1. Describe the main branches and sub-branches of the economic field.

Economic analysis is usually divided into two main branches, microeconomics (with the
sub-branches: neo-classical, development economics; environmental, behavioural,
econometrics, labour economics) and macroeconomics (with the sub-branches:
classical/free market, Keynesian, Marxian, Austrian, mercantilism, monetarism).
Microeconomics studies how individual people and businesses function in specific
situations, while macroeconomics studies how the entire economy of a nation, or even of
the world, functions.
Microeconomics sub-branches:
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics focusing on the determination of
goods, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand. This
determination is often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-
constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing
available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory,
a theory that has come under considerable question in recent years.
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of
the development process in low income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of
promoting economic development, economic growth and structural change but also on
improving the potential for the mass of the population, for example, through health,
education and workplace conditions, whether through public or private channels.
Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental
issues. It has become a widely studied topic due to growing environmental concerns in the
twenty-first century. Environmental Economics undertakes theoretical or empirical studies
of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world.
Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal
with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.
Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural
and social factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and how those
decisions vary from those implied by classical theory.
Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for
wage labour. Labour markets or job markets function through the interaction of workers
and employers. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services (workers) and
the demanders of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting
pattern of wages, employment, and income.
Macroeconomics sub-brunches:
Classical market economics. In terms of economic policy, the classical economists were
advocating the freedom of the market, though they saw a role for the state in providing for
the common good. Adam Smith acknowledged that there were areas where the market is
not the best way to serve the common interest, and he took it as a given that the greater
proportion of the costs supporting the common good should be borne by those best able to
afford them. He warned repeatedly of the dangers of monopoly, and stressed the
importance of competition. In terms of international trade, the classical economists were
advocates of free trade, which distinguishes them from their mercantilist predecessors, who
advocated protectionism.
Keynesian economics (sometimes Keynesianism, named for the economist John Maynard
Keynes) are various macroeconomic theories about how in the short run – and especially
during recessions – economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total
spending in the economy). In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily
equal the productive capacity of the economy; instead, it is influenced by a host of factors
and sometimes behaves erratically, affecting production, employment, and inflation.
Marxian economics is a heterodox school of economic thought. Its foundations can be
traced back to the critique of classical political economy in the research by Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels. Marxian economics comprises several different theories and includes
multiple schools of thought, which are sometimes opposed to each other, and in many cases
Marxian analysis is used to complement or supplement other economic approaches.
Because one does not necessarily have to be politically Marxist to be economically
Marxian, the two adjectives coexist in usage rather than being synonymous. They share a
semantic field while also allowing connotative and denotative differences.
Austrian school of economics, body of economic theory developed in the late 19th century
by Austrian economists who, in determining the value of a product, emphasized the
importance of its utility to the consumer. Menger believed that value is completely
subjective: a product’s value is found in its ability to satisfy human wants. Moreover, the
actual value depends on the product’s utility in its least important use. If the product exists
in abundance, it will be used in less-important ways. As the product becomes scarcer,
however, the less-important uses are abandoned, and greater utility will be derived from
the new least-important use.
Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports, and
minimize the imports, of a nation. These policies aim to reduce a possible current account
deficit or reach a current account surplus. Mercantilism includes a national economic
policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade,
especially of finished goods. Historically, such policies frequently led to war and also
motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer
to another and has evolved over time.
Monetarism is a school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of
governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation. Monetarist theory asserts
that variations in the money supply have major influences on national output in the short
run and on price levels over longer periods. Monetarists assert that the objectives of
monetary policy are best met by targeting the growth rate of the money supply rather than
by engaging in discretionary monetary policy.

Sources:
https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/141461/economics/branches-of-economics/)
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Austrian-school-of-economics

2. What are the main institutions that regulate a state’s economic life? What are these
institutions in Romania, the UK, the USA and European Union? (at least five for
each).
Romania: Ministerul pentru Mediul de Afaceri, Comerț și Antreprenoriat, Uniunea
Națională a Cooperației Meșteșugărești, Agenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală, Banca
Națională a României, Autoritatea pentru Administrarea Activelor Statului.
EU: European Central Bank (ECB), European Economic and Social Committee (EESC),
European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD), European Court of Auditors (ECA)
The UK: Agricultural Economics Society (AES), British Institute of Energy Economics
(BIEE), Development Studies Association (DSA), International Economics and Finance
Society UK (IEFS UK), Scottish Economic Society (SES)
The USA: Federal Communications Commission, The Internal Revenue Service (IRS),
The Federal Reserve System, Economy Policy Iinstitute, National Bureau of Economic
Research (NBER)

3. Describe some of the most common professions in the economic field (at least five).
 Market research analysts tap knowledge of industry trends to assess how
products or services might fare under various economic conditions. Like
 economics majors, they are trained to design studies and to gather and analyze
data. They must be able to quantify results and present this information to clients.
 Economic consultants use analytical and research skills to carry out studies
regarding economic scenarios. They analyze industry trends to help
organizations improve their performance. They might work for organizations in
a variety of industries, including business, finance, healthcare, education, the
government, and more.
 Financial analysts research companies, industries, stocks, bonds, and other
investment vehicles for finance departments. Their analyses often require the
advanced quantitative skills possessed by many economics majors. These
analysts often use computer software and models to aid their analyses. They
write reports and prepare presentations for colleagues and clients who make the
final decisions about investments, stock/bond offerings, and
mergers/acquisitions.
 Credit analysts conduct microeconomic analyses of prospective clients to assess
the risks involved with loaning funds to those people or businesses. They take
into account economic trends and factors impacting the region, industries, and
competitors of prospective clients.
 Policy analysts research and analyze issues that impact the public and
recommend legislation and government intervention to address the problems.
Economic knowledge is critical to understanding many of the issues and for
creating affordable solutions. Economics majors often have the skills needed to
analyze issues like healthcare, taxes, energy, the environment, and international
trade policy.
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/top-jobs-for-economics-majors-2059650

4. What types of companies are there? (at least three types, with definitions)
Many large businesses in the UK are public limited companies (plc), which means that
the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange. The minimum share capital
for a public limited company is £50.000 so many new business are likely to take one of the
following forms.
Sole trader or sole proprietor (UK) – the simplest way of starting a business together can
set up a partnership. All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership, and profits
and losses are shared between them.
Private limited company (UK) – a company can be formed with a minimum of two people
becoming its shareholders. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the
company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the
amount that they have contributed; they have limited liability. Such a company has Ltd
after its name. In the US, businesses take the same basic forms. However, American
companies are registered or incorporated with the authorities in the state where they have
their headquarters. The abbreviations Inc and Corp refer to such companies. To sell shares
to the public they must apply to the Securities Exchange Commission.

5. What is the common structure of a company in terms of positions, jobs,

departments?
At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson
or President. The Board is responsible for policy decisions and strategy. It usually appoint
a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer, who has overall responsibility for the
running of businessman. Senior managers or company officers head the various
departments or functions within the company, which may include the following: marketing,
public relations, information technology, personnel, finance, production, research and
development.

6. Find and give examples of at least three English economic dictionaries, at least one
Romanian economic dictionary and at least one Romanian-English/English-
Romanian economic dictionary (the format does not matter, but, preferably, they
should be online).
 The Economist (https://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z); The
Economics Classroom (https://econclassroom.com/glossary/); The Conference
Board of Canada
(https://www.conferenceboard.ca/topics/economics/economic-
terms.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)
 Contabilitateafirmei.ro (http://www.dictionar-
economic.contabilitateafirmei.ro/)
 Linguee (https://www.linguee.com/)

7. Skim through the online versions of the following economic/business magazines.

Identify at least 30 economic terms (you should cite the sentence in which you found
them), provide their definition in English and then their translation into Romanian.
https://www.ft.com/
https://www.economist.com/
https://www.forbes.com/
 www.bloomberg.com/businessweek
https://www.wired.com/

1. “Gap chief to step down as retailer sends profit warning” (www.ft.com)

Profit = the main reason firms exist. In economic theory, profit is the reward
for risk taken by enterprise, the fourth of the factors of production - what is
left after all other costs, including rent, wages and interest. Put simply, profit
is a firm's total revenue minus total cost.
Romanian translation: profit
2. “US stocks close at record highs on signs of trade war thaw”. (www.ft.com)
Trade war = A trade war happens when one country retaliates against
another by raising import tariffs or placing other restrictions on the opposing
country's imports.
Romanian translation: război comercial
3. “Thyssenkrupp to attract at least 4 bidders for lifts business” (www.ft.com)
Bidder = a person who offers money for goods or property when competing
with other people to buy it, or someone who offers to do a job for a particular
price.
Romanian translation: ofertant
4. “How to find a financial adviser you can trust”. (www.ft.com)
Financial adviser = someone whose job is to help people invest by giving
them advice and managing their investments.
Romanian translation: consultant financiar
5. „Moral Money: Divestment pledge pays off”. (www.ft.com)
Divestment = the act of selling off a business or businesses, or of no longer
investing money in something.
Romanian translation: cesionare
6. „Protests pose threat to emerging market fiscal stability”.(www.ft.com)
Financial stability = a property of a financial system that dissipates financial
imbalances that arise endogenously in the financial markets or as a result of
significant adverse and unforeseeable events.
Romanian translation: stabilitate financiară
7. “Investors hold bonds for an average of one year”. (www.economist.com)
Bond = A bond is a fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by
an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental). A bond
could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that
includes the details of the loan and its payments.
Romanian translation: obligațiune
8. „Northerners’ constant fear of underwriting southern irresponsibility has led
politicians from Amsterdam to Helsinki to put the brake on banking reforms
and fiscal integration across the zone”. (www.economist.com)
Fiscal integration: used in the policy literature to mean sometimes
coordinated constraints on fiscal deficits, sometimes full budgetary
integration.
Romanian translation: integrare fiscală
9. „The complaints reflect savers’ dread of negative interest rates and a
suspicion that easing lets indebted southern countries off the hook”.
(www.economist.com)
Interest rate = The interest rate is the amount a lender charges for the use of
assets expressed as a percentage of the principal.
Romanian translation: rata dobânzii
10. „On november 4th the share price of Kier Group, a troubled British builder,
fell by nearly 10% on reports that banks were trying to offload its debt at a
steep discount”. (www.economist.com)
Share = one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided
into, and that can be bought by members of the public.
Romanian translation: acțiune
11. „The rumour remains unconfirmed – sources close to the firm and one of its
biggest lenders dispute the claim – but investors may have felt a sense of
déjà vu all the same”. (www.economist.com)
Lender = a bank or other financial organization that lends money that is then
paid back with interest.
Romanian translation: creditor
12. “The data would probably have looked better, however, had they not been
depressed by a costly labour dispute, only recently ended, at General
Motors.” (www.economist.com)
Labour dispute = a disagreement between workers and management over
pay, working conditions, hours of work, etc., especially one that includes
strikes (= workers refusing to work)
Romanian translation: confluct de muncă
13. „Employers in major metro areas usually offer transit benefits”.
(www.forbes.com)
Transit = a system of vehicles, for example, buses, trains, and aircraft, for
getting from one place to another.
Romanian translation: transport
14. “This money is not only before income taxes, but before “payroll” taxes –
the 7.65% deducted from your paycheck for Social Security and Medicare”.
(www.forbes.com)
 Payroll = the total number of people employed by a company, or in an
economy.
Romanian translation: statul de plată
15. “Disability insurance can be a way to supplement that income and keep
disabled individuals from falling into financial turmoil during their time
away from work”. (www.forbes.com)
Insurance: an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay
your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc.
Romanian translation: asigurare
16. “Disability insurance can be a way to supplement that income and keep
disabled individuals from falling into financial turmoil during their time
away from work”. (www.forbes.com)
Income = money that is earned from doing work or received from
investments.
Romanian translation: venit
17. “According to Bloomberg, China’s Ministry of Commerce said that the
rollback depends on the “content” of the phase 1 deal”. (www.forbes.com)
Rollback = a reduction in price or some other change that makes something
revert to what it was before.
Romanian translation: retroactivitate
18. “If China is in a tight spot, fearing companies will exit and lead to layoffs of
blue-collar workers, then a return to pre-trade-war tariffs would be quite the
score”. (www.forbes.com)
Blue-collar workers = relating to people who do physical work rather than
mental work, and who usually do not work in an office.
Romanian translation: Muncitor în fabric
19. “Ginkgo Bioworks CEO Wants Biology to Manufacture Physical Goods”.
(www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
Manufacture = to produce goods in large numbers, especially in a factory
using machines.
Romanian translation: fabricare
20. “Mobile-phone locations and card-swipe data offer a rich vein of information
about, say, the popularity of a retailer or even refinery outages”.
(www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
Outage = a period when a service, such as electricity, is not available.
Romanian translation: întrerupere neplanificată
21. “Some of the world’s biggest hedge funds are leaders in snapping up large
swaths of alternative data, many paying big money for it”.
(www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
 Hedge funds = an investment fund that trades large amounts of shares,
currencies, etc. to take advantage of both rising and falling prices, for
example by shorting (= borrowing shares, etc., selling them, and buying them
back at a lower price).
Romanian translation: fonduri speculative
22. “Players include NPD Group Inc., which says it crunches millions of receipts
from brick-and-mortar stores and e-commerce sites to analyze consumer
trends”. (www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
Brick-and-mortar stores = existing as a physical building, especially a
shop, rather than doing business only on the internet.
Romanian translation: magazine tradiționale
23. “Thasos Group, which measured overnight smartphone activity inside Tesla
Inc.’s headquarters to anticipate a surge in production of its Model 3”.
(www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
Headquarters = the main office or centre of control of a company or
organization.
Romanian translation: sediu central
24. “Tantalizing them are the trillions of dollars of wealth in the hands of the
richest 0.1%, much of it escaping taxation”.
(www.bloomberg.com/businessweek)
Taxation = the process by which the government of a country obtains money
from its people in order to pay for its expenses.
Romanian translation: impozitare
25. “This will feature conversations with WIRED’s editor-in-chief”.
(www.wired.com)
Editor-in-chief = the principal editor of a publication, responsible for
managing editorial policies and the production of content.
Romanian translation: editor șef
26. “Ben Horowitz, cofounder of the venture firm Andreessen Horowitz, thinks
that the best way to convey to executives the importance of new employee
orientation is through a story about a brutal prison murder”.
(www.wired.com)
Venture = a new activity, usually in business, that involves risk or
uncertainty.
Romanian translation: acțiune riscantă
27. “If a new employee sees “a guy [who’s] got a big job” take credit for another
employee’s work and get rewarded for it, that will influence their
understanding of what success looks like at their new workplace, he
explained”. (www.wired.com)
 Workplace = a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these
places generally.
Romanian translation: spațiul de muncă
28. „There he paid his dues, clocking 100-hour weeks under the renowned
dealmaker Joseph Perella”. (www.forbes.com)
Dealmaker = a person who makes business agreements or arrangements,
especially one who is skilled at doing this.
Romanian translation: negociator
29. „Working on Venezuelan billionaire Gustavo Cisneros’ 1993 acquisition of
Puerto Rican supermarket chain Pueblo Xtra International opened his eyes to
the world of buyouts”. (www.forbes.com)
Buyout = a situation in which a person or group buys most or all of the
shares belonging to a company and so gets control of it.
Romanian translation: preluare
30. „After about a hundred calls, Bravo’s résumé caught the eye of Carl Thoma,
a founding partner of the Chicago-based private equity firm Golder, Thoma,
Cressey, Rauner and they hit it off”. (www.forbes.com)
Private equity = company shares that are not available for sale on a stock
market.
Romanian translation: capital privat

8. Skim through the online archives of the following economic/business magazines.

Identify at least 30 economic terms (you should quote the sentence in which you
found them), provide their definition in Romanian and then their translation into
English (use the same model as above).
https://www.zf.ro/
https://www.businessmagazin.ro/

1. “Ministrul de Finanţe Florin Cîţu: Nu sunt convins că ne încadrăm în 3%

deficit. Prioritate este rectificarea bugetară”. www.zf.ro
Deficit = dezechilibru financiar care consta in depasirea incasarilor
(veniturilor) de catre cheltuielile (platile) efectuate de catre agentii
economici.
English translation: deficit
2. „Prima prioritate e rectificarea bugetară şi a doua este bugetul”.
Buget - documentul prin care sunt prevăzute şi aprobate în fiecare an
veniturile şi cheltuielile sau, după caz, numai cheltuielile, în funcţie de
sistemul de finanţare a instituţiilor publice.
English translation: budget
3. “Ministrul de Finanţe Florin Cîţu: Nu sunt convins că ne încadrăm în 3%
deficit. Prioritate este rectificarea bugetară”. www.zf.ro
Rectificare bugetară = rectificare bugetară locală - operaţiunea prin care
se modifică, în cursul exerciţiului bugetar, bugetele prevăzute la art. 1 alin.
(2), cu obligativitatea menţinerii echilibrului bugetar.
English translation: budget rectification
4. “Cîţu a mai declarat că rolul ministerului pe care îl conduce este să ţină
deficitul bugetar sub control şi că nu crede că se poate baza pe actualul
proiect de buget de la MFP din moment ce acesta este construit pentru 28
de ministere, iar actualul cabinet are 16”. www.zf.ro
Proiect de buget = estimarea veniturilor și a cheltuielilor pentru o anumită
perioadă de timp, de regulă un an. Guvernul elaborează propunerea de
buget și îl prezintă Parlamentului spre aprobare. În urma aprobării,
bugetul devine lege, implementarea căreia este obligatorie, ca și a oricărei
alte legi a țării.
English translation: draft budget
5. „Cîţu a mai declarat că rolul ministerului pe care îl conduce este să ţină
deficitul bugetar sub control şi că nu crede că se poate baza pe actualul
proiect de buget de la MFP din moment ce acesta este construit pentru 28
de ministere, iar actualul cabinet are 16”. www.zf.ro
Cabinet = biroul unei persoane cu muncă de răspundere.
English translation: cabinet
6. „Încă o tranzacţie pe piaţa medicală private”. www.zf.ro
Tranzacție = Convenție între două sau mai multe părți, prin care se
transmit anumite drepturi, se face un schimb commercial.
English translation: transaction
7. „Fondul de investiţii american Rohatyn, proprietarul Animax, a intrat în
afacerea reţelei de clinici de radioterapie Amethyst, creată de unul dintre
fondatorii Sensiblu”. www.zf.ro
Fondul de investiții = fondurile de investiții sunt o modalitate de asociere
a mai multor investitori care își pun la comun banii pentru a fi investiți în
instrumente financiare, urmând ca rezultatele investițiilor să fie împărtite
proporțional între investitorii fondului, în funcție de deținerile fiecăruia.
English translation: investment fund
8. „Cu excepţia bugetului, care poate fi redresat prin amânarea sau
reeşalonarea creşterilor de pensii şi salarii de la anul, numai să fie guvern
care să le aprobe, situaţia economică este destul de bună, Isărescu are grijă
în continuare de stabilitatea cursului valutar leu/euro, dobânzile la lei nu
mai cresc, consumul îşi continuă creşterea, iar cardurile de credit
funcţionează în continuare”. www.zf.ro
 Curs valutar = Cursul valutar sau cursul de schimb reprezinta pretul unei
unitati monetare din moneda unei tari, exprimat in unitati monetare ale
altei tari.
English translation: exchange rate
9. „Comitetul de Macrostabilitate (condus de guvernatorul BNR Mugur
Isărescu, care tocmai şi-a început un nou mandat de cinci ani la Banca
Naţională), forul suprem care trebuie să analizeze situaţia macroeconomică,
nu a emis până acum nicio avertizare semnificativă”. www.zf.ro
Macrostabilitate = situația în care sistemul financiar, format din
intermediari financiari, piețe și infrastructuri de piață, are capacitatea de
a face față șocurilor și corecțiilor dezechilibrelor financiare.
English translation: macroeconomic stability
10. „Fluctuaţii minore, a descris guvernatorul BNR Mugur Isărescu evoluţia din
ultima vreme a cursului de schimb al monedei naţionale, după prezentarea
deciziilor de politică monetară luate miercuri de Consiliul de
Administraţie al instituţiei”. www.zf.ro
Politica monetară = ansamblu de acțiuni prin care autoritățile monetare
(banca centrală, trezoreria etc.) influențează asupra cantității de monedă
în circulație, nivelul ratelor dobânzii, cursurile de schimb valutar și alți
indicatori economico-monetari în vederea realizării obiectivelor generale
ale politicii economice (de stimulare a activității economice, ocupare a
forței de muncă, stabilitate a prețurilor etc.).
English translation: currency policy
11. „Rezultatele unei experienţe recente a Microsoft sugerează că ar putea
funcţiona chiar şi pentru cele mai mari companii, întrucât productivitatea
pe angajat a crescut cu 40%, transmite CNN”. www.zf.ro
Productivitate: eficiență a muncii exprimată prin raportul dintre cantitatea
de produse realizată și volumul de muncă consuma
English translation: productivity
12. „Acesta a fost impulsul care m-a determinat să-mi deschid şi firmă proprie
de consultanţă, ce poartă numele de Eriksen Consulting”. www.zf.ro
Consultanță = oferirea de sfaturi calificate în probleme de conducere și
organizare.
English translation: advisory
13. „Banca Europeană de Reconstrucţie şi Dezvoltare (BERD) a participat cu
4,5 milioane de euro la prima emisiune de obligaţiuni a companiei de
închirieri Autonom Services în cadrul unui plasament privat de 20 milioane
euro, ceea ce înseamnă că banca a finanţat circa un sfert din valoarea totală
a obligaţiunilor”. www.zf.ro
 Obligațiune = Hârtie de valoare purtătoare de dobândă fixă, care se
negociază pe piața capitalului fictiv și care este folosită de stat sau de
instituții publice pentru a-și procura mijloace bănești.
English translation: bond
14. „Compania de închirieri auto a încheiat vineri plasarea unei emisiuni de
obligaţiuni de 20 milioane euro, cu o maturitate de cinci ani şi un cupon de
4,45% plătibil anual, una dintre cele mai bune dobânzi oferite de o
companie antreprenorială românească”. www.zf.ro
Dobândă = Sumă de bani care se plătește (de obicei în procente)
creditorului pentru banii împrumutați.
English translation: interest
15. „Compania de închirieri auto a încheiat vineri plasarea unei emisiuni de
obligaţiuni de 20 milioane euro, cu o maturitate de cinci ani şi un cupon de
4,45% plătibil anual, una dintre cele mai bune dobânzi oferite de o
companie antreprenorială românească”. www.zf.ro
Antreprenorială = calitatea unei personae care execută anumite lucrări
sau servicii (publice ori particulare).
English translation: entrepreneurial
16. „Emisiunea de obligaţiuni a fost suprasubscrisă atât de persoane fizice, cât
şi de investitori instituţionali (fonduri deschise de investiţii, bănci, societăţi
de investiţii financiare, societăţi de asigurări)”. www.zf.ro
Persoană fizică = Omul considerat in mod individual, ca membru al
societatii, avand calitatea de subiect de drept.
English translation: physical person
17. „Emisiunea de obligaţiuni a fost suprasubscrisă atât de persoane fizice, cât
şi de investitori instituţionali (fonduri deschise de investiţii, bănci, societăţi
de investiţii financiare, societăţi de asigurări)”. www.zf.ro
Investitori = persoană care deține capital și realizează diverse investiții în
companii, acțiuni sau fonduri de investiții cu scopul de a obține profit.
English translation: investor
18. „Potrivit antreprenorului, acestea au generat anul trecut vânzări totale (pe
pieţe precum China, Germania, Japonia, Statele Unite) de aproximativ 20
de milioane de euro”. www.businessmagazin.ro
Vânzări totale =
English translation: total sales
19. „În ceea ce priveşte piaţa locală, unde au lansat Magspace în urmă cu
aproximativ un an, valoarea investiţiilor a ajuns la 1 milion de euro”.
www.businessmagazin.ro
 Piața = orice varietate de sisteme, proceduri, instituții, relații sociale sau
infrastructuri unde are loc comerțul, se schimbă bunuri și servicii, ceea ce
e o parte constituentă a economiei.
English translation: market
20. „Un tribunal al Oficiului de Brevete şi Mărci în 2016 a respins aceste cereri,
spunând că Booking.com se referă generic la sensul comun al rezervării de
cazare şi de transport şi nu poate fi utilizat exclusiv printr-o înregistrare
federală a mărcii”. www.businessmagazin.ro
Brevet = document prin care se acordă un set de drepturi exclusive de către
o țară unui inventator sau unui împuternicit ales de inventator pentru o
perioadă fixă de timp în schimbul divulgării invenției.
English translation: patent
21. „În conformitate cu legislaţia americană, pot fi înregistrate numai mărci
care se disting printr-un anumit produs sau serviciu faţă de altele de pe
piaţă”. www.businessmagazin.ro
Marcă = valoarea pe care o are numele (marca) unei companii, reputatia
buna a acesteia privind relatiile cu clientii, profesionalismul angajatilor si
alti factori asemanatori care se considera ca se traduc printr-o putere mai
mare de caștig.
English translation: brand
22. Trump intenţionează să solicite Curţii Supreme a Statelor Unite să anuleze
hotărârea care impune firmei sale de contabilitate să prezinte procurorilor
din New York, declaraţiile fiscale din ultimii opt ani, stabilind scena pentru
o posibilă decizie înainte de alegerile din 2020, potrivit Reuters.
www.businessmagazin.ro
Contabilitate = ansamblul operatiilor de inregistrare, pe baza unor norme
si reguli speciale, a miscarii fondurilor si materialelor intr-o institutie;
evidenta contabila.
English translation: accounting
23. „Alibaba şi-a mărit investiţiile în consorţiul bancar, vizând o listare de 15
miliarde de dolari”. www.businessmagazin.ro
Consorțiu = înțelegere încheiată între mai multe bănci sau societăți
comerciale mari pentru efectuarea în comun a unor operații de mare
amploare.
English translation: consortium
24. „În acelaşi an, cei doi au achiziţionat o cotă de 50% din compania Atco
Manufacturing Company din Detroit, schimbându-i numele în Amway
Manufacturing Corporation”. www.businessmagazin.ro
Cotă = parte cu care cineva contribuie la formarea unui fond, la o
cheltuială comună
 English translation: share
25. „Obligaţiunile urmează să fie listate pe segmentul principal al Bursei de
Valori Bucureşti, potrivit unui comunicat de la Bursă”.
www.businessmagazin.ro
Bursa de valori = piață în care brokeri și comercianți pot cumpăra și vinde
titluri de valoare precum acțiuni, obligațiuni sau alte instrumente
financiare.
English translation: stock exchange
26. „Am participat în ultimii ani la evenimentele organizate de BVB,
apropiindu-ne de această comunitate, mai ales după ce Autonom Services a
fost nominalizată în programul Made in Romania în 2017 şi, în acest
context, am decis să ne diversificăm sursele de finantare şi să creştem astfel
maturitatea medie a finanţărilor noastre prin intermediul unei emisiuni de
obligaţiuni, devenind astfel vizibili ca emitent pe piaţa de capital”.
www.businessmagazin.ro
Piața de capital = piata pentru distribuirea si tranzactionarea
instrumentelor financiare de credit transferabile cu scadenta mai mare de
un an (piata obligatiunilor), a actiunilor (piata actiunilor) precum si a
instrumentelor financiare derivate (piata contractelor futures si piata
optiunilor).
English translation: capital market
27. „Veniturile totale ale grupului în primele nouă luni s-au ridicat la 106,9
miliarde euro, în creştere cu 7,8% faţă de aceeaşi perioadă a anului trecut”.
www.businessmagazin.ro
Venit = sumă de bani care revine unei persoane sau firme dintr-o activitate
prestată sau din proprietatea deținută, într-o perioadă de timp.
English translation: income
28. „OTP Bank România, subsidiara locală a celui mai mare grup bancar din
Ungaria, a înregistrat un profit ajustat după impozitare de 79 milioane lei
pentru primele nouă luni din 2019, în creştere cu 14% faţă de aceeaşi
perioadă a anului trecut, potrivit raportului trimestrial”.
www.businessmagazin.ro
Impozitare = prevedere prin lege a perceperii unui impozit (contribuție
obligatorie în bani cerută cetățenilor unui stat pentru acoperirea
cheltuielilor publice).
English translation: taxation
29. „Proiectul vizează echilibrul între despăgubirile acordate de asiguratori şi
costurile reparaţiilor”. www.zf.ro
 Despăgubire = plată (în bani sau) în natură pentru repararea (unei pagube
ori) a unei stricăciuni (provocată de plătitor cuiva sau) suferită de cineva
din alte cauze
English translation: compensation
30. „Despăgubirile se acordă în cuantum egal cu întinderea prejudiciului până
la limita maximă de răspundere a asiguratorului RCA care este egală cu cea
mai mare valoare dintre limita de răspundere prevăzută în legislaţia
aplicabilă şi cea prevăzută în contractul RCA”. www.zf.ro
Cuantum = cantitate, mărime, număr, sumă (neprecizată) la care se urcă
o cheltuială, un credit.
English translation: rate