Foreign Literature

• Abdullateef and Ifabiyi (2012) suggested that overall sustainability rests on the excellent
relationship between three dimensions of sustainability namely: social, economy and the
environment. Water is a factor for economic development at all levels and for all users (Goal 1)
and global needs are not showing any sign of plummeting due to population growth. Seasonal
variation as a result of climate change has led to water scarcity globally especially in developing
and underdeveloped world.
• World Bank (2014) reported that dams and reservoirs are large, multi-purpose public assets for
which public funds are needed to maintain. Public funding for construction, operation, and
maintenance is necessary for irrigation canals. A dam can help in reducing fluvial erosion along
watercourse. Moreover, conservation and sustainable use the oceans, seas and marine resources
can be achieved by building embankment across watercourse
• Dams fail due majorly to human errors such as inadequate preliminary study on proposed
construction site, discrepancies in the design, poor engineering applications during construction,
absence of qualified dam safety monitoring personnel on site and bad maintenance culture
(Umaru et al., 2010)
• Despite the increasing safety of dams due to improved engineering knowledge and better
construction quality, a full non-risk guarantee is not possible and an accident can occur, triggered
by natural hazards, human actions, construction deficiencies and age of the structure (Umaru et
al., 2015)
• According to Scudder, (2005) operators may not sensitive to this need, thus releasing insufficient
water as base flow. Moreover, dam construction and operations can impact ancestral heritage
sites

Local literature

• Marikina River has a dam named Wawa dam in Barangay Wawa, Rodriguez, Rizal. The dam is to
supply water for Manila. From Rodriguez, the river streams through San Mateo and then to the
city of Marikina. In Manggahan, Pasig, the Marikina River meets with Pasig River along the
Manggahan Floodway. Its water flows from Marikina River to the Manggahan Floodway then
drains out to Laguna de Bay. This waterway was built to prevent flood in the city during heavy
rains. (Marikina River, 2012)

• The river is connected to 7 creeks and waterways. Approximately, the river has a depth from3-21
meters and stretches from 70-120 meters. Its total area is about 75.2 hectares and is 27kilometers
in length. In addition, Marikina River is the center of Marikina City. The river was used as a
transport route during the Spanish era, but as the city prospered, many industries arrived and it
led to the problems of the city such as the decline of the Marikina River’s state. By cause of
carelessness and the development of industries, the toxic chemicals from factories polluted the
river. Furthermore, the people who are living along the river also contributed to the pollution
(Environmental Problems, 2011)
• Aquatic macroinvertebrates are water organisms without backbones and are big enough to
beobserved with our naked eye.They play an important role in aquatic food chains and also
serveas great indicators of water quality (Extension Utah State University, 2016).

• There have been studies that pondered the use of macroinvertebrate diversity to determine the
status of an environment, because they are very sensitive to different interferences (Deborde,
Hernandez, & Magbanua, 2016).

• A great macroinvertebrate diversity in a river means that the river is healthy. Moreover,
macroinvertebrates do not have great mobility, and this prevents themto escape polluted waters.
(Morse, Bae, Munkhjargal, Sangpradub, Tanida, Vshivkova, Wang,Yang, & Yule, 2007).