IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/ o To determine antigens in the

RBCs of an individual by
BLOOD BANKING
using commercially prepared
 A branch of immunology which deals with
antisera of known specificity
the uses of immunologic principles to study
2. Serum typing (Backward or
and identify the different blood groups.
Reverse typing)
Blood Bank o To determine antibodies in
 A separate area in a hospital where blood is the serum/plasma of an
collected from donors individual by using RBCs of
 Performs blood typing
known specificity
 Prepares blood and blood components for
transfusion
 Blood that is transfused into a recipient
must be tested first to ensure compatibility
with the recipient’s blood.
 To reduce the risk of transfusion
reactions
 To ensure that the blood/blood
components are safe
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
 Discovered by Karl Landsteiner (1900s) and
received the Nobel Prize (1930).
 He categorized the blood groups as A, B,
and O
 AB – 4th major ABO blood type
 Discovered by Alfred von Decastello
and Adriano Sturli

Forward and Reverse/Backward

Blood Typing

ABO Blood Typing

 A test to determine the blood type of an
individual.
1. Cell typing (Direct or Forward
typing)
Rh BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM  MINOR CROSSMATCHING
 Discovered by Karl Landsteiner and  Patient RBCs are mixed with the
Alexander Wiener (1940) donor serum
 5 important antigens: D, C, E, c, e  Detects if there are antibodies in the
 Rh typing: based on the presence or donor serum that can destroy the
absence of D antigen using an anti-D patients RBCs
antisera  PR-DS
o Rh antibodies + human RBCs Blood Components and their
= AGGLUTINATION Rh Indications
POSITIVE WHOLE BLOOD
o Rh antibodies + human RBCs  Indication: volume replacement;
= NO AGGLUTINATION  Rh restoration of oxygen-carrying
NEGATIVE capacity
PACKED RED BLOOD CELL (PRBC)
 Indication: impairment of
oxygenation by acute or chronic
anemia or hemorrhage
WASHED PRBC (washed with NSS)
 Indication: patient sensitivity to
plasma proteins
LEUKOCYTE-REDUCED PRBC
 Indication: febrile transfusion
reactions
IRRADIATED PRBC (gamma rays)
 Indication: prevention of graft-
versus-host disease
PLATELET CONCENTRATE
 Indications: thrombocytopenia and
COMPATIBILITY TEST platelet dysfunction (bleeding
 Blood typing and crossmatching are patients)
procedures done to prevent harmful FRESH FROZEN PLASMA (FFP)
transfusion reactions between the  Effect: replacement of plasma
recipient blood and the donor blood coagulation factors
2 parts:  Indications: severe bleeding in
 MAJOR CROSSMATCHING unknown factor deficiency
 Patient serum is mixed with the CRYOPRECIPITATE
donor RBCs  Indications: patients with fibrinogen
 Detects if there are antibodies in the defects
patient serum that can destroy the
transfused RBCs from the donor
 PS-DR