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WIRELINE LOGGING MANUAL V1 Ch1 Intro to ODP Logging

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 WIRELINE LOGGING

MANUAL

OCEAN DRIT.LING
PROGRAM

Prepared By:
The Borehole Research Group
of the
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Wrreline Logging Contractor for the Ocean Drilling Program

VOLUME I
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

INTRODUCTION

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, as the prime logging contractor

for the Ocean Drilling Project, is contracted to supply a full suite of
geophysical and geochemical services which involve the acquisition,
processing, and presentation in usable scientific form to JOIDES scientists
of in situ logging measurements. Our charge is to provide state-of-the-art
"oil industry" logging customized to the scientific needs of JOIDES
scientists, plus certain specialty logs which, though not generally
available, are of particular usefulness to scientific logging. We also
provide interpretation and dissemination services so that JOIDES scientists
can use these logs to help solve their particular scientific problems.

To direct us in these duties, the JOIDES Planning Committee has

designated the Downhole Measurements Panel to plan long-term equipment and
services development, to assist in the identification of new technology, to
assist in recruiting scientific logging scientists to participate in each
ODP leg, and to coordinate and integrate the L-DGO logging services with
other downhole measurements programs planned for ODP legs.

Manual Organization

The ODP Logging Manual consists of two volumes. The first volume
describes shipboard operations, data acquisition, the principles of
operation of the logging tools, and logging times. The second volume
describes the application of these measurements to the scientific objectives
of the Ocean Drilling Program.

Volume 1 is further subdivided into three chapters. The first chapter

provides an overview of shipboard operations and of the responsibilities of
the logging personnel and briefly acquaints the reader with various types of
logging measurements. The next section shortly describes the physics behind
each log measurement, the primary application and the form in which the
preliminary data are presented. The final chapter discusses logging times,
including the times required for individual logging steps and equations for
calculation of total logging time.

1
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

CHA P T E R I

Structure of the Logging Service

The Borehole Research Group at Lamont-Doherty consists of the personnel

and management structure shown in Table 1. As a joint research effort with
Stanford University, we are involved in a wide array of scientific logging
investigations on the continents, as well as with the Ocean Drilling
Program. This broad scientific scope benefits JOIDES logging services in two
direct ways. First, tools and techniques developed throughout the logging
industry are examined for their applicability to ODP needs often long before
they are commercial products. Consequently, the JOIDES RESOLUTION is
presently equipped with the most advanced multi-element (geochemical)
nuclear logging technology, borehole imaging, and multi-channel sonic
logging capability available to even the largest of oil companies. Second,
the land program affords us the crucial opportunity to field test tools and
processing techniques before they become operational on the RESOLUTION. The
down-time in JOIDES holes is significantly reduced.

The Logging Services for ODP consist of three major components. First,
we subcontract Schlumberger Offshore Services for basic oil-field type
services. Schlumberger, the industry leader, supplies us with their state-
of-the-art commercial logging services on every leg of the ODP. Second, Mark
Zoback, at Stanford University, is a subcontractor for the adaptation of
specialty logging services which are not available through Schlumberger. At
the present time we have borehole imaging and 12 channel sonic logging
available to ODP scientists from Lamont-Doherty Borehole Research Group
personnel. Each year, we hope to bring on-line a new specialty tool to add
to the scientific logging capability aboard the ship. Third, a log analysis
center at Lamont-Doherty has computer processing, log analysis and
interpretation services ready for the ODP scientist's use after leaving the
ship. This center is designed to provide the JOIDES scientist with the
interpretive skills and tools to solve his geological problems with the
assistance of these sophisticated in situ measurements from beneath the
ocean floor.
To carry out the program at sea, there are three logging personnel on
each ODP leg: a logging scientist from the JOIDES scientific community, a
Schlumberger field engineer to operate their tools, and a L-DGO logging
staff scientist to assist the co-chiefs and logging scientist in the design,
implementation and subsequent interpretation of the logging program on each
leg. The JOIDES logging scientist is selected by Texas A & M, from
applicants approved by the Downhole Measurements Panel.

Data Acquisition Overview

Geophysical log data are recorded using probes which are lowered on the
end of a wireline through the drillpipe and into the previously drilled
borehole. The depth at which the measurements are made is determined
primarily by measuring the length of cable run into the hole. Small but

2
 TABLE I

JOIDES JOI, Inc.

T
I
PCOM
Columbia Univ. TeusA&M
LOGO UnMtrlity
Wirellne Logging Science Operator
Service Operator

JOIDES
Downhole
Measurements I
Panel

LOGO
BOREHOLE
RESEARCH GROUP

I I I 1
Stanford Univ.
SCHWMBERGER LOGO. BAG LOGO. BAG Special
Std. Logging Shipboard Systems Logging
Operations H Log Analysis Development
H Tool
on ship Development

LOGo-BAG
Log Analysis
Center

BOREHOLE GROUP PERSONNEL

of Dr. Roger N.Anderson Log Analyst: Ms. Cristina Broglia

overall re10ponaibility <>f HRG uperationa
and ODP logging.
Chief Scientist: Dr.Rich Jarrard
Long-ten. planning of logging prograa
in cooperation with Joides Planning
Comaittee,regional and thematic panels,
and Downhole Panel. Develops
acientific applications and uses of ODP
loga.
Scientist-in-charae: Dr.David
Responsible for the operation of LAC
and Shipboard Log Analysis Facility and
interfacing with Stanford University and
SchlUllberger.
Operations Manager: Ms. Xeaia
Golovchenko
Responsible for managing BKG operations and
the LOGO-BRG contract with JOI and
subcontracts with Schlumberger and Stanford
University.
--opernt<·ii-the I.AC under th" direction of the
Scientist-in-charge. Assists visiting
scientists in running log analysis prograas
and manages logg!ng database and data
distribution.
Log Processing Technician: Ms.Beth Prataon
Logistics Knnager: Mr. David Roach
Duties include procure.ant
inventory aanage.ent related to the
daily operations of BRG.
Computer Systeaa Manager: Mr.Kike Hobart
Electronic-Kechanic:>l Technician: Kr.John Schwartz
Truck Technician:Mr. O'Dowd
Responsible for maintenance and
operation of the logging truck.
Ms.Janice Gittings
Graduate Students: Mr.Colin Willin••,
Mr. Phillippe Pezard , Kr .Craig Wilkinson ,
Mr. Alain Molinie
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

significant errors in this depth measurement can result from cable stretch,
small horizontal offsets of the ship and wave motion. Because much of the
analysis of wireline logs depends on the ability to compare at each depth
the results from different lowerings of the various tool combinations, each
combination includes some form of gamma-ray detector. In general, different
logging runs can be depth-shifted using this common measurement. Once the
depths have been corrected to a common point, identifiable horizons such as
the sediment/basement contact or the bottom of the drillpipe can be used to
relate the log depth to the drilling depth. As the length of logged section
is usually small compared to the water depth, slight residual cable stretch
will not degrade the correlation between log depth and drill depth. However,
as core recovery is seldom 100%, the exact relationship between core samples
within a given coring run and log data recorded over the cored interval is
ambiguous. The correlation can be improved by running a gamma-ray or
velocity log on the core before sampling.

The Schlurnberger logging tools can be stacked so that each type of

measurement does not require a separate lowering. The three lowerings of the
Schlurnberger logging tools are described below. Due to the stacking process
and the finite separation between the individual measurement points, a few
meters at the very bottom of the hole cannot be logged completely. The
maximum length of hole for which data is lost is different for each
measurement, and will be described below.

Each specialty log is recorded during a separate lowering. Log data

are recorded whenever the logging sonde is moving in the open hole.
Downgoing logs are recorded both to ensure that the tool string has not
stopped at a hole constriction (to prevent tangling of the logging cable)
and to ensure that if the tool fails during its descent some data will have
been recorded. However, data recorded during the ascent out of the hole
are more reliable, as tool motion is less erratic. An exception to this is
temperature logging, which must be done on the down-going pass.

Data are recorded at half-foot (0.1524 m) intervals in the borehole.

This interval is more than adequate for rock properties analysis. However,
if data need to be sampled as a function of time (for instance, to invert
tool motion data to monitor the performance of the heave compensator) slow
logging speeds increase the length of time between samples. For example, a
logging speed of 300 feet(hour yields data points at one-minute intervals.

SCHLUMBERGER LOGS

The logs most commonly run in the ODP wells are Schlumberger logs. The
Schlurnberger logging tools, run by the Schlurnberger engineer, are combined
into multiple-tool strings for efficient operations. We presently operate
three standard tool combinations: the seismic stratigraphic, the litho-
porosity, and the geochemical combinations. Some overlap exists between
these combinations, and some measurements are common to two lowerings.
However, the data are synergistic in the sense that some of the more
sophisticated post-processing and analysis cannot be accomplished without

3
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

data from all three lowerings. An additional sonde component which measures
vector magnetic field, hole azimuth and hole deviation can be run with
either the litho-porosity or geochemistry package.
In general, Schlumberger sondes are less than 3.675" in diameter in
order to fit through the ODP drillpipe and are rated to 350 °F. Table 2
presents a summary of these tools and of their applications.

Seismic Stratigraphic Combination

The seismic stratigraphic combination includes the long spacing sonic

(LSS), dual induction (DIL), gamma ray (GR), and caliper (MCD) tools. Its
value to seismic stratigraphy is that it directly measures compressional
wave sound velocity and indirectly measures the two variables that most
often affect velocity: porosity and clay mineral percentage.

Litho-porosity Combination

The litho-porosity combination includes natural gamma spectrometry

(NGT), lithodensity (LDT), and compensated neutron (CNT-G) tools. This
combination provides measurements of formation porosity and density as well
as an estimate of the proportions of the primary radioactive elements (U, K,
;md Th).

Geochemical Combination

The geochemical combination includes natural gamma spectrometry (NGT),

induced gamma ray spectrometry (GST), and the aluminum clay tool (ACT; a
second NGT paired with a Californium-source CNT-G neutron tool). Its value
to geochemistry comes from its ability to measure relative concentrations of
11 elements: silicon, calcium, iron, sulphur, aluminum, manganese, hydrogen,
chlorine, potassium, thorium, and uranium.

Dual Laterolog

Induction logging probes do not produce reliable results in highly

resistive formations such as oceanic basalts. The Schlumberger Dual Latera-
log (DLL) provides the deeper measurement of resistivity into the rock with
high precision at high resistivities.

Magnetometer/Hole Orientation

An additional measurement cartridge (the GPIT) can be included in the

string of the litho-porosity or geochemical combination, to determine hole
azimuth and deviation and the vector components of the magnetic field.
Although this device is not oriented gyroscopically, magnetic field
inclination can be measured accurately. The device also monitors vertical
and horizontal accelerations applied to the logging probe and thus can be
used to determine the effects of ship heave on the logging run.

Well Seismic Tool

The WST is a wellbore clamped single-component geophone used to record

vertical seismic profiles in a borehole. It provides a measure of formation

4
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rill.!>
...:10
- l'il
..:I
lXI
APPLICATION
..
TABLE 2 ,:(

SHIPBOARD LOGGING TOOLS

l:t:P.
Ul:Z:H
zH ....... ilo.ll
... )4 8+1
0811. ....
lXI )4(!) UlS::
...,. ClO E-o HCll
AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 0 l!l<l H
u or: Ul f.r.J(ll 0::
0 :Z:r-i f.r.J
•til<: :CW UCll :c
... H>-4
l1lJl
e-oz
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0
11.
0
w .... 8
0
LOG ACRONYM PRINCIPLE Ul Cl-

sonic LSS travel time of sound N rX G F G -

(2 receivers)
Resistivity
-shallow SFL resistivity to current N X F F VG -
-medium
-deep
ILM
ILD
induced current
induced current
N
N -x
F
F
F
F
VG
VG --
Gamma ray GR natural gamma-ray emissions N f-X p VG - -
Caliper CALI hole diameter N - .p - - •
Dual laterolog DLL resistivity to current N . X F F VG -
Neutron porosity CNT-G absorption of bombarding y p F VG 1
(1\rn/Be source) neutrons
Spectral gamma ray
Density
NGT
LOT
natural gamma-ray emissions
absorption of bombarding
ganuna rays
y
N
t;- p VG
G G
-
G
3
-
Gamma spectroscopy GST capture of bombarding neutrons y x- F VG F 6
Neutron porosity ACT absorption of bombarding y X p F VG 2
(Cf source) neutrons
12 Channel sonic MCS travel time of sound N X VG F G - u
(12 receivers)
Televiewer BIITV travel time + reflectivity of N X p F - - fil#
borehole wall
Three axis GPIT oriented field N X- p F - - ####
Maanetometer including
* usefulness of tool for VG=very good, G=good, F=fair·r P=poor
** logs other than sonic and density are converted to pseudosonic or pseudodensity, based on
known log responses to lithology and porosity
*** percentages of minerals with greater than 3% abundance are determined from simultaneous
inversion of several logs
# quality control for other logs
## shear velocity, apparent attenuation
### stress directions, fracture orientations, structural dip, formation morphology
#### magnetic reversals, stratigraphy, fault zones
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

velocity at seismic frequencies by measuring the travel-time between a

surface seismic shot and the wellbore geophone. The origin of reflected
energy can be determined by following upgoing energy downward to the
reflecting horizon. Estimates of depths to reflectors below the total depth
can be made with this experiment. These data are useful in depth correlating
reflectors on nearby seismic lines. The WST is not routinely aboard the
JOIDES RESOLUTION but is available for specific legs.

Tool Calibration

Standard logging tools are usually calibrated for optimum response in

sedimentary rocks. In order to verify the calibration in other lithologies,
the ODP Schlumberger LDT density, CNT-G neutron, and NGT spectral gamma,
were run in hard rock test pits at the Denver Federal Center. All log
responses were within the range of core measurements. The ACT/GST
geochemical tools are calibrated for each site using core measurements.

SPECIALTY LOGS

The Ocean Drilling Program owns two types of logging tools (borehole
televiewer and multichannel sonic) which are run by the L-DGO Logging Staff
representative.

Borehole Televiewer

Borehole acoustic televiewers are employed to detect and evaluate

fractures and bedding intersecting the borehole wall. An acoustic beam scans
horizontally around the circumference of the borehole wall as the tool is
moved vertically. Televiewers are very sensitive and can outline quite small
features such as fractures, vugs or other large size porosity and bedding
planes. The dip and orientation of fractures or bedding planes in the
formation can frequently be determined. Measurement of the travel-time of
the reflected pulse yields a 360 degree caliper log which can be used to
detect spalled zones in the wellbore related to horizontal stresses.

Multichannel Sonic Log

The complete waveform of the acoustic or sonic signal is recorded by

the MCS log at each of 12 receivers spaced 15 em apart. Subsequent waveform
analysis allows one to determine velocities of compressional waves, shear
waves, Stoneley and normal modes, as well as compressional wave energy and
frequency content. Thus the various elastic properties of the formation can
be estimated. Due to the number and spacing of the receivers, this tool
yields significantly better results than the Schlumberger two-channel
waveform log.

by Shipboard Scientists

A wide variety of other measurements has been made in boreholes on

land. Many of these have also been obtained on the JOIDES RESOLUTION by

5
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

members of the scientific party of various legs. These include long-spaced

resistivity, precision temperature, magnetic susceptibility, and
gyroscopically oriented vector magnetic field. Measurements that have been
made on land but have not yet been recorded in ODP coreholes include non-
linear complex resistivity, induced polarization, and circumferential
acoustic logs.

Occasionally, shipboard scientists bring specialty logging equipment on

board to run experiments at particular sites. Examples of these include
magnetic susceptibility run by Jim Scott on Leg 102 and by Kristian Krammer
on Leg 109 and 3-axis magnetic field determinations by Wilhelm Bosum on Leg
102. Software is available to permit data acquisition on the L-DGO logging
computer.

There are several restrictions which should be noted by prospective

logging investigators. These include the TAMU weight restriction (100 lbs.
floating for uncentralized tools and 200 lbs. floating for tools with
centralizers), the limitations in cable speed (100 m(hr lower limit), the
specifications of the cable (7 conductors, 170 ohm line resistance, G-0
cable-head or your own pigtail), the determination of depth (500 ppf
quadrature signal), and the amount of space available for staging the log
and recording the data (severely limited).

LOG ANALYSIS FACILITIES

Preliminary log analysis is undertaken on board the JOIDES RESOLUTION

followed by the full complement of log analysis after each cruise. Also, a
hands-on work station at Lamont is available for post-cruise log analysis by
interested scientists. As further analysis techniques are developed, these
will be implemented and tested first at Lamont and then incorporated into
the shipboard log analysis system. Both shipboard and Lamont log analysis
facilities utilize compatible MASSCOMP computers.

MASSCOMP Data Acquisition and Computer Analysis

Specialty borehole logs acquired on the ODP drillship are controlled by

and recorded on a MASSCOMP 561 data acquisition and display system. The MC-
561 is a 32 bit Unix-based minicomputer system designed specifically to
facilitate real-time operations. An independently controlled subsystem
performs the data acquisition tasks, and a separate graphics processor
simultaneously displays the acquired data in real-time. In addition, an
integral array processor/floating point processor combination enhances
computational performance, enabling the MC-561 to compute Fast Fourier
Transforms quickly and to handle the sophisticated image processing required
for interpretation of BHTV images. Hard-copy output of the results of these
calculations is provided by a Versatec V-SOF electrostatic plotter.

Programs have been developed to run the MCS and BHTV logs described
elsewhere in this manual. General-purpose data acquisition routines are also
available which can record the data from a wide variety of experimental

6
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

logs. These include a continuous logging program and programs to record data
from hydraulic fracturing experiments and flow tests. The primary reason for
installation of the MC-561 in the downhole measurement lab is to provide a
general-purpose, flexible system which can be used to record data from any
experiment which can be run from a wireline. For this purpose, we expect to
be able to work closely with scientists interested in running unique
experiments which would benefit from the real-time capabilities of the
MASSCOMP system.

As the MC-561 is fully programmable in Fortran or C, additional

analysis routines can be developed easily while on the ODP drill ship. With
adequate advanced warning, a specific applications package including data
acquisition, display and analysis can be developed before the ship sails for
any specialty experiment.

Schlumberger Log Analysis

The computer on the Schlumberger recording sled (designated CSU) is

designed primarily for data acquisition and display of the primary log
curves. However, it can run a few analyses to obtain a "quick look" at
computed values. In general, however, the CSU is used only for data
acquisition and to produce clean data tapes and log, playbacks for the
shipboard party.

Terralog Log Analysis

The MASSCOMP logging computer in the Downhole Measurements Lab runs a

log analysis package called Terralog, which can do log cross-plots,
lithologic analyses and corrections as well as displaying the new analyses
in standard log format. Once a data tape has been copied for use on this
system the L-DGO and JOIDES scientists perform these analyses in the course
of preparing the logging chapter of the shipboard report.

Specialty Log Processing

The specialty logs must be processed before the data are interpreted.
This is accomplished using programs developed at L-DGO and Stanford which
run on the MASSCOMP logging computer. For the BHTV this includes the
calculation of a 3-D caliper log, a hole volume log (useful for analysis of
falling head tests), a surface roughness log, and an oriented ellipticity
log, which can be used to determine the orientation of the horizontal
principal stresses acting on a borehole. Image enhancement techniques to
improve the BHTV images and to quantitatively determine fracture properties
will also be available. For the MCS log, analysis and display software
includes calculations of compressional, shear and Stoneley velocities using
a modified semblance technique, estimations of energy and frequency content
for the primary borehole modes, and frequency-domain and slowness filtering
to enhance particular arrivals. The range of analysis techniques is limited
only by the scientific interests of the shipboard party. The resulting data
can be displayed on the Versatec plotter in a variety of formats.

7
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

Specialty Log Interpretation

The borehole televiewer data can be reduced to provide a fracture log

and a log of detected structural features. Where present, breakout
orientation can be used to determine the orientation of the greatest and
least horizontal principal stresses.

The MCS data can be analyzed to obtain improved compressional and shear
wave velocities. Estimates of amplitude and frequency content of the
arrivals can be obtained which can be related to fracturing and attenuation
near the wellbore.

Cross-correlation of the Schlumberger logs with borehole televiewer

fracture, void and bedding information and the multi-channel sonic data
allow identification at sea of such geological targets as over and under
pressure zones, fault zones, dip changes and geophysical boundaries such as
reflector horizons seen from surface multi-channel seismic profiling.

Shore-based analysis

All of these analyses are also available at the L-DGO Log Analysis
Center. In addition, an Energy Systems log analysis package is available.
This user-friendly system is menu driven and produces camera-ready log
plots. It is also used for archiving and data distribution.

Interested scientists are invited to come to the center to take

advantage of its facilities.

Log Distribution

After logging is completed at each site, a limited number of copies of

the standard log curves are prepared, typically displayed at a 1:500 or
1:200 depth scale. These are distributed to the co-chiefs and to the JOIDES
staff scientist; additional copies are distributed upon request to
interested members of the shipboard party.

After the data are returned to L-DGO, they are archived and composite
curves are prepared for distribution. A request form is sent to each member
of the scientific party. When requests are received, the requested data
are plotted or copied to magnetic tape in the desired format and sent to the
individual scientist.

SHIPBOARD OPERATIONS

Shipboard Personnel
On any given ODP cruise there are three individuals responsible for
logging operations and log analysis. The Schlumberger logging engineer
operates the Schlumberger equipment and is responsible for the recording and
playback of the Schlumberger logs. He also works with the logging scientists

8
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

to ensure that the data are correct. He is directed in this work by the
Lamont Logging Staff Scientist.

The Lamont-Doherty Logging Staff Scientist oversees the Schlurnberger

engineer to ensure that the log data are valid. The staff scientist also
works with the JOIDES logging scientist to put together a logging plan for
each borehole. He or she also attends the pre-cruise meeting to present to
the co-chiefs a description of the log measurements and a tentative logging
plan with time estimates, to allow the logs to be integrated into the
overall cruise plan. The logging staff scientist operates the Lamont
specialty logs and the logging computer. Postcruise archiving, distribution
and playback for the Initial Reports Volume are the responsibility of the
logging scientist on that cruise. In this operation he or she is
assisted by the L-DGO log analyst.

The JOIDES logging scientist is selected from among the individuals

recommended by the JOIDES Downhole Measurements Panel and is the person on
the ship who is primarily responsible for development of the scientific
logging plan, scientific log interpretation, and preparation of the logging
chapters of the shipboard and later scientific reports.

The Equipment

Logging operations on the JOIDES RESOLUTION depend on a wide variety of

equipment. Figure 1 shows the location on the ship of the primary
components of the logging system. The logging winch, the Schlurnberger
logging cab, and the heave compensator are located near the stacks at the
aft end of the pipe racker. The Downhole Measurements Lab, just forward of
the rig floor on top of the lab stack, houses the L-DGO Masscomp logging
computer, electronics lab, and tool storage. Space in the DML is shared with
the reentry tools. Specialty logs brought on board by individual scientists
are staged from this area, and the logs themselves are run from a lab which
provides a window looking down on the rig floor. Due to space constraints,
Schlurnberger logging tools are stored on the roof of the lab stack, from
which they are easily mobilized during logging operations. The nuclear
sources used during Schlurnberger logging are stored in shielded containers
below the pipe racking system and are installed in the tools just before
they are run into the hole.

i) Logging winch

The logging winch system is the responsibility of Texas A & M. It

contains almost 10 km of 7-conductor logging cable. The cable is terminated
with a torpedo connection which can be quickly connected to pigtails
terminated with a variety of logging heads. The Schlurnberger engineer
maintains pigtails for connection to his tools. Pigtails terminated with a
Gearhart-Owen 1 1/2 inch 7-conductor logging head are provided for the
specialty logs and for wireline re-entry. In theory, this method allows the
use of any cable-head which can be connected to a 7-conductor cable.
However, no other termination schemes are currently supported on the JOIDES
RESOLUTION.

9
 JOIDES Resolution

1-6: Scientific Labs

7: Downhole Measurements Lab
A: Logging Winch
B: Wireline Heave Compensator
C: Schlurnberger Cab
D: Drill Floor
E: Logging Tool Storage

3 :
: ·_ ·_·_·:: ·_·:: j
f......... J ......... J

Figure 1. Schematic of the drilling ship showing the location of the

primary components of the logging system.
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

The winch can operate at any speed between about 100 m(hr and the safe
maximum working limit set by the ODP Operations Manager. Depth in the hole
is determined by measuring the length of cable run into the hole. The
Schlumberger depth counter transmits 120 pulses per foot and is used during
standard and L-DGO specialty operations. The TAMU depth counter delivers 500
pulses per foot and is used primarily for reentry.

The upper end of the cable is terminated at the TAMU winch cab. A
connection panel there allows the signals to be transmitted either to the
Schlumberger cab, the DML or the Underway Geophysics Lab. A second patch
panel in the DML reroutes the signals to different areas of lab or to
the dynamic positioning shack above the bridge. Each of these connections is
made using a Schlumberger A-K connector.

ii) Schlumberger cab

'
The Schlumberger cab contains the Cyber Service Unit (CSU) logging
computer, which records and plays back the Schlumberger logs. It is powered
by a 12 Kva generator.

iii) Communications

Communications between the DML, winch cab, Schlumberger cab, and the
rig floor are accomplished by a special intercom system not connected to the
shipboard telephones. Thus critical communications between these areas are
not affected by standard telephone traffic.

iv) Weight indication

Line weight is determined by a load cell which measures the tension on

a sheave mounted on the rig floor. Using the line weight indicator, the
winch operator can usually determine whether the probes are sticking during
descent or ascent. However, line weight varies with ship heave which
complicates this determination. As a matter of ODP policy TAMU has decided
that all logging tools must weigh at least 200 lbs. (90 kg) if they include
bowspring centralizers. Most lighter tools can be run by adding an above-
tool sinker bar that is available on the ship.

v) Heave Compensation

Experience during DSDP demonstrated that ship heave can seriously

degrade the quality of logging measurements. Although the relationship
between ship motion and the motion of a downhole instrument is not simple, a
significant amount of heave was being transmitted to the logging probe.
Therefore, L-DGO asked Schlumberger to design a heave motion compensator for
the logging cable. After an independent engineering report determined that
the design was effective, the compensator was installed on the starboard
side of the winch cab.

During logging operations the logging cable is run from the winch to
the rig floor, then back through a piston-mounted sheave on the heave
compensator, and back again to the rig floor. As the piston extends, the
length of cable between the winch drum and the rig floor is reduced by twice

10
 Chapter 1. ODP Logging

the amount of extension. Ship's heave is sensed by an accelerometer mounted

near the rig floor, and the signal is transmitted to a computer which
computes the effective motion. The piston-mounted sheave is then driven in
or out to compensate for vertical motions of the drilling vessel. Tests of
this system on ODP Legs 105 and 109 indicated that in operation the heave
compensator improved log quality and reduced the primary components of
ship's heave.

vi) Sidewall Entry Sub

Bridges within soft sediments have been a constant problem. The amount
of logged hole in Eocene or younger sediments has consistently been less
than 50% of the cored depth. To improve "log recovery" in these
circumstances, a special Sidewall Entry Sub (SES) was designed which
attaches to the drill-pipe to allow the cable to be run outside the pipe
(Fig.2). This sub is installed with the open end of the pipe above the top
of the interval to be logged, and tools are then run into the hole as usual
with the cable passing through the SES. The pipe is run back to total depth.
Open hole logs are recorded as pipe is simultaneously pulled back up and
hole is exposed. This significantly reduces the amount of logging time and
improves the recovery of logs in soft sediments.

11
 SIDE ENTRY SUB

I
PAC.__,

tripping in total depth logginQ up

A B c
""'

Figure 2. The sidewall entry sub (a) installed with the open end of the
pipe just above the top of the logging interval; (b) with the pipe run
to total depth along with the logging tool; and (c) recording open hole
logs as pipe is simultaneously pulled up and hole is exposed.

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