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Apparently an air standard cycle establishes a standard of perfection by which performances of actual engines can be compared 10.3. PISTON-CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT The essential elements needed for making an analysis of air standard cycle are — aworking fluid which is assumed to be a perfect gas. — twoheat reservoirs; the working fluid receives heat from heat source at higher temperature in one part of the cycle and rejects heat to heat sink at lower temperature during another part of the cycle. — piston-cylinder arrangement for getting work out of the working fluid. The piston and cylinder walls (excluding the cylinder head) are taken as per- fect heat irisulators. The cylinder head is imagined to provide alternatively a diathermic cover (perfect heat conductor) and an adiabatic cover (perfect heat insulator). The piston-cylinder arrangement is shown in Fig. 10.1. There is no friction to + themovement of piston inside the cylinder, T, ae [eoure 7] Dinter Cover Heat Insulation Working. Adiabatic Substance ‘Cylinder Head Fig. 10.1. Essential Elements for an air standard Cycle With reference to piston-cylinder assembly ofan internal combustion engine shown in Fig. 10.2, some of the terms that are common to reciprocating piston en- gines are defined below : Dead centres : The extreme positions of the piston in the cylinder are called dead centres, The piston reverses its direction of motion at the dead centres and apparently its velocity is zero. For a vertical configuration, the dead centres are called the top and-bottom dead centres. For horizontal disposition of piston-cylinder as- sembly, the extreme position of the piston towards the cover end and crank end side of the cylinder are referred toas the inner and outer dead centres, respectively. jume : The distance between the top and bottom Str th and swept vol 0 dead Bese the en stroke, The piston stroke equals double the radius of crank, i.e.,1=2r.a Thermal Science & Engin The volume swept by the piston as it moves from top dead centre to bottom dead rf centre is called the swept volume. a k Sweptvolume Vg= 34"! der; itis called bore. Clearance space and clearance volume : Theoretically a piston may flush with the cylinder head but in actual practice some clearance is always kept for wear and tear and for the reception of valves. The space between the cylinder head and the piston at top dead centre position is called clearance space and the corresponding volume is called clearance volume. The clearance volume is usually expressed as a percentage of swept volume. where d is the inside diameter of the cylin- I. ppc Fig. 10.2. .C. engine terminology z Clearance volume, V¢ = 74° x clearance space Cylinder volume and compression ratio: The volume of working fluid in cylinder, when the piston is atthe bottom dead centre is referred to as cylinder ume and it equals the clearance volume plus swept volume. Cylinder volume = clearance volume + swept volume =Ve+Ve The ratio of cylinder volume to clearance volume, is called the comp ratio. eo Jinder volume Compression ratio, r = 2 COE Clearance volume \ teeta, Me fll Ve Ve Higher the compression ratio, better will be the performance of an engine Piston speed : The distance travelled by the piston in one minute is piston speed. Piston speed =2INm/min ~ where [is the stroke length in metre, and Nis the speed of the engine in rev Mean effective pressure : The pressure variations versus volume insi cylinder of a reciprocating engine is plotted with the help of an engine indi ‘The resulting contour is closed one and is referred to as indicator diagram area enclosed by the contour is a measure of the work output per cycle engine. ‘Mean effective pressure (m e p) is defined as the average pressuré acting 0” which will produce the same output as is done by the varying pressure duringGas Power Cycles ae eee SFSFSFSFSSSSSFFFSFSSFSS That is area of indicator loop = area of rectangle abcd The height of the rectangle then repre- sents the mean effective pressure. work done per cycle swept volume mep= —— Pressure area of indicator loop length ofloop (10.3) Mean effective pressure is usually ex- -—— Vs ——41 pressed in bar or KN/m? ——- Volume Mean effective pressure is used as a Fig. 10.3. Concept of mean effective parameter to compare the performance of pressure reciprocating engines of equal size. An engine that has a large volume of me p will deliver more net work and will thus perform better. Example 10.1. An engine, bore 7.5 cm and stroke 10cm, has a compression ratio of Sto 1. To increase the compression ratio, 1.25 mm is machined off the cylinder head face. Calculate the new compression ratio. x x Solution : Swept volume V,= ~ 4°15 and clearance volume V-= 4c where |; and |, represent the stoke length and clearance length respectively and d is the cylinder bore. VotVe 1, Ve Compression ratio, r = “Te ate 2 sie eee wk K/4@le I 1; _ 10 Clearance length, Ic =f =“ =25em Clearance length after machining = 2.5 - 0.125 = 2.375 10 ion ratio = 1+ =5: New compression ratio = 1 2375 5.21 10.4, OTTO (CONSTANT VOLUME) CYCLE The cycle was presented by Beat De Rochas (1862) and was successfully applied by aGerman scientist Nikolous. A. Otto to produce a successful four stroke cycle engine in 1876, that was far superior to any 1.C. engine previously built. The ther- modynamic cycle is operated with isochoric (constant volume) heat addition, and consists of two adiabatics processes and two constant volume changes. Fig, 10.4 shows the Otto cycle plotted on p-Vand T-S diagram. The sequence of operations is