Outline of economics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide

to economics:

Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption

of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and
how economic agents interact.

Description of economics
Economics can be described as all of the following:

Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to, or Economics classes make

received by, a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of extensive use of supply and
knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen demand graphs like this one to
to specialize in. teach about markets. In this
graph, S and D refer to supply
Field of science – widely recognized category of
specialized expertise within science, and typically and demand and P and Q refer to
embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a the price and quantity.
field will usually be represented by one or more scientific
journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There
are many economics-related scientific journals.
Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Branches of economics
Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior,
and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in
making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.
Mesoeconomics In-between

Subdisciplines of economics
Agricultural economics
Attention economics
Behavioral economics
Classical economics
Comparative economic systems
Contract theory
Cultural economics
Demographic economics
Development economics
Ecological economics
 Econometrics
Economic anthropology
Economic development
Economic geography
Economic history
Economic sociology
Economics of marriage
Education economics
Energy economics
Engineering economics
Entrepreneurial economics
Environmental economics
Family economics
Feminist economics
Financial economics
Georgism
Green economics
Health economics
Industrial organization
Information economics
International economics
Institutional economics
Labor economics
Law and economics
Managerial economics
Mathematical economics
Monetary economics
Public finance
Public economics
Real estate economics
Regional economics
Regional science
Resource economics
Rural economics
Socialist economics
Urban economics
Welfare economics

Methodologies or approaches
Behavioural economics
Classical economics
Computational economics
Econometrics
Evolutionary economics
 Experimental economics
Praxeology (used by the Austrian School)
Social psychology

Interdisciplinary fields involving economics

Bioeconomics
Constitutional economics
Econophysics
Institutionalist political economy
Neuroeconomics
Political economy
Socioeconomics
Thermoeconomics
Transport economics

Types of economies
Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption
of goods and services of a country or other area.

Economies, by political & social ideological structure

Economic ideology
Capitalist economy
Planned economy
Consumer economy (consumerism)
Corporate economy
Fascist economy
Laissez-faire
Mercantilism
Natural economy
Primitive communism
Social market economy
Socialist economy

Economies, by scope
Anglo-Saxon economy
American School
Hunter-gatherer economy
Information economy
New industrial economy
Palace economy
Plantation economy
 Token economy
Traditional economy
Transition economy
World economy

Economies, by regulation
Closed economy
Dual economy
Gift economy
Informal economy
Market economy
Mixed economy
Open economy
Participatory economy
Planned economy
Subsistence economy
Underground economy
Virtual economy

Economic elements

Economic activities
Business
Business cycle
Collective action
Commerce
Competition
Consumption
Distribution
Employment
Entrepreneurship
Export
Finance
Government spending
Import
Investment
Mergers and acquisitions
Pricing
Geographical pricing
Production
Trade
 Balance of trade
Fair trade
Free trade
International trade
Safe trade
Tax, tariff and trade
Terms of trade
Trade bloc
Trade pact
Trader Ethic

Economic forces
Aggregate demand
Aggregate supply
Deflation
Economic activity (see above)
Economies of agglomeration
Economies of scale
Economies of scope
Incentive
Inflation
Hyperinflation
Invisible hand
Preference
Profit motive

Economic problems
Depression
Financial crisis
Hyperinflation
Poverty
Recession
List of recessions
Stagflation
Unemployment

Trends and influences

Decentralization
Globalization
Industrialisation
 Internationalization

Economic measures
Consumer price index
Economic indicator
Human Development Index
Measures of national income and output
Gross domestic product
Natural gross domestic product
Gross national product
National income
Net national income
Poverty level
Standard of living
UN Human Development Index
Value
Cost-of-production theory of value
Labor theory of value
Surplus value
Time value of money
Value added
Value of Earth
Value of life
Measuring well-being
Working time

Economic participants
Employer
Employee
Entrepreneur
Central bank
Reproductive labor

Economic politics
Antitrust
Cartel
Government-granted monopoly
Reaganomics
Taxation
Income tax
 Land value tax
Sales tax
Tariff
Tax, tariff and trade
Value-added tax

Economic policy

Economic policy

Agricultural policy
Fiscal policy
Incomes policy
Price controls
Price ceiling
Rent control
Price floor
Minimum wage
Industrial policy
Infrastructure-based development
Investment policy
Monetary policy
Disinflation
Inflation targeting
Monetary hawk and dove
Monetary reform
Quantitative easing
Reflation
Policy mix – combination of a country's monetary policy and fiscal policy. These two
channels influence growth and employment, and are generally determined by the central
bank and the government (e.g., the United States Congress) respectively.
Stabilization policy
Tax policy

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Markets
Market

Types of markets
Black market
Commodity markets
Financial market
Bond market
Money market
Spot market
Secondary market
Third market
Fourth market
Stock market
Free market
Labor market
Mass market
Media market
Regulated market

Aspects of markets
Market failure
Market power
Market share
Market structure
Market system
Market transparency
Market trend
Market dominance

Market forms

Market form

Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a
homogeneous product.
Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of
independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share.
Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
Monopsony, when there is only one buyer in a market.
Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase
continuously with the size of the firm.
Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than
40% of the market share.
 Oligopsony, a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.

Market-oriented activities
Market analysis
Marketing
Market segmentation
Market intelligence
Market research

Money

Money

Currency
Community currency
Dollar
Local currency
Petrocurrency
Reserve currency
Time-based currency
Yen
United States dollar
Monetary reform
Monetary system
Money supply

Resources

Resource management

Resource management

Natural resource management

Resource allocation

Factors of production

Factors of production

Land

Land
 Natural resources

Labor
Division of labour

Capital

Capital

Capital asset
Capital intensity
Financial capital
Human capital
Individual capital
Natural capital
Social capital
Wealth

Economic theory
Consumer theory
Efficiency wage hypothesis
Efficient market hypothesis
Marginalism
Prospect theory
Public choice theory
Rational choice theory

Economic ideologies
Consumerism
Monetarism
Productivism
Utilitarianism

History of economics

History of economic thought

History of economic thought

Ancient economic thought

Aristotle
 Nicomachean Ethics
Economics of the Age of Enlightenment
Mercantilism
British Enlightenment
John Locke
Dudley North
David Hume
French Enlightenment: Physiocracy
François Quesnay
Tableau économique
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
Classical economics, political economy
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations
David Ricardo
Socialist economics
Marxian economics
Labour theory of value
Anarchist economics
Austrian School of Economics
Carl Menger
Friedrich von Hayek
Ludwig von Mises
Neoclassical economics
Léon Walras
John Bates Clark
Alfred Marshall
Keynesian economics
John Maynard Keynes
Cambridge capital controversy
Neo-Keynesian economics
Paul Samuelson
John Hicks (economist)
Neoclassical synthesis
Post-Keynesian economics
Hyman Minsky
Joan Robinson
 Michał Kalecki
New Keynesian economics
Chicago school of economics
Milton Friedman
Monetarism

Economic history

Economic history

Economic events
Economic history of the world
Economics in the Middle Ages: feudalism and manorialism
Economics of the Renaissance: mercantilism
Industrial Revolution
Economic history of World War I
Nixon shock
Economic history by region
Economic history of Africa
Economic history of Morocco
Economic history of Nigeria
Economic history of Somalia
Economic history of South Africa
Economic history of Zimbabwe
Economic history of the Arab world
Economic history of Asia
Economic history of Cambodia
Economic history of China
Economic history of China before 1912
Economic history of China (1912–1949)
Economic history of China (1949–present)
Economic history of the Republic of China
Economic history of India
Economic history of Indonesia
Economic history of Iran
Economic history of Japan
Economic history of Malaysia
Economic history of Pakistan
Economic history of Taiwan
Economic history of Turkey
Economic history of the Ottoman Empire
 Economic history of Vietnam
Economic history of the Philippines
Economic history of Australia
Economic history of Europe
Economic history of France
Economic history of Germany
Economic history of the German reunification
Economic history of Greece and the Greek world
Economic history of Iceland
Economic history of Ireland
Economic history of Italy
Economic history of Portugal
Economic history of Scotland
Economic history of Spain
Economic history of Sweden
Economic history of Venice
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
Economic history of the Russian Federation
Economic history of the United Kingdom
Economic history of North America
Economic history of Canada
Economic history of Mexico
Economic history of the United States
Economic history of Central America
Economic history of Nicaragua
Economic history of South America
Economic history of Argentina
Economic history of Brazil
Economic history of Chile
Economic history of Colombia
Economic history of Ecuador
Economic history of Peru
Economic history by subject
History of banking
History of money
History of stock markets

General economic concepts

Ricardian economics
Keynesian economics
Classical economics
Neo-Keynesian economics
Neoclassical economics
New classical economics
New Keynesian economics
Participatory economics
Home economics
Goods
Complement good
Coordination good
Free goods
Inferior goods
Normal goods
Public good
Substitute good
isms
Capitalism
Natural Capitalism
Economic subjectivism
Socialism
Modern portfolio theory
Game theory
Human development theory
Production theory basics
Time preference theory of interest
Agent
Arbitrage
Big Mac Index
Big push model
Cash crop
Canadian and American economies compared
Catch-up effect
Chicago school
Collusion
Commodity
Comparative advantage
Competitive advantage
complementarity
Consumer and producer surplus
Cost
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost-of-living index
Debt
Devaluation
Disposable income
Economic
Economic data
Economic efficiency
Economic growth
Economic globalization
Economic profits
Economic modeling
Economic reports
Economic system
Ecosystem services
Elasticity
Environmental finance
Euro
Event study
Experience economy
Externality
Factor price equalization
Federal Reserve
Financial instruments
Fiscal neutrality
Full-reserve banking
General equilibrium
Gold standard
Import substitution
Income
Income elasticity of demand
Income velocity of money
Induced demand
Industrial organization
Input-output model
Interest
Keynes, John Maynard
Knowledge-based economy
Laissez-faire
Land
Living wage
Local purchasing
Lorenz curve
Marginal Revolution
Means of production
Mental accounting
Menu costs
Missing market
Model - economics
Model - macroeconomics
Monopoly profit
Moral hazard
Moral purchasing
Multiplier (economics)
Neo-classical growth model
Network effect
Network externality
Operations research
Opportunity cost
Output
Parable of the broken window
Pareto efficiency
Price
Price discrimination
Price elasticity of demand
Price points
Outline of industrial organization
Production function
Productivity
Profit (economics)
Profit maximization
Public bad
Public debt
Purchasing power parity
Rahn curve
Rate of return pricing
Rational expectations
Rational pricing
Real business cycle
Real versus nominal in economics
Regression analysis
Returns to scale
Risk premium
Saving
Scarcity
Seven-generation sustainability
Slavery
Social cost
Social credit
Social welfare
Stock exchange
Subsidy
Subsistence agriculture
 Sunk cost
Supply and demand
Supply-side economics
Sustainable competitive advantage
Sustainable development
Sweatshop
Technostructure
The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
Transaction cost
Triple bottom line
Trust
Utility
Utility maximization problem
Uneconomic growth
U.S. public debt
Virtuous circle and vicious circle
Wage rate
X-efficiency
Yield
Zero sum game

Economics organizations
American Economic Association
American Institute for Economic Research
American Law and Economics Association
Association for Comparative Economic Studies
Association for Evolutionary Economics
Association for Social Economics
Canadian Economics Association
Centre for Economic Policy Research
China Center for Economic Research
Eastern Economic Association
Econometric Society
European Economic Association
International Association for Feminist Economics
International Economic Association
Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association
National Association for Business Economics
National Bureau of Economic Research
Royal Economic Society
Southern Economic Association
 Western Economic Association International

Economics publications
List of economics journals
List of important publications in economics

Persons influential in the field of economics

List of economists

Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economic historians

Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for "his
achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his
demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having
renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative
methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won
the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.

Other notable economic historians

Moses Abramovitz Claudia Goldin
T. S. Ashton John Habakkuk
Roger E. Backhouse Earl J. Hamilton
Correlli Barnett Eli Heckscher
Jörg Baten Eric Hobsbawm
Maxine Berg Leo Huberman
Ben Bernanke Thomas M. Humphrey
Fernand Braudel Harold James
Rondo Cameron Ibn Khaldun
Sydney Checkland Charles P. Kindleberger
Carlo M. Cipolla John Komlos
Gregory Clark Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
Thomas C. Cochran David Laidler
Nicholas Crafts David Landes
Louis Cullen Tim Leunig
Peter Davies Friedrich List
Brad DeLong Robert Sabatino Lopez
Barry Eichengreen Angus Maddison
Stanley Engerman Karl Marx
Charles Feinstein Peter Mathias
Niall Ferguson Ellen McArthur
Ronald Findlay Deirdre McCloskey
Roderick Floud Joel Mokyr
 Cormac Ó Gráda Anna Jacobson Schwartz
Henri Pirenne Robert Skidelsky
Karl Polanyi Graeme Snooks
Erik S. Reinert R. H. Tawney
Christina Romer Peter Temin
W. W. Rostow Richard Timberlake
Murray Rothbard Adam Tooze
Larry Schweikart Eberhard Wächtler
Ram Sharan Sharma Jeffrey Williamson
Adam Smith Tony Wrigley

See also
Index of accounting articles
Index of economics articles
Index of international trade topics
JEL classification codes
List of business theorists
List of economic communities
List of economics films
List of economics awards
List of free trade agreements
Outline of business management
Outline of commercial law
Outline of community
Outline of finance
Outline of marketing
Outline of management
Outline of production

External links
History of Economic Thought and Critical Perspectives (NSSR) (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20110629230810/http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/het/)
The Joy of Economics (http://huwdixon.org/SurfingEconomics/chapter1.pdf), chapter 1 of
Surfing Economics (http://huwdixon.org/surfing-economics/index.html) by Huw Dixon

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