BRUCELLA

SPECIES DISEASE USUAL HOST DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT OTHER INFO

- Abortion - Cattle ✓ Clinical signs - Tx not practical VIRULENCE FACTORS:

- orchitis ✓ Isolation and ID – MZN + organisms in fetal abomasal - National Facultative IC parasites with a
contents, and uterine discharges eradication predilection for the RES and
Sporadic abortion - Sheep ✓ Serological tests schemes – based the reproductive tract and
- Goats ✓ Brucellin (an extract of B.abortus) test– intradermal on detection and organs
- pigs testing slaughter of
Associated with Bursitis ✓ Molecular methods – e.g., PCR infected cattle - Lipopolysaccharide
B. abortus (poll evil and fistulous - Horses - Cx: vac.of young (LPS)
(7 biotypes) withers) ID criteria for isolates: - Colonial appearance - MZN + heifers O-antigen of intact LPS,
organisms enhances IC survival of
- Undulant fever ✓ Bacterial cell agglutination with a high-titred 3 types of vaccines: smooth, virulent organisms in
- systemic disease humans antiserum macrophages
✓ Rapid urease activity Strain 19 (S19) –
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS ✓ Biotyping using tests and other features attenuated strain 19 given - Sulfhydryl protease
to calves up to 5 mos.of – removes the Fc portion of
Mode of transmission: Tests used for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis using milk or age IgG, hence decrease
 Ingestion serum phagocytosis and or prevent
 venereal contact 45/20 bacterin destruction by complement
 penetration thru skin abrasions Brucella milk Conducted on bulk milk samples for Virulence factors
 inhalation ring test monitoring infections in dairy herds. RB51 strain vaccine –
 transplacental Sensitive but may not reliable in large stable, rough mutant w/c - Urease
Effect: herds induces good protection - generate ammonium ions,
Rose Bengal Useful screening test. Antigen against abortion subsequently resulting in
 Decreased fertility
Plate test suspension is adjusted to pH 3.6, nervous system dysfunction
 Reduced milk production
allowing agglutination by IgG1
 Abortions in susceptible replacement
antibodies. Qualitative only, positive - Catalase
animals
results may require confirmation by CFT - protects the organism from
 Testicular degeneration
or ELISA peroxide, as well as in
 Abortion is a consequence of placentitis maintaining oxygen tension
Complement Widely accepted confirmatory et for
involving both cotyledons required for survival of the
Fixation Test individual animals
 intercotyledonary tissues organism
(CFT)
 In bulls: Necrotizing orchitis
Indirect Reliable screening and confirmatory test
ELISA - Inhibition of
Other information: phagosome
Highly specific test; Recently developed
Competitive test with high specificity; capable of -lysosome fusion is the
✓ Abortion storms – 5th mos. of gestation mechanism to evade
ELISA (using detecting all Ig classes and can be used
✓ Large #s of brucellae are excreted in fetal destruction by host
monoclonal to differentiate infected animals from
fluids for about 2-4weeks ff.an abortion phagocytic cells
antibodies) S19 vaccinated cattle
✓ Brucellae may be excreted intermittently
in milk for a # of years
 A tube agglutination test which lacks
Serum specificity and sensitivity ; IgG1
Agglutination antibodies may not be detected, leading
Test (SAT) to false negative results
Sensitive test for detecting non-
Antiglobulin agglutinating antibodies not detected by
test/Coombs SAT
test
Rapid test which can detect all kinds of
Fluorescence immunoglobulins. Test is based on
polarization detection of Ab which is present in test
assay serum, binds to a fragment of the O
polysaccharide of Brucella labelled w/
fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Abortion Goats
- orchitis in males Sheep
- arthritis * Goats are more ✓ Clinical signs Vaccination of kids and
- hygroma susceptible than ✓ Isolation and ID, direct exam - MZN + organisms from lambs up to 6mos.of age
B. melitensis with modified live B.
sheep; dss.is more smears of fluids or tissues
severe and ✓ Serological tests melitensis Rev.1 strain, via
protracted in goats ✓ Brucellin – intradermal testing subcutaneous or
- Occasional cattle ✓ Test & slaughter policy – in countries where dss is conjunctival routes
abortion exotic
- excretion in milk ✓ Rose Bengal and CFT- widely used methods for B.
- Malta fever humans melitensis
- severe systemic ✓ ELISA
disease

B. neotomae Desert wood rats

(Neotoma lepida)
Non-pathogenic for the wood rat and has not been recovered from any other animal species

- Abortion ✓ Lameness, incoordination and posterior paralysis ✓ Acquired thru

- Orchitis – manifestations of bone and joint involvement ingestion or coitus
- Arthritis Pigs ✓ Testicular abnormalities – boars excreting brucellae ✓ Occurs occasionally
- spondylitis in the USA but is
B. suis, biovars - herd infertility Diagnosis and Cx more prevalent in
1, 2, and 3 - stillbirths Biotype: Worldwide ✓ Rose Bengal Plate agglutination test &Indirect ELISA – Latin America and
- neonatal most reliable sero.tests for porcine brucellosis Asia
mortality Test & slaughter policy – in countries where dss is exotic ✓ Dss.of GIT , bones
- temporary sterility - Modified live B.suis vaccine and joints
 - B.suis biovar 2 infects domestic pigs reared outdoors –
source wild boars
- B.suis biovar 4 infect reindeer and caribou – Northern
Canada, Alaska and Siberia
- B.suis biovar 4 infects wild rodents
- Intermittent fever Humans
- Undulant fever (biovars 1 or 3)
- severe systemic
disease Biotype: Western
- Epididymitis in Sheep ✓ Agar-gel immunodiffusion test - 1st recorded in New
rams ✓ CFT Zealand and
- sporadic abortion ✓ Indirect ELISA Australia, now
and placentitis in ✓ Immunoblotting technique present in many
ewes ✓ PCR-based tests other countries
✓ Isolation of the org.from semen, preputial washes and - MOT – venereal
urine transmission
B. ovis ✓ Vacc. – B. melitensis Rev.1 strain or B.ovis bacterin - Relatively long latent
period in rams
following imfection-
present in semen for
5 wks.
- chronic –unilateral
or bilateral atrophy
with swelling and
hardening of the
epididymis
- Abortion Dogs ✓ Rapid slide agglutination test kit –screening test - Tetracycline and - Aspermic – dogs
- Epididymitis aminoglycoside w/chronic infections
- orchitis Confirmatory tests: combination - Discospondylitis may
- discospondylitis - Tube agglutination test - Neutering result in lameness,
- permanent - ELISA infected animals paresis or paralysis
infertility in males - Agar gel immunodiffusion test - No vaccine
- reduced litter available
sizes - Routine
B. canis - neonatal serological test
mortality - Removed
infected animals
for breeding
programmes
- Mild systemic Humans
disease
- Undulant fever
 Dolphins: Cetaceans
- Abortion
B . ceti - neurological
disease has been
described
Little evidence of disease Humans

Pinnipeds
HUMAN BRUCELLOCIS
- B. abortus, Brucellosis – other names o Severe MOT: o Undulant fever in
- B.suis, - Bang's disease infections o contact w/ secretions or excretions of infected Tx with antibiotics shoud humans – pyrexia,
- B.melitensis - Crimean fever occur with animals be in the early stage of malaise, fatigue,
- Rarely B. - Gibraltar fever B. o skin abrasions infection muscle and joint
- Malta fever melitensis o inhalation (as few as 10 organisms) pains
canis
- Maltese fever (Maltafever) o ingestion o Osteomyelitis –most
- Mediterranean and B. suis common
fever biotypes 1 Sources of infection: complication
- Rock fever and 2 o raw and milk and dairy products produced from o Abortion not a
- Undulant fever o B. abortus – unpasteurized milk feature in human
moderately
severe
o B. canis -
mild

IN GENERAL:

Erythritol • is a growth stimulant for B. abortus, B. suis and B. melitensis but does not stimulate the growth of B. ovis and inhibits B. abortus strain 19, the attenuated vaccinal
strain
• Present in the placenta and male genital tract of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs but not human
• Important virulence factor in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs u Tissue tropism-brucellae are found in higher concentrations in tissues where erythritol is present (placenta,
fetal fluids, seminal vesicles and testis)
• Tissue tropism-brucellae are found in higher concentrations in tissues where erythritol is present (placenta, fetal fluids, seminal vesicles and testis)
Pathogenicity • Depend on the # of infecting org.and their virulence and also on host susceptibility, age of the host
• Brucellae persist w/in macrophages
• Erythritol
Diagnostic  Serological testing
procedures  Isolation and ID of the infecting Brucella spp.
 Care should.be taken during collection and transportation
 Specimens for lab exam should. relate to the specific clinical condition
 MZN-stained smears from specimens – cotyledons, fetal abomasal contents, uterine discharges
  PCR
 Columbia agar – supplemented w/ 5% serum and appropriate antimicrobial agents
 Plates incubated at 37oC in 5-10% CO2 for up to 5 days

LAWSONIA
SPECIES HABITAT DISEASE HOSTS DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL FINDINGS TREATMENT
grows Porcine proliferative enteritis complex growing-finishing Clinical Findings:  Tiamulin or tylosin in feed
intracellularly in (porcine intestinal adenomatosis) and young breeding Diagnosis or water
pig enterocytes Synonyms : pigs • based on: Clinical signs ➢ Chronic intermittent diarrhea  Zinc bacitracin in feed
andinfected
proliferative enteropathy • Gross pathological findings with reduction in weight gain  Thorough cleaning and
 excrete
animal Necrotic enteritis Incidence: • histologic observation of characteristic to acute hemorrhagic disinfection of infected
 numbers
small in haemorrhagic enteropathy
proliferative seen in proliferation and inflammation of mucosal enteropathy (more common premises
 feces
their regional ileitis; ileitis postweaning pigs crypts in young adult animals)  live avirulent vaccine
Lawsonia aged 6 to 20 weeks ➢ Lesions in the ileum, cecum
 proliferative ileitis administered via the
intracellularis  proliferative enteritis (mostly as ➢ L intracellularis (comma-shaped, and colon – thickening of the water is highly effective
- chronic infection is possible proliferative resembling Campylobacter) can wall, mucosal necrosis and in - administered to gilts
enteropathy) and u usually be demonstrated by severe cases, clotted blood in and boars during
Porcine proliferative enteritis also in young adults silver-impregnation stains or by the lumen. acclimatization
is a common diarrheal disease of growing- (mostly as immunostaining ➢ Enlargement of the before introduction
finishing and young breeding pigs proliferative ➢ PCR or immunofluorescence- mesenteric lymph nodes into a herd.
Characterized by hyperplasia and haemorrhagic specimens are feces or ileal ➢ The hemorrhagic form is
inflammation of the ileum, cecum and enteropathy). mucosa characterized by cutaneous
colon ➢ The organism can be cultured pallor, weakness, and
It often is mild and self-limiting but only in enterocyte cell lines passage of hemorrhagic or
sometimes causes persistent diarrhea, Bacterial culture of intestine and black, tarry feces. Pregnant
severe necrotic enteritis, or hemorrhagic lymph nodes to exclude gilts may abort.
enteritis with high mortality. Salmonella infection, together ➢ In foals – C.S. observed after
Synergistic interaction with other with histologic examination and weaning
organisms, E.coli, Clostridium spp. and culture of cecum and colon to ➢ Rapid weight loss with
Bacteroides spp. exclude swine dysentery diarrhea and colic,
They provide the right O2 tension and depression, fever and
other conditions necessary for subcutaneous ventral edema
colonization and proliferation of L.
intracellularis

• Porcine proliferative adenomatosis. Note the characteristically thickened and corrugated ileum with an area from which there has been extensive hemorrhage
• Porcine intestinal adenomatosis, Warthin-Starry silver stain, ileum. Note the black, curved rods of Lawsonia intracellularis just inside the apical cytoplasm
• Porcine intestinal adenomatosis, H&E, ileum, high power. Note the characteristic proliferation of glandular epithelium that gives the disease its name

SPECIES HABITAT
✓ Found in the genital
Taylorella tracts of stallions,
mares and foals
equigenitalis ✓ Stallions – harboured
in the urethral fossa
✓ Infected mares –
localizes in the clitoral
fossa
✓ Taylorella asinigenitalis
– isolated fr.the genital
tract of donkeys
• Main reservoirs – infected
stallions and mares
DISEASE
Causes Contagious Equine
Metritis (CEM)
Equidae
• Infect only Equidae
• transmitted by infected
stallions (organism lodges in
urethral fossa of stallions)
• isolated from clitoral sinuses
and fossa of mares in genitalia of
sexually immature colts and
fillies
• causes low virulence infection
manifested by profuse vaginal
discharge and infertility in mares
• 1st reported as a clinical entity
in 1977 in thoroughbreds in
Britain and Ireland
• Highly contagious, localized
venereal disease
• Charac.by mucopurulent
vulval discharge and temporary
infertility in mares
• Economically important
disrupts breeding programs
• Foals born to infected dams
may acquire infection in utero or
during parturition
• Isolated from more than 75%
of the offspring of infected
mares at 2-4 years of age - May
act as sources of infection
TAYLORELLA
HOSTS DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL FINDINGS TREATMENT
Diagnostic procedures • Infected stallions and some mares • Asymptomatic carriers and
remain asymptomatic clinically affected are treated
• A copious, mucopurulent vulval discharge 2- • Mares - copious, mucopurulent vulval • Daily uterine irrigation with
7 days after service discharge w/o systemic disturbance Penicillin solution is carried
• Specimens for bacteriology should be • Discharge may continue up to 2 weeks in mares for 5-7 days
collected before and during the breeding and remain infertile for several weeks  Cefotaxime
season • Some mares recover w/o treatment  Penicillin
and up to 25% remain carriers  Ampicillin
• Swabs from mares should be taken from the • Reinfection can occur  Neomycin
clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium at  Chloramphenicol
estrus using double-guarded swab – placed in Pathogenesis  Nitrofurazone
Amies charcoal transport med.  Gentamicin
• Pre-ejaculatory fluid and semen may  Tetracycline
• Chocolate agar-based media are suitable for be contaminated w/ T.equigenitalis from  Chlorhexidine
isolation with the addition of amphotericin B, the urethral fossa • Once in the uterus it • Local treatment of external
crystal violet and streptomycin, incubated will replicate and induce and acute genitalia of carrier stallions
under 5-10% CO2 at 37oC for 4-7 days endometritis useful in clearing infection
• Mononuclear cell and plasma cell with 2% chlorhexidine
ID criteria for isolates: infiltration predominates
• Colonies are small, smooth, yellowish-grey • Later, migration of neutrophils into the • Ablation of clitoral sinuses
and have an entire edge uterine lumen produces a profuse may be necessary
• positive reactions to oxidase, catalase and mucopurulent exudate
phosphatase tests • Acute endometrial changes subside Control:
within a few days • Notifiable disease in many
Diagnosis: countries
• Demonstration of increased # of neutrophils • Addition of antibiotics to
in profuse vaginal discharge together with IC semen to inactivate organism
and EC G-ccb • Routine hygienic measures
• Isolation of T. equigenitalis from swabs of must be practiced on stud
the clitoral sinus in mares and urethral fossa in farms
stallions • All breeding services
• PCR Technique should immediately cease if
• Serological tests: CFT, HA, latex CEM is diagnosed in stud
Agglutination kit, FAT (to confirm isolate), farms
ELISA, Passie Hemagglutination test (PHA); • Surgical removal of clitoral
useful in diagnosing acute infections but are of sinuses in mares
little value in detecting carrier animals • Test mating a stallion to 2
• Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and maiden mares is a sensitive
multi- locus sequence typing – strain typing method for detecting
techniques infection
• No vaccine available
 MORAXELLA
SPECIES HABITAT HOST DISEASE PATHOGENICITY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
IN GENERAL: Infectious bovine Transmission Clinical signs Antibiotics - Administered
Cattle keratoconjunctivitis or Pink ✓ direct contact between cattle ✓ Blepharospasm subconjunctivally or topically
- Found on eye/New Forest disease ✓ mechanical transfer by flies, ✓ Conjunctivitis u early in the dss.
mucous Age susceptibility – dust ✓ Lacrimation ✓ Chloramphenicol
membranes of common in less than 2 Lesions in IBK: conjunctivitis, ✓ Progress – keratitis and ✓ Tetracycline
Moraxella carrier cattle year old calves keratitis, corneal opacity and Virulence of M.bovis corneal ulceration, ✓ ethidium bromide (a
bovis - Susceptible to ulceration - is attributed to fimbriae – opacity and abscessation carcinogen)
desiccation Breed susceptibility Predisposing factors allow adherence of org.to – may lead to panopthalmitis and ✓ furazolidone
(short-lived in (degree of - Prolong exposure of cornea permanent blindness
the pigmentation and cornea to sunlight (most RTX toxin and fimbriae – principal ✓ Following ulceration, Control
environment conformation of the prevalent in warmer mos.) virulence factors vascularization extends - Fimbriae derived
- Survive up to eye) – more - Presence of flies Two fimbriae: from the limbus and bacterins
72 hrs in the susceptible is Bos (mechanical irritation and - Q fimbriae (pili) = colonization stromal edema develops - Isolate affected animals
salivary organs taurus mechanical vector of - I fimbriae = allow local persistence of - Reduce exposure to
and body organism) infection Diagnostic procedures mechanical 78\
surface of flies - Vitamin A deficiency • Fimbrial antigens stimulate ✓ culture eye discharge – \74irritants
- Ocular irritants – dust, tall type-specific protective lacrimal secretion - Use of insecticidal ear
grasses, grass seeds, wind, immunity ✓ FAT – to demonstrate M.bovis tags
UV light and cold ambient • fimbriae/pili – mediate in smears - Cx of concurrent dss.
temp. adherence ✓ Culture specimens in BAP and (IBR or Thelazia
- Concurrent viral infection corneal/conjunctival MCA incubated aerobically at infestation)
(Infectious Bovine epithelial cells; promote 37oC for 2-3days - Prophylactic use of IM
Rhinotracheitis) or endocytosis; cytotoxic; oxytetracycline
mycoplasmal infections needed for virulence u ID criteria for isolates: - Blind animals should be
- Concurrent infection – hemolysin – maybe needed in - Round, small, shiny, friable, housed
Thelazia spp virulence colonies appear after 48 hrs - Vitamin A
• dermonecrotic toxin – - No growth on MCA supplementation
Disease causes economic losses: produce the corneal lesion of - Cultures of virulent strains - Vaccines based on
- Decreased weight gain in pink eye autoagglutinate in saline fimbrial antigens –
beef breeds • exotoxin in cell sap – maybe - Smears from colonies reveal available in some
- Loss of milk production responsible for ocular edema, short gram-negative rods in countries
- Short-term breeding pruritus and lacrimation pairs
disruption of breeding • hyaluronidase, collagenase – - -Positive reactions in catalase Score 1 – An active lesion
program may also play a role in the and oxidase tests involving less than one-third
- Treatment costs disease - fimbriate isolates can be of the cornea
• During replication, the org assigned to 7 serogroups Score 2 – An active lesion
produce: - PCR-based method involving one-third to
Hemolysin, Lytic enzymes twothirds of the cornea
- fibrolysin Score 3 – An active lesion
- Phosphatase involving more than two-
- Hyaluronidase thirds of the cornea
- aminopeptidase Score 4 – An active lesion
LPS asso.with O antigens with perforation of the
cornea
 M. equi Horse Conjunctivitis
M. ovis Isolated from healthy Sheep Conjunctivitis
animals and those with
KC
M. lacunata Isolated from a number Goat Pneumonia and encephalitis
(M.liquefaciens) of pathological
conditions in animals-
goats, pigs, dogs, aborted
equine fetuses
M.nonliquefaciens Horse associated with abortion of equine
fetuses
Goat septicemia

SPECIES
Bordetella
bronchiseptica
- Infections may be
endogenous or
exogenous
- Posses pili and flagella
OTHER INFORMATION:
most important pathogens
that cause KC are:
✓ B.bronchiseptica
✓ Canine adenovirus 2
✓ Canine
parainfluenzavirus 2 (PI-
2)
pathogens implicated in KC
are:
- B.bronchiseptica
- Canine adenovirus 2
- Canine
parainfluenzavirus 2
- Canine distemper virus
- Canine adenovirus 1
- Canine herpesvirus 2
- Reoviruses 1, 2, 3
- Mycoplasma species
HOST DISEASE
dogs - Kennel Cough
(Canine Infectious
Tracheobronchitis)
One of the most prevalent
respiratory complexes of dogs
- bronchopneumonia 2
degrees to canine distemper
pigs - Atrophic rhinitis
(non-progressive)
1 degree (together with toxigenic
strains of P. multocida – severe
progressive atrophic rhinitis)
Cats (kittens) Pneumonia 2 degree to viral
infections
horses Bronchopneumonia
(after anesthesia, stress and
penicillin therapy)
Laboratory rodents - Bronchopneumonia
- upper respiratory infections
- septicemia
BORDETELLA
HABITAT PATHOGENICITY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
Pathogenic attributes: Diagnostic procedures Treatment in general:
commensal in the upper a. fimbrial antigen – facilitates IN GENERAL:
respiratory tract of attachment to cilia of resp. tract ✓ Specimens for lab.exam- nasal
✓ Carbenicillin
dogs, cats, swine, swabs, tracheal aspirates and
✓ Chloramphenicol
rabbits, horses, guinea b. endotoxin – attracts neutrophils exudates
✓ Tetracycline
pigs, rats and possibly to respiratory epithelium ✓ Culture in BAP and MCA –
✓ Tylosin
other animal c. adenylate cyclase toxin – aerobically at 37oC for 24-48 hrs
✓ Ceftiofur
capable of altering cellular
✓ Sulfamethazine
functions of the host including ID criteria for isolates:
✓ Erythromycin
inhibition of chemotaxis, - Colonial appearance on BA or
✓ Aminoglycosides
phagocytosis and IC killing selective media
✓ polymixin B.
d. dermonecrotic toxin – - Growth on MCA
responsible for the production of - Biochemical profile
***Resistant to penicillin
nasal turbinate atrophy (atrophic - slide hemagglutination tests
MOT of KC and in rhinitis) in piglets and
GENERAL experimentally in rabbits, rats Clinical signs of KC/CS:
Treatment for KC/CS:
and mice - C.s. develop w/in 3-4 days of
a. droplet - the toxin impairs the ability of exposure
✓ Dogs w/ mild C.S. – do
inhalation/ osteoblasts to differentiate which - Coughing
not require specific
respiratory leads to turbinate atrophy - Gagging or retching
therapy
secretions; e. hemolysin - Mild serous oculonasal discharge
✓ Antibiotic therapy - if
aerosols f. hemagglutinin - Affected dogs remain active, alert
coughing persists for
b. direct and indirect – attachment to the respiratory and non-febrile
>2wks or if
contact and cells - Dss is self-limiting
bronchopneumonia is
fomites, transfer on g. tracheal cytotoxin
present
footwear or – partially responsible for Diagnosis of KC/CS:
- Amoxicillin
clothing, on ciliostasis and the extrusion of - Based on a hx of recent exposure
- Tetracyclines
contaminated the ciliated epithelium to carrier dogs
- Fluoroquinolones
feeding utensils - Clinical signs
Pathogenesis - Transtracheal aspiration fluid –
Control
Morbidity rates – 50% a. attachment to cilia of respiratory appropriate specimen for lab.exam
✓ Immediate isolation of
Mortality rates – low tract - Hemagglutination of ovine and
affected dogs
b. bacterial growth and colonization bovine RBCs – virulent strains of
✓ Correct predisposing
on ciliated tissues with ciliostasis B.bronchiseptica
factors when identified
c. invasion of neutrophils on intact - Serology in asso.w/ vac.hx – have
✓ Intranasal vaccines
respiratory mucosa vale in determining involvement of
(containing
respiratory viruses
B.bronchiseptica and PI-2
antigens)
✓ MLV
Bordetella avium turkeys turkey coryza or avian Contributing factors to Pathogenic attributes: Clinical signs Treatment and Control
bordetellosis more severe infections: a. dermonecrotic toxin - oculonasal discharge, cough, – vaccination (live attenuated
- various stresses b. tracheal cytotoxin – cause sneezing and dyspnea, with vaccine of B. avium)
- an economically important - secondary viruses deciliation and loss of mucous gland decreased weight gain – MLV – may be used in
disease of young turkeys and (Newcastle disease) and function of respiratory epithelium - Excessive lacrimation susceptible flocks
quail bacteria (E.coli) c. pili and hemagglutinin – - Beak breathing – Broad spectrum
- an acute rhinotracheitis with adherence of the organism to tracheal - in severe cases, the tracheal antibiotics – e.g.
a high morbidity and usually Transmission epithelium cartridge is distorted and tetracyclines are used to
low mortality - Direct contact discolored; prevent or treat
- By aerosols - collapse of the trachea may secondary colibacillosis
- By result to suffocation – Thorough cleaning and
environmental disinfection of turkey
sources Diagnosis houses after an
- C.signs and gross pathological outbreak
features
- Isolation and ID of B.avium from
sinus and tracheal exudates
- Virulent isolates agglutinate guinea
pig RBCs
- Microagglutination and ELISA
techniques
Bordetella pertussis Children Whooping cough
Bordetella Lambs Pneumonia
parapertussis
Children Whooping cough

Bordetella hinzii Poultry & humans Infection in

immunocompromised humans

SPECIES DESCRIPTION
2 biovars: Type A and B
Francisella tularensis
F. tularensis subsp. tularensis
2 biovars: Type A and B (type A)
- F. tularensis subsp. tularensis - occurs in North America
(type A) - hydrolyses glycerol produces
- F. tularensis subsp. holarctica citrulline ureidase
(type B) • Animals & humans –
classical tularemia
Reservoir hosts include: • widespread in wildlife
- Lagomorphs • endemic in rabbits
- Rodents Associated with terrestrial
- Birds animal reservoirs
- Deer
F. tularensis subsp. holarctica
- can survive in the environment (type B)
for up to 3-4 months (stable in - occurs worldwide (North
the environment) America ad Eurasia)
- less virulent
➢ commonly isolated from
aquatic animals and water
associated infections like
that resulting from
swimming in rivers
****reservoir:
- host voles
- water rats
- muskrats
- beavers
HOST/DISEASE
TULAREMIA
(deer fly fever, rabbit
fever, Ohara’s disease)
- a septicemic disease
affecting more than 10
species of wild and
domestic animals, birds,
fish.
- Disease is highly
infectious to man and
endemic in rabbits,
disease resembles
bubonic plague
Primary host: sheep
Secondary host:
dog, cat, pig, horse
Tularemia in domestic
animals
- Infection is common in
domestic animals
- Disease was reported in
sheep, horses and young
pigs
- Adult pigs and cattle –
comparatively resistant
- Dogs and cats may be
infected and seroconvert
without clinical signs of
the disease
FRANCISELLA
EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOGENICITY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
Pathogenesis and
➢ Tick and deer fly Pathogenicity Diagnosis: Clinical Sign:
(Chrysops discalis) –
impt. vectors in - org. survives in ➢ Heavy tick infestation in - Fever
North America macrophages not in severely ill animals - Depression
➢ Dermacentor neutrophils ➢ Suitable specimens for - Inappetence
variabilis, - Org.enters macrophages lab.tests – blood (for - Stiffness
D.andersoni, and via a unique system of serology), scrapings from - Septicemia
Amblyomma pseudopod loops ulcers, lymph node
Americanum - The org.inhibits aspirates and biopsy
- Tick spp.in which phagosome/lysosome material or postmortem Treatment
F.tularensis can be passed fusion and replicates in samples
transtadially and acidified phagosomes ➢ FAT – for ID of ✓ Amikacin
transovarially - Acidification is important F.tularensis in tissues or ✓ Streptomycin
for the release of iron exudates and from ✓ Imipenem-cilastatin
TRANSMISSION from transferrin – iron cultures ✓ Fluoroquinolones
Vector-borne / Arthropod required for the growth ➢ Isolation procedures
bites of org. must be carried out in a Control
✓ Ticks - Lymphadenitis either biohazard cabinet
-- most common method of local or generalized- is a ➢ PCR (in blood); isolation  Ectoparasite control
transmission to people constant finding in embryo egg of lab  Px contamination of
-- Transovarial transmission - septicemia animal food and water with
-- Can be infective for life - Pale necrotic foci – ➢ Culture ad ID of infected carcasses or
- Dermacentor present in enlarged organism: glucose- excreta of wildlife
andersonii superficial LN and miliary cysteine-blood agar + species
- Dermacentor lesions in the liver and antibiotics  Prevent dogs and cats
variabilis spleen ➢ Plates are incubated from hunting wildlife
- Amblyomma - Areas of pulmonary aerobically at 37oC for species
Americanum - consolidation up to 7 days  No vaccine available
✓ Mosquitoes, flies ➢ ID criteria for isolates:
-- Infrequent - Small, grey, mucoid colonies
-- only infective for 14 days surrounded by narrow zone of
Chrysops discalis (Deer fly) hemolysis
✓ Skin abrasions - Immunofluorescence can be
✓ Inhalation of aerosols used to confirm the identity
✓ Ingestion of the pathogen
✓ Very invasive, IC - A slide agglutination test
parasite, spread via can be carried out cultures
lymphatics and produce using antiserum specific to
miliary whitish foci of F.tularensis
necrosis in liver, spleen - Biochemical tests for
and lymph nodes distinguishing type A from
type B strains
 Tularemia in humans
DESCPRIPTION HOSTS/AT RISKS MORTALITY RATE DISEASE

GENERAL: • Incubation: 3 to 15 days

- A serious and potentially • Hunters • Seven disease forms in humans
fatal infection • Trappers • Untreated: 5-15% • All forms start with the following clinical signs:
- Slow-healing ulcer • Veterinarians • Treated: 1-3%. - Sudden fever
accompanied by • Lab.workers • Typhoidal tularemia: 2-3 - Chills
lymphadenopathy times higher than other - Headache
forms. - Myalgia
• Type A has higher case-
fatality rate 5-15% 1. Ulceroglandular • Most common
• Type B produces few • Causes: bite from an arthropod vector, handling of infected meat
deaths even without • ulcer develops at the site of infection and the local lymph nodes are
treatment enlarged
• lymph nodes are painful, swollen, and may rupture and ulcerate
• Ulcer may last 1 week - months

2. Glandular • no ulcer, but there are one or more enlarged lymph nodes
• Second most common
*Ulceroglandular and glandular form are the most common forms of disease
caused by F. tularensis tularensis and F. tularensis holarctica which accounts
for account for 75-85% of naturally occurring tularemia cases

3. Oculoglandular • rare and occurs when the conjunctiva becomes infected

- By contaminated fingers
- Contaminated material splashed into eye
• Clinical signs:
- flu-like
- conjunctivitis
- regional lymphadenopathy
• Severe form
- Ulceration of conjunctiva
Ocular discharge
4. Oropharyngeal • Ingestion
- Hand-to-mouth
- Consumption of undercooked meat or water
• Clinical signs:
- Pharyngitis
- Diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- vomiting
- GI bleeding
- nausea
• Pseudomembrane may develop over tonsils
5. Typhoidal • Most lethal
• Clinical sign: septicemia
• Without lymphadenopathy or ulcer
• Systemic infection and can develop from the oropharyngeal form of
tularemia

6. Pulmonary • Inhalation of aerosol

• Complications from other forms
- 10 to 15% of the ulceroglandular and 50% of the typhoidal cases
result in the pulmonary form of disease

7. Intestinal Clinical signs:

- Abdominal pain
- Vomiting
diarrhea
 CAMPYLOBACTER
SPECIES HABITAT HOSTS DISEASE PATHOGENICITY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
- Found in bovine Bovine - BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS - possess microcapsule ID criteria for isolates: - Dihydrostreptomycin
semen or S layer - growth only in microaerophilic systematically or topically
- preputial smegma ➢ Transmitted during coitus to susceptible cows by - S layer confers conditions into the prepuce
Campylobacter - cervical mucus asymptomatic carrier resistance to serum- - cell morphology in smears - Intrauterine admin.-
fetus subsp. ➢ The org. survives in the glandula crypts of the prepuce and mediated destruction stained with DCF or by dihydrostreptomycin
venerealis **** will not grow in bulls and phagocytosis and immunofluorescence - Vacc. with bacterins in oil
human or animal GI ➢ C.S. temperature infertility associated with embryonic death, enhances survival in - Colonial morphology emulsion adjuvant
tracts return to estrus at irregular periods, sporadic abortion the genital tract - Metabolic characteristics and
➢ The org. persist in the vagina of the carrier cows antibiotic susceptibility pattern
➢ Extension of infection to the uterus w/ the devt. of
endometritis and salpingitis can occur during progestational ✓ Investigation of the breeding
phase of estrous cycle records and vacc hx
✓ FAT in sheath washings from
- Bovine abortion bulls or cervicovaginal mucus
- infertility from cows
✓ Isolation and ID of the
*** thru venereal transmission org.fr.preputial or vaginal
mucus
✓ Vaginal mucus agglutination
test – detects infected, infertile
cows u ELISA – to demonstrate
IgA antibodies in vaginal mucus
after an abortion
✓ PCR

- Found in placentas
- gastric contents of
Campylobacter aborted ovine and
fetus subsp. fetus bovine fetuses
- in intestine and
GB of cattle and
sheep
**** will not grow in
human or animal GI
tracts
Campylobacter - Normal GI flora in
jejuni pigs, sheep, cattle,
goats, chickens, piglets, calves,
turkeys, wild birds
Ovine - Enzootic abortion OVINE GENITAL
Bovine - enteritis in sheep CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
- abortion in ewes - C. fetus subsp. fetus - feces
- sporadic abortion in of cattle and sheep
cattle - C.jejuni – present in feces
- enteric and systemic of a wide range of birds
infections in humans and mammals
thru oral transmission - Transmission: faecal-oral
route
- Most common cause of
Sheep Abortion ovine abortion
- During pregnancy,
enteritis localization in the uterus of
lambs susceptible ewes may
occur ff.bacteremia
✓ Typical hepatic lesions in
aborted lambs
✓ Presumptive dx – by
demonstrating the org.in fetal
abomasal contents or birth
fluids
✓ Isolation and ID of C. fetus
subsp. fetus or C.jejuni are
confirmatory
include soluble
components with
enterotoxin-like activity
- Isolation of ewes that abort
and removal of placentae
and aborted fetuses
- Vaccination of ewes with C.
fetus subsp. fetus bacterin
- Routine vac. of ewes w/
bacterin is carried out
immediately before or after
mating, w/ a booster after
the 2nd mo.of gestation and
annually thereafter
- There is no cross protection
between C. fetus subsp.
fetus and C.jejuni
**** will not grow in Human INTESTINAL - Subsequent necrotic - Chlortetracycline admin.
human or animal GI CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS placentitis result in daily in feed to control
tracts IN HUMANS abortion late in pregnancy, outbreaks of abortion
stillborn or weak lambs
- main cause of intestinal - Round, necrotic lesions up - Enrofloxacin is usually
campylobacteriosis to 2 cm in diameter with effective in eliminating
- most frequent cause of pale raised rims and dark fecal shedding of
food poisoning depressed centers are Campylobacter spp.
- C.coli and C.lari – evident on the liver surface - Erythromycin is the
sometimes implicated in some aborted lambs preferred drug in dogs
- Poultry meat - major - Aborting ewes are major - Dog shedding C.jejuni are a
source of infection sources of infection for potential source of human
- Symptoms: fever, susceptible animals in a infection
abdominal pain and flock
diarrhea sometimes - Recovered ewes - immune
with blood for 3 years
- Antimicrobial resistance
in campylobacters,
particularly to
fluoroquinolones is a
major public health
concern

- enteritis; occasional
sepsis via oral
transmission

INTESTINAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS IN DOGS

- C.A. C.jejuni – diarrhea in dogs and other domestic animals

- Presence of other enteric viruses, Giardia spp.and helminths
contribute to the severity of the dss.
Dogs - Healthy animals shed Campylobacter spp.in their feces
At risk – young, debilitated or immunosuppressed animals

Avian Avian vibrionic hepatitis – demonstrating curved rods with - Dihydrostreptomycin

darting motility in bile – using phase sulphate in feeds
– commensal in bird intestinal tract and is excreted/shed in their contrast microscopy
feces
Chicks acquire infection from feed, water and litter
Infection in chickens and turkeys is usually asymptomatic
 HELICOBACTER
SPECIES DESCRIPTION HOSTS DISEASE PATHOGENICITY DIAGNOSIS
✓ Slightly curved ✓ Chronic gastritis Pathogenesis of ulcer disease Bacteriologic Isolation of causative agent
✓ Non-H.pylori helicobacters are long ✓ Gastric and 1. Infection develops in antral part of stomach Hystologic Examination of causative agent in
and spiral-shaped HUMAN duodenal ulcer 2. Inflammation causes gastritis, duodenitis, but histological sections and biopsy
✓ Has strong urease reaction ✓ Adenocarcinoma sometimes it is without any symptoms specimen
Helicobacter ✓ Human pathogen and B-Lymphoma of 3. Ulcer is result of inflammation, its complication - Urease Examination of biochemical activity in
pylori ✓ Asso.with gastric ulcers, gastric stomach perforation and hemorrhage biopsy specimen
adenocarcinoma and mucosa- Respiratory test Examination of of urease activity of
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Virulence factors of H.pylori causative agent in the stomach with
lymphoma Enzymes of virulence: help of C isotopes (13С, 14С)
– Urease Immunologic ELYSA, examination of bacterial
Peculiarities of Helicobacter pylori – Phospholipase А antigens in feces
- Microaerophilic bacterium (5% О2, – Proteases Polymerase Chain Biopsy specimen
5-10 % СО2) –Аdhesins Reaction
- They require special nutrient
media; a surface of medium must Toxins:
be moist) – Endotoxin
- They give growth in 48-72 hours, –Exotoxin-cytotoxin (factor which is responsible for
when antibiotics are used – in 13 formation of vacuoles)
days
- They have high urease, catalase Survival factors of Helicobacter pylori in a stomach
and oxidase activity  Neutralization of acidic contents of the
- They are motile stomach near bacteria (urease, “altruistic
- They are polymorphic bacteria autolysis”)
(comma-shaped, spiral-shaped,  Active invasion in mucous layer which
coccal-shaped forms) covers stomach epithelium
(lophotrichates)
 Ability to adhere to epitheliocytes of
stomach (fimbria with hemagglutinin
activity)