Parasitology 2022 Atlas

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
Treatment Albendazole
General Information
Common Name Whipworm
Habitat Large intestine- Rectum
Infective Stage Embryonated egg Hosts (if applicable)
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated egg Natural Host Man
Distinguishing Prominent and protruding Intermediate Host -
feature bipolar plugs Accidental Host -
Morphology
Adult Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Flesh colored or pink slender Symptoms due to the to the worm’s attachment
Size / Color
worms 1 Rectum prolapse, colitis & dysentery
Male Coiled ends 2 Iron Deficiency Anemia
[IMAGE OF OVA]
Straight and blunt anterior: fine, 3 Acute Appendicitis
Female hairlike structure 4 Diarrhea
POSTERIOR: Thick and fleshy 5 Hypoalbuminemia
Eggs/Ova
double layer, yellowish brown
Color
eggs shells
Barrel-shaped/ lemon shaped/
football-shaped with thick,
Characteristics smooth, double layer and two
prominent plugs protruding at
both ends
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

Mode/s of
Ingestion of embryonated eggs
Transmission
[IMAGE OF ADULT]
Sources Soil transmitted
▪ DFS (Direct Fecal Smear)
▪ Kato Technique or Cellophane
Diagnosis Thick smear
▪ Kato - Katz Technique
▪ Concentration technique
ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS “tadpole-shaped” coiled embryo - Nocturnal enuresis - involuntary urination;
General Information
Common Name Pinworm or Seat worm Contains infectious only 6 hours after being 2 disturbs sleep during migration of worms at
Large Intestine (cecum, deposition night.
Habitat appendix and adjacent portion transparent/translucent, double Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
of ascending colon) “LITE” layered and relatively thick 3 Mild Catarrhal Inflammation
Egg shell
Infective Stage Embryonated eggs consist of: outer, albuminous, and Allergic Manifestation - due to absorption of
4
Embryonated eggs or adult lipoidal membrane metabolites secreted by the worms
Diagnostic Stage
worms 5 Vulvovaginitis with mucoid vaginal discharge
Distinguishing Cephalic Alae and prominent Salpingitis - severe form of vulvovaginitis in
Mode/s of Ingestion of embryonated eggs
feature Esophageal Bulb 6 which worms may enter reproductive tract up to
Transmission Inhalation of airborne eggs from dust
Disease Enterobiasis or Oxyuriasis fallopian tubes
Autoinfection and Reinfection
Morphology Sources Handling contaminated soiled linens E. vermicularis Ova
Adult and night clothes of infected individual
Short, white, fusiform worms with Detection of Egg
Size / Color pointed ends with cephalic alae - NIH Swab method
and prominent esophageal bulb - Under fingernails

Diagnosis
posterior end is tightly curved - Scotch tape method - routine
Male ventrally, sharply truncated with Detection of Adult worm
prominent copulatory spicule - Stool sample
Oviparous Pyrantel pamoate, albendazole,

Treatment
thin, pointed pin-like tail on its mebendazole, Piperazine
Female
posterior third
Hosts (if applicable) E. vermicularis Worm
lays 5,000 - 17,000 eggs
Natural Host Human (Monoxenous)
Eggs/Ova
Intermediate Host no intermediate host
does not undergo any systemic
Color Colorless and not bile-stained Accidental Host
migration
elongated ovoid, flattened on one

Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
side and convex on the other
Characteristic Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larva
(plano convex) “D” letter
Pruritus Ani - worm produces intense irritation
floats in saturated salt solution
1 in perianal and perineal area when it crawls out
of the anus to lay eggs.

TOXOCARA CANIS
General Information Hosts (if applicable)
Common Name Dog Ascaris / Dog roundworm Natural Host Dogs
Various organs of body like Intermediate Host -
Habitat
liver, lungs, and eyes Accidental Host Humans
Infective Stage Embryonated egg
Diagnostic Stage Ova
Dioecious. smaller than most of
Distinguishing Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
the other species in the family
feature Encystment of the larvae in the eye (ocular
Ascarididae.
1 larval migrans) - mimics a malignant tumor
Morphology (retinoblastoma)
Adult 2 Elevated Isohemagglutinins
Male: 4 - 6 cm 3 Hepatomegaly
Size / Color
Female: 6.5 – 15 cm 4 Pulmonary inflammation with cough and fever
[OVA]
Curved ventrally and the tail is 5 Seizures
bluntly pointed, has a single 6 Eosinophilia

Male
tubular testis and have simple
spicules.
Vulva is about one-third the body
Female
length from the anterior end
Eggs/Ova
Fertilized egg Embryonated: With surficial pits

Mode/s of Ingestion of infected eggs / ova from
Transmission contaminated soil
Sources Mainly by dog (Toxocara spp.)
Serological tests, such as passive
hemagglutination, bentonite
Diagnosis flocculation, microprecipitation, and
more specifically, enzyme-linked [ADULT]
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Diethylcarbamazine and
Treatment
prednisolone

TOXOCARA CATI
Common Name Cat ascaris Natural Host Cat
Habitat Intestine of cats Intermediate Host -
Infective Stage L3 Accidental Host Man
Diagnostic Stage Larvae in tissues
Distinguishing Male has a curved posterior
feature end
Toxocariasis
Morphology Visceral Larva Migrans – migration and death

1
Adult of larvae
Ocular Larva migrains – vision impairment,
Brownish-yellow to cream-colored 2
Size / Color blindness
to pink
3 Hepatosplenomegaly
Male 4-6cm, curved posterior end
Female 6-10cm, straight posterior end 4 Rash
5 Pneumonitis [OVA]
Eggs/Ova
Broadly ovoid, golden brown in 6 Asthma
Fertilized egg color; embryonated and develop

into the infective eggs
Unfertilized egg Brownish, spherical, larger than

those of A. lumbricoides

Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Sources Raw vegetables, soil
Biopsy tissues
Diagnosis
ELISA
Treatment Albendazole or mebendazole
[ADULT]

ANCYLOSTOMA BRAZILIENSE
General Information Sources & Mode/s of Transmission
Common Name Cat Hookworm Mode/s of
Larval skin penetration
Habitat Lumen of the small intestine Transmission
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3) Sources Dog and cat feces
Diagnostic Stage Ova Direct fecal smear
Possesses a pair of large teeth Concentration techniques (light
Distinguishing and a pair of inconspicuous infection) – Harada Mori: Filter
feature median teeth in the buccal Diagnosis paper culture method that utilizes
capsule the water tropism of larva egg
Imaging Methods – for extracellular
Morphology ascariasis
Adult Treatment Ivermectin and pyrantel
[OVA]
Size / Color 4 to 10.5 mm long
Have two broad lateral lobes and Hosts (if applicable)
Male a smaller dorsal lobe with rays on Natural Host Man
the copulatory bursa Intermediate Host -
Larger than male; measures 9- Accidental Host -

Female
10.5 mm in length
Eggs/Ova
Broadly ovoid, golden brown in
Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
Fertilized egg color; embryonated and develop
1 Ancylostomiasis/Uncinariasis
into the infective eggs
2 Cutaneous: Localized rashes and Ground itch
Larger, irregular in shape;
Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Unfertilized egg nonembryonated and cannot
3 Pulmonary: Pneumonitis or Loffler syndrome
become infective
Intestinal: Gastroenteritis with abdominal pain,
4
diarrhea, and nausea
Blood loss with secondary iron deficiency
5
anemia
[ADULT]

TOXOCARA CANINUM
Common Name Dog hookworm Mode/s of
Penetration of the skin
Adult – Lumen of the Small Transmission
Habitat
Intestine Sources Tropical and subtropical countries
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3) Direct Fecal Smear (DFS)
Diagnostic Stage Ova Kato-Katz technique
Distinguishing Buccal cavity is provided with Concentration techniques
feature three pairs of ventral teeth Diagnosis • Brine Floatation Technique
• Formalin-Ether Concentration
Morphology Technique
Adult • Harada-Mori (Culture Method) [OVA]
Colorless Treatment Albendazole
Size / Color Male - Smaller, about 8-11 mm.
Female - Larger, 10-13 mm. Hosts (if applicable)
Genital Opens in cloaca along the Natural Host Dogs
Male anus. Posterior end expands like Intermediate Host Dogs
an umbrella Accidental Host Man
Genital Opens at the junction of
Female the middle and posterior third of Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
the body. Posterior has tapering Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
Eggs/Ova 1 Ground itch or Coolie itch
Fertilized egg Ovoidal thin-shelled and colorless 2 Pulmonary lesion or Wakana Disease
Creeping eruption or Cutaneous larva migrans [ADULT]
3
(animal hookworms)
Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
4 Hookworm anemia
5 Hypoalbuminemia

ANCYLOSTOMA CEYLANICUM
Common Name Dog and cat hookworm Natural Host -
Habitat Small intestine Intermediate Host Dogs and cats
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3) Accidental Host -
Diagnostic Stage Eggs/ova Definitive Host Man
Large ventral cutting plates
terminating at the dorsal end in a
Distinguishing Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
large single tooth; and in the male [Right: four-celled egg/ova]
feature Toxocariasis
the parallel mediolateral and
1 Dew itch/ground itch
posterior-lateral bursal rays
2 Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Morphology Symptoms Due to Adult worm
Adult 3 Abdominal pain
Adults are 6 – 10 mm long, slightly 4 Nausea

Size / Color stouter than the adults of 5 Anorexia
Ancylostoma braziliense. 6 Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss
Feathery posterior end owing to
Male
their copulatory bursa
Female Tapered narrow posterior end
[Left: Anterior of an adult showing prominent sets of outer
Eggs/Ova (asterisk) and small inner (number sign) teeth on a cutting
Thin-shelled, colorless, measures plate in the buccal cavity. Middle: Posterior of an adult male,
showing mediolateral (asterisk) and posterior-lateral (number
Egg 60-75 µm by 35-40 µm, 4-8 celled sign) rays of the copulatory bursa of the running parallel.
stage Right: A single filariform larva]

Mode/s of Skin penetration
Transmission May also be acquired via Fecal-oral
Sources Contaminated soil
Direct Fecal Smear - routine
Kato-Katz Technique
Diagnosis Brine Flotation Technique
Formalin-Ether Concentration
Technique
Treatment Albendazole, Mebendazole

ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS ventricular dilation
General Information MRI, ELISA
Rat lungworm Immunopolymerase chain reaction
Common Name
Rodent Lungworm (PCR)
Branches of Pulmonary Artery Mebendazole, Albendazole,
Habitat
in rats Surgical removal for ocular
Treatment
First stage larvae (IH) parastrongyliasis, Prednisone (30
Infective Stage
Third stage larvae (DH) mg daily)
Diagnostic Stage Larvae and adult worms in CSF
Distinguishing
Barber’s Pole Pattern Hosts (if applicable)
feature
Rattus rattus, Rattus
Natural Host [IMAGE OF OVA]
Morphology norvegicus (Rats)
Adult Achatina fulica, Pila
Size / Color 16-25 mm, white luzonica, Parathelpusa
Has a well-developed kidney- Intermediate Host mistio, Brotia asperata,

Male
shaped caudal bursa Slugs, Fresh water prawns,
Characterized by having a Water and vegetables
“barber’s pole” appearance due Accidental Host Man
Female to the looping of milky white

uterine tubules around the blood
filled intestine
Symptoms Due to Larvae and Adult worm
Eggs/Ova
1 Meningoencephalitis, Neurologic abnormalities
Elongated, ovoidal with delicate
Fertilized egg 2 Necrosis and granuloma formation
hyaline shell
3 Ocular complications [IMAGE OF ADULT]
Unfertilized egg -
4 Peripheral eosinophilia
5 High cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia
Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Raw mollusk, raw leafy vegetables
contaminated with mucus of the
Sources
mollusk with L3 larva, contaminated
water
Diagnosis CT scan- non cerebral edema and

ANISAKIS SPP. which the 2cm larvae can be
General Information removed
Herring worm, codworm, or Mechanical removal of the larva
Common Name Treatment
sealworm using endoscopic forceps
Habitat Submucosa of the stomach
Infective Stage L3 larvae
Diagnostic Stage Larvae
Distinguishing Hosts (if applicable)
-
feature Whales, dolphins,
porpoises, walruses, seals,
Morphology Natural Host
sea lions, and other deep-
Adult
marine mammals
Size / Color -
Intermediate Host Sea fishes
Male -
Accidental Host Humans Anisakis spp. ovum
Female -
Larva
First stage larva Develops inside the eggs Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Develops inside Larvae

Second stage larva
microcrustaceans If the larvae pass into the bowel, a severe
Anisakiss simplex: Milky white, eosinophilic granulomatous response may

1
measuring 19-36mm in length, occur 1 to 2 weeks following infection, causing
with a long stomach, and a blunt symptoms mimicking Crohn’s disease
Third stage tail with mucron, and are referred 2 Rarely, intestinal perforation can occur
larva/L3 larva to as type 1 larva. Anisakiasis involves acute abdominal

Pseudoterranova: Yellowish symptoms, usually within hours after ingestion
brown in color measuring 25-50 3 of larvae. This nonspecific abdominal distress
mm in length can be mistaken for other conditions such as
peptic ulcers, food poisoning, and appendicitis
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission When the oropharynx is involved, the Anisakis larva
Mode/s of Raw or undercooked seafood 4 presentation is commonly known as “tingling
Transmission consumption throat syndrome”
More common in the coastal 5 Intestinal obstruction
Sources population due to the consumption 6 Diverculitis
of raw or undercooked fish 7 Acute allergic reactions
Diagnosis Gastroscopic examination during

DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS base of the ulcer
General Information Detection of larvae
Guinea worm, Medina worm, Skin test – intradermal test for
Common Name Dragon worm, Fiery Serpent worm antigens
worm of the Israelites Serological – ELISA, IFA
Subcutaneous tissue of the Surgical removal of parasite
Habitat
legs, arms and back in man. Antihistamines for allergic reactions
Treatment
Infective Stage 3rd stage Larvae Metronidazole, Niridazole,
Diagnostic Stage 1st stage Larvae Thiabendazole
Distinguishing
feature
Morphology
Hosts (if applicable) ADULT WORM
Adult
Natural Host Man
Size / Color Milky, white, slender.
Intermediate Host Cyclops
small and difficult to identify they
Accidental Host N/A
Male die immediately after fertilizing
female
Has a rounded anterior end and a Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
tapering posterior end in a form of Symptoms
Female a hook-like structure. it has a 1 Blister formation in the feet
minute triangular mouth in the Before blister formation, nausea, vomiting,
2
anterior end pruritis and urticarial rash
Larvae Secondary bacterial infection may lead to
3
thin, white tubular, tadpole Tetanus
Larvae (1st stage)
movement in water 4 Lasts for 1-3 months
it is longer than 1st stage larvae
Larvae (3rd stage)
and have a filariform pharynx LARVAE

Mode/s of Drinking unfiltered water containing
Transmission infected cyclops
Rural areas with contaminated
Sources
water
Diagnosis Detection of adult worm from the

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Life-threatening infections:
General Information
Common Name Trichina worm - Prednisone
Adult: small intestines of pig, - Thiabendazole
Habitat rat, and man

Hosts (if applicable)
Larva: striated muscles
Natural Host Pigs
Infective Stage Larvae
Accidental Host Man
Diagnostic Stage Encysted larvae

Morphology
Symptoms Due Enteric Stage
Adult
1 Diarrhea
Size / Color Small, white
2 Abdominal pain
Smaller, conspicuous conical
Male Symptoms Due Larval Migration
papillae present
3 Hypersensitivity reaction
Female Bigger, viviparous, single uterus
4 Periorbital and facial edema
Larvae/Cyst
5 Hemorrhage in the subconjunctiva
Remain coiled inside muscle
6 Myocarditis [IMAGE OF ENCYSTED LARVAE]
cysts, which are only present in
Larva 7 Pneumonia
the striated skeletal muscle.
Lemon-shaped Symptoms Due to Muscle Encystment
Cysts are ovoid in shape. They 8 Muscle edema
Cyst are formed by the tissue reaction

around the encapsulated larvae.

Mode/s of Ingestion of encysted larva in
Transmission undercooked pork
Sources Raw or undercooked meat
- Direct detection of the first-
stage encysted larvae in
Diagnosis
striated muscular tissue
- Muscle biopsy
Nonlife-threatening infection:
- Analgesic
Treatment
- Antipyretics
[IMAGE OF ADULT]

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI 6:00-pm-4:00am (Nocturnal Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
General Information periodicity) 1 Lymphoedema
Common Name Bancroft’s filarial worm Thick blood smears stained with 2 Lymphadenitis
Habitat Blood and Tissue (Nematodes) Giemsa 3 Lymphatic Filariasis
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3) • Sheath: Faintly staining 4 Hydrocoele
Diagnostic Stage Microfilariae • Nuclei: Conspicuous and do not 5 Elephantiasis
Sheathed without caudal nuclei; extend up to the tip
Distinguishing 6 Granuloma of the female breast
Nuclei are distinct and arranged
feature 7 Chyluria
in 2-3 rows Laboratory Diagnosis
8 Occult Filariasis
1. Microscopy
9 Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Morphology ● Preparation of Thick
Adult Smear: look for
Minute, whitish, thread-like; microfilaria
Size / Color
Filariform in shape ● Stain: Giemsa
Male Tail is sharply curved ventrally 2. DEC Provocative Test
Female Viviparous, longer than male 3. Concentration Techniques
● Knott’s Concentration
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Technique
Mode/s of ● Membrane Filtration
Skin penetration; bite of arthropod
Transmission Method (Nucleopore
Urban type: abaca raising areas Filter)
(Abaca axils - depression in the 4. Serology
[IMAGE OF MICROFILARIA]
middle wherein water can be 5. Molecular Methods
collected in the rainy season and 6. Ultrasound
this water harbors the mosquito Treatment Diethyl carbamazine citrate (DEC)
Sources
larva)
Rural type: mountains and hills Hosts (if applicable)
which are oftentimes endemic for Natural Host Man
malaria and the mosquito vector Mosquito
thriving in clear running mountain Aedes poecilus, Anopheles
Intermediate Host
streams minimus- flavirostris, Culex
Microfilaria demonstrated in quinquefasciatus
Diagnosis
peripheral blood during the night
[IMAGE OF ADULT WORMS]

BRUGIA MALAYI
General Information Mode/s of Bite of mosquito carrying
Common Name Malayan filaria Transmission filariform larva
Adult worms – lymphatic Areas of the world in which the
system mosquitoes breed are the
Habitat primary locations in which B.
malayi may be found. These
Microfilariae – blood
Sources include the Philippines,
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3)
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, New
Diagnostic Stage Microfilariae
Guinea, Vietnam, Thailand, and
Sheathed with 2 caudal nuclei; specific regions of Japan,
Distinguishing
nuclei are indistinct and Korea, and China.
feature
confluent
1. Blood microscopy
Diagnosis 2. QBC
Morphology 3. Urine microscopy
Adult Diethylcarbamazine citrate
Whitish, translucent, thread-like Treatment
(DEC)
Size / Color worms with smooth cuticle and
tapering ends Hosts (if applicable)
24 mm in length, posterior end Natural Host Man
of the male is curved vertically
Male Mansonia bonneae
and contains two spicules of
Intermediate Host Mansonia uniformis
unequal length
Aeges togoi
53 mm in length, posterior end
Female
of the female worm is straight
Microfilaria Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size 220 x 6 µm long 1 Asymptomatic microfilaremia
Appearance Kinky, with secondary curves 2 Acute adenolymphangitis
Sheath Sheathed 3 Lymphadenitis
Cephalic space Almost twice as long as broad 4 Lymphedema
Stylet at anterior end Double 5 Lymphangiovarix
Excretory pore Prominent 6 Epldidymiltis hydrocele
Nuclear column Blurred Elephantiasis (commonly in the legs below
7 the knees and less frequently the arm below
Presence of two distinct nuclei
the elbow
Arrangement of in the tip of the tail; the
nuclei in tail organism tissue tends to bulge
around each of the two nuclei
Periodicity Nocturnal

LOA LOA
General Information Mode/s of
Bite of arthropod
Common Name AFRICAN EYE WORM Transmission
Subcutaneous Tissue They are common in forests
Sources and swampy areas with woody

Habitat During the day they are found
in PERIPHERAL BLOOD, but vegetation
during the noncirculating
phase, they are found in the
LUNGS
Infective Stage Third stage filarial larvae Blood films may be thick or thin
Diagnostic Stage MICROFILARIAE
and stained with Giemsa or
The nuclei fill the organism and hematoxylin-andeosin
Distinguishing are continuous to the tip of the
feature Centrifugation of the blood
pointing tail.
Diagnosis sample lysed in 2% formalin
(Knott’s technique), or filtration
Morphology through a Nucleopore
Adult
membrane
Male 2-3.5 cm long
Female 5 – 7 cm long [Image of microfilaria]
Microfilaria Presence of Calabar swellings
Size 248 to 300 μm in length.
Appearance Cylindrical, thread-like worm
Sheath Sheathed Loa loa microfilariae
Continuous with those of the Diethylcarbamazine,
Caudal Nuclei
trunk Treatment
Periodicity Diurnal Albendazole

Natural Host Man
Intermediate Host Chrysops (mango flies)

1 Calabar swellings or fugitive swellings
2 Granulomata (conjunctiva)
3 Painless edema (eyelids)
4 Proptosis
5 Neuropathy
6 Encelopathy [Image of Adult]
7 Cardiomyopathy (rare)

ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
General Information Mode/s of Bite of an infectious arthropod 1 Pruritus
Common Name CONVOLUTED FILARIA Transmission (blackfly) 2 Dermatitis
The blackfly that transmits the
3 Onchocercomata
Subcutaneous Tissue infection lives and breeds near
Sources fast-flowing streams and rivers, 4 Lymphadenopathies
In the blackfly, microfilariae mostly near remote rural
reside in the thoracic flight villages.
muscles. In humans,
Habitat Microscopy:
microfilariae can be found in the
The microfilariae may be
skin, lymph vessels, lymph
demonstrated by examination of
nodes, blood, urine,
skin snip from the area of
cerebrospinal fluid, and internal
maximal microfilaria density
organs (especially the eyes).
such as iliac crest or trapezius
Infective Stage Third stage filarial larvae
region, which is placed on a
slide in water or saline. the
Distinguishing specimen is best collected
Coiled in fibrous tissue nodules
feature around midday. this method is
specific and most accurate.
Diagnosis
Morphology Serology:
Adult Serological tests are useful for
Male 15 - 45 mm long the diagnosis of cases in which
Female 30 - 40 cm long microfilariae are not
Microfilaria demonstrated in the skin. [Image of microfilaria]
Size 300 to 315 0 μm in length.
The tail tapers to a point and is Molecular diagnosis:
Appearance
often sharply bent. Polymerase chain reaction from
Sheath Unsheathed microfilariae skin snips is done in specialized
The nuclei do not extend to the laboratories and is highly
Caudal Nuclei
tip of the tail. sensitive and specific.
Periodicity Non periodic
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine
Treatment Suramin
Doxycycline
Surgical excision

Natural Host Man
Intermediate Host Simulium (black flies)
[Image of Adult]

WUCHERERIA
BANCROFTI 6:00-pm-4:00am (Nocturnal
General Information periodicity) Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Common Name Bancroft’s filarial worm Thick blood smears stained with 1 Lymphoedema
Habitat Blood and Tissue (Nematodes) Giemsa 2 Lymphadenitis
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3) • Sheath: Faintly staining 3 Lymphatic Filariasis
Diagnostic Stage Microfilariae • Nuclei: Conspicuous and do not 4 Hydrocoele
Sheathed without caudal nuclei; extend up to the tip 5 Elephantiasis
Distinguishing
Nuclei are distinct and arranged 6 Granuloma of the female breast
feature
in 2-3 rows Laboratory Diagnosis 7 Chyluria
1. Microscopy 8 Occult Filariasis
Morphology ● Preparation of Thick 9 Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Adult Smear: look for
Minute, whitish, thread-like; microfilaria
Size / Color
Filariform in shape ● Stain: Giemsa
Male Tail is sharply curved ventrally 2. DEC Provocative Test
Female Viviparous, longer than male 3. Concentration Techniques
● Knott’s Concentration
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Technique
Mode/s of ● Membrane Filtration
Skin penetration; bite of arthropod
Transmission Method (Nucleopore
Urban type: abaca raising areas Filter)
(Abaca axils - depression in the 4. Serology
middle wherein water can be 5. Molecular Methods [IMAGE OF MICROFILARIA]
collected in the rainy season and 6. Ultrasound
this water harbors the mosquito Treatment Diethyl carbamazine citrate (DEC)
Sources
larva)
Rural type: mountains and hills Hosts (if applicable)
which are oftentimes endemic for Natural Host Man
malaria and the mosquito vector Mosquito
thriving in clear running mountain Aedes poecilus, Anopheles
Intermediate Host
streams minimus- flavirostris, Culex
Microfilaria demonstrated in quinquefasciatus
Diagnosis
peripheral blood during the night

[IMAGE OF ADULT WORMS]
BRUGIA MALAYI
General Information Mode/s of Bite of mosquito carrying
Common Name Malayan filaria Transmission filariform larva
Adult worms – lymphatic Areas of the world in which the
system mosquitoes breed are the
Habitat primary locations in which B.
Microfilariae – blood malayi may be found. These
Sources include the Philippines,
Infective Stage Filariform larva (L3)
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, New
Diagnostic Stage Microfilariae
Guinea, Vietnam, Thailand, and
Sheathed with 2 caudal nuclei; specific regions of Japan,
Distinguishing
nuclei are indistinct and Korea, and China.
feature
confluent
1. Blood microscopy
Diagnosis 2. QBC
Morphology 3. Urine microscopy
Adult Diethylcarbamazine citrate
Whitish, translucent, thread-like Treatment
(DEC)
Size / Color worms with smooth cuticle and
tapering ends Hosts (if applicable)
24 mm in length, posterior end Natural Host Man
of the male is curved vertically
Male Mansonia bonneae
and contains two spicules of
Intermediate Host Mansonia uniformis
unequal length
Aeges togoi
53 mm in length, posterior end
Female
of the female worm is straight
Microfilaria Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size 220 x 6 µm long 1 Asymptomatic microfilaremia
Appearance Kinky, with secondary curves 2 Acute adenolymphangitis
Sheath Sheathed 3 Lymphadenitis
Cephalic space Almost twice as long as broad 4 Lymphedema
Stylet at anterior end Double 5 Lymphangiovarix
Excretory pore Prominent 6 Epldidymiltis hydrocele
Nuclear column Blurred Elephantiasis (commonly in the legs below
7 the knees and less frequently the arm below
Presence of two distinct nuclei
the elbow
Arrangement of in the tip of the tail; the
nuclei in tail organism tissue tends to bulge
around each of the two nuclei
Periodicity Nocturnal

LOA LOA
Bite of arthropod
Common Name AFRICAN EYE WORM Transmission
Subcutaneous Tissue They are common in forests
Sources and swampy areas with woody

Habitat During the day they are found
in PERIPHERAL BLOOD, but vegetation
during the noncirculating
phase, they are found in the
LUNGS
Infective Stage Third stage filarial larvae Blood films may be thick or thin
and stained with Giemsa or
The nuclei fill the organism and hematoxylin-andeosin
Distinguishing are continuous to the tip of the
feature Centrifugation of the blood
pointing tail.
Diagnosis sample lysed in 2% formalin
(Knott’s technique), or filtration
Morphology through a Nucleopore
Adult
membrane
Male 2-3.5 cm long
Female 5 – 7 cm long [Image of microfilaria]
Microfilaria Presence of Calabar swellings
Size 248 to 300 μm in length.
Appearance Cylindrical, thread-like worm
Sheath Sheathed Loa loa microfilariae
Continuous with those of the Diethylcarbamazine,
Caudal Nuclei
trunk Treatment
Periodicity Diurnal Albendazole

Natural Host Man
Intermediate Host Chrysops (mango flies)

1 Calabar swellings or fugitive swellings
2 Granulomata (conjunctiva)
3 Painless edema (eyelids)
4 Proptosis
5 Neuropathy
6 Encelopathy [Image of Adult]
7 Cardiomyopathy (rare)

MANSONELLA STREPTOCERCA Sources & Mode/s of Transmission
General Information Mode/s of Bite of an insect Culicoides
ARTHROPOD BORNE Transmission (biting midges)
Common Name The biting midges are evident in
FILARIA
Habitat Blood and Tissue (Nematodes) tropical regions of West and
Infective Stage Third stage filarial larvae Sources Central Africa. Specifically in the
Diagnostic Stage MICROFILARIAE tropical forest belt of Africa from
Ghana to Zaire.
The tail is bent into a hook-like Microscopy:

Distinguishing The microfilariae may be
shape and the nuclei extend to
feature demonstrated by examination of
the end of the tail skin snip from the area of
maximal microfilaria density
such as iliac crest or trapezius
Morphology region, which is placed on a
Adult slide in water or saline. the
Male 18 mm long specimen is best collected
Female 27 mm long around midday. this method is
Microfilaria specific and most accurate.
Size 3 to 5 μm in length. Diagnosis
Serology:
The tail is bent into a hook-like
Appearance shape and the nuclei extent to Serological tests are useful for
the end of the tail the diagnosis of cases in which [Image of microfilaria]
Sheath Unsheathed microfilariae microfilariae are not
The nuclei extend to the tip of demonstrated in the skin.
Caudal Nuclei
the tail.
Periodicity Non periodic Molecular diagnosis:
Polymerase chain reaction from
skin snips is done in specialized
laboratories and is highly
sensitive and specific.
Treatment Diethylcarbamazine

Natural Host Man
Intermediate Host Cullcoides (biting midges)

1 Pruritus
[Image of Adult]
2 Dermatitis
3 Hyperpigmented lesions on the torso

TAENIA SAGINATA
Common Name Beef Tapeworm Natural Host Man
Habitat Small Intestine - Upper jejunum Intermediate Host Cattle Cow or Buffalo
Infective Stage Cysticercus bovis
Diagnostic Stage Ova or Gravid Proglottids Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Distinguishing Scolex is unarmed and has a Intestinal Taeniasis
feature large quadrate 1 Clinical Manifestations are non-specific

2 Nausea
Morphology 3 Abdominal discomfort
Adult 4 Hunger
Size / Color 4 to 10 meters and white in color 5 Chronic ingestion
Scolex Cuboidal with 4 cup-like suckers 6 Loss of weight
Proglottids 1000 to 4000 segments Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Genital Pore Vagina with sphincter muscle 7 Non-pathogenic
Median club-shaped with 15 to 20
Gravid Uterus [Fertilized Ova]
lateral branches
Eggs/Ova
Fertilized egg Spherical, non-operculated

Mode/s of Ingestion of infected raw or
Transmission undercooked beef
Sources Raw or undercooked beef
Stool Examination
Diagnosis Scotch Tape Method
Anal Swab
Treatment 5 to 10mg/kg of Praziquantel
[Adult Worm]
TAENIA SOLIUM General Information Common Name Pork Tapeworm

Small intestine, usually in the Hosts (if applicable)
Habitat
jejunum Natural Host Man
Cysticercus cellulosae/Taenia Intermediate Host Hogs, pigs
Infective Stage
cyst Accidental Host -
Diagnostic Stage -
Distinguishing Small, oval, fluid-filled milky Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
feature white bladder-like structure Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae

1 Subcutaneous nodules
Morphology 2 Muscular cysticercosis
Adult 3 Neurocysticercosis
Size / Color 2-3 meters long 4 Ocular cysticercosis
Male - Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Female - 5 Vague abdominal discomfort
Eggs/Ova 6 Indigestion
Walnut brown; spherical, 7 Nausea
measuring 30-40um in diameter, 8 Diarrhea [FERTILIZED OVA]
Fertilized egg
non-operculated, mature with 3 9 Weight loss
pairs of hooklet and shell striation occasional cases of acute intestinal obstruction,
10
Unfertilized egg - acute appendicitis and pancreatitis

Ingestion of undercooked pork
Mode/s of
Internal autoinfection
Transmission
Anus-hand-mouth transfer of eggs
Sources Undercooked pork
Stool examination
Scotch tape and anal swab
Diagnosis Slide compression technique to
count gravid segment and number
of uterine branches
Treatment Praziquantel
[GRAVID PROGLOTTID OF ADULT WORM]
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Common Name Broad or Fish Tapeworm Small intestine mainly ileum and
General Information Habitat
jejunum

Infective Stage Plerocercoid Consuming raw, smoked, lightly salted 7 Dibothriocephalus anemia
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated egg Sources or insufficiently cooked fish; Eating liver
6 Hyperchromic megaloblastic anemia
Distinguishing Adult: leaf-shaped structure having of the fish raw
7 Pernicious anemia
feature 2 sucking organs Demonstration of egg in feces chains of
Diagnosis proglottids in feces and Coproantigen
Morphology detection test
Adult Praziquantel; If not available,
Treatment
Size / Color 3-10 meters or more niclosamide, quinacrine hydrochloride
Male / Female A leaf-shaped structure having 2

sucking organs Hosts (if applicable)
● Elongated, and spoon-shaped, Natural Host Man
spatulate or almond-shaped with 2
Scolex First IH:
dorsoventral sucking grooves or
bothria ● Freshwater copepods
● It lacks suckers and hooks ● Diaptomus gracilis
Neck ● Thin, unsegmented and is ● Diaptomus graciloides
relatively much longer than head
● Consists of 3000-4000 segments. Intermediate Host ● Cyclops furcifer
● The mature and gravid segments ● Cyclops strennus
are broader than long
Second IH:
● Each mature segment contains
● Bilobed ovary present near the ● Fresh water large
Strobilla
rear end of the segment predatory fishes
● A central rosette uterus [ OVA]
Accidental Host -
● Three genital opening (vas
deferens, vagina, uterus) situated
close to each other
Eggs/Ova
Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
Broadly ovoid, operculated (lid), light
1 Abdominal discomfort
brown or golden yellow in color,
Size / Color 2 Diarrhea
moderately thick-shelled with a knob on
3 Vomiting
the shell at the bottom of the egg
4 Weight loss
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
[ ADULT]
Mode/s of 5 Diphyllobothriasis
Fecal Oral Route
Transmission 6 Bothriocephaliasis
DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM
General Information Double pored tapeworm, Dog Habitat intestine
Common Name
tapeworm Infective Stage Cysticercoid larvae

Diagnostic Stage eggs in capsule or gravid Diagnosis Examination of Proglottids (DFS)
segments passed out in feces Praziquantel; if not available:
Distinguishing 8-15 eggs contained in a sac or
Treatment Niclosamide, Quanacrine
feature Mother packet
hydrochloride
Morphology Hosts (if applicable)

Adult Natural Host Dogs, cats, other caniids
Size / Color 10-70 cm in length ● Dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis
Only tapeworm with 2 genital Intermediate ● Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis)
pores because it has 2 Host ● Human fleas (Pulex irritans)
sets of reproductive organs ● Dog louse (Trichodectes canis)
small, globular, with 4 deeply Accidental
Man
Scolex cupped suckers with retractile Host
rostellum
1-7 rows of rose thorn shaped Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Rostellum
hooklets Symptoms
thin, narrow with 2 sets of 1 intestinal discomfort [Egg packet of D. caninum]
Proglottids
reproductive organs 2 epigastric pain
Pumpkin size/shape and contains 3 diarrhea
Gravid Proglottids 8-15 eggs enclosed in embryonic 4 pruritus
membrane 5 allergic reactions
Spherical, thin walled and hyaline Prevention
Eggs/Ova
With hexacanth embryo 1 Deworming
2 Use of insecticide
3 Health education

Mode/s of Ingestion of infected fleas
Transmission (cysticercoid larvae)
Humans are accidental hosts and
Sources infection is accidentally acquired
when they ingest infected fleas
[Bilateral genital pores in each segment]
HYMENOLEPIS NANA
General Information Small intestine (proximal ileum) of
Habitat
Common Name Dwarf Tapeworm man

H. nana var. fraterna - found in like polar filaments arising from 2 knobs
rodents like mice and rats, in the on the embryophore
posterior part of the ileum
Infective Stage Egg Sources & Mode/s of Transmission
Diagnostic Stage Egg Mode/s of

Fecal-oral
Smallest and most common Transmission
tapeworm found in the human Sources Contaminated food or water

Distinguishing
intestine; ● Direct Fecal Smear - routine
feature
The only cestode which completes ● Concentration methods like salt
Diagnosis
its life cycle in one host (humans) flotation and formalin ether
● ELISA test - 80% sensitivity
Morphology Praziquantel (single dose of 25
Adult Treatment mg/kg); ¾ Nitazoxanide 500 mg BD
Size / for 3 days - alternative
5-45 mm in length and less than 1 mm thick
Color
Has 4 suckers and a retractile rostellum with Hosts
Scolex [H. nana egg]
a single row of hooklets Natural Host Man
Long and slender; followed by the strobila

Neck consisting of 200 or more proglottids, which
Disease HYMENOLEPIASIS
are much broader than long
Symptoms
Genital Situated on the same side along the
1 Light infection is usually asymptomatic.
Pores margins
In heavy infections: nausea, anorexia,
Male Testis are round and 3 in number
2 abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritability, intestinal
Female Uterus has lobulated walls
enteritis, headache, and dizziness.
Eggs/Ova
Sometimes pruritus may occur due to an
Shape Echinococcal, roughly spherical or ovoid 3
allergic response.
Size 30-400 µm in size
● Has a thin colorless outer membrane and
inner embryophore enclosing the
Features hexacanth oncosphere
● The space between 2 membranes
contains yolk granules and 4–8 thread
[H. nana mature proglottids]
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
General Information Natural Host Man/Rats
Common Name Rat Tapeworm Rice Flour Beetle(Tenebrio
Intermediate Host
Habitat Small intestine & Tribolium spp)
Infective Stage Larva(Cysticercoid)
Diagnostic Stage Embryonated Eggs Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Distinguishing Pathogenesis
Unarmed Rostellum, 3 testes, 1
feature ovary and lateral uterus. Cysticercoid excyst by evagination of scolex
1
from the pouch
Morphology 2 Scolex attaches to the small intestine
Adult strobilation of the neck takes place to form the
3
Unarmed Rostellum, Broader than adult worms.
Male/Female long and 3 testes, 1 ovary and Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
lateral uterus.
1 Asymptomatic infection
Eggs/Ova
2 Nausea
Circular, bipolar thickening, inner
and outer envelope, without 3 Weakness
Embryonated egg
filaments 4 Loss of appetite [Embryonated Egg]
5 Diarrhea, and abdominal pain

Mode/s of
Ingestion of infected arthropods
Transmission
Sources Rural areas with poor sanitation
Direct Fecal Smear &
Diagnosis
Concentration technique
Praziquantel(25mg) or
Treatment
Nitazoxanide(500mg)

[Mature Proglottid]

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
Common Name Hydatid worm or Dog tapeworm Mode/s of
Ingestion of the eggs
Adult worm lives in the jejunum and Transmission
duodenum of dogs and other canine Intimate handling of infected dogs or by
carnivora (wolf and fox). Sources eating raw vegetables or other food
Habitat
Larval stage (hydatid cyst) is found items contaminated with dog feces.
in humans and herbivorous animals ● Aspiration of cyst contents may
demonstrate protoscolices.
(sheep, goat, cattle, and horse).
● Radiologic exam (X-ray, CT scan,
Infective Stage Embryonated egg MRI)
Diagnosis ● Serological tests (CFT, IHA, CIEP,
Hydatid cyst in various organs Casoni Intradermal Test)
Diagnostic Stage
(commonly in liver and lungs) ● Hydatid fluid microscopy
● Histopathologic Diagnosis –
Scolex: Pyriform with 4 suckers and FNAB, PAS stain
a rostellum armed with 28 to 50 ● Surgical removal on operable sites
Treatment
hooks ● Albendazole and Mebendazole
Distinguishing Neck: Short and thick
Hosts (if applicable) [IMAGE OF OVA]
feature Strobila: Usually consists of 3
Natural Host Dog
proglottids, gravid segment is long
and broad, resembling a loosely Intermediate Host Sheep, Cattle
twisted coil Accidental Host Man
Morphology Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Adult 1 Asymptomatic effect
Size / Color 3-6 mm in length 2 Liver: Hepatomegaly, Obstructive jaundice
Male - Lungs: Cough, hemoptysis, chest pain,

3
Female - pneumothorax and dyspnea
Eggs/Ova 4 Kidney: hydatid cyst causes pain and hematuria.
Contains embryo with 3 pairs of 5 Focal epilepsy due to cerebral hydatid cyst
Fertilized egg 6 Bone erosion due to osseous hydatid cyst
hooklets
Ovoid in shape and brown in color, 7 Hypersensitivity, urticaria, anaphylaxis
Unfertilized
indistinguishable from those of Taenia
egg
spp.
[IMAGE OF ADULT]

ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
Common Name Fox Tapeworm Ingestion of vegetables and fruits
Source & Mode/s
Habitat Small intestine of Transmission contaminated with feces of foxes
Infective Stage Embryonated eggs in feces
● Ultrasonography and/or other
Alveolar hydatid cyst in visceral
Diagnostic Stage imaging techniques
organs
Diagnosis ● In seronegative patients,
Multi-chambered
Distinguishing ultrasound guided fine needle
(“multilocular”), thin-walled
Feature biopsy may be used
(alveolar) hydatid cyst
● Early diagnosis
Disease Alveolar Echinococcosis
Treatment ● Albendazole
● Surgical intervention
Morphology
Adult
● Foxes
● 1.5-3.5 mm in length
Definitive Host ● Others: Cats, Dogs, & [IMAGE OF CYSTS]
● Rostellum is located on the
Wolves
frontal end surface, or apex
Intermediate Host Rodents
of the scolex
Characteristics Accidental Host Man
○ 28-30 hooks each
consisting a shaft, root
process, and blade
1 Asymptomatic incubation period of 5–15 years
○ 4 suckers
Liver - Slow, growing, destructive tumor often
with abdominal pain and biliary obstruction being
Eggs/Ova 2
the only manifestations evident in early infection
● Alveolar structure, ovoid
(may be misdiagnosed as liver cancer)
shaped, and make up a
Rarely, metastatic lesions into the lungs, spleen,
porous, spongy mass of 3
and brain occur.
daughter hydatids and
Clinical Signs:
Characteristics protoscolices (grayish-white
● Weight loss
color with gelatinous
4 ● Abdominal pain
contents and liters of fluids).
● General malaise [IMAGE OF ADULT]
● Hydatids range from 200-
● Signs of hepatic failure
2000 um

SPIROMETRA MANSONI ● Diagnosis is typically not made
General Information
until the sparganum larva has
Common Name N/A
been surgically removed.
Habitat Small intestine ● Histopathology can confirm only
Infective Stage Egg that the worm extracted from
Diagnostic Stage Plerocercoid/Sparganum the eye is a plerocercoid-type
Diagnosis
Distinguishing larva.
Piling of uterus coils
feature ● The most rapid methods for the
specific diagnosis are molecular
Morphology
techniques—, PCR restriction
Adult
fragment length polymorphism.
● 60-100 cm
● Scolex is elongated and ● Praziquantel is the drug of
spoon-shaped. It is choice, although its efficacy is
characterized by the unknown and surgical removal
Treatment
Characteristics presence of two sucking of the sparganum is generally
grooves. the best treatment.
[IMAGE OF OVA]
● Elongated, ivory white,
ribbon-like larva Hosts (if applicable)
● Piling of uterus coils
Definitive Host Dog and cat
Eggs/Ova
1st: Cyclops
● Ellipsoidal and possess a Intermediate Host 2nd: Snake, frog, fish,
rounded, conical human
Characteristics operculum
Accidental Host Human
● 52-78 µm ×31-44 µm
● Light yellow color Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
The tissues infected with larva become
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 1
edematous and very painful to touch
Transmitted orally by consuming
Mode/s of In ocular sparganosis: intense pain, irritation,
raw, smoked, lightly salted or 2
Transmission edematous swelling of the eyelids
insufficiently cooked fish
Presence of larva in lymph channels can cause
Man is the opportunistic and 3
Sources elephantiasis
reservoir of infection
[IMAGE OF ADULT]

FASCIOLA HEPATICA
other water plants
General Information Stool sample: finding Fasciola eggs Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Common Name Giant liver fluke, Sheep liver fluke Duodenal aspirate: fluid from the Fever, Malaise, Abdominal pain, Eosinophilia, Hepatomegally ,
Habitat biliary ducts and gall bladder duodenum to check for signs of an Abnormal liver test
Free-swimming cercariae encyst on infection
Infective Stage Diagnosis
water plants. FAST-ELISA: The FAST-ELISA can
Diagnostic Stage unembryonated eggs passed in feces also be used to confirm effective cure
as antibody levels return to normal in
Leaf shape with the anterior end being
Distinguishing 6-12 months
broader than the posterior end and an
feature
anterior cone-shaped projection.
Treatment Bithionol and Triclabendazole

Morphology
Adult
Length 30 mm
Hosts
Width 13 mm
Definitive host Sheep, goat cattle, man
Each worm possesses ovaries and
1st intermediate host:
testes which are highly branched and OVA
- Lymnea philippinensis
allow for individual flukes to
- Lymnea swimhoe
produce eggs independently
Intermediate Host - Lymnea truncatula
Eggs/Ova
2nd intermediate host:
Length 140 um
- Ipomea obscura
Width 75 um - Ipomea reptans
The ova has an Operculated,
immature, ovoid with well-rounded
posterior end that looks like a hen
Pathogenicity
egg shape.
• Immature eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in the
stool.
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission • Human infection by consumption of raw liver from infected
Mode/s of Ingestion of raw, fresh-water sheep, goats, and cows has also been reported. ADULT
Transmission vegetation • Mammals become infected by eating contaminated
Acquired by eating watercress vegetation.
Sources contaminated by sheep or cattle dung, Disease
occurs in Europe, Africa. Fascioliasis: It is an infection with the liver fluke Fasciola
hepatica, that is acquired by eating contaminated watercress or

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
(Cyprinoid or freshwater
General Information fishes)
Common Name Chinese/Oriental Liver Fluke Definitive host Man
Habitat Biliary tract/ Pancreatic duct
Infective Stage Metacercaria Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Diagnostic Stage Embryonated eggs Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
Distinguishing feature Eggs are flask-shaped Desquamation, followed by hyperplasia, and
1
sometimes, adenomatous changes.
Morphology Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Adult Obstruct and block the common
2
Flat, elongated, transparent gray bile duct leading to cholangitis.
worm that is tapering anteriorly and Patients in early stage
rounded posteriorly Fever, epigastric pain,
3
Size 10-25mm long by 3-5 mm wide diarrhea and tender hepatomegaly
Testes Branched or dendritic posteriorly Followed by biliary colic, jaundice and progressive
Ovaries Single lobed anteriorly 4 liver enlargement.
Eggs/Ova ** Many infections are asymptomatic.
With prominent opercular shoulder, Chronic Infection
comma shaped aboperculum, 5 Calculus formation OVA
resembles an “old-fashioned electric 6 Cholangiocarcinoma
bulb”

Mode/s of
Ingestion of fish with infective stage
Transmission
Demonstration of eggs in stool or
Diagnosis
biliary drainage
Treatment Praziquantel or albendazole

ADULT
Alocinma, Parafossarulus,
First Intermediate Host
Bulimus (snails)
Ctenopharyngodon idelius,
Second Intermediate Host
Caridina nilotica gracilipes

SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
General Information
Common Name Oriental Blood Fluke Hosts (if applicablet)
Superior mesenteric vein of small Natural Host Man
Habitat
intestine (Stool) Intermediate Host Oncomelani hupensi quadrasi
Infective Stage Forked-tail cercaria Accidental Host -
Diagnostic Stage Egg
Most prevalent species found in
Distinguishing feature
the Philippines Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Migration of Adolescents in the Lungs
Morphology 1 Pneumonitis
Adult Swimmer’s Itch
Size / Color - 3 Pruritus
Male Short and broad 4 Rashes
Female Thin and long Deposition of Eggs in the Tissues
Eggs/Ova 6 Irritation
Ovoidal, nonoperculated, 7 Formation of ulcer in the mucosa
Fertilized egg rudimentary or minute lateral spine Ulceration in Mucosa
or knob 8 Diarrhea or dysentery seen in acute schistosomiasis
Unfertilized egg -

Mode/s of
Skin penetration
Transmission
Larval forms of the parasite (released
Sources by freshwater snail) penetrate the skin
during contact with infested water
Demonstration of ova from stool by
DFS (low specificity and sensitivity) or
FECT
Demonstration from rectal or liver
Diagnosis biopsies
Immunodiagnostic tests to demonstrate
antibodies, more commonly the
Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT)

ADULT

SCHISTOSOMA INTERCALATUM
Bilharziasis
General Information
Common Name -
Habitat Mesenteric vein plexus
Infective Stage Cercariae
Diagnostic Stage Egg
Distinguishing feature -
Morphology
Adult
Size / Color -
Male -
Female -
Eggs/Ova
Has a terminal spine; larger than
Fertilized egg
Schistosoma haematobium
Ova
Unfertilized egg -

Mode/s of
Skin penetration
Transmission
Sources -
Diagnosis Microscopic examination
Hosts (if applicablet)

Natural Host Man
Adult
Bulinus forskalii, Bulinus
Intermediate Host
africanus
Accidental Host -

SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Common Name Manson’s Blood fluke Natural Host Man
Habitat Inferior mesenteric vein Snail of genus Biomphalaria,
Intermediate Host
Infective Stage Fork-tailed Cercaria Tropicorbis, Planorbis
Diagnostic Stage - Accidental Host -
Ova has transparent shell with
prominent lateral spine
Morphology Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
Adult 1
Size / Color - 2
Bigger, gray, cylindrical, curved Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Male ventrally forming gynecophoric 3 Intestinal bilharziasis
canal 4 Local cutaneous hypersensitivity
Female Smaller, darker, slender 5 May lead to central nervous system lesions
Eggs/Ova Granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the
6
Elongated, non-operculated, spinal cord
Fertilized egg yellowish brown, transparent shell Various hepatic complications from inflammation OVA
7
with prominent lateral spine and granulomatous reactions
Unfertilized egg -

Mode/s of
Skin penetration
Transmission
Sources Africa and South America
Stool Examination – 1-2mg of fecal
material; Kato-Katz technique.
Diagnosis Formalin Ether acetate concentration.
Rectal biopsy.
Antibody detection.
Praziquantel, 1-2 days
Treatment Oxamniquine (single oral dose
15mg/kg)

ADULT

OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
Natural Host Man
General Information 1st IH:
Common Name Cat liver fluke Bithynia leachi, Cordiella
Habitat Liver, gallbladder, and bile duct 2nd IH:
Infective Stage Metacercariae Intermediate Host Idus melanotus,
Diagnostic Stage Ova Tinca tinca,
Elongated ovoid egg, with Cyprinus carpio,
Distinguishing
minute aboperculum, less Barbus barbus
feature
prominent opercular shoulder Accidental Host -
Morphology
Measure 8–12 mm 2–3 mm and Disease Opisthorchiasis

Size / Color are able to stretch themselves in Symptoms during Acute Stage of Infection OVA
length and width 1 Fever and hepatitis-like symptoms
Male Two lobated testes without deep Right upper quadrant abdominal pain,
2
Female imaginations nausea, and emesis
Eggs/Ova Symptoms during Chronic Stage of Infection
Yellow-brownish; about 30 x 12 Biliary tract obstruction, inflammation, and
Size / Color 3
mm, smaller than C. sinensis fibrosis
Liver abscess formation, pancreatitis, and
4
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission suppurative cholangitis
Mode/s of Ingestion of raw fish containing
Transmission infective metacercariae
Places with high importation of
Sources
freshwater fish
Stool microscopy
Concentration methods ((S.A.F.C.
ADULT
Diagnosis of M.I.F.C.)
Surgery – adult fluke can be
recovered
Treatment Praziquantel or Albendazole

OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
General Information Natural Host Man
Common Name Southeast Asian liver fluke 1st IH:
Habitat Liver, gallbladder, and bile duct Bithynia leachi, Cordiella
Infective Stage Metacercariae 2nd IH:
Diagnostic Stage Ova Intermediate Host Idus melanotus,
Dorso-ventrally flattened, Tinca tinca,
Distinguishing
lancet-shaped, thin and Cyprinus carpio,
feature
transparent Barbus barbus
Accidental Host -
Morphology
Adult
Translucent worms that measure Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size / Color
about 7–9 x 3–4 mm Disease Opisthorchiasis
Male Deeper lobulated than those of 1 Light intensity - Often asymptomatic
Opisthorchis felineus; always only 5-10% infections - Flatulence, fatigue,
Female four branches of each of the two 2 dyspepsia, right upper quadrant abdominal OVA
testes pain, anorexia, and mild hepatomegaly
Eggs/Ova Severe infections (rare) - obstructive
Yellow-brownish; about 25 x 15 3 jaundice, cirrhosis, cholangitis, acalculous
Size / Color
mm, smaller than C. sinensis cholecystitis, or bile peritonitis
Cholangiocarcinoma - most serious
4
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission complication of infection
Mode/s of Ingestion of raw fish containing
Transmission infective metacercariae
Places with high importation of
Sources
freshwater fish
Stool microscopy
Concentration methods ((S.A.F.C.
of M.I.F.C.)
Diagnosis ADULT
Surgery – adult fluke can be recovered
PCR – for detecting a single O. viverrini
egg in artificially inoculated feces
Treatment Praziquantel or Albendazole

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI
General Information
Common Name Oriental Lung Fluke Hosts
Habitat Lungs Definitive Host Man
Infective Stage Metacercaria Brotia asperata (Freshwater
1st Intermediate Host
Diagnostic Stage Eggs: Larva snail)
Distinguishing feature Coffee bean shaped Sundathelphusa philippina
2nd Intermediate Host
(Mountain Crab)
Morphology
Coffee bean shaped (Reddish brown Pulmonary Features
Size / Color
in color and ovoid) 1 Paragonimiasis
2 Pulmonary distomiasis
Singly-spaced spines with deeply
3 Peribronchial granulomatous lesions [IMAGE OF EGG]
lobed ovary (6 lobed) located
Hermaphroditic 4 Cystic dilation of the bronchi
anterior to two branching testes.
5 Pneumonitis and eosinophilia
Possess oral and ventral suckers
6 Endemic hemoptysis – coughing with blood
Eggs/Ova Patients with the disease often complain of cough and
Yellow-brown, ovoid or hemoptysis, manifestations consistent with Pulmonary
elongate with a thick shell Tuberculosis. Patients with this infection are often
Egg
and often asymmetrical with misdiagnosed to have PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis)
one end slightly flattened Extrapulmonary Features
Abdominal paragonimiasis – enlarge liver,
1
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission abdominal tenderness and bloody diarrhea
Mode/s of Cerebral paragonimiasis – encapsulated cyst of
Ingestion 2
Transmission Paragonimus is found in the brain and spinal cord
Eating inadequately cooked or pickled
Sources crab or crayfish that harbor
metacercaria [IMAGE OF ADULT]
Sputum: Use of 3% sodium hydroxide
(mucolytic agent), Sputum smear
Diagnosis examination (to differentiate TB from
Paragonimiasis)
Stool: FECT and Kato-katz

METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI
therapy or discovered at autopsy is
General Information used to make a specific diagnosis.
Common Name Small Intestinal Fluke Treatment Praziquantel
Habitat Small intestine
Infective Stage Metacercaria
Diagnostic Stage Embryonated eggs Hosts
The ventral sucker is situated to Humans, cats, dogs, foxes,
the right midline and is closely Definitive Host and other fish-eating
associated with the genital pore. mammals
Has 2 unequal sizes of testes. Snails of the genus
Semisulcospira
Morphology 2nd Intermediate Host Fresh or brackish water Fishes
Adult
Small, elongated, or oval measuring Pathogenicity & Clinical Features [IMAGE OF EGG]
Size / Color 1mm to 2.5 mm in length. The outer
Symptoms due to Migrating Larvae
cuticle is spiny.
Eggs/Ova 1 Worm invasion may produce eggs that travel to the
heart or brain, causing symptoms of granulomas.
Brownish-yellow in color,
Egg and very distinct opercular Symptoms due to Adult Worm
shoulders. 1 Metagonimiasis
2 Inflammation at the site of attachment
3 Diarrhea
4 Colicky abdominal pain
Mode/s of
Ingestion
Transmission
Ingesting undercooked or salted fish
Sources
containing metacercariae
Stool: The diagnostic stage may be
recovered in the stool, however; they
are distinguishable from those of
Heterophyes heterophyes.
Diagnosis
Metagonimus resemble those of
Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. Specific
diagnosis. The identification of the [IMAGE OF ADULT]
adult fluke expelled after anthelminthic

HETEROPHYES HETEROPHYES
Differentiation is difficult (may lack
General Information knob at shell end opposite operculum
Common Name Heterophyid fluke as seen on C. sinensis eggs).
Habitat Small Intestine Treatment Praziquantel
Infective Stage Metacercaria
Embryonated Eggs (fully
Diagnostic Stage
developed Miracidium) Hosts
3 suckers (1 oral, 1 genital/ Humans, cats, dogs, foxes and
Definitive Host
gonotyle, 1 ventral) other fish-eating mammals
Distinguishing feature Snails of the genera Pironella
The gonotyle is provided with and Cerithidea.
spines Freshwater Fishes
(Mullet ,Tilapia, Mudfidh,
2nd Intermediate Host
Morphology Catfish Lapu-lapu, Biya and
Adult Banak) [IMAGE OF EGG]
Small, elongated, oval or pyriform ,
measuring less than 2cm in length. Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size / Color
Their cuticle is covered with fine Symptoms due to Migrating Larvae
scale-like spines 1 Worm invasion may produce eggs that travel to the
heart or brain, causing symptoms of granulomas.
Eggs/Ova
Cardiac heterophyidiasis (thickening of the right
Light yellow brown in color, 2 ventricle however tissue sections will reveal eggs of
Egg ovoidal, operculated and heterophyids or even adults)
minute less distinct shoulder

Symptoms due to Adult Worm
1 Heterophyiasis
2 Inflammation at the site of attachment
Mode/s of
Ingestion 3 Upper abdominal discomfort
Transmission
4 Gurgling abdomen
Eating inadequately cooked or fresh
Sources water fishes that harbor infected [IMAGE OF ADULT]
metacercaria
Stool: Recover and identify eggs in
Diagnosis feces or duodenal drainage using Kato-
Katz method.

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI
Praziquantel
General Information Treatment Hexylresorcinol and
Common Name Giant intestinal fluke Tetrachloroethylene (also useful)
Adult worm, lives in the
Habitat duodenum or jejunum of pigs and Hosts (if applicable)
man Definitive Host Man and Pig
Encysted metacercariae on aquatic - Snails of the genus
Infective Stage 1st Intermediate Host
vegetation Segmentina
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated eggs in feces - Aquatic plants
Largest trematode infecting 2nd Intermediate Host - Roots of the lotus
humans - bulb of the water chestnut
Reservoir Host -Pig
Morphology
Adult
Size / Color Large fleshy worm Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
20-75 mm long Symptoms Due to the Migrating Larvae
8-20 mm broad 1 Inflammation
0.5-3 mm thick 2 Local ulceration [IMAGE OF OVA}
Elongated ovoid with small oral Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Shape
sucker and a large acetabulum 3 Partial obstruction of the bowel
Eggs/Ova 4 Malabsorption
Operculated eggs are similar to those 5 Protein-losing enteropathy
Eggs
of F. hepatica 6 Impaired vitamin B12 absorption
Eggs are laid in the lumen of the Ectopic ascariasis – acute biliary obstruction or
7
intestine in large numbers, about 25 pancreatitis
000 per day Initial symptoms
8 Diarrhea
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 9 Abdominal pain
Mode/s of Toxic and Allergic symptoms
Ingestion of infected aquatic plants
Transmission 10 Edema
Sources History of residence in endemic areas 11 Ascites
Demonstration of eggs in feces of the 12 Anemia
Diagnosis worms after administration of 13 Prostration
purgative or anthelmintic drug 14 Persistent diarrhea

[IMAGE OF ADULT]

Echinostoma ilocanum / Euparyphium ilocanum
General Information
Common Name Garrison’s fluke Hosts (if applicable)
Habitat Small intestine Man, Dog, Rats and other
Definitive Host
Infective Stage Metacercariae Snail eating mammal
Diagnostic Stage Unemrbyonated Pila luzonica – kuhol
Largest intestinal nematode; Second Intermediate Host Vivipara angularis – susong
Trilobate lips pampang
Morphology
2.5-6.5mm in length, 1-1.35mm Symptoms Due to Metacercariae

[IMAGE OF EGG]
Size / Color
breadth Little damage is caused to the intestinal mucosa by
1
Posterior part of the fluke’s body attachment of these flukes
Testes
Bilobed tandem Clinical Features
Located in front of the testes Inflammation and mild ulceration often occurs due
Ovary
Globular 2 to the penetration of the sharp-spined collar into the
Eggs/Ova intestinal mucosa
Has a simple tail and a body In heavy infections, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
3
Cercariae resembling in miniature form that of fever and abdominal pain may occur.
the adult
Larger, golden brown, operculated,
Egg
measures 120-130μm by 80-90 µm
[IMAGE OF ADULT]
An adult specimen of E. ilocanum showing almost
Mode/s of A
Ingestion globular testes
Transmission
Another E. ilocanum specimen showing slightly
Consumption of contaminated snail B
Sources lobes anterior testis and oblong posterior testis
with infected unembryonated egg
Another E. ilocanum specimen showing moderately
Direct Fecal Smear (demonstration of
Diagnosis C (anterior testis) or deeply lobed testes (posterior
eggs in patient’s stool)
testis)
Treatment Praziquentel
Head collar showing a total of 51 collar spines,
D
including 5 corner spines on each side, 3 oral and 2

aboral. Tegumental spines are quite large but smaller
in comparison with collar spines.
An egg of E. ilocanum in the feces of case 2. The
operculum is small and inconspicuous at the anterior
E
end, and abopercular wrinkles are also small and
minute.
Another egg of E. ilocanum from case 2 showing
F similar findings (larger, golden brown, operculated
and measures 120- 130μm by 80-90 µm)

GIARDIA LAMBLIA
General Information intubation or by biopsy. immunoglobulin A (IgA) against specific Giardia
None; also known as Giardia  Molecular Method: Deoxy antigen.
Common Name ribonucleic acid (DA) probes and Abdominal discomfort includes marked distention
intestinalis Giardia duodenalis 5
Duodenum, Upper part of small polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and belching with a rotten-egg taste
intestine, Bile ducts and Gall have been used to demonstrate Antigenic Variation
Habitat parasitic genome in the stool Antigenic variation helps the parasite in evasion of
bladder as trophozoites attached to
the mucosa  Serodiagnosis 6 host immune system.
Infective Stage Cyst  Antigen detection: Enzyme-
Cyst and Trophozoite; linked immunosorbent assay Variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) are
Trophozoites are also passed in  (ELISA), immune resistant to the effects of intestinal proteases, which
Diagnostic Stage chromatographic strip tests and 7 allows the parasites to survive in the protease-rich
stool but they do not survive in the
environment indirect immunofluorescence small intestine
Pear shaped, 2 identical nuclei, (IIF)
Distinguishing feature  Antibodies detection – IIF and
ventral disc, flagella
ELISA
 Metronidazole (Flagyl) and
Morphology tinidazole are first-line agents for
Cyst treatment
Egg-shaped, and measures 8- Treatment
Size / Color  Nitazoxanide is recently
14µm by 7-10µm. available in a liquid formulation
Motility Non motile suitable for children.
Important cell Four nuclei, four median bodies,
structure eight pairs of flagella
Trophozoite
Natural Host Man
Pear shaped, broad anterior,
Intermediate Host -
Size / Color attenuated posterior 10-12µm long,
Accidental Host -
5-7µm wide, bilaterally symmetrical [GIARDIA LAMBLIA CYST]
Motility Falling leaf motility
Large sucking disc; 2 median bodies;
Important cell Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
4 pairs of flagella (anterior, caudal,
structure Asymptomatic Infection
posterior, ventral)
The organisms feed on the mucous secretions and do
1 not penetrate the mucosa
Person to person or swallowing of Intestinal Disease
Mode/s of
contaminated water, food, surfaces, or Fat malabsorption (stearorrhea)
Transmission 2
objects;
Contaminated drinking or recreational Severe malabsorption has also been linked with
Sources
water , food, surfaces, or objects isolated levothyroxine malabsorption, leading to
 Stool examination: Recovery of 3 severe hypothyroidism and secondary impairment of
the parasite in the stool or pancreatic function
Diagnosis duodenal contents:
 Enterotest: Trophozoites in Chronic Disease
duodenal fluid obtained by 4 Chronic giardiasis may be due to failure to develop [GIARDIA LAMBLIA TROPHOZOITE
TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS
General Information
None; Also known as Sources & Mode/s of Transmission
Common Name
Pentatrichomonas hominis Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Habitat Large intestine (cecum) Transmission
Infective Stage Trophozoite Contaminated water, food, or

Sources
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite hands/fomites with trophozoites
Pyriform-shaped, 5 flagella and Fecal examination – presence of

Distinguishing feature Diagnosis
undulating membrane trophozoite
Treatment No treatment
Morphology
Trophozoite Hosts (if applicable)
Size/Shape 8-12 μm, pyriform-shaped Natural Host Man
Pyriform-shaped, axostyle that runs Intermediate Host -
from the nucleus down to the center Accidental Host -
of the body and extends from the end [TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

Shape of the body and undulating TROPHOZOITE]
membrane which extends the entire Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
length of the body and projects from Nonpathogenic
the body like a free flagellum
5 flagella; 4 directed anteriorly and 1
Flagella
directed posteriorly
Single nucleus located at the anterior
Nucleus
end and contains a small karyosome
Cyst
No cyst stage
[IMAGE OF TROPHOZOITE STAINED

WITH IRON HEMATOXYLIN]
CHILOMASTIX MESNILI
Common Name - Natural Host Man
Habitat Cecum and Colon Intermediate Host -
Infective Stage Cyst Accidental Host -
Diagnostic Stage Cyst and Trophozoite
Lemon-shaped cyst & pear-shaped
Distinguishing feature trophozoite; cytostome is evident
with shepherd’s crook fibril
Morphology
Cyst
Size / Color 6 – 9 um
Large single nucleus with large
Nucleus
karyosome
Movement Unidirectional manner [CHILOMASTIX MESNILI
Trophozoite TROPHOZOITE]
Size 10 – 20 um
Large single nucleus with small
Nucleus
karyosome and 3 flagella

Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Contaminated water, food or hands
Sources
with infective cysts
Identified through the detection of cyst
Diagnosis and trophozoites in stool specimen and
usage of trichrome stain
Treatment No treatment
[CHILOMASTIX MESNILI CYST]

BALANTIDIUM COLI
General Information Sources & Mode/s of Transmission most infection of B. coli are asymptomatic
None Mode/s of Symptomatic Infection
Common Name Fecal-oral
=Neobalantidium/ Balantioides Transmission  Dysentery: trophozoites attacks the intestinal epithelium,
Cecum and colon of humans, pigs, Sources Rural areas with poor sanitation which creates ulcer and causing bloody diarrhea which is
Habitat Stool Examination. Motile similar to amebic dysentery
rats, and other mammals
Infective Stage Cyst trophozoites are found in diarrheic  Balantidiasis: usually linked with dysentery, nausea, and
Cyst and Trophozoite shed in feces and cysts are found in formed chronic diseases
diarrheal stools; Trophozoites are stools.  Balantidium ulcers: infects the large intestine and
Diagnostic Stage occasionally found in feces, but Biopsy. Presence of trophozoites and produces infective microscopic cysts seen in stool.
often found in tissue biopsies of Diagnosis cysts are examined in biopsy Occurs only when the resistance of the host is
infected individuals specimens and scrapings from lowered by predisposing factors such as
Largest Protozoan Parasite of intestinal ulcers. 1 malnourishment, alcoholism, achlorhydria,
Man; presence of cilia on the cell Culture. B. coli can be cultured in concurrent infection by Trichuris trichiura, or any
surface; cytostome; visible; vitro on Locke’s egg albumin medium bacterial infection.
Distinguishing feature or NIH polyxenic medium. When trophozoites burrow into the intestinal
smaller, less conspicuous
micronucleus; 2 contractile There are currently three (3) mucosa, set up colonies and initiate inflammatory
2
vacuoles medications which are used to treat reaction; leading to mucosal ulcers and
Balantidiasis and these are submucosal abscesses, like amebiasis lesions
tetracycline, metronidazole, and 3 Does not invade liver or other extra intestinal sites
Morphology iodoquinol.
Cyst Tetracycline: 500 mg 4x a day for 10
Yellowish to Greenish; Spherical 40- days (adults); 40 mg/kg/day (children
Size / Color
60 mm across 8 years old & above); it must be noted
Motility Non motile that Tetracycline should be taken an
Cyst wall made of one or two layers; Treatment hour before or two hours after meals.
Covered with thick, hard cyst wall Metronidazole: 500 to 750 mg 3x a
with cilia sometimes visible day for 5 days (adults); 35 to 50
Important cell underneath; Only macronucleus mg/kg/day in three doses for 5 days
structure (kidney-shaped) visible; contractile (children)
vacuole visible in young cysts; in Iodoquinol: 650 mg 3x a day for 20
older cysts, organelle structures look days (adults); 30 to 40 mg/kg/day in
granular three doses for 20 days (children); it
Trophozoite must be noted that Iodoquinol must be [BALANTIDIUM COLI CYST]
Yellowish to Greenish; Oval, pointed taken after a meal
Size/ Color at anterior end; 50-130 mm long by
20-70 mm wide
Rotary or boring motility, “like a
Motility Natural Host Pigs or rats
thrown football”
Intermediate Host No intermediate host
Covered in cilia; Funnel-shaped
Accidental Host Man
cytostome (cell mouth) near anterior
Important cell end; 2 contractile vacuoles;
structure Macronucleus (kidney-shaped) and Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
micronucleus (spherical, next to Asymptomatic Infection
macronucleus) visible [BALANTIDIUM COLI TROPHOZOITE ]
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
Common Name - Natural Host Man
Mouth in soft tartar between teeth Intermediate Host -

Habitat
or in tonsillar crypts. Accidental Host -
Infective Stage Trophozoite stage
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite stage
Trophozoite stage of E. Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
gingivalis is morphologically Nonpathogenic/Commensal
Distinguishing feature similar to that of E. histolytica but
often contains ingested leukocytes,
bacteria and other debris.
Morphology
Trophozoite stage
Size / Color 10-20 µm Trophozoite Stage of E. gingivalis from
Cyst stage No cyst stage cultures, stained with trichome

Mode/s of
Direct oral contact
Transmission
Sources Global in distribution
Wet mount and permanent stains of
Diagnosis scrapings at the gum line and/or early-

morning deep cough.
Treatment -

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Treatment Amphotericin B anosmia.
General Information The disease advances rapidly, causing fever,
Primary Amebic Host
Common Name 5 headache, vomiting, stiff neck, ataxia, seizure and
Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Definitive Host Man coma.
Habitat Infected Bodies of Water Cranial nerve palsies, especially of the third, fourth
6
Infective Stage Trophozoite and sixth nerves have also been documented.
Diagnostic Stage Active Trophozoites The disease almost always ends fatally within a
Symptoms of PAM
7
N. fowleri amoeboid trophozoite week (average 5 days).
1 Headache
Distinguishing feature show a trailing effect when placed
2 Fever
on agar plates
3 Nausea
4 Vomiting
Morphology
5 Irrational Behavior
Trophozoite Stage
6 Coma
15-30 µm
Amoeboid Because of the rapid course of this disease, all
Elongated, broad, actively motile
Note: examinations of fluids should be considered stat
Cigar shaped with two flagella at the
Flagellate (High Priority) procedures.
broader end
Patients are mostly previously healthy young adults or children.
Uninucleate;
Cyst stage Spherical 7-15 µm and are Human infection comes from water containing the
1 amebae and usually follows swimming or diving in
surrounded by a thin cyst wall
ponds.
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission The amebae invade the nasal mucosa and pass Trophozoite stage of Naegleria fowleri
Trophozoite enters nasal through the olfactory nerve branches in the
Mode/s of
cavity from infected cribriform plate into the meninges, and brain to
Transmission 2
water initiate an acute purulent meningitis and
Sources Infected Water encephalitis, called as primary amebic
Cerebrospinal fluid examination – may meningoencephalitis (PAM).
show trophozoites The incubation period varies from 2 days to 2
Diagnosis 3
Culture – both trophozoites and cysts weeks.
Molecular Diagnosis 4 In the incubation period, the patient experiences

ACANTHAMOEBA SPP.
● Culture - PYGC medium
General Information
● Eye scrapings
Common Name - Treatment Topical cationic antiseptic agent
Habitat Eyes & skin
Infective Stage Hosts (if applicable)
Trophozoite
Diagnostic Stage Natural Host Man
Cysts & Trophozoite
Small free-living amoeba with Intermediate Host -
Distinguishing feature small spiky acanthopodia Accidental Host -
(THORN-LIKE)
Morphology Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Cyst 1 GAM: Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis CYST

Size / Color 15-20 um 2 Amebic Keratitis
Number of Nuclei 1 3 Cutaneous Lesions; Sinusitis
Distinct nucleus with smooth

Nuclear Appearance staining cytoplasm when viewed in
tissue; no chromatin
Cytoplasmic Double-walled wrinkled appearance
Inclusions in tissue
Trophozoite
Size/Color 10-45 um
Number of Nuclei 1
Distinct nucleus with smooth
Nuclear Appearance staining cytoplasm when viewed in
tissue; no chromatin
Cytoplasmic
None
Inclusions

TROPHOZOITE
Inhalation of cysts and
trophozoites carried by the wind
Mode/s of through the respiratory tract,
improper contact lens-care
Transmission
practices, or direct skin contact by
traumatic injection or entry through
pre existing wounds or lesions
Sources SWIMMING POOL, CONTACT
LENS SOLUTION
Diagnosis
● Biopsy - CNS
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
Boeck’s and Drbohlav’s, RES (Rice
General Information Egg Saline), Nutrient Agar Saline
Common Name Amoebiasis Serological – ELISA, IHA, IFA, CIE
Intestines (common) PCR – differentiates E. histolytica from
Habitat Extra-Intestinal (brain, liver, lungs, E. dispar
skin, genitals) Stained Smear – Iron Hematoxylin,
Infective Stage Quadrinucleated Cyst Trichrome Stain, PAS, Chlorazol Black
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite E
Clean looking cytoplasm with Iodoquinol, Paromomycin,

ingested RBC Treatment Metronidazole, Dehydroemetine, and
Combinations. [CYST]
Morphology
Cyst Hosts (if applicable)
Size 10-20 um Natural Host Man
Number of Nuclei 1,2, or 4 Intermediate Host Man
Small central karyosome with Accidental Host -

Nuclei Appearance
even chromatin
Cigar-shaped chromatoid Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
body Symptoms Due to the Intestinal Amoebiasis
Trophozoite 1 Asymptomatic Amoebiasis – patient’s as carrier
Number of Nuclei 1 2 Acute Symptomatic amoebiasis
Cytoplasmic Inclusions Ingested Red blood cells a Amoebic Diarrhea
b Acute amoebic dysentery
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 3 Chronic Amoebic Dysentery
Mode/s of Symptoms Due to the Extra Intestinal Amoebiasis
Transmission
Fecal-oral
4 Hepatic Amoebiasis – anchovy sauce fluid [TROPHOZOITE]
Sources Contaminated food and water 5 Amoebic Liver Abscess
6 Pulmonary Amoebiasis
Direct Fecal Smear – trophozoites:
7 Metastatic Amoebiasis
Quensel’s solution, Methylene blue.
8 Cutaneous Amoebiasis
Diagnosis Cyst: Lugol’s Iodine, Di Antonis
9 Genitourinary Amoebiasis
Concentration technique
Aspirates – liver/pulmonary
Culture – LES (Locke’s Egg Serum),

ENTAMOEBA COLI
Common Name E. coli Natural Host Man
Habitat Gastrointestinal Tract Intermediate Host -
Infective Stage - Accidental Host -
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite
Non-pathogenic, Trophozoite with Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Distinguishing feature ingested bacteria. Cyst with 8 It is worldwide in distribution and a nonpathogenic commensal,
nuclei intestinal ameba. Therefore, it cannot cause any disease to the
infected person.
Morphology
Cyst
Size 10-30 um
Number of Nuclei 1-8
[CYST]
Eccentric karyosome with
Nuclei Appearance
irregular chromosomes
Splinter-shaped, pointed,
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
rough-edged chromatin body
Trophozoite
Size 10-20 um
Number of Nuclei 1
Cytoplasmic Inclusions Ingested bacteria

Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Sources Contaminated food, water, and fomites
Direct Fecal Smear - routine
Diagnosis
Stool Culture
[TROPHOZOITE]
Treatment Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI
contaminated food, water, or fomites
General Information Direct Fecal Smear – cysts: iodine stained,
Common Name E. hartmanni formol-ether concentration method
Diagnosis
Habitat Large intestine Trophozoites: wet preparation or a
Infective Stage - permanent stained preparation
Diagnostic Stage Cyst and Trophozoites Metronidazole – invasive
Treatment
Non-pathogenic, Trophozoite Paromomycin – non-invasive
without RBC.
Morphology Natural Host Man
Cyst Intermediate Host -
Size / Color 7-9 um Accidental Host -
Nucleus 1-4 [CYST]
Elongated bars with bluntly rounded Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Chromatoid bodies
ends
Non-pathogenic
Usually diffused
Glycogen
Seen in uninucleate stage
Concentrated mass, staining reddish
Young cysts
brown with iodine
Trophozoite
Clean looking cytoplasm without
Cytoplasm
RBC
Motility Less rapid

Mode/s of [TROPHOZOITE]
Fecal-oral
Transmission
nonpathogenic amebae occurs after
Sources
ingestion of mature cysts in fecally-

IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII
Common Name I. bütschlii Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Habitat Large Intestine Transmission
Infective Stage - Found worldwide. Prevalence is
Cysts and trophozoites passed in Sources highest in areas with inadequate
Diagnostic Stage
feces sanitation
Non-pathogenic, Cyst with a large Diagnosis Direct Fecal Smear
glycogen vacuole Treatment Dehydroemetine, chloroquine
Morphology Natural Host Man [CYST]
Cyst Intermediate Host -
Size 9-14 um in diameter Accidental Host -
Number of nuclei 1 (only amoeba with 1 nucleus
Large karyosome and light Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Nuclear appearance
chromatin ring in the nucleus This organism does not cause symptomatic disease in humans;
Coarsely granular and with a visible colonization is noninvasive. However, the presence of
Cytoplasmic
small, light vacuole containing trophozoites or cysts of nonpathogenic amebae in stool
inclusions
glycogen indicates that the person from whom the specimen was
Size 9-14 um in diameter collected had fecal exposure.
Trophozoite
Size 8-10 um in diameter
Number of nuclei 1 (oval shaped)
Large glycogen vacuole staining [TROPHOZOITE]
Cytoplasmic
dark brown when an iodine wet
inclusions
mount is used

ENDOLIMAX NANA
Trophozoites: wet preparation or a
General Information permanent stained preparation
Common Name Smallest Intestinal protozoa No treatment is necessary because
Treatment
Habitat Intestine these amoebae do not cause disease.
Infective Stage -
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoites Hosts (if applicable)
Non-pathogenic, 1-4 nuclei with Natural Host Man
cross eyed cyst. Intermediate Host -
Accidental Host -
Morphology
Cysts Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size / Color < 10 um, small, oval Non-pathogenic
1-4 nuclei [CYST]
Nucleus Contains conspicuous karyosome
connected to nuclear membrane
Chromatoid bodies Chromidial bars are present
Glycogen vacuole is large and may
Glycogen be stained brownish red by Iodine
solution
Young cysts ---
Trophozoites
Cytoplasm Contains a large vacuole
Motility sluggish
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission [TROPHOZOITE]

Mode/s of
Fecal- oral route
Transmission
nonpathogenic amebae occur after
Sources ingestion of mature cysts in fecally-
contaminated food, water, or fomites
Direct Fecal Smear – cysts: iodine
stained, formol-ether concentration
Diagnosis
method

TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Sources Cat feces, soil the cervical lymph nodes being most frequently
General Information Tissue biopsy – stained with affected
Common Name Toxoplasma Giemsa stain.
Mucosal epithelial cells of the Serologic testing – Sabin-Feldman [IMAGE OF TACHYZOITES]
Habitat
small intestine of cats Diagnosis dye test, latex agglutination,
Infective Stage Sporulated oocyst fluorescent antibody methods,
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoites (Tachyzoites) ELISA
Distinguishing Tachyzoites appear as Molecular method – PCR
feature crescent-shaped structures Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
Treatment (add folinic acid in an
Morphology
immunosuppressed host)
Trophozoite
Measures 3-7μm, crescent- Hosts (if applicable)
shaped, with one end pointed Natural Host Cat
Size and shape and the other end rounded Intermediate Host Man and other mammals
[IMAGE OF OOCYST]
Nucleus - ovoid and situated at
the blunt end Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Tissue cyst Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Patients
Measures 10-20μm, round or Toxoplasmosis is the most serious and often
Size and shape oval, and contains numerous 1 fatal in immunocompromised patients,
bradyzoites particularly in AIDS
Found during chronic stage of Affects the central nervous system;
2
infection and found in the brain, Involvement of brain is the most common
Site
skeletal muscles, and other Manifestations: encephalitis, altered mental
organs 3 state, seizures, cerebellar signs, meningismus,
Oocyst and neuropsychiatric manifestations
Measures 10-12μm, oval in Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Size and shape shape, and is surrounded by a Occurs when the mother gets primary
thick resistant wall 1 toxoplasma infection, whether clinical or
asymptomatic, during the pregnancy
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Manifestations: deafness, blindness, mental
2
Ingestion of the infective oocyst. retardation, microcephaly, hydrocephalus
Mode/s of Fecal-oral route transmission of Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Transmission contaminated soil or cat litter. The most common manifestation of acute
Intrauterine from mother to fetus. 1
acquired toxoplasmosis is lymphadenopathy;
SARCOCYSTIS SPP
Ingestion of sarcocyst
Common Name - Transmission
Worldwide, but more common in areas
Muscles of human larynx, Sources
where livestock is raised.
esophagus, diaphragm, chest and
Habitat > Fecal flotation wet mount is usually
abdomen, heart muscle and
done to visualize sporocysts using
muscles of extremities
bright-field microscopy.
Infective Stage Sarcocyst
Diagnosis >Definitive diagnosis can be made
Diagnostic Stage Sporocyst
through biopsy of an infected muscle.
> Consist of a cylindrical,
> Sarcocysts are identifiable with
elongated or fusiform body,
hematoxylin and eosinstain.
hyaline in appearance with more or
less pointed ends, lying lengthwise Albendazole, metronidazole, and co-
Treatment
in the affected muscle fibers. It is trimoxazole for myositis.
Distinguishing feature enclosed in a membrane and

contains myriads of round and Sporulated sporocysts.
crescent – shaped spores, Hosts (if applicable)
“Miescher’s tubes.” Natural Host Livestocks (cattle and pig)

> In muscle, banana-shaped cell, Intermediate Host Livestocks (cattle and pig)
with a pointed anterior end. Accidental Host Humans
Morphology
Sporocyst
Sporocysts of most species measure Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Size 15 to 19 μm by 8 to A rare invasive that presents with vasculitis and
10 μm form: myositis.
contain 4 sporozoites and a discrete may involve a wide variety of tissues
refractile residual body. The invasive form including lymph nodes, muscles, and the
Others larynx.
The wall of S. hominis is up to 6 μm An intestinal Nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
S. hominis thick and appears form:

radially striated
The wall of S. suihominis is 4 to 9
S. suihominis
μm thick Mature oocyst

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
General Information Man acquires infection thru:
Common Name - - Ingestion of food and water
Mode/s of
Small intestine contaminated with feces
Transmission
May also be found in stomach, containing oocyst.
Habitat
appendix, colon, rectum, and - autoinfection
pulmonary tree. Sources Animals, both domestic and wild
Infective Stage Sporulated oocyst 1. Demonstration of round oocyst in
Diagnostic Stage Sporulated oocyst stool by direct microscopy,
Distinguishing feature Sporozoites inside the oocyst fluorescent microscopy and
Diagnosis modified acid-fast stain.
Morphology 2. Histopathological examination
Oocyst 3. Serodiagnosis
Shape Spherical or oval 4. Molecular diagnosis
Size 5 μm in diameter. - Nitazoxanide or Paromomycin –
Responsible for autoinfection patients with AIDS
Thin-walled Contain four crescent-shaped Treatment - Supportive therapy with electrolytes
sporozoites and fluids and early ART in AIDS [Oocyst of C. parvum in Acid-fast stain]
Contain four crescent-shaped patients.
Thick-walled
sporozoites
- Remain viable in the environment Hosts
for long periods, as it is very hard Natural Host Man
and resistant to most disinfectants Reservoir Man, cattle, cat, and dog.
and temperature up to 60°C. Accidental Host -

Viability
- Can survive chlorinated water, but
sequential application of ozone Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
and chlorine has been found Self-limited diarrhea with abdominal pain in healthy
1
effective in eliminating the cysts persons.
Chronic persistent watery diarrhea in
2
immunocompromised hosts.
[Oocyst of C. parvum in Ziehl-Neelsen stain]

BABESIA MICROTI
General Information
Common Name - Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Habitat RBC Disease
Infective Stage Sporozoites 1 Babesiosis
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite Clinical Manifestations
Distinguishing feature Maltese cross formation 3 Cellular degeneration and necrosis
4 Illness develops 1-6 weeks after the tick bite
Morphology May be subclinical or mild self-limiting or acute
5
Trophozoites illness, resembling malaria
Size / Color 2-5 µm in diameter (pleomorphic) Malaise, fatigue, fever, myalgia, arthralgia, dry
6
Shape Pyriform, ameboid, or spindle-like cough and anorexia.
Merozoites Less common syndromes: neck stiffness, sore throat,
7
Shape Spherical, oval, or pyriform bodies abdominal pain, jaundice and anemia.
Renal failure, disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC), acute respiratory distress
8 [Trophozoites: tetrad or maltese cross
syndrome (ARDS) and congestive cardiac failure
Mode/s of Bite of the nymphal stage of Ixodid formation]
Transmission ticks (CCF).
Sources Biological vector (ticks) Severe anemia (<10 g%) and high levels of
9
Examination of multiple thin and thick parasitemia.
Diagnosis
blood smears.
1. Clindamycin and quinine
2. Chloroquine phosphate, which
Treatment
provides symptomatic relief but
does not reduce the parasitemia

Natural Host Ixodes (tick)
Intermediate Host Man or other mammals
[Babesia microti ring forms (1,000x). A pair

of parasitic forms]
CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
Autofluoresence
General Information
Common Name Isospora belli (former name) Real-time PCR
Epithelial cells of the small Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Habitat Treatment
intestine and cell cytoplasm (TMP-SMX)
Infective Stage Sporulated oocyst
Immature oocyst that contains a
Diagnostic Stage
spherical mass of protoplasm Hosts (if applicable)
Ellipsoid or spindle shaped with Immunosuppressed Hosts
tapered ends Natural Host Including HIV Patients,
Transplant Recipients, etc.
Morphology Intermediate Host -
Immature Oocyst Accidental Host -
Size 20–33u x 10–19u
It is elongatedly ovoidal in shape Immature oocyst
with one end narrower than the other. Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
This contains the micropyla. It has a Since they are morphologically the same, they are taken
thin, inner membranous layer and an together
outer, thick impermeable layer. It Isospora belli – passed out in the stool as immature
1
usually contains a spherical mass of or unsegmented (thicker wall)
granules, may have sporoblast. Isospora hominis – passed out in the stool as mature
2
Mature Oocyst form
Size 29 x 14u Symptoms Due to the Adult Worm
Contains 2 sporocyst, each 1 Diarrhea
containing 4 sporozoite 2 Steatorrhea
3 Headache
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 4 Fever
Mode/s of 5 Malaise
Fecal-oral
Transmission 6 Abdominal pain
Mature oocyst
Sources Tropical and subtropical regions 7 Vomiting
Iodine stained preparations or acid-fast 8 Dehydration
Diagnosis stained smears of concentrated stool 9 Weight loss
specimens. Note Blood is not usually present in the feces.

PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
Type of Malaria Quartan Malaria Bite of vector (Anopheles
Mode/s of
Duration of mosquito); parenteral route;
3 days Transmission
schizogony congenital transmission
Average incubation Demographic Occurs in tropical Africa, Sri Lanka,
30 days
period distribution Burma and parts of India
Cyclic Paroxysms Every 72 hours -Microscopy – Gold standard;
P. malariae ring stage
Relapses No through thick and thin smears
Uni-nucleate, lancet-shaped (Giemsa; Wright’s – alternative)
Infective Stage
sporozoite -Quantitative buffy coat – capillary
Trophozoite, schizont, tube with acridine orange stain
Diagnostic Stage Diagnosis
gametocyte -Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Stages found in Rings, trophozoites, schizonts, (Immunochromatographic methods)
peripheral blood gametocytes -Serology (e.g. ELISA, IHA, IFAT) |

-Molecular methods (PCR)
P. malariae trophozoite
Morphology -Culture (RPMI1640)
Ring stage Chloroquine (main stay drug),
Relatively thick, large, 2.5 μm, Treatment Arthemether Lumefantrine &
Description usually single, prominent
Doxycyline (prophylaxis)
chromatin; sturdy cytoplasm
Trophozoites
Compact cytoplasm and a large Hosts
chromatin dot. Occasional band Female Anopheles
Description forms and/or “basket” forms with Definitive Host
coarse, dark-brown pigment can mosquito
be seen. Intermediate Host Man P. malariae schizonts
Schizont
Description Medium size with 6-12 in daisy- Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
head or rosette pattern
Gametocyte Symptoms
Large, spherical, deep blue Fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle
Macrogametocyte
cytoplasm, compact nucleus Primary pains, nausea and vomiting
(female)
Elevated temperature, perspiration
Microgametocyte
Spherical, compact, pale blue Confusion, coma, neurological focal signs,
(male) cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus Severe
severe anemia, and respiratory difficulty.
Infected erythrocyte P. malariae gametocyte
Description Normal, occasionally Ziemann's

stippling

PLASMODIUM OVALE
General Information Bite of vector (Anopheles
Type of Malaria Ovale malaria Mode/s of
mosquito); parenteral route;
Transmission
Duration of congenital transmission
2 days
schizogony Primarily distributed throughout
Average incubation Demographic
14 days sub-Saharan Africa, Western
period distribution
Pacific and Asian mainland
Cyclic Paroxysms Every 48 hours -Microscopy – Gold standard; P. ovale ring stage
Relapses Yes through thick and thin smears -
Infective Stage Sporozoite based primarily on the
Trophozoite, schizont, characteristics of the blood stages
Diagnostic Stage
gametocyte (Giemsa; Wright’s – alternative)
Stages found in Rings, trophozoites, schizonts, -Quantitative buffy coat – capillary
Diagnosis
peripheral blood gametocytes tube with acridine orange stain
-Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Morphology -Molecular techniques –
Ring stage P. ovale trophozoite
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Large, 2.5 um, usually single, -Long-term frozen preservation of
Description prominent chromatin but more
compact malarial parasites
Trophozoites Chloroquine and Artemisinin
Treatment
Compact, coarse pigment. Sturdy Combination Therapy (ACT)
Description cytoplasm, large chromatin dots
and can be compact to slightly
irregular. Hosts
Schizont
Female Anopheles
Medium size with 6to 14 Definitive Host
mosquito P. ovale schizonts
Description merozoites with large nuclei,
clustered around a mass of dark- Intermediate Host Man
brown pigment
Gametocyte
Macrogametocyte Large, spherical, deep blue
cytoplasm, compact nucleus Symptoms
(female)
Headache, fever, malaise, muscle aches,
Microgametocyte Primary fatigue, diaphoresis (sweating), cough,
Spherical, compact, pale blue anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
(male) cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus arthralgia
Infected erythrocyte Coagulopathy, hypoglycemia, metabolic
Severe acidosis, renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, P. ovale gametocyte
Description Enlarged, oval fimbriated, altered mental status, focal neurological
prominent Schuffner’s dots deficits, and seizures

PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Smaller than the
General Information macrogametocyte; cytoplasm
Microgametocyte stains pale pink; nucleus stains a
Type of Malaria Quotidian Malaria darker red and may make up half
(male)
Duration of the parasite; coarse, black
24 hrs pigment is scattered irregularly
schizogony thought the cytoplasm
Average incubation Infected erythrocyte
9-12 days Normal to 0.75x; rarely, Sinton
period
Description and Mulligan's stippling (under
Cyclic Paroxysms Every 24 hours certain staining conditions) P. knowlesi ring stage
Relapses No
Infective Stage Sporozoite
Mode/s of Directly through bite of infected
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite, schizont, macaques or indirectly through the
gametocyte Transmission
bite of infected mosquito
Stages found in Southeast Asia (East and West
Rings, trophozoites, schizonts, Demographic
peripheral blood gametocytes Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar,
distribution Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam,
Indonesia)
Morphology Microscopy – may be misidentified
Ring stage due to ring stages resembling P.
falciparum and later trophozoites P. knowlesi trophozoite
Delicate cytoplasm; 1 to 2 Diagnosis resembling P. malariae
prominent chromatin dots; PCR – sensitive and specific
Description occasional appliqué forms (rings Loop – mediated Isothermal
appearing on the periphery of the amplification (LAMP) & Pan LAMP
RBC) Artemisinin
Trophozoites Treatment Chloroquine
Parenteral artesunate – for severe
In developing trophozoites of P.
malaria;
knowlesi, band forms may appear
that are similar in appearance
Description to P. malariae; compact Hosts
cytoplasm; large chromatin; Mosquito – specifically P. knowlesi schizonts
occasional band forms; coarse, Definitive Host
female Anopheles mosquito
dark-brown pigment Kra, crab – eater or long
Schizont Intermediate Host
tailed macaque, and man
16 merozoites with large nuclei,
clustered around mass of coarse, Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Description dark-brown pigment; occasional
rosettes; merozoites appear Symptoms
segmented Fever, chills, headache, myalgias, arthralgias,
Gametocyte weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea,
Primary splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia,
Usually spherical and fill the host
hypoglycemia, pulmonary or renal
RBC; cytoplasm stains blue;
Macrogametocyte dysfunction, and neurologic changes. P. knowlesi gametocyte
eccentric nucleus stains red;
(female) coarse and black pigment is Malaria, hyperparasitemia, death, lung and
Severe kidney failure, impaired consciousness,
scattered irregularly in the
cytoplasm respiratory distress, and circulatory deficits

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Single nucleated, sickled shaped
General Information Description structure. Thick pellicle. 3 polar
rings and a mitochondrion are
Type of Malaria Malignant Tertian Malaria present.
Duration of
2 days Sources & Mode/s of Transmission
schizogony
Vector (Female) Anopheles
Average incubation Mode/s of
12 days mosquito); blood transfusion;
period Transmission
transplacental transmission
Cyclic Paroxysms Every 36-48 hours
Demographic Occurs in many countries in Africa
Relapses No
distribution south of the Sahara desert.
Uninucleate, lancet-shaped
-Microscopy – gold standard
Infective Stage sporozoite (approximately 1 × 7
Serological Tests – IHA, IFA P. falciparum ring stage P. falciparum trophozoite
μm)
QBC – with Acridine orange
Trophozoite, schizont,
Diagnostic Stage Diagnosis -Dipstick test – ParaSight F test
gametocyte
-Antigen detection – HRP (Histidine
Stages found in Rings, trophozoites, schizonts,
Rich Protein
peripheral blood gametocytes
-Molecular diagnostic method
Morphology Primaquine, chloroquine,
Ring stage sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine,

Treatment
mefloquine, quinine and
Have delicate cytoplasm and one
Description or two small chromatin dots. tetracycline
Classic “headphones”
appearance of many of the rings
Trophozoites Hosts P. falciparum schizonts P. falciparum gametocyte
Cytoplasm is denser than in Definitive Host Mosquito (Female Anopheles)
Description younger rings. Late trophozoite: Intermediate Host Man
compact; seldom seen in smear.
Schizont
Description 8 to 24 small merozoites; dark
pigment, clumped in one mass. Symptoms
Gametocyte
aches, pains, headache, fatigue, anorexia
Crescent or sausage shaped. Primary fever, severe headache, nausea, vomiting,
Description The chromatin is in a single mass
(macrogamete) or diffuse epigastric pain, paroxysms
(microgamete).
comatose, hepatomegaly, dysentery,
Infected erythrocyte
circulatory collapse and blackwater fever P. falciparum sporozoite
Description Normal, occasionally with Severe
Maurer’s cleft Hemiparesis, cerebral ataxia, cortical
Sporozoites blindness, hypotonia, mental retardation

PLASMODIUM VIVAX
General Information Demographic Occurs in Asia, Latin America, and
Type of Malaria Tertian Malaria distribution in some parts of Africa
Duration of Microscopy – Gold standard;
2 days
schizogony through thick and thin smears
Average incubation (Giemsa; Wright’s – alternative)
14 days
period
Cyclic Paroxysms Every 48 hours Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Relapses Yes (Immunochromatographic methods) P. vivax ring stage
Slender, spindle-shaped Diagnosis
Infective Stage
sporozoite Serology (e.g. ELISA, IHA, IFAT)
Trophozoite, schizont,
Diagnostic Stage Molecular methods (PCR)
gametocyte
Stages found in Rings, trophozoites, schizonts,
peripheral blood gametocytes Loop-Mediated Isothermal
Amplification (LAMP)
Morphology Chloroquine & primaquine
P. vivax trophozoite
Ring stage Treatment Artemisinin combination therapies
Description Large, 2.5um, usually single, (ACT)

prominent chromatin
Trophozoites
Hosts
Description Large irregular, actively ameboid,
Female Anopheles
prominent vacuole Definitive Host
Schizont mosquito
Description Large filling red cell Intermediate Host Man
Gametocyte
Large, spherical, deep blue Pathogenicity & Clinical Features P. vivax schizonts
Macrogametocyte
cytoplasm, compact nucleus Symptoms
(female)
Fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle
Microgametocyte
Spherical, compact, pale blue Primary pains, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss and
(male) cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus
arthralgia
Infected erythrocyte
Impaired consciousness, respiratory distress,
Description Enlarged, pale, with Schuffner’s
dots Severe convulsions, shock, abnormal bleeding and
jaundice
Mode/s of P. vivax gametocyte
Vector (Anopheles mosquito)
Transmission

TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
Abraded skin, mucous membranes, 2 Romana’s sign
General Information or conjunctivae of humans become 3 Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly
Common Name - contaminated with reduvid bug’s feces Chronic Chagas’ disease
Amastigotes found in containing infective form Cardiac form: dilated cardiomyopathy,
Mode/s of 3
reticuloendothelial cells of spleen, of the parasite; blood transfusion, right bundle branch block, thromboembolism
Transmission
liver, lymph node, bone marrow, organ transplantation from mother to Gastrointestinal form: Megaesophagus
Habitat myocardium, cells fetus or very rarely by ingestion 4 (dysphagia, chest pain, regurgitation) and
of epidermis and striated muscles of contaminated food or drink, and megacolon ( abdominal pain, constipation)
Trypomastigotes found in laboratory accidents. Pulmonary form: Repeated episodes
5
peripheral blood. Sources South and Central American countries of aspiration pneumonitis
Metacyclic trypomastigote Peripheral blood microscopy by wet
Infective Stage form is the infective forms, found mount, thick or thin smear—detects
in feces of reduviid bugs trypomastigotes
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote in blood stream Culture—NNN medium or Yager’s
liver infusion tryptose medium
Morphology Antibody detection in serum—
Trypomastigote Diagnosis ELISA, IFA, CFT, RIPA
Measures around 20 Antigen detection from serum,

Size urine—by CLIA
µm and appears as C or U shaped
Spindle-shaped and appears as C or Molecular methods—PCR
U shaped Animal inoculation—Mice

Xenodiagnosis—nymph of reduviid
Shape
Consists of a central nucleus and TRYPOMASTIGOTE
large kinetoplast situated posteriorly bugs
and traverses the whole body as an Treatment Nifurtimox Benznidazole
undulating membrane
Amastigote
Broadly ovoid, golden brown in Hosts (if applicable)
Size color; embryonated and develop into Natural Host Man
the infective eggs Dogs, cats, opossums and

Reservoir of Infection
Larger, irregular in shape; rodents
Shape nonembryonated and cannot become Vector Triatoma or Reduviid bugs

infective
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Acute Chagas’ disease AMASTIGOTE
1 Chagoma
LEISHMANIA (VIANNIA) PERUVIANA
amplification using generic primers mouth, and throat.
General Information that amplifies spacer 2 (ITS2) from
Macrophages and other phagocytic Leishmania spp. DNA sequencing
Habitat
cells allows differentiation among subgenus
Infective Stage to Vianna spp. in which L. (V.) peruviana
Promastigotes
Human belongs.
Infective stage to Isoenzyme analysis: isolation using
Amastigotes
Sandflies Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN)
Diagnostic Stage Amastigotes Medium with defribinated rabbit blood.
After isolation, parasites undergo
Morphology isoenzyme analysis.

Formol-Gel Test: 0 .1ml of serum + 1
Amastigotes AMASTIGOTE
Size 1-5 µm in length by 1-2 µm in width. drop formalin = gel formation (+)
Shape Ovoidal without free flagellum Miltefosine and Liposomal

amphotericin B. Sodium
Promastigotes
stibogluconate may be used as an
5-14µm in length by 1.5-3.5µm in
Size alternative in susceptible individuals.
width. Treatment
Reconstructive surgery must be after
Elongated and spindle-shaped with
a year of post -treatment to avoid
pointed end and a free flagellum that
Shape losing a skin graft should a relapse
arise from the kinetoplast at the
occur.
anterior end
Diarrhea, muscle pain and joint
Adverse reaction
stiffness, bradycardial colic, rash,
brought by Sodium
contraindicated in pregnancy (may PROMASTIGOTE
Mode/s of Arthropod transmitted (Phlebotomous stibogluconate
cause genetic defects)
Transmission spp. or Sandflies)
Endemic in Peru in areas 1,000-3,000
Sources Hosts (if applicable)
meters above sea level.
Definitive host Human
Microscopy: only amastigotes are seen
Intermediate Host Sandfly
upon examination of tissue samples.
Amastigotes are visualized by Giemsa
Diagnosis and H&E stains but are
1 Self-healing skin lesion upon entry
morphologically indistinguishable from
2 Ulceration of cephalic mucocutaneous tissue
Trypanosoma cruzi.
Nose discharge and nosebleeds may be present due
Molecular Diagnosis: based on PCR 3
to destruction of the mucus membranes in nose,
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE
CATT – card agglutination test for 6 CNS involvement occurs early
General Information trypanosomiasis (antigen detection)
Epimastigote – found in flies Xenodiagnosis – examines bugs (bugs
(vector) as infective form are allowed to feed on patient’s blood)
Diagnosis
Habitat Trypomastigote – connective Wet and Stained Smear – blood, lymph
tissue, regional lymph nodes, fluid, buffy coat, tissue (recovery of
blood, and CNS trypomastigotes)
Infective Stage to Culture – Weinmnan’s medium
Metacyclic Trypomastigote
Humans Pentamidine – does 3 to 4 mg/kg of
Infective Stage to body weight, intramuscular daily for 7
Epimastigote
Vector Host to 10 days
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote Suramin – dose 20 mg/kg of body
Treatment weight in 5 injections IV with 5 to 7
Morphology days interval (does not cross BBB)
Epimastigote Melarsoprol – drug of choice for
Size 10-35 um long and 1-3 um broad patients with CNS involvement (can
cross blood-brain barrier)
Elongated; kinetoplast placed more
TRYPOMASTIGOTE
posteriorly, close to and in front of
Shape nucleus; flagellum runs alongside Hosts (if applicable)
body as short undulating membrane, Natural Host Man or Vertebrate Hosts
before emerging from anterior end Glossina morsitans, Glosinna
Trypomastigote Intermediate Host palpalis, Glossina
Size 15-40 μm long and 1.5-3.5 μm broad swynnertoni
Elongated, spindle-shaped with Bush Buck, Antelope, and

Reservoir Host
central nucleus; kinetoplast placed domestic animals like Cattle
posterior to nucleus and at posterior

Shape
end of the body; flagellum runs Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
alongside entire length of cell to East African Sleeping Sickness
form long undulating membrane More acute than Gambian form; appears after
1
incubation period of 4 weeks
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 2 Edema, myocarditis, weakness
Mode/s of Arthropod-transmitted – Bite of Tsetse 3 Headache, diffuse muscle, joint pain
Transmission Fly (Genus Glossina) 4 Lymphadenitis (les prominent)
Sources East and Central Africa 5 Febrile Paroxysms (more frequent and severe)

LEISHMANIA TROPICA
North Africa
General Information Microscopy – Smear of lesion stained
Skin – amastigote forms occur in with Wright’s or Giemsa – Amastigote
the reticuloendothelial cells of the Culture – Material take from ulcers is
Habitat skin and macrophages of skin cultured on NNN (Nicole, Novy,
lesions; promastigote forms are Diagnosis McNeal) Medium
seen in sandfly vector Serology – Antibodies detected by IFA
Infective Stage to test; ELISA is also used
Amastigote
Humans Formol-Gel Test – 0.1ml of serum + 1
Infective Stage to drop formalin = gel formation (+)
Promastigote
Vector Host Pentamidine – treats antimony-resistant
Diagnostic Stage Amastigote diffuse CL
Treatment Topical Treatment – consists of a paste
Morphology of 10% charcoal in sulfuric acid or
liquid nitrogen
AMASTIGOTE
Amastigote
Size 2-4 m
Round to oval without a flagellum; Hosts (if applicable)
Shape Axoneme extends up to the anterior Man, Dog, Foxes, and Forest
Natural Host
end of the cell rodents
Promastigote Sandfly (Phlebotomus
15- 25 μm in length and 1.5-3.5 μm Intermediate Host sergenti and Phlebotomus

Size arabicus)
in breadth
Initially short, oval, or pear-shaped Main Reservoir Host Rock Hyrax
Shape forms, subsequently become long

spindle-shaped cells Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Oriental Sore,
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Baghdad Boil, Aleppo Button)
Arthropod-transmitted – Bite of Painless Dry Ulcerating Lesions (dry ulcers heal

1
Sandflies (Phlebotomous spp.) spontaneously in about 1 year)
Mode/s of
Vertical Transmission – mother to 2 Disfiguring Scars PROMASTIGOTE
Transmission
fetus by blood transfusion and 3 Raised Papule, grows into nodules
accidental inoculation in the lab 4 Satellite Lesions
Middle-East, India, Afghanistan,
Sources
Eastern Mediterranean Countries and

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI
Serodiagnosis: ELISA and PCR for 7 Renal involvement
General Information detection of Leishmanial antigen. Secondary infections (herpes, measles, pneumonia,
8
Common Name Kala-azar Complement fixation test was the first tuberculosis, bacillary dysentery may occur)
Habitat Reticuloendothelial system serological test used to detect serum
Infective Stage Promastigote antibodies in VL.
Diagnostic Stage Amastigote Molecular diagnosis: Western blot
and PCR (used for routine diagnosis of
Morphology VL)
Amastigote Pentavalent antimonial compound:
Size 2- 4 µm Sodium stibogluconate and Meglumine
an ovoid or rounded cell and antimoniate
Shape typically intracellular known as LD Amphotericin-B: a first-line drug in
BODIES Bihar
Promastigote Treatment Paromomycin: an intramuscular
15- 25 µm in length aminoglycoside antibiotic with
Size
1.5-3.5 µm in breadth anrileishmanial activity.
initially short, oval or pear-shaped Millefosine: the first oral drug
Shape forms, subsequently become long approved for the treatment of
Amastigote
spindle-shaped cells leishmaniasis.

Arthropod transmission
Definitive Host Man
Mother-to-child transmission
Mode/s of Intermediate Host Sandflies
Blood transfusion
Transmission
Accidental inoculation in the
laboratory Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Middle East, Africa and Indian Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis
Sources
subcontinent Begins with high-grade fever which may be
Microscopy: demonstration of 1 remittent with twice daily spikes or intermittent or
amastigotes in smears of tissue less commonly continuous.
aspirates is the gold standard for 2 Splenomegaly (progressive and massive)
Diagnosis diagnosis of VL. 3 Hepatomegaly (moderate) Promastigote
Culture: tissue materials or blood are 4 l ymphadenopathy
cultured on NNN medium (Novy, 5 Cachexia with anemia
MacNeal and Nicolle) 6 Asciles and edema
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE
parasite in any body fluid. With T. b. Systemic trypanosomiasis without central nervous
General Information gambiense, it may be difficult to detect 2 system involvement is referred to as stage 1 disease.
Common Name West African sleeping sickness trypomastigotes in routine blood (Winterbottom's Sign)
Habitat Blood, Lymph node , CNS smears because parasitemia levels are 3 Kerandel's Sign a delayed sensation to pain
Infective Stage to usually low and variable.
Trypomastigote
Human Microscopy: The classic approach for
Infective stage to diagnosing T. b. gambiense infection is
Epimastigote
Sandflies by light-microscopic detection of the
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote parasite in a lymph node aspirate

(usually, from a posterior cervical
Morphology node).
Trypomastigote Concentration Techniques and

Serial Examinations: This can be
15-40 μm long and 1.5-3.5 μm
Size used for blood (centrifugation followed
broad.
by buffy coat examination, mini-anion
Elongated and spindle-shaped with
exchange centrifugation technique, or
the flagellum on the margin of the
microhematocrit centrifugation
Shape undulating membrane ends at
technique).
kinetoplast which is situated anterior
Serologic Testing: used for screening
to the nucleus
purposes only and the definitive
Epimastigote
diagnosis rests on microscopic TRYPOMASTIGOTE
Size Approximately 30 μm in length.
observation of the parasite.
Elongated and spindle-shaped with Treatment depends on the phase of the
free flagellum continuous from the disease:
anterior end backward along the Treatment Early: suramin or pentamidine
Shape
margin of the undulating membrane Late: melarsoprol or tryparsamide,
and the ends of the kinetoplast which when CNS involvement has occurred
is situated anterior to the nucleus.

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission Definitive host Human
Mode/s of Vector transmitted Intermediate Host Tsetse Fly (Glossina spp.)
Transmission (Glossina spp. or Tsetse Fly)
Sources Central and West Africa
Routine Blood Smears: Diagnosis Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Diagnosis
requires confirming the presence of the EPIMASTIGOTE
1 A painless chancre (trypanosomal chancre)
LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS COMPLEX
Microscopy: Smear of lesion stained “Tapir Nose” – destruction of nasal septum leading
General Information with Wright’s or Giemsa – Amastigote 6 to nasal collapse and hypertrophy of upper lip and
Amastigotes – found in Culture: Material take from ulcers is nose
reticuloendothelial cells of cultured on NNN (Nicole, Novy,
mammalian host – macrophages, Diagnosis McNeal) Medium
Habitat
neutrophils, and endothelial cells Serology: Antibodies detected by IFA
Promastigotes – found in mid gut test; ELISA is also used
or hindgut of vector host Formol-Gel Test: .1ml of serum + 1
Infective Stage to drop formalin = gel formation (+)
Promastigote
Humans Systemic Therapy through Oral
Infective Stage to medication – Miltefosine and
Amastigote
Vector Host Fluconazole
Diagnostic Stage Amastigote Parenteral administration of
Treatment
Amphotericin B deoxycholate;
Morphology Pentavalent antimonial therapy
Amastigote Glucocorticoids in cases of respiratory

complications
Size 2-4 m
Round to oval without a flagellum;
Shape Axoneme extends up to the anterior
AMASTIGOTE
end of the cell
Promastigote Man, Dog, Foxes, and Forest
Natural Host
rodents
15- 25 μm in length and 1.5-3.5 μm
Size Sandfly (Lutzomyia
in breadth Intermediate Host
umbratilis)
Lanceolate-shaped; kinetoplast is
anterior to the nucleus (ante
Shape
kinetoplast) and Flagellum arises
from the anterior end Pathogenicity & Clinical Features
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (Espundia)
Sources & Mode/s of Transmission 1 Nasal stuffiness
Mode/s of Arthropod-transmitted – Bite of 2 Erythema
Transmission Sandflies (Lutzomyia spp.) 3 Mucopurulent discharge
Tropical and sub-tropical countries. 4 Ulcerative lesions
Sources Rain forests in Central and South Erosion of soft tissue and cartilages – loss of lips,
5
soft part of nose, and soft palate
America to deserts in West Asia PROMASTIGOTE
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
General Information
Common Name Dientamoeba
Habitat Colonic mucosal crypts Hosts (if applicable)
Infective Stage Binucleated trophozoites Natural Host Man
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite Intermediate Host -
Binucleate trophozoite and Accidental Host -
Distinguishing feature fragmented appearance of nuclear
chromatin
Morphology Formerly believed to be nonpathogenic, it has now been
Trophozoite associated with a variety of symptoms like intermittent
Size / Color 7- 12 μm in diameter diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, anorexia, nausea, malaise
Appearance Motile with broad hyaline leaf-like and fatigue.
pseudopodia. They have 1- 4 nuclei;
the binucleate form being the most
common. Nuclear chromatin is present
as 3-5 granules in the center, with no
peripheral chromatin on the nuclear TROPHOZOITE
membrane.
Cyst
It is unique as it has only trophozoite stage but no cyst
stage.

Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Sources Worldwide distribution
Direct demonstration of trophozoites in
stool – routine
Diagnosis
At least three stool specimens should be
collected over a period of7 days.
Metronidazole, iodoquinol, paromomycin
Treatment
and tetracycline

BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS
Trichrome staining
General Information Culture – Boeck and Drbohlav or
Common Name Blastocystis (nonpathogenic) Nelson & Jones media
Habitat Large intestine of humans Molecular methods – for research
Cyst (postulated but not Metronidazole, Trimethoprim
Infective Stage
confirmed) Treatment Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
Predominantly, Vacuolar; Nitazoxanide
Diagnostic Stage Amoeboid & Granular may be
seen
Natural Host Man
Morphology Intermediate Host -
Accidental Host -
1. Vacuolated form is usually seen in stool specimen. It
measures 8 μm in diameter and is characterized by its
large central vacuole, which pushes the cytoplasm and
the nucleus to the periphery. It multiplies by binary
Diarrhea (mild to moderate) without fecal leukocyte [B. HOMINIS CYST]
fission. 1
or blood
2. Ameboid form is a polymorphous cell slightly larger
than the vacuolated form occasionally seen in the feces. 2 Abdominal Cramps
It multiplies by sporulation. 3 Irritable bowl syndrome
3. Granular form measures 10-60 μm in diameter and is 4 Bloating
seen exclusively in old cultures. 5 Flatulence

6 Nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, and malaise

Mode/s of
Fecal-oral
Transmission
Sources Rural areas with poor sanitation
Direct Fecal Smear
Concentration techniques – more
sensitive
Diagnosis
Permanently stained slides – preferred [B. HOMINIS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE]
over wet-mount
Wet-mount – using Hematoxylin or

Parasitology 2022 Atlas

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TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Large Intestine (cecum, deposition night.

Morphology Sources Handling contaminated soiled linens E. vermicularis Ova

Adult and night clothes of infected individual

Short, white, fusiform worms with Detection of Egg

and prominent esophageal bulb - Under fingernails

Male ventrally, sharply truncated with Detection of Adult worm

prominent copulatory spicule - Stool sample

Oviparous Pyrantel pamoate, albendazole,

elongated ovoid, flattened on one

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Adult 2 Elevated Isohemagglutinins

bluntly pointed, has a single 6 Eosinophilia

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Morphology Visceral Larva Migrans – migration and death

Fertilized egg color; embryonated and develop

Unfertilized egg Brownish, spherical, larger than

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Male a smaller dorsal lobe with rays on Natural Host Man

the copulatory bursa Intermediate Host -

Larger than male; measures 9- Accidental Host -

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Morphology Symptoms Due to Adult worm

Adult 3 Abdominal pain

Adults are 6 – 10 mm long, slightly 4 Nausea

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Size / Color 16-25 mm, white luzonica, Parathelpusa

Has a well-developed kidney- Intermediate Host mistio, Brotia asperata,

Characterized by having a Water and vegetables

“barber’s pole” appearance due Accidental Host Man

Female to the looping of milky white

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Develops inside Larvae

Anisakiss simplex: Milky white, eosinophilic granulomatous response may

with a long stomach, and a blunt symptoms mimicking Crohn’s disease

larva/L3 larva to as type 1 larva. Anisakiasis involves acute abdominal

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Adult: small intestines of pig, - Thiabendazole

Habitat rat, and man

Pathogenicity & Clinical Features

Cysts are ovoid in shape. They 8 Muscle edema

Cyst are formed by the tissue reaction

Sources & Mode/s of Transmission

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Subcutaneous Tissue They are common in forests

Sources and swampy areas with woody

Hosts (if applicable)

Pathogenicity & Clinical Features

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Hosts (if applicable)

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

ATLAS OF PARASITOLOGY| UERM CAHP BATCH 2022

Subcutaneous Tissue They are common in forests