Working animal

A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated,

that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks
instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal
products. Some are used for their physical strength
(e.g. oxen and draft horses) or for transportation (e.g.
riding horses and camels), while others are service
animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks
(e.g. hunting and guide dogs, messenger pigeons and
fishing cormorants). They may also be used for
milking or herding. Some, at the end of their working
lives, may also be used for meat or other products such
as leather.
A bullock team hauling wool in New South Wales

The history of working animals may predate

agriculture as dogs were used by hunter-gatherer
ancestors; around the world, millions of animals work in relationship with their owners. Domesticated
species are often bred for different uses and conditions, especially horses and working dogs. Working
animals are usually raised on farms, though some are still captured from the wild, such as dolphins and
some Asian elephants.

People have found uses for a wide variety of abilities

in animals, and even industrialised societies use many
animals for work. People use the strength of horses,
elephants, and oxen to pull carts and move loads.
Police forces use dogs for finding illegal substances
and assisting in apprehending wanted persons, others
use dogs to find game or search for missing or trapped
people. People use various animals—camels, donkeys,
horses, dogs, etc.—for transport, either for riding or to
pull wagons and sleds. Other animals, including dogs
and monkeys, help disabled people.
Traditional farming methods using oxen
On rare occasions, wild animals are not only tamed,
but trained to perform work—though often solely for
novelty or entertainment, as such animals tend to lack the trustworthiness and mild temper of true
domesticated working animals. Conversely, not all domesticated animals are working animals. For
example, while cats may catch mice, it is an instinctive behaviour, not one that can be trained by human
intervention. Other domesticated animals, such as sheep or rabbits, may have agricultural uses for meat,
hides and wool, but are not suitable for work. Finally, small domestic pets, such as most small birds (other
than certain types of pigeon) are generally incapable of performing work other than providing
companionship.

Roles and specializations

Transportation

Some animals are used due to sheer physical strength in tasks such
as ploughing or logging. Such animals are grouped as a draught or
draft animals. Others may be used as pack animals, for animal-
powered transport, the movement of people and goods. Together,
these are sometimes called beasts of burden. Some animals are
ridden by people on their backs and are known as mounts.
Alternatively, one or more animals in harness may be used to pull
vehicles. The horse-drawn winch of a former
limestone quarry (France)

Riding animals or mounts

Riding animals are animals that people use as mounts in order to perform tasks such as traversing across
long distances or over rugged terrain, hunting on horseback or with some other riding animal, patrolling
around rural and/or wilderness areas, rounding up and/or herding livestock or even for recreational
enjoyment. They mainly include equines such as horses, donkeys, and mules; bovines such as cattle, water
buffalo, and yak. In some places, elephants, llamas and camels are also used. Dromedary camels are in arid
areas of Australia, North Africa and the Middle East; the less common Bactrian camel inhabits central and
East Asia; both are used as working animals. On occasion, reindeer, though usually driven, may be ridden.

Certain wild animals have been tamed and used for riding, usually for novelty purposes, including the zebra
and the ostrich. Some mythical creatures are believed to act as divine mounts, such as garuda in Hinduism
(See vahana for divine mounts in Hinduism) and the winged horse Pegasus in Greek mythology.

Pack animals

Pack animals may be of the same species as mounts or harness

animals, though animals such as horses, mules, donkeys, reindeer
and both types of camel may have individual bloodlines or breeds
that have been selectively bred for packing. Additional species are
only used to carry loads, including llamas in the Andes.

Domesticated cattle and yaks are also used as pack animals. Other
species used to carry cargo include dogs and pack goats.
A pack llama
Draft animals

An intermediate use is as draft animals, harnessed singly or in teams, to pull sleds, wheeled vehicles or
ploughs.

Oxen are slow but strong, and have been used in a yoke since ancient times: the earliest
surviving vehicle, Puabi's Sumerian sledge, was ox-drawn; an acre was originally defined
 as the area a span of oxen could plow in a day. The
domestic water buffalo and carabao, pull wagons and
ploughs in Southeast Asia and the Philippines.
Draught or draft horses are commonly used in harness
for heavy work. Several breeds of medium-weight horses
are used to pull lighter wheeled carts, carriages and
buggies when a certain amount of speed or style is
desirable.
Mules are considered tough and strong, with harness
capacity dependent on the type of horse mare used to
Donkey used to pull a wheeled
produce the mule foal. Because they are a hybrid animal
vehicle in Morocco
and usually are infertile, separate breeding programs
must also be maintained.
Ponies and donkeys are often used to pull carts and
small wagons. Historically, ponies were commonly used
in mining to pull ore carts.
Dogs are used for pulling light carts or, particularly, sleds
(e.g. sled dogs such as huskies) for both recreation and
working purposes.
Goats also can perform light harness work in front of
carts.
Reindeer are used in the Arctic and sub-Arctic Nordic Camel pulling a coach in Rajasthan
countries and Siberia. During World War II, the Red Army
deployed deer transportation battalions on the Eastern
Front.[1] In the twenty-first century, Russian soldiers continue to train with reindeer sleds in
winter.[2] In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night
sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve.
Elephants are used for logging in Southeast Asia.
Less often, camels and llamas have been trained to harness. According to Juan Ignacio
Molina the Dutch captain Joris van Spilbergen observed the use of chiliquenes (a llama
type) by native Mapuches of Mocha Island as plough animals in 1614.[3]

Assorted wild animals have, on occasion, been tamed and trained to harness, including zebras and even
moose.

Guard animals

As some domesticated animals display extremely protective or territorial behavior, certain breeds and
species have been utilized to guard people and/or property such as homes, public buildings, businesses,
crops, livestock and even venues of criminal activity.[4][5] Guard animals can either act as alarms to alert
their owners of danger or they can be used to actively scare off and/or even attack encroaching intruders or
dangerous animals. Well known examples of guard animals include dogs, geese and llamas. Additionally,
other animals that have been used as guard animals include cats,[6][7] donkeys,[8] pigs,[9] alpacas,[10]
cattle,[11] domestic guineafowl,[12] rams,[13] ducks,[14] goats, turkeys and roosters.[15]

Powering fixed machinery

Working draught animals may power fixed machinery using a treadmill and
have been used throughout history to power a winch to raise water from a
well. Turnspit dogs were formerly used to power roasting jacks for roasting
meat.

Treatment animals

Working as a form of biological treatment for the environment. Animals

such as Asian carps were imported to the U.S. in 1970s to control algae,
weed, and parasite growth in aquatic farms, weeds in canal systems, and as
one form of sewage treatment.[16]

Pathogens and diseases An ox-powered Copra press

Animals can be used to detect the presence of pathogens and patients

carrying infectious diseases.

Dogs[17][18][19][20] (including scent hounds) and bees[21] have been trained to detect
COVID-19 infections.
Dogs have been trained to detect cancer.[22] One study reported ants could be used to
detect cancer via urine.[23][24]
Detection rats such as those trained by APOPO can also be taught to identify diseases,
especially pulmonary tuberculosis.[25]

Searching and retrieving

Hunting

As predatory species are naturally equipped to catch prey, this is a

further use for animals and birds. This can be done either for
sustenance, sport, or to reduce the population of undesired animals
that are considered harmful to crops, livestock or the environment.

Hounds and other dogs are used to kill and fetch prey.
Certain breeds have been bred for this task such as
pointers and setters.
Mousers (domestic cats used for hunting small rodents A dog working as a retriever
and birds) are one of the oldest working animals having
protected food supplies from pests that cause crop
destruction such as rodents and pigeons since the
foundation of human agriculture.
Caracals are sometimes used as hunting animals in some parts of the Middle East, although
they are normally kept as pets.
Cheetahs that have been tamed but not domesticated have been used by humans for
chasing down prey.
Ferrets prey on creatures living in burrows, such as rabbits.
In falconry, birds of prey are used as hunters in the air.
 Aquatic birds, such as cormorants in China, can be used to catch fish.

Humans
Search and rescue dogs, with their highly developed sense of smell, are used to locate
humans, such as escaped prisoners, a thief or people lost in remote areas. They are used
also to find people who are trapped, such as in avalanches or collapsed buildings.
Dogs can also be used to look for dead people.
Searchers use horses in remote areas to cover large areas of rugged terrain. The horse's
natural awareness of their surroundings often alerts human handlers to the presence of
something unusual, including lost hikers or hunters. Like some dogs, some horses are
trained to follow scent. The use of horses in search and rescue is known as mounted search
and rescue.

Foods

Dogs and pigs, with a better sense of smell than humans, can assist with gathering by
finding valuable products, such as truffles (a very expensive subterranean fungus). The
French typically use truffle hogs, while Italians mainly use dogs.
Monkeys are trained to pick coconuts from palm trees, a job many human workers consider
as too dangerous.[26]

Contraband
Detection dogs, commonly employed by law enforcement authorities, are trained to use their
senses to detect illegal drugs, explosives, currency, and contraband electronics such as
illicit mobile phones, among other things.[27] The sense most used by detection dogs is
smell, hence such dogs are also commonly known as 'sniffer dogs'. For this task, dogs may
sometimes be used remotely from the suspect item, for example via the Remote Air
Sampling for Canine Olfaction (RASCO) system.[28]

Interfacing and organization

Assistance animals
The best-known example is the guide dog or seeing eye dog for blind people. See also
service dog. Miniature horses are also occasionally used for this purpose as well.
Trained dogs and African, Asian, and American monkeys, such as capuchin monkeys have
been taught to provide other functions for impaired people, such as opening mail and minor
household tasks of the same like.

Herding
A very close working relationship exists between a stockman or shepherd, a herding dog,
and the herd (or mob) of sheep or cattle. Cattle and sheep herders in other parts of the world
also use various dog breeds.
 Certain breeds of horses also have an innate "cow sense" that
allows them to effectively carry a rider to the right place at the
right time to muster (gather or round up) livestock. See stock
horse; cutting horse

Police and military

The defensive and offensive capabilities of animals (such as fangs and

claws) can be used to protect or to attack humans.

The guard dog barks or attacks, to warn of an intruder, sniffer

dogs are used to detect explosives contraband and attack dogs A Koolie dog working with
are trained to attack on command. sheep
War elephants were trained for battle in ancient times and are
still used for military transport today.
Military uses of horses have changed over the millennia but still
continue, including for police work.
Camel cavalry was used in deserts since they had better
performance and survivability in the harsh desert environment
than horses. India's Border Security Force and some other
countries still used camel cavalry for patrolling in the Thar
desert.
Dolphins and sea lions carry markers to attach to naval mines
as well as patrolling harbors.
Dogs can be trained to find landmines.
Rats, which are lighter and less of a risk to set the mines off,
have recently been used more frequently.[25][29] APOPO HeroRAT getting
Homing pigeons transport material, usually messages on small food reward
pieces of paper, by air.

Legal status
In some jurisdictions, certain working animals are afforded greater legal rights than other animals. One such
common example is police dogs and military dogs, which are often afforded additional protections and the
same memorial services as human officers and soldiers.

India law have provision for the in loco parentis for implementing animal welfare laws. Under the India law
the non-human entities such as animals, deities, trusts, charitable organizations, corporate, managing bodies,
etc. and several other non-human entitles have been given the status of the "legal person" with legal rights
and duties, such as to sue and be sued, to own and transfer the property, to pay taxes, etc. In court cases
regarding animals, the animals have the status of "legal person" and humans have the legal duty to act as
"loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. In a case of cow-
smuggling, the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that "entire animal kingdom including avian and
aquatic" species has a "distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living
person" and humans are "loco parentis" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary
treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load
carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when
animals have to carry the load up a slope. A court while deciding the Animal Welfare Board of India vs
Nagaraja case in 2014 mandated that animals are also entitled to the fundamental right to freedom[30]
enshrined in the Article 21 of Constitution of India i.e. right to life, personal liberty and the right to die with
dignity (passive euthanasia). In another case, a court in Uttarakhand state mandated that animals have the
same rights as humans.[31]

See also
Agriculture portal

Dogs portal

Horses portal

Insects portal

Animal rights – Belief that animals have
interests that should be considered
Animal sentinel – Organisms used to
detect risks to humans
Animals in film and television
Animals in sport – Sports that involve use
of animals
Biological pest control – Controlling pests
using other organisms
Draft horse – Large horse bred for heavy
work
Drafting dog – Dog bred for a specific type
of work
Cruelty to animals – Negligent or abusive
action against non-human animal by
humans
Commercial animal cloning – Commercial
cloning of animals
Donkey rides
Experiment (horse-powered boat) – Horse-
powered boat
Guard dog – Working dog
Horse-drawn boat – Canal boat a canal
pulled by a horse on a towpath
Horse-drawn vehicle – Vehicle pulled by
horse; mechanized piece of equipment
pulled by one horse or by a team of horses
Horseboating Society – Society promoting
horse-drawn boating.
Hymenoptera training – Bees or wasps
trained to detect dangerous substances
List of domesticated animals
Mixed farming – economic activity
Pet culture
Seizure response dog – Assists person
during or immediately before or after a
seizure
Working cat – Domestic cat kept primarily
for pest control rather than companionship
Working dog
Working rat

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External links
Working Goats (http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/working-goats/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160604145118/http://www.opb.org/television/progr
ams/ofg/segment/working-goats/) 4 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Documentary
produced by Oregon Field Guide

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Working_animal&oldid=1166363185"