 56 18.67
22 0 881 881 855 26 8.67
24 - 881 881 875 6 2
26 - 881 881 881 0 0

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Calculation of 6- h UH by using method of super position from 2-h UH

6- h Uh
2-h UH 2h UH lagged by Total DRH of 6h of
Time h 2h UH lagged by 2 h ordinates =
ordinates m3/s another 2 h 3cm ER
DRH / 3cm
0 0 - - 0 0
2 25 0 - 25 8.33
4 100 25 0 125 41.67
6 160 100 25 285 95
8 190 160 100 450 150
10 170 190 160 520 173.33
12 110 170 190 470 156.67
14 70 110 170 350 116.67
16 30 70 110 210 70
18 20 30 70 120 40
20 6 20 30 56 18.67
22 0 6 20 26 8.67
24 - 0 6 6 2
26 - - BY Er. Saugat Tiwari 0 0 0

• Numerical 4: Following are the ordinates of hydrograph from a catchment area

of 770 km2 due to 6 hr rainfall. Derive the ordinates of flood hydrograph due to
3.3 cm and 5.5 cm effective rainfall of duration 12- h.
Time h 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

Q 40 65 215 360 400 350 270 205 145 100 70 50 40

m3/s

• Solution:
• Calculation of 6-h UH and 12 h unit hydrograph by assuming base flow of 40
m3/s

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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Ordinates of DRH 6- h UH 12 -h UH
Base flow m3/s ordinates 6-h UH Total DRH of ordinates
flood hydrograph ordinates m3/s = lagged by 6 h 12 -h of = Total DRH
Time h m3/s 2cm ER m3/s /2
DRH /5
m3/s (2) m3/s m3/s
(1) = (1) - (2)
0 - 0 0
0 40 40 0
5 0 5 2.5
6 65 40 25
35 5 40 20
12 215 40 175
64 35 99 49.50
18 360 40 320
24 400 40 360 72 64 136 68
30 350 40 310 62 72 134 67
36 270 40 230 46 62 108 54
42 205 40 165 33 46 79 39.50
48 145 40 105 21 33 54 27
54 100 40 60 12 21 33 16.50
60 70 40 30 6 12 18 9
66 50 40 10 2 6 8 4
72 40 40 0 0 2 2 1
78 - - - - 0 0 0
∑𝑸=1790 m3/s

Excess Rainfall for the given catchment = (1790m3/s x 6h x 60 x60) / (770 x 106) =
0.050m = 5cm
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

DRH2 due to 2nd Resulting Flood

DRH1 due to 1st 3.3 cm
12-h UH 5.5cm ER lagged Hydrograph
ER of 12h= Total DRH =
Time h ordinates by 12 h
12-hUH x 3.3
(A)+(B) = Total DRH + Base
m3/s =12-hUH x 5.5 flow
(A)
(B) 40m3/s
0 0 0 - 0 40
6 2.5 8.25 - 8.25 48.25
12 20 66 0 66 106
18 49.50 163.35 13.75 177.10 217.10
24 68 224.40 110 334.40 374.40
30 67 221.10 272.25 493.35 533.35
36 54 178.20 374 552.20 592.20
42 39.50 130.35 368.5 498.85 538.85
48 27 89.10 297 386.10 426.10
54 16.50 54.45 217.25 271.70 311.40
60 9 29.70 148.50 178.20 218.20
66 4 13.20 90.75 103.95 143.95
72 1 3.30 49.50 52.80 92.80
78 0 0 22 22 62
84 - - 5.5 5.5 45.5
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari
90 - - 0 0 40

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• Numerical 5: The ordinates of 1-h unit hydrograph at 1-hour intervals are 5, 8,

5, 3, and 1 m3/ s. Calculate
• Watershed area represented by this unit hydrograph.
• S- curve hydrograph derived from this unit hydrograph and find 2-h UH
• 2- h unit hydrograph for the catchment using method of super position
Solution
S- curve S- curve DRH of 2h
ordinates lagged by 2- of 2/1 cm = 2-h UH
Time h 1-h UH S- curve h 2cm ER ordinates 2 hrs unit
ordinates addition
= DRH/2cm ER hydrograph =
S1 curve S2 S1-S2
DRH / (D’/D)
0 0 - 0 - 0 0
=DRH /(2/1)
1 5 0 5 - 5 2.5

2 8 5 13 0 13 6.5
3 5 13 18 5 13 6.5

4 3 18 21 13 8 4

5 1 21 22 18 4 2
6 0 22 22 21 1 0.50
7 - 22 22 22 0 0
∑𝑄
= 22 m3/s BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

• Area of the catchment = volume / ER = (22 x 1 x 3600) / (1cm/100) = 7920000m2= 7.92 km2
• Method of super position

1-hUH DRH
1-h UH m3/s lagged by of 2h of 2cm
Time h 2-h UH = DRH/2
(1) ER
another
1 h. (2) 1+2

0 0 - 0 0
1 5 0 5 2.5
2 8 5 13 6.5
3 5 8 13 6.5
4 3 5 8 4
5 1 3 4 2
6 0 1 1 0.50
7 - 0 0 0
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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• Numerical 6: Given below is a 12-hr UH. Derive 6-hr UH

T(hrs) 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
UH (m3/s) 0 103 279 165 78 36 20 11 5 3 0

• Solution:
• Required duration of UH (D’) = 6hrs
• Given duration (D) = 12 hrs
• n= D’/D = 0.5
To derive UH of 6hrs , the interval of ordinate of given UH should be at least 6 hr.
Plot given UH versus t on a graph paper and get the values of UH at 6 hr interval.
S curve addition = Ordinate of s- curve at (t-D)
Ordinate of S curve (S1) = ordinate of UH + S- curve addition
S2 = S1 lagged by 6 hrs
6-hr UH = (S1-S2)/(D’/D) = (S1-S2)/ 0.5

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

12-Unit Hydrograph
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
12-Unit Hydrograph

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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Compution of 6-hrs UH
6-hr UH
t(hrs) UH (m3/s) S curve addition S1 S2 6-hr UH
corrected
0 0 0 0 0
6 48 48 0 96 96
12 103 0 103 48 110 110
18 191 48 239 103 272 272
24 279 103 382 239 286 286
30 238 239 477 382 190 190
36 165 382 547 477 140 140
42 117 477 594 547 94 94
48 78 547 625 594 62 62
54 53 594 647 625 44 44
60 36 625 661 647 28 28
66 27 647 674 661 26 26
72 20 661 681 674 14 14
78 15 674 689 681 16 16
84 11 681 692 689 6 6
90 8 689 697 692 10 4
96 5 692 697 697 0 0
102 4 697 701 697 8 0
108 3 697 700 701 -2 0
114 2 701 703 700 6 0
120 0 700 700 703 -6 0
BY Er. Saugat Tiwari
126 703 700 700 0 0

•Thanks

BY Er. Saugat Tiwari

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