4. Phase Diagram ine to form coystal in metals >. a of ctome combine to form cxystal i and every cystal has definite Jattice structive Jhis stouckee ed the phase - * aan % wares crystals have differert Zame dattice Stuctuse then they are gaid to have io game phage. &o, mdalluygically a phase ig 4 substance ox a postion of mates which ig homogeneous, physically digtioct and mechanical Sepavable ds known az phase. each phase has a definite boundewy curface «A phuse can exist in any of the state ie, colid, liguid ox gas, depending upon yvasioug ced of corditiong such ag pessuse tempezatuse and concentocchion. °dhe geseous. phase is always ina Single phoze ag atome ox moleccles in Gescous phage ase mixed at atomic Jevel. shen too liquid axe soluble in each ofhes thep they algo form a single phase but if they ave completely insoluble in each othes than they show Hao different phages . + In colid state, diff crystal stouckuzes even sohen Composit ig game form Separate phages - + Solid Solution of an alloy with the component atoms mixed ot ounit cell level conghhuter © ingle phase. the + When a phase charyes sds gate itia called phage change: *® Phase chae is alipioays, cccompanied by change in Pressuve, temp? ov Concentaccion in Q Solution.' for ex'- phase charge jn H20 js chown 19 figure = ; t t t t t tat ot 1 e700) (temp °c) «Most of the mattelic malerials ase cthe combimdtian of metals Rromn as alleys * An Glog 25 any combination of Hoo ox moe clemente that sesult in a (cabstarce poss * dhe components of cany Soluble betler mechanical Properties! Oy Ste gystery are Completely In each othes jn Jiguid state and fom asing le phase. + But in Solid state, Hege component may form "(mechanical mixtures 2) ) colid solutions 2) mien Gol® phases (imp Component are Wiz ir We Toc » Feac (éncarbonsteel) ) « dhe elements johich ig present in lage amount ix called! base meta and the Femaining ave catted alloy fng elements.© Mechanical mixtures 2 *Mechanical mixtureg are form completely in solu for ex:= ed when the elements asc ble in each other in solid clote lead is completely Insoluble in iron Tn this case each elements setains if2 on idenhiy. properties and crystal strucures - © Solid Sotechion 2 + When Hoo metalg ave melted togetner and coystalliged a cingle crystal ctructuse ox phage may form + *Fr the unit cell of thig caygtel! both the medal coms awe presen} in pscportion of thelr amount sGhis single phase structure je algo known as Golid Solaction, ° Base Metal us called Selvent> | the alloying cements are called the Solute. + depending upon dhe places occupied by the solute acomg in the Solvent, solid Solutions axe classified into treo solutions a) Substtutional Solicl Solection 2 chen the atoms of solvent ase veplaced by the colute atoms ad theix edemg norma lattice sites , solution thus formed ia known ag gubstitectene! Sdid soludion ty) Fo moet of the core solubility amount of clement & Is timited dhig limited jg Iknomn cs Solubility lieit + = Sdubility limit depende upon vasrious foctovs which are based on Hume Rothery Rule .Hume ‘Rothery 's sales '. Btomic size factor :- appreciable guanttes of a solute may be ved accomodated in this type ef solid cokehon only rohen the difference in atomic giadii behoeen the Oo atoms types ig legs than about 15% & Otherwise, ; igtor- the solute _cttoms will create substaotial lattice eis and q neo phage jolll form. a Gystal Sruchive ¢- for appreciable Solid Solubility the coy stad structure for metals of both atom type must be the game. 3 Electsonegativity 3 — dhe mese electropositive one ebbent and the more olectrenenative the other, the goectter tg the likelihood that they toil! fos an intesmettatic compound ingtead of a substtchond solid Solution 4. Valences s_ other factors being egacl,a metal will have more ofa dendency to dissolve qoother mefal of higher valence than one of a lower valence > Gmplefely Solubility ise, mixture of Heo atoms in all proportions Can evidently occus only when coystal etrectures axe dentical and valences are game + Bhen valences are clifferent, it r¢ generally found that_an ex lectvons ig veadily tolexccded gather than a deficiency of electrons, a era 0d Copper sith erot - ; h > forers- Zinc with Frdy dlisolve up fo 38% incopper W isso abot emma A Valence elect Ar ay ingSolion Solan) and solventimachems “Th case of ordered solid Solction » thgesolute Osemeasoianged in regularssfashi onacctomicnsites- sible only ohenscroommetal asesmixector 7 Resfect Oxder us pos hee tri and zl Ordered Substihgianal Solid + Strucure thus found ig alzo kno10 G8 ; , + These ave formedsn.onngloo=ceoling ofedicoscersed « SolicGoludion . ex of oxdered shuclure * / J Ps Fy Eb [3S] [22] Riscudered Substitutiona) Solid Solution = substituted pasentscdoms wendomy en siseemalen, dhe resulting solid solation i enoven ag disosdesed Gubstitutional Golid Selection. Totesetitial Solid Solution &= +Khen dhe soletencctomesize ligemachy smaller the solvemtatoms ‘thepmoccapy-crandom)y ‘dhemintesstitial: voidgebehoeen:poxenhadomy, + for ox / ‘ Yo FCC structuve interhhal voidg sizes vases from 0.2287 fe OulUE and Ty BCC structure DIsy Te +224y wher T= abomic radius 4 Solver(He Oina@y and 8) + Iptesstitial Soludiongenormelly have vemyslimitedlsolidiolability fae Gommevisen escalvesupt asnix of Commi nh BOzarn 1 DSC Solubility dimit &= +Max® Concendsactien of Solute atoms thot may dissolve ta the Solvent te fern a Sid coletion ig Nnown ag solubility Liemt *Io addition of colcte in excege of thig_colubi fy limit aresults in_ the fesmacion of ancthes Solid solution ev_compound that has a dishne tly di ffevent ecacegteeHan Composition Sx:- (Ge 422011) Sagas wader Soletion tev, t ) ipivity | i Bee ora a get) tO |. ° Viqauld Sol (cysup) J Tati” eae CO fe TN Lie Geert “8 | | } oa 100 te £0 ae) Yo Co 80 100 6 uo wed Gthpesite (@€ %)Micso shuchise 3 —> dhe appewance of cloucture under Microscope a called the micsostsucture . — Magnificedhien may be upto loon x for optical microscope and Upto lover x fos electron microscope — Microstructuse contains Grain Structure Phase ctowduse — Grain clruduse choos Shape and size of graing ike columnar, dendsihic, ox eqeci-axed graing. — Phase ctuctuse gives the infoamecien abot the vasuout phase precent their yeletive amount distn bation, —> A micxostsuctuse may bea single phase or mul phase 6truckure System 3- ® syctem gs a substance or a group of substance , which ig subjected to changes in Overall composition , temp, Pressuse or volume ag degived. a May congigte of single oF various stefes] phases and May involve meals ox ponmetaly on theix combinations. System cs classified ciccorcing dd Do of components in it. Componenta 3- —eea~7 Component refer fo an independent chemical Species that Compriges the cyctem, —> one Component syctem sbieary system Shoo, "oy » thr : , Pie ty : " , Suakonasy syctero Fox ex:- plain caxbay SteelsF = degree of freedom C=NO- of Components I’ a system Degree es Creedom ¢- Peno- of plane] phases in the system © total no of vasdables in ayetem = external vasiables ( Pressuxe and temp™ ) + total Composite vasgables External vasicibles = 2 | 7 fox single phase, no: of Corypesiticnal Vestiables -€r (C-1) 1 >for P phese, ” ” 8 (0-)P 2 total no. of vaxdable, in system = Pecoeal © DOF, F <= total no. of variables in cyslem Fle P(c-+2 but F=C-p+2 (Acc. to Gibbs sule) C-P+2¢= Plc-1)4+2 Forpzt, F = tetol no. of yaxable forP>1, FL totalno- of wv [rem F=0 sets an uppes limit On the no- of phases in the system under eg ailibviumI at the charactenshes of th i ge, thig means ee eo eens pith time buch persist indefinitely ; thak ix, the system jx Stable ® change in temp=, p= and composi fox o cyctem in eguill— ° a , barium a result in an increage 10 the free enemy. nun a Nnee + dhe term phase equilibmum, refers Sanaa ela cond Where move than ene phase exist in Systems sphase equilibium ig reflectel by a constancy with time in the phase chavactesighcs of a system. Phase Ragen i- + Phase ciogoam asee graphically seprezentatian of velhen behocen thee important parameters femp= , pressure and Compositions . +Dhese axe dhsee externally contaoliable paramebexx thed 10i) affect dhe phase ghuctuwe- + Phiae diggsame ave congtructed then yes jous Combinacions Of these posameters axe plotted against ene another. Tnfosmation from phase diagram ¢- > No- of phase present cof given conditions ~> Composition of each phase in the iagram. > Broun ox frachen of phases in the diagzam. » Fressuse and temp = * phase changes of one element os @ funch of Femb® and br.* system contain y ony ont pure atom called Unary phase dia: iy00 PTT 100 —— 10 4 ia) =-—_— On “a, —_— om LEE LLL o.o0th-}, a 50 4a bo Sousannis Tsorosphous diagram are those for which there ix complete 100 6Y2- Copper Nickle TI system temp CF) 2600 2.400 compesit’my (ot % Ni)For binary system «krona composition and tembschive tak is at equity, at least three kind of infoematien ore required ) Phase pregent :- ; TT y pohith in & region —» single Phase iil presen}. ed sc wh Ni 6s WEG AUey af 1250°C roo phase x and liquid phase present 2 detaminahion of phase Component :— Lmeans concentsation of the components . ix locate otf Siggle phase, the procedure uis tival and the camposi hm of this phase is cimply the game as overall Cempesition of the alloy sif tee phase, one may imagine @ series of hosizontal Sines one at every temperature each of thee ur knoon as dle Jing (isotherm). Tie Jine :-v A Hie line as congtracted acros% the hoo phase reyie at dhe demp™ of athe alloy. 2) cho intesgection of Sie Jine and the phase beundasics on cither side are poted 3) Perpendicularau dropped from thee intersecting to the honzertes | from whi dh the , Comasitin of each yj we dhe yespedive | Phases ia vead - composition aig, | | | | siguid 1300 feline 90°30 4 40 450 £0 La e- bet at . e oe (ssf ni osiaty. Gu) erases in 8 point lying in (a+b) sejion.Hie dine congbruck cecvez% (X4L) and dra L from intersection of Hie We with the golidus boundary mét at (arcowyNi 68sOY CU) and which *S competion of Ngud (Ci) For Solidus tic line » Coin. afcr solid Sol” phowe (Cx) of as wRCNI sas sotx Cu) Compesition (ar? Ni) doer rule “9 the de dine ss constructed across She die line mut beutilized two phase at dhe Femp= of alloy lin conjunction sith a procedure + the overadl abloy compositien jx lecated em Hthat ig often jx axfied lever the He Jine- pale: « the foaction of one phase ix Compated| meer Gu by daking the dength of the die line , “ts F a from the overall alloy composition fo the phose boundary for ty other phae |Jog= Re = Co Ce 26S a an aR gn dividing by Hu dotal te hue length. tR 7 Can ee @ + dhe facim of the otter phase as 3» Wis M2873 = 0-68 _a detesmine In the gome manney u2s— at's 2 SWat 38-"S_ 2-3 2 y25- 3's DB Out Wax = 1 m4 Eee 3* (evelopment ofa do examine the development of alloying dusig oolidification joo troak® 0) Very clow cooling b) So pl mafntained, uo) act LU ' Or in 1200 sempCO) 1200 yoo. Composition (10+ % Ni) pwe equilibrium as Continuous! y veroshuchiee 10 feinorphows Sy stem ioc peme 7 microsteudure for icomorp hous the situahan jin which temp (°F)Mechanical operties of Tsemoxpheus Alloy :~ per TT, I bop reps ‘| Yoo § Be BO s oe ea l (ksi) Wow | Coagohin( 5g PT 5.6 LL invemm) (mis) ue | Ss wy al ey ard 30 Wo 60 80 0 26 4 bo be ) (ni) (composition (hi) LIL b EE oS y ? Ceompecihen (178i) + Fox all Semb= and compositing below he melting demp2 of the lowest melting Component —enly one Single solid phase) (an increase in gtsength and haves by additions of other component) Gach hity Hecnense with addition of other Component | » Binary Eutectic Sy ster BS Ina eutedic systems come alley systeme, a Jiquid phase -trcineforing isothermally to Goo diffesord solid phases upen cooling €¥: Cobber Silves mice ~ lead gin “phase diagram fomey | systein * Complete solicl Solubility fox atl Componertt does not exit, 'o stead) solid Seladions axe feyminal « + Only limited Solubility of each compcnent in the other, © 4 differed finds of Micsostruchywes develop ‘for eguil be un code OF aWoys belongir, ty eutectic System . ~~ FPS VV OVGSHOOSHSHSEDTSESS SGcarps (v4 604) i | feahnes of Caf phase digo oy t | 1) Shree. phase Tegion (4, p, and Jd) 2) three Hoo phave gin [x plore Cu (solid Sau), (siube) cond £¢¢ Crystal system lf phase Cy (solute) ] [nt pare copper , pure sie] tod + bd B66 4 Cancertoation of silver dissohe inCu (aphac’ “Coin Ghee ab (fe) ‘ “6H sclablty Ynit Line epanbiy o and tf phase 9 termed Baha line o, bondi A Bs ang OL axe Solidus line* Max® Solubility of Copper in pp phase. w butechc dsotherm (Horizontal Solidus line) S) Gwdeche invesdan} point { tiguidus line meet ot & thrayh.ohich aise passer the — honizontal isotherm I\ne BEG cabled Invasuant port) © Cutedic geachon Q Liguid phased is transformed Into tno solid a and B phwes ct emp? Te ; Jhe Opposite veachion occurs upon heahng Hig 1% Called eutectic seaction Ley ERM ot (C0) + B (oe) eatiog 2 Las why. Ag) —_ & [soy Ag+ plane wtyAg ) eHocizonta) Solidus hing at Te ud Called eucechc izetherm. Eutectic Reaction §- (teang easily melted ) Lig) == * (Ce) + B (Ge) - J] etectie composition ond temp” Cae a ite and B phases ee | omposition fF OX BP ot Te- + eutectic seaction upon cooling is similar to solidification fr Pure Compnrenfg in that the ~ seach an proceed fo completion wed 0 Cont demp® oy Kothamally at Te.*« Pb-Sh Phase diagro® Clead sin) gee R 4, < & ee c o> oe > & a =) e = 3 “> = = = Cs 2 composition (ot x Sn) sy —: % Golidification of Binasy Eudeclic Moys (Development of (igre ) a, Ga oa Case 1) Composition ranging bls puse component and themar? g_ Solid solebility fos that Component en ae yoom Fomperadure Cage 2) > Compositions wang ing bla the yoom temp? colubility dinit ond the max™ cold solubility at dhe eutectic demperckwve . > Below the * point, micrestrucere thak us developing cannot have Complete cy phuse because ef nh Solubility [mit is exceeded.>So ag gem as the sovus line ip crossed dunng solidificcHog (beneath *), p phas< ill form in mioute fraces — thei cize pill moyg inally incocase with continuahe of ceding that us decrease In temp = ; s 2 Cage 13 gutedic readion Js ot euteche point where quid Converted into foo phases XH a Pre 10 20 ; losing L (era rotyon) SS se ; och y t ; °, ; & (1390 %Sn) + 8197 entiSn) Sy > e, 4, evtetic Y J” grosth , i gicechn a & i > ,Coge iy Conpstia vongrg from 4 Max” solubili y of Phase at ecechc Jine Sill ewheche Compastien: phase fosming before the eutectic Point called sple eutectic (4) # butechid , Pentectic ReactionX- Feasite t- ~ stable over a range = Max® void gize ig 019A than Caxbon atom size (019) > Solubility ie extremely linnted (0.022104 % at 929) o-Pe hu a ace exysta) studure. Austenite s- — {nterstitial solid goluckion of carbon in Yiron (Fcc) Stable between 412°C a 1344 = Laagest void gize Ws 052A —> Max colability of nayc ig 2-tunt%y. of orae do XC which ig much gmaller declebuaite ;— = Eutectic mixture of austenite and cemenhte — Head phase leading do cost jvon > Golid Solution of Carbon in § tvon (BCC) > stuble fern aqu’c do 193¢C > Mar golubility of carben jg 0-09 why Trtermelatlic compound, vesy hard and butte — contains 6 6FY Why. of cay ben Hos complex osthorhombie coychl ghuchure with 12 iron afome ond four caxbon atoms in the unit cell. Graphite ¢ - => Hexagenal cxystal struchire; Composition (aC) “aeanem =28@ ’ woo fagca y, austenite je WIo + 2000 / - Taiz’ / y tfe3¢ Se) ° 10 723-C a+ Fes Cemenhte (fe3¢) —> 1D ure LE ( 0 2 3 y 5 ‘ 6-70 Compositien (BEX C) ° Classification of ferrous alloy: iron —> 40-008 Ht% » fernte steel > 0-008 = Diy wty,¢ Castiven —5 9.1yn 6 F00FY. c* Levelopment of microstrucluse for hypocutectoid Compesition 3- leo a ———— hyboeU pectod than (0:96 whx C) ——— hy poeutectoid alloy edemb= Jeoex than eutecid ' do point(f) | v phos (Te) transform * contai con amning Jess Peavlite + Payoidke proserd cin pearlite yg eufechid fernte Whea ct dst other han foom above Fe w& pro evtecto: d, : TT a Fsacion of Raslire > =o 2 Co'-022 . Co +0 0+ 6 —08022 0-94.,x Serpe mivogbucture of Hyperenclectoid Gilley 3~ Comp. (wt 7 C) + Frachon of prceutectoid (9, W's _U T+U = 0-76- Co 0:76 -0+027 = Or26- Co! 0-34 * Revelopment of bybexeudectoid Blloys 2 ~ congis (0-76 — 2uuwtyC) + hypereutectvicl alloy temp= ithin ¥ phase hich are Cookd from field. £93 ds cooled From inithin austenite phase sigyien do below the ecdtectoid temp. At tempT lowered then evte choid Converted jn pearlite a results peavlite + pacectectad cementiteWee X= Sopse7 VEX G+ 70-0+76 Weec= — CG -o7r _ Gor Vax ~ “90-0 % 7 : 6 70- 0-%6 5-4 un 0.76 'Quez :- Fox ares why bdos eutedad © frachon of @® Fascion of proevtedord ferntece @® fachon of evtedod feents Re ptr © O35 ally ah temps jotal fernte and corr he pres oat SO Wy = &Fe7 03S _ as 6-6 — 0°029 = 5 IS oak 6-Fo - 0-022 o ° v @ 0-35 -0-22 We = " fe] c x ' c & x —_—_— 0-76-0°22 Wigh = 0:60 = ose = 567% 0-76-022 @ eotedoid Pornte Wy = Wg’ + ae 7 Wae = No - W< / =29S - 0 Sh ca 0-34 ee 1 Woe = 34% \ { A Le