CEDRIC A.

PAMA
REVIEWER FOR ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: IN PREPARATION FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BOARD
EXAMINATIONS

PROBLEM 1: Holes are drilled 35.7 mm apart in a metal plate. If a row of 26 holes is drilled, determine the
distance, in centimeters, between the centers of the first and last hole.

Required: Distance between the centers of the first and last hole.
Solution: Note that there are 26 holes so there must be 25 spaces between the centers of the hole. Also,
their distances are equal from the center of the first hole until the last hole so,

𝐷 = (35.7 𝑚𝑚)(25) = 892.5 𝑚𝑚

1 × 10−3 𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚
𝐷 = (892.5 𝑚𝑚) ( )( ) = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
1 𝑚𝑚 1 × 10−2 𝑚

PROBLEM 2: Calculate the diameter d and the dimensions of A and B for the template shown in the figure.
All dimensions are in millimeters.

Required: Values of A, B, and diameter d for the given figure.

Solution: Based on the figure, we can create equations:
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝐴 = 12 + 𝑑 + 60
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝐴 = 72 + 𝑑
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 120 = 50 + 38 + 𝑟
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 32 = 𝑟
Where r is the radius of the circle
Where 𝑑 = 2𝑟
𝑑
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 32 =
2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 64 = 𝑑
Equation 2 indicates that the answer for the diameter is
𝒅 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Substituting the value of d to equation 1,
𝐴 = 72 + 64
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 120 = 110 + 𝐵
𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎

PROBLEM 3: A screw has a mass of 15 grams. Calculate the mass, in kilograms, the mass of 1200 such
screws.

Required: the mass m of 1200 screws given the mass of a single screw.
Solution:
𝑚 = (1200)(15 𝑔) = 18000 𝑔
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = (18000 𝑔) ( )
1000 𝑔
𝒎 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 4: Find the HCF of numbers 196, 210, 462, 910.

Required: Highest Common Factor of the given group of numbers.

Solution: First is to get the prime factors of each number using factor tree.
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 196: 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 210: 7 × 3 × 5 × 2
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 462: 7 × 2 × 11 × 3
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 910: 7 × 13 × 5 × 2
Second is so list all of the common factors.
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡: 2 × 7
Get the product of the two factors:
𝑯𝑪𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒

PROBLEM 5: Find the LCM of numbers 196, 210, 462, 910.

Required: Lowest Common Multiple of the given group of numbers.

Solution: First is to get the prime factors of each number using factor tree.
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 196: 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 210: 7 × 3 × 5 × 2
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 462: 7 × 2 × 11 × 3
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 910: 7 × 13 × 5 × 2
Second is to find the large group per numbers present in the prime factors listed.
For 2, we will use two 2s.
For 7, we will use two 7s.
For 3, we will use one 3.
For 5, we will use one 5.
For 11, we will use one 11.
For 13, we will use one 13.
Get the product of all the largest groups per prime factors:
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 22 × 72 × 3 × 5 × 11 × 13
𝑳𝑪𝑴 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟎
 1 1
PROBLEM 6: A ship’s crew numbers 105, for which 7 are women. Of the men, 6 are officers. How many
male officers are on board?

Required: The number of male officers inside the ship.

Solution: First is to get the number of women in the ship.
1
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 = (105) ( ) = 15
7
Second is to get the number of men inside the ship.
105 = 15 + 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 105 − 15
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 90
Now we can get the number of male officers.
1
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠 = ( ) (90)
6
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓

PROBLEM 7: If a storage tank is holding 450 L when it is three-quarters full, how much will it contain when
it is two-thirds full?

Required: The amount that the tank contains when it is two-thirds full.
Solution: First we get how much the tank contains when it is full.
3
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 ( ) = 450 𝐿
4
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 600 𝐿
Then we can get the amount that the tank contains when it is two-thirds full.
2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 = (600 𝐿) ( )
3
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒘𝒐 − 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑳

3 2
PROBLEM 8: Three people, P, Q, and R, contribute to a fund. P provides 5 of the total, Q provides 3 of the
remainder, and R provides 8 pounds. Determine the total of the fund and the contributions of P and Q.

Required: The total fund and the contributions of P and Q.

Solution: Create equations based on the problem.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 = ( ) (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
5
2 2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 = [( ) (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)] ( )
5 3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑅 = 8
Substitute equations 2 to 4 into equation 1.
3 2 2
( ) (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠) + [( ) (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)] ( ) + 8 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
5 5 3
Solving using calculator, the answer will be
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
Substitute the total funds to equation 2.
3
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 = ( ) (60)
5
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
Substitute the total funds to equation 3.
 2 2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 = [( ) (60)] ( )
5 3
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑: 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

7 3
PROBLEM 9: A tank contains 24000 L of oil. Initially, 10 of the contents are removed, then 5 of the
remainder is removed. How much oil is left in the tank?

Required: The amount of oil left in the tank.

Solution: First, determine the amount of oil that was removed initially.
7
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 = (24000 𝐿) ( ) = 16800 𝐿
10
Next is to determine the amount of oil remained after the first removal.
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 24000 𝐿 − 16800 𝐿 = 7200 𝐿
Second is to determine the amount of oil that was removed in the final removal.
3 3
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 = [( ) (24000 𝐿)] ( ) = 4320 𝐿
10 5
Now, determine the amount of oil left after the final removal.
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7200 𝐿 − 4320 𝐿
𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝒊𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝑳

PROBLEM 10: Convert 0.048 to a proper fraction.

Required: Proper fraction equivalent to the given decimal.

Solution: Write the given decimal as follows.
0.048 × 1000
0.048 =
1000
48
0.048 =
1000
Simplify the fraction.
𝟔
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 =
𝟏𝟐𝟓

PROBLEM 11: A tank containing 1800 L of oil. How many tins containing 0.75 L can be filled from this tank?

Required: The number of tins that can be filled from 1800 L oil tank.
Solution: Based on the problem, create an equation.
(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑)(0.75 𝐿) = 1800 𝐿
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎

PROBLEM 12: In a machine shop, it takes 32 minutes to machine a certain part. Using a new tool, the time
can be reduced by 12.5%. Calculate the new time taken.

Required: The new time taken using the new tool.

Solution: First is to determine how much time was reduced.
12.5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 = ( ) (32) = 4 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
100
Now, determine the new time taken.
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 32 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 − 4 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒕𝒐𝒐𝒍 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
PROBLEM 13: A 160 GB iPod is advertised as costing 190 pounds excluding VAT. If VAT is added at 17.5%,
what will be the total cost of the iPod?

Required: The total cost of the iPod including the VAT.

Solution: First is to determine the VAT.
17.5
𝑉𝐴𝑇 = ( ) (190 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠) = 33.25 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
100
Now, determine the total cost of the iPod including the VAT.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑝𝑜𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑇 = 190 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 33.25 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑰𝒑𝒐𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑽𝑨𝑻 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 14: A box of resistors increases in price from 45 pounds to 52 pounds. Calculate the percentage
change in cost.

Required: The percentage change in cost.

Solution:
52 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 − 45 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = × 100%
45 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟔%

PROBLEM 15: A drilling speed should be set to 400 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛. The nearest speed available on the machine
is 412 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛. Calculate the percentage overspeed.

Required: The percentage overspeed.

Solution:
412 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 400 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = × 100%
400 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑%

PROBLEM 16: When 1600 bolts are manufactured, 36 are unsatisfactory. Determine the percentage that is
unsatisfactory.

Required: The percentage that is unsatisfactory.

Solution:
36
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 = × 100%
1600
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝑼𝒏𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓%

PROBLEM 17: A block of Monel alloy consists of 70% nickel and 30% copper. If it contains 88.2 g of nickel,
determine the mass of the copper in the block.

Required: The mass of copper in the block.

Solution: First is to determine the mass of the block of Monel Alloy. Create an equation that satisfy the
given conditions on the problem.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙 = × 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
70 (88.2 𝑔)(1)
=
100 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 126 𝑔
Now, we can get the mass of the copper by creating an equation that satisfy the given problem.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
126 𝑔 = 88.2 𝑔 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟖 𝒈

PROBLEM 18: An athlete runs 5000 m in 15 minutes 20 seconds. With intense training, he is able to reduce
this time by 2.5%. Calculate his new time.

Required: The new time it takes for him to run and reach 5000 m.
Solution: First is to convert the given time in minutes to seconds.
60 𝑠
(15 min) ( ) = 900 𝑠
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Get the total time in seconds.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 5000 𝑚 = 900 𝑠 + 20 𝑠 = 920 𝑠
Get the time reduced for him to run and reach 5000 m when he takes the intense training.
2.5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 5000 𝑚 = ( ) (920 𝑠) = 23 𝑠
100
Determine his new time to run and reach 5000 m when he takes the intense training.
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 15 min 20 𝑠 − 23 𝑠
𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈) = 𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟕 𝒔

PROBLEM 19: A copper alloy comprises 89% copper, 1.5% iron, and the remainder aluminum. Find the
amount of aluminum, in grams, in a 0.8 kg mass of the alloy.

Required: Mass of Aluminum in the copper alloy.

Solution: First is to find the percentage of the Aluminum in the alloy.
100% = 89% 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 + 1.5% 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 9.5%
Get the mass of the aluminum using the percentage relationships.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = × 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
9.5 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚(1)
=
100 0.8 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = (0.076 𝑘𝑔) ( )
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = 𝟕𝟔 𝒈

PROBLEM 20: A metal rod 1.80 m long is heated and its length expands by 48.6 mm. Calculate the
percentage increase in length.

Required: Percentage increase in length of the Metal rod that is heated.

Solution: First is to determine the how much is the increase in length of the metal rod after being heated.
1 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (48.6 𝑚𝑚) ( ) = 0.0486 𝑚
1 𝑚𝑚
Next is to determine the new length of the metal rod after being heated.
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑑 = 1.80 𝑚 + 0.0486 𝑚 = 1.8486 𝑚
Lastly, determine the percentage increase in length of the metal rod.
1.8486 𝑚 − 1.80 𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑑 = × 100%
1.80 𝑚
 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒐𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟕%

PROBLEM 21: 12.5% of a length of wood is 70 cm. What is the full length?

Required: The full length of the wood.

Solution: Create an equation that satisfy the problem.
12.5
(𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑑) ( ) = 70 𝑐𝑚
100
𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒐𝒅 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎

PROBLEM 22: The length of the component is measured incorrectly as 64.5 mm. The actual length is 63
mm. What is the percentage error in the measurement?

Required: Percentage error in the measurement.

Solution: Find the error.
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 64.5 𝑚𝑚 − 63 𝑚𝑚 = 1.5 𝑚𝑚
1.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
63 𝑚𝑚
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖%

PROBLEM 23: A man pays 149.5 pounds in a sale for a DVD player which is labeled 35% off. What was the
original price of the DVD?

Required: Original price of the DVD.

Solution: Take note that the sale indicates that the price went low so it is a decrease.
149.5 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑉𝐷 =
1 − 0.35
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑽𝑫 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 24: A couple buys a flat and make an 18% profit by selling it 3 years later for 153400 pounds.
Calculate the original cost of the house.

Required: Original price of the house.

Solution: Note that the profit indicates that the price went up so it is an increase.
153400 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 =
1 + 0.18
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 25: 3600 pounds is placed in an ISA account which pays 6.25% interest per annum. How much is
the investment worth after 1 year?

Required: Investment worth after 1 year.

Solution: Take note that the term interest means that the money went up so it is an increase.
1 + 0.0625
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (3600 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 26: A machine part has a length of 36 mm. The length is incorrectly measured as 36.9 mm.
Determine the percentage error in the measurement.
Required: Percentage error in the measurement.
Solution: First is to find the error.
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 36.9 𝑚𝑚 − 36𝑚𝑚 = 0.9 𝑚𝑚
0.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
36 𝑚𝑚
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓%

PROBLEM 27: When a resistor is removed from an electric circuit the current flowing increases from
450𝜇𝐴 to 531𝜇𝐴. Determine the percentage increase in the current.

Required: Percentage increase in the current.

Solution:
531𝜇𝐴 − 450𝜇𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
450𝜇𝐴
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖%

PROBLEM 28: In a shoe shop sale, everything is advertised as ‘40% off’. If a lady pays 186 pounds for a pair
of Jimmy Choo shoes, what was their original price?

Required: The original price of the pair of shoes from Jimmy Choo shoes.
Solution:
186 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐽𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑠 =
1 − 0.40
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑱𝒊𝒎𝒎𝒚 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒆𝒔 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 29: Over a 4-year period a family home increases in value by 22.5% to 214375 pounds. What
was the value of the house 4 years ago?

Required: Value of the house 4 years ago.

Solution:
214375 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑜 =
1 + 0.225
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟒 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒈𝒐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 30: An electrical retailer makes a profit of 35% profit on all its products. What price does the
retailer pay for a dishwasher which is sold for 351 pounds.

Required: The price amount that the retailer pay for a dishwasher.
Solution:
351 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟 =
1 + 0.35
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 31: The cost of a sports car is 23500 pounds inclusive on VAT at 17.5%. What is the cost of the
car without the VAT added?

Required: The cost of the sports car without VAT added.

Solution:
23500 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴𝑇 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 =
1 + 0.175
 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝑨𝑻 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 32: 8000 pounds is invested in bonds at a building society which is offering a rate of 6.75% per
annum. Calculate the investment after 2 years.

Required: The investment after 2 years.

Solution: First is to get the investment after 1 year.
(1 + 0.0675)
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (8000 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 8540 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Use the result then get the investment after 2 years.
(1 + 0.0675)
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 2 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = (8540 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 = 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 33: An electrical contractor earning 36000 pounds per annum receives a pay rise of 2.5%. He
pays 22% of his income as tax and 11% on National Insurance Contributions. Calculate the increase he will
actually receive per month.

Required: The amount of his salary increase that he will actually get per month.
Solution: First is to get his increased salary per annum based on the pay rise percentage.
(1 + 0.025)
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚 = (36000 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 36900 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Next is to get the total tax percentages he must pay.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 = 0.22 + 0.11 = 0.33
Now, get his increased salary per month including the pay rise percentage when he paid the two given
taxes based on his income per year.
(1 − 0.33)
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = (36900 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
24723 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = ( )( )
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = 2060.25 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Compute for his normal salary per month without the pay rise percentage when he paid the two taxes
given based on his income per year.
(1 − 0.33)
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = (36000 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
24120 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = ( )( )
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = 2010 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Now get the salary increase by getting the difference between normal salary per month including the taxes
and increased salary per month including the taxes.
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 2060.25 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 − 2010 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 34: Five mates enjoy a meal out. With drinks, the total bill comes to 176 pounds. They add a
12.5% tip and divide the amount equally between them. How much does each pay?

Required: The amount each person pay.

Solution: First is to get the total bill including the tip.
 (1 + 0.125)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑝 = (176 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑝 = 198 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Divide the total bill by five.
198 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑦 =
5
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒚 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟔 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 35: In December a shop raises the cost of a 40-inch LCD TV costing 920 pounds by 5%. It does
not sell and in its January sale it reduces the TV by 5%. What is the sale price of the TV?

Required: The sale price of the TV in January.

Solution: First is to get the cost of TV in December when they raised its price by a given percentage.
(1 + 0.05)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = (920 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 966 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
Next is to get the cost of the TV in January Sale.
(1 − 0.05)
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑉 = (966 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1
𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝑽 = 𝟗𝟏𝟕. 𝟕 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 36: A man buys a business and makes a 20% profit when he sells it three years later for 222000
pounds. What did he pay originally for the business?

Required: The original amount he pay for the business.

Solution:
222000 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠(1)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
1 + 0.2
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 37: A drilling machine should be set to 250 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛. The nearest speed available on the
machine is 268 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛. Calculate the percentage overspeed.

Required: Percentage Overspeed

Solution:
268 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 250 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = × 100%
250 𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟕. 𝟐%

PROBLEM 38: Two kilograms of a compound contain 30% of element A, 45% of element B, and 25% of
element C. Determine the masses of the three elements present.

Required: The masses of the three elements present in the compound.

Solution:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = (2 𝑘𝑔)(0.30)
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = (2 𝑘𝑔)(0.45)
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒌𝒈
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = (2 𝑘𝑔)(0.25)
 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 39: A concrete mixture contains seven parts by volume of ballast, four parts by volume of sand,
and two parts by volume of cement. Determine the percentage of each of these three constituents and the
mass of cement in two tons dry mix.

Required: The percentage of each of the three given constituents and the mass of cement in two tons dry
mix.
Solution: First is to get the total volume of the concrete mixture.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 7 + 4 + 2 = 13
Next is to determine their percentages based on the given.
7
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = × 100%
13
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟓%
4
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = × 100%
13
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟔%
2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = × 100%
13
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟖%
Now is to get the mass of the cement present using its percentage.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (2 𝑡)(0.1538)
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒕

PROBLEM 40: In a sample of iron ore, 18% is iron. How much ore is needed to produce 3600 kg of iron.

Required: The amount of ore needed to produce 3600 kg of iron.

Solution: Create an equation that will satisfy the problem.
(𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑒)(0.18) = 3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 41: A screw’s dimension is 12.5 ± 8% 𝑚𝑚. Calculate the maximum and minimum possible
length of the screw.

Required: Maximum and Minimum Length of the Screw.

Solution: First is to get the 8% of 12.5 mm.
(12.5 𝑚𝑚)(0.08) = 1 𝑚𝑚
Now, add to get the maximum and subtract to get the minimum lengths possible of the screw.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 12.5 𝑚𝑚 + 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 12.5 𝑚𝑚 − 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

PROBLEM 42: The power output of an engine is 450 kW. If the efficiency of the engine is 75%, determine
the power input.

Required: The power input.

Solution: Create an equation that satisfy the given problem.
(𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)(0.75) = 450 𝑘𝑊
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
PROBLEM 43: In a competition, prize money of 828 pounds is to be shared among the first three in the ratio
5: 3: 1.

Required: The amount of money that the three contestants will get from the competition.
Solution: First is to get the total number of parts in the ratio.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 5 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 + 3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 + 1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 9 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
Next is to write a ratio showing a pound corresponding to 1 part.
828 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
=
9 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
Find the corresponding amount based on the parts given on the ratio.
92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ( ) (5 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ( ) (3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ( ) (1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒅 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝟗𝟐 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 44: A map scale is 1: 30000. On the map the distance between two schools is 6 cm. Determine
the distance between the schools in kilometers.
Required: The actual distance between the two schools.
Solution: Take note that a map scale is a relationship between a distance of two locations in the map.
On the given scale, it means that for every 1 (specific given measurement), there is 30000.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑠 = (6 𝑐𝑚)(30000) = 180000 𝑐𝑚
(1 × 10−2 𝑚) 1 𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑠 = (180000 𝑐𝑚) [ ]( )
1 𝑐𝑚 1000 𝑚
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑻𝒘𝒐 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒌𝒎

PROBLEM 45: A metal pipe 3.36 m long is to be cut into two in the ratio of 6: 15. Calculate the length of each
piece.

Required: The length of each piece of the metal pipe.

Solution: Get the total number of parts.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 6 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 + 15 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 21 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
Next is to create a ratio showing an amount of length corresponding to 1 part.
3.36 𝑚 0.16 𝑚
=
21 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
Determine the length of each piece.
0.16 𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒 1 = ( ) (6 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒄𝒆 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎
0.16 𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒 2 = ( ) (15 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒄𝒆 𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎
PROBLEM 46: The instructions for cooking a turkey say that it needs to be cooked 45 minutes for every
kilogram. How long will it take to cook a 7 kg turkey?

Required: The time it takes to cook a 7 kg turkey.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the given problem.
45 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
Multiply the ratio to the given kilogram of turkey.
45 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑎 7 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑦 = ( ) (7 𝑘𝑔)
𝑘𝑔
1 ℎ𝑟
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑎 7 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑦 = (315 min ) ( )
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑎 7 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑦 = 5 ℎ𝑟 + (0.25 ℎ𝑟) ( )
1 ℎ𝑟
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒌 𝒂 𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒉𝒓 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏

PROBLEM 47: A glass contains 30 mL of whiskey which is 40% alcohol. If 45 mL of water is added and the
mixture stirred, what is now the alcohol content?

Required: The alcohol content of the mixture.

Solution: First is to get the amount of alcohol the whiskey contains.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = (0.40)(30 𝑚𝐿)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 12 𝑚𝐿
Next is to get the total amount of the mixture after water was added.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 45 𝑚𝐿 + 30 𝑚𝐿 = 75 𝑚𝐿
Now, get the percentage of the alcohol content of the mixture.
12 𝑚𝐿
𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 100%
75 𝑚𝐿
𝑨𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟔%

PROBLEM 48: 20 tons of mixture of sand and gravel is 30% sand. How many tons of sand must be added to
produce a mixture of which is 40% gravel?

Required: The amount of sand to be added to achieve a mixture of 40% gravel.

Solution: First is to determine how much sand and gravel was found in the initial mixture.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (0.30)(20 𝑡) = 6 𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 20 𝑡 − 6 𝑡 = 14 𝑡
Let x be the amount to be added in the initial mixture.
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑥
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝑥
Take note that we are adding an unknown amount of sand so it also means that we are adding the same
amount in the initial mixture. Since are target is 40% gravel, we must realize that we have 60% sand in the
final mixture. Use the relationship in getting the percentage of sand present in the final mixture.
6𝑡+𝑥
= 0.60
20 𝑡 + 𝑥
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒂 𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟒𝟎% 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒕

PROBLEM 49: In a laboratory, acid and water are mixed in the ratio 2: 5. How much acid is needed to make
266 mL of the mixture.
Required: The amount of acid needed to make a certain amount of mixture.
Solution: First is to get the total number of parts in the problem.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 2 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 + 5 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 7 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
Create a relationship showing an amount of the mixture that corresponds to 1 part.
266 𝑚𝐿 38 𝑚𝐿
=
7 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
Get the amount of acid using the relation.
38 𝑚𝐿
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = ( ) (2 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝑳

PROBLEM 50: A glass contains 30 mL of gin which is 40% alcohol. If 18 mL of water is added and the mixture
stirred, determine the new percentage alcoholic content.

Required: The percentage alcoholic content after the addition of water.

Solution: First is to get the amount of alcohol in the certain amount of gin.
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (0.40)(30 𝑚𝐿) = 12 𝑚𝐿
Next is to get the total volume of the mixture after the addition of water.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 30 𝑚𝐿 + 18 𝑚𝐿 = 48 𝑚𝐿
Now, get the percentage of alcohol in the mixture.
12 𝑚𝐿
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = × 100%
48 𝑚𝐿
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓%

PROBLEM 51: A wooden beam 4 m long weighs 84 kg. Determine the mass of a similar beam that is 60 cm
long.

Required: The mass of the similar beam with different length.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the problem.
84 𝑘𝑔
4𝑚
Multiply the ratio to the given length. But first convert it to meters.
1 × 10−2 𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (60 𝑐𝑚) ( ) = 0.6 𝑚
1 𝑐𝑚
84 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 60 𝑐𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = ( ) (0.6 𝑚)
4𝑚
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 52: An alloy is made up of metals P and Q in the ratio 3.25: 1 by mass. How much of P has to be
added to 4.4 kg of Q to make the alloy?

Required: The amount of P has to be added to make the alloy.

Solution: First is to get the total number of parts in the problem.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 3.25 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 + 1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 4.25 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
Let x be the mass of P present in the alloy. Create a ratio showing the mass corresponding to 1 part.
𝑥 + 4.4
4.25
Multiply the ratio to the part of metal P present in the ratio to get the mass of P in the alloy.
 𝑥 + 4.4
(3.25) = 𝑥
4.25
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 53: 15000 kg of a mixture of sand and gravel is 20% sand. Determine the amount of sand that
must be added to produce a mixture with 30% gravel.

Required: The amount of sand that must be added to produce a mixture with 30% gravel.
Solution: First is to determine the amount of sand and gravel in the initial mixture.
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (0.20)(15000 𝑘𝑔) = 3000 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 15000 𝑘𝑔 − 3000 𝑘𝑔 = 12000 𝑘𝑔
Next is to take note that we must add sand so basically, we are also adding to the initial mixture. All in all, to
get the final amount of sand and final amount of mixture. Let x be the amount of sand to be added to the
mixture.
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 15000 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑥
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 3000 + 𝑥
Take note that our target percentage of the gravel to the new mixture must be only 30% so we are getting
70% sand in the final mixture. Use the relationship to find the percentage of sand in the final mixture.
3000 + 𝑥
= 0.70
15000 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑥
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆 𝒂 𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟑𝟎% 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠

PROBLEM 54: 3 energy saving light bulbs cost 7.80 pounds. Determine the cost of 7 such light bulbs.

Required: The cost of 7 light bulbs.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the problem.
7.80 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
3 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
Multiply the ratio to the given condition.
7.80 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 7 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 = ( ) (7 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠)
3 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟕 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒃𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 55: If 56 L of petrol costs 59.92 pounds, calculate the cost of 32 L.

Required: The cost of 32 L of petrol.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the problem.
59.92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
56 𝐿
Multiply the ratio to the given condition.
59.92 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 32 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = ( ) (32 𝐿)
56 𝐿
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟑𝟐 𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
PROBLEM 56: Hooke’s law states that stress, 𝜎, is directly proportional to strain, 𝜀, within the elastic limit of
a material. When, for mild steel, the stress is 63 MPa, the strain is 0.0003. Determine the value of strain
when the stress is 42 MPa and the value of stress when the strain is 0.00072.

Required: The value of strain and stress at certain given values.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the problem.
63 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0003
𝑎𝑛𝑑
0.0003 63 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Multiply the ratio to the given conditions.
0.0003
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 42 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = ( ) (42 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
63 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐
63 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 0.00072 = ( ) (0.00072)
0.0003
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

PROBLEM 57: Charles’ Law states that for a given mass of gas at a constant pressure, the volume is directly
proportional to its thermodynamic temperature. A gas occupies a volume of 2.4 L at 600 K. Determine the
temperature when the volume is 3.2 L and the volume at 540 K.

Required: The temperature and volume at certain given conditions.

Solution: Create a ratio that satisfy the problem.
2.4 𝐿 600 𝐾
𝑎𝑛𝑑
600 𝐾 2.4 𝐿
Multiply the ratio to the given conditions.
600 𝐾
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 3.2 𝐿 = ( ) (3.2 𝐿)
2.4 𝐿
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟑. 𝟐 𝑳 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑲
2.4 𝐿
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 540 𝐾 = ( ) (540 𝐾)
600 𝐾
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝑲 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝑳

PROBLEM 58: A team of five people can deliver leaflets to every house in a particular area in four hours.
How long will it take a team of three people?

Required: The time it takes for a team of three people to deliver leaflets in a particular area.
Solution: If 5 people can deliver leaflets in four hours, then 1 person can deliver leaflets in 5 × 4 = 20 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠.
𝟐𝟎
So, three people can deliver leaflets in 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 or 6 hours and 40 minutes.
𝟑

PROBLEM 59: It is estimated that a team of four designers would take a year to develop an engineering
process. How long would three designers take?

Required: The time it takes for a team of three designers to develop an engineering process.
Solution: If 4 designers develop an engineering process in 1 year, then 1 designer can develop an engineering
𝟒
process in 4 × 1 = 4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠. So, three designers can develop an engineering process in 𝟑 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 or 1 year
and 4 months.

PROBLEM 60: A 10 kg bag of potatoes lasts for a week with a family of 7 people. Assuming all eat the same
amount, how long will the potatoes last if there are only two in the family?
Required: The time it takes for the potatoes to last if there are only two in the family.
Solution: If 7 people consume 10 kg of potatoes for a week, then 1 person can consume 10 kg of potatoes
𝟕
in 7 × 1 = 7 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠. So, two persons in the family can consume 10 kg of potatoes in 𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒔 or 3.5
𝟐
weeks.

PROBLEM 61: If 8 men takes 5 days to build a wall, how long would it take 2 men?

Required: The time it takes for 2 men to build a wall.

Solution: If 8 men takes 5 days to build a wall, then 1 person can build a wall in 8 × 5 = 40 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. So, 2 men
𝟒𝟎
can build a wall in 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 or 20 days.
𝟐

PROBLEM 62: A car travelling at 50 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ makes a journey in 70 minutes. How long will the journey take at
70 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟?

Required: The time it takes for a journey at 70 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟.

Solution: If a car travelling at 50 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ makes a journey in 70 minutes, then a car travelling at 1 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ will
make a journey in 50 × 70 = 3500 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠. So, a car travelling at 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝒎⁄𝒉𝒓 will make a journey in
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 or 50 minutes.
𝟕𝟎

PROBLEM 63: Boyle’s law states that, for a gas at constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of gas
is inversely proportional to its absolute pressure. If a gas occupies a volume of 1.5 𝑚3 at a pressure of
200 × 103 𝑃𝑎, determine the proportionality constant, the volume when the pressure is 800 × 103 𝑃𝑎,
and the pressure when the volume is 1.25 𝑚3 .

Required: The constant of Proportionality, the volume and pressure at certain conditions.
Solution: Create a relationship that satisfy the given problem.
𝑘
𝑉=
𝑃
Manipulate the equation and solve for the constant of proportionality, the volume, and pressure at a certain
condition.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘 = (1.5)(200 × 103 )
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒌 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
3
300 × 103
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 800 × 10 𝑃𝑎 =
800 × 103
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝟑

300 × 103
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1.25 𝑚3 =
1.25 𝑚3
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑷𝒂
𝟑

PROBLEM 64: A rectangular box with square ends has its length 15 cm greater than its breadth and the total
length of its edges is 2.04 m. Find the width of the box and its volume.

Required: The value of the width and volume of the rectangular box.
Solution: Let x be the width of the rectangular box. The length of the rectangular box must be
𝑥 + 15
Take note that it has square ends so its height is equal to its width. There are also 8 edges that belongs to a
square and 4 edges that belongs to the rectangle’s length. Create an equation based on the relations in the
problem.
204 = 8𝑥 + 4(𝑥 + 15)
𝒙 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒃𝒐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
The length of the rectangular box must be
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑥 = 12 𝑐𝑚 + 15 𝑐𝑚 = 27 𝑐𝑚
Remember that the volume of a rectangular box is equal to
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
So,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑜𝑥 = (27 𝑐𝑚)(12 𝑐𝑚)(12 𝑚)
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑩𝒐𝒙 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟑

PROBLEM 65: Six digital camera batteries and three camcorder batteries costs 96 pounds. If a camcorder
battery costs 5 pounds more than a digital camera battery, find the cost of each.

Required: The cost of the digital camera battery and camcorder battery.
Solution: Let x be the cost of the digital camera battery and y be the cost of camcorder battery. Based on
the problem,
𝑦 =𝑥+5
6𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 96
6𝑥 + 3(𝑥 + 5) = 96
𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 = 𝟗 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 = 9 + 5
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 66: A painter is paid 6.30 pounds per hour for a basic 36-hour week and overtime is paid at one
and a third times this rate. Determine how many hours the painter has to work in a week to earn 319.20
pounds.

Required: The number of hours the painter has to work in a week to earn 319.20 pounds.
Solution: The basic pay rate per hour of the painter is 6.30 pounds. Get the overtime rate per hour.
4 6.30 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 8.4 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = ( ) ( )=
3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Now, let x be the number of hours the painter has to do overtime.
(36 )(6.30) + (𝑥)(8.4) = 319.20
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 11 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
To get the total number of hours the painter has to work in a week to earn 319.2 pounds is to perform this
equation
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛 319.20 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 36 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 11 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 = 𝟒𝟕 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒌

PROBLEM 67: 12 workmen employed on a building site earn between them a total of 4035 pounds per week.
Laborers are paid 275 pounds per week and craftsman are paid 380 pounds per week. How many craftsmen
and how many laborers are employed?

Required: The number of craftsmen and laborers employed in the building site.
Solution: Let x be the number of laborers and y be the number of craftsmen. The workmen composed of
laborers and craftsmen so
 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 12 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Based on their total salaries per week, we can say that
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 4035 = 𝑥(275) + 𝑦(380)
Substitute equation 1 to equation 2.
4035 = (12 − 𝑦)(275) + 𝑦(380)
𝒚 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒔𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒅 = 𝟕
Using equation 1
12 = 𝑥 + 7
𝒙 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝟓

PROBLEM 68: A rectangle has a length of 20 cm and a width b cm. When its width is reduced by 4 cm and its
area becomes 160 𝑐𝑚2 . Find the original width and area of the rectangle.

Required: The original width and area of the rectangle before reducing the width by 4 cm.
Solution: Let b be the original width, 𝐴1 be the original area, 𝑏 − 4 be the new width, and 𝐴2 be the new
area.
For the original rectangle, the equation will be
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝐴1 = 20𝑏
For the new rectangle, the equation will be
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 160 𝑐𝑚2 = (𝑏 − 4)(20)
Solve for b in equation 2.
𝒃 = 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Substitute b to get the original area or the rectangle.
𝐴1 = 20(12)
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐

PROBLEM 69: Two joiners and five mates earn 1824 pounds between them for a particular job. If a joiner
earns 72 pounds more than a mate, calculate the earnings for a joiner and for a mate.

Required: The earnings for a joiner and for a mate.

Solution: Let x be the earnings of a joiner and y for the earnings of a mate.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑥 = 72 + 𝑦
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 1824 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑦
Substitute equation 1 to equation 2.
1824 = 2(72 + 𝑦) + 5𝑦
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
Using equation 1
𝑥 = 72 + 240
𝒙 = 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 70: An alloy contains 60% by weight of copper, the remainder being zinc. How much copper must
be mixed with 50 kg of this alloy to give an alloy containing 75% copper.

Required: The amount of copper that must be added to achieve an alloy containing 75% copper.
Solution: First is to get the amount of copper present in the initial alloy.
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
= 0.60
50 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 30 𝑘𝑔
Next is to realize that if we add a specific amount of copper in the alloy, we also add to the total amount of
alloy. Let x be the amount of copper that must be added to achieve an alloy containing 75% copper.
30 + 𝑥
= 0.75
50 + 𝑥
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟕𝟓% 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓
= 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝒈

PROBLEM 71: A rectangular laboratory has a length equal to one and a half times its width and the perimeter
of 40 m. Find its length and width.

Required: The length and width of the rectangular laboratory.

Solution: Let x be the length and y be the width. The equation for the length based on the problem must be
3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑥 = 𝑦
2
Use the equation for the perimeter of the rectangle.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 40 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
Substitute Equation 1 to equation 2.
3
40 = 2 ( 𝑦) + 2𝑦
2
𝒚 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟖 𝒎
Use equation 1 to solve for x.
3
𝑥 = (8)
2
𝒙 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎

PROBLEM 72: Three new cars and 4 new vans supplied to dealer together cost 97700 pounds and 5 new cars
and 2 new vans of the same models cost 103100 pounds. Find the respective costs of a car and a van.

Required: Costs of a car and a van.

Solution: Create equations based on the given problem. Let x be the cost for a car and y for a van.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 97700
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 103100
Solve the equations simultaneously.
𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒄𝒂𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔

PROBLEM 73: Factor 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12.

Required: Factors of the given trinomial.

Solution: First is to find two integers whose product is 12 and whose sum is 8.
The two numbers are 6 and 2.
So, the factors are
(𝒙 + 𝟔) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙 + 𝟐)

PROBLEM 74: Factor 6𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 10.

Required: Factors of the given trinomial.

Solution: Multiply the coefficient of the first term by the constant term.
(6)(−10) = −60
Next is to find two integers whose sum is -11 and product is -60.
The two integers are -15 and 4.
Rewrite the trinomial showing the middle term equal to the sum of the two integers.
6𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 10
3𝑥(2𝑥 − 5) + 2(2𝑥 − 5)
So, the factors are
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓)

PROBLEM 75: Get the roots of the 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 5 = 0.

Required: Roots of the given quadratic equation.

Solution:
1 1
( ) (3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 5 = 0) ( )
3 3
𝑥 5
𝑥2 − − = 0
3 3
𝑥 5
𝑥2 − =
3 3
2
𝑥 1 5 1 2
𝑥2 − + ( ) = + ( )
3 6 3 6
1 2 61
(𝑥 − ) =
6 36
1 61
√(𝑥 − )2 = √
6 36
1 √61
(𝑥 − ) =
6 6
√𝟔𝟏 + 𝟏
𝒙=±
𝟔

PROBLEM 76: The area of rectangle is 23.6 𝑐𝑚2 and its width is 3.10 cm shorter than its length. Determine
the dimensions of the rectangle.

Required: Dimensions of the rectangle.

Solution: Create equations that satisfy the problem. Let x be the length of the rectangle and y be the width.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3.10
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑥𝑦 = 23.6
Substitute equation 1 to equation 2.
𝑥(𝑥 − 3.10) = 23.6
𝑥 2 − 3.10𝑥 − 23.6 = 0
Use the quadratic formula.
−(−3.10) ± √(−3.10)2 − 4(1)(−23.6)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 6.65 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3.55
There is no such thing as negative length so the length will be
𝒙 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Use equation 1 to solve for y.
𝑦 = 6.65 − 3.10
𝒚 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒎
PROBLEM 77: Calculate the diameter of a solid cylinder which has a height of 82.0 cm and a total surface
area of 2.0 𝑚2 .

Required: Diameter of the solid cylinder.

Solution: Create equations that satisfy the problem. Let d be the diameter, r be the radius, and h be the
height the cylinder.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑑 = 2𝑟
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
2 = 2𝜋𝑟(0.82) + 2𝜋𝑟 2
1 1
( ) [2 = 2𝜋𝑟(0.82) + 2𝜋𝑟 2 ] ( )
2 2
2
0 = 𝜋𝑟 + 0.82𝜋𝑟 − 1
Use the quadratic formula.
−0.82𝜋 ± √(0.82𝜋)2 − 4(𝜋)(−1)
𝑥=
2𝜋
𝑥 = −1.11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.2874
There is no such thing as negative radius so the radius must be
𝑥 = 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 0.2874 𝑚
Using equation 1, solve for d.
𝑑 = 2(0.2874 𝑚)
1 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = (0.5748 𝑚)
1 × 10−2 𝑚
𝒅 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎

PROBLEM 78: A rectangular building is 15 m long by 11 m wide. A concrete path of constant width is laid all
the way around the building. If the area of the path is 60.0 𝑚2, calculate its correct width.

Required: Width of the path around the building.

Solution: First is to illustrate the problem.

Based on the illustrate, let x be the width of the concrete path around the building. Next is to create
equations that will satisfy the problem. First is to get the total area.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (15 𝑚)(11 𝑚) = 165 𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ = 60 𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 165 + 60 = 225 𝑚2
The length of the whole rectangle including the path and building is
15 + 2𝑥
The width of the whole rectangle including the path and building is
11 + 2𝑥
Write a relation including the total area of the rectangle.
225 = (11 + 2𝑥)(15 + 2𝑥)
Expand the equation.
225 = 165 + 22𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
1 1
( ) (4𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 60 = 0) ( )
4 4
𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 15 = 0
Use the quadratic formula.
−13 ± √(13)2 − 4(1)(−15)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 1.07 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 14.07
There is no such thing as negative width so
𝒙 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎

PROBLEM 79: Dominic’s present age is 10 years more than Michelle’s present age. In 5 years, Michelle’s age
will be three-fifths of Dominic’s age. What are their present ages?

Required: Present ages of Dominic and Michelle.

Solution: Let x be the present age of Dominic and y be the present age of Michelle.
Then, Dominic’s present age will be
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 10
In 5 years, Michelle’s age will be
𝑦+5
In 5 years, Dominic’s age will be
𝑦 + 15
And also, in 5 years
3
𝑦 + 5 = (𝑦 + 15)
5
3
(5) [𝑦 + 5 = (𝑦 + 15)] (5)
5
5𝑦 + 25 = 3(𝑦 + 15)
𝒚 = 𝑴𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆′ 𝒔 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅
Use equation 1 to solve Dominic’s present age.
𝑥 = 10 + 10
𝒙 = 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒄′ 𝒔 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝒈𝒆 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅

PROBLEM 80: Mercedes starts jogging at 5 miles per hour. One-half hour later, Karen starts jogging on the
same route at 7 miles per hour. How long will it take Karen to catch Mercedes?

Required: The time it takes for Karen to catch Mercedes.

Solution: Let x be the time it takes for Karen to catch Mercedes. As we all know, speed is the ratio between
distance and time. The problem asks for the time it takes for Karen to catch Mercedes, so it is implying that
their distances must be equal in order for Karen to catch Mercedes. Therefore,
𝐾𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛′ 𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 7𝑥
1
𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠 ′ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5(𝑥 + )
2
Equate the two distances and solve for x.
1
7𝑥 = 5(𝑥 + )
2
 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑥 = 1.25 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 1 ℎ𝑟 + (0.25 ℎ𝑟)
1 ℎ𝑟
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝑴𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏 𝒉𝒓 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

PROBLEM 81: Two trains leave a city at the same time, one travelling east and the other travelling west. At
1
the end of 9 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, they are 1292 miles apart. If the rate of the train travelling east is 8 miles per hour
faster than the rate of the other train, find their rates.

Required: The rates of the train.

Solution: First is to find their distances. Let x be the rate of eastbound train and y be the rate of westbound
train.
The rate of the eastbound train is
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 8
The distance reached by the eastbound train is
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (9.5)(𝑦 + 8)
The distance reached by the westbound train is
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 9.5𝑦
The problem indicates that the distance between the two trains at the end of 9.5 hours is 1292 miles. Also,
both trains start at the same point but different directions so if we add the distances of the two trains, it
must be equal to 1292 miles.
(9.5)(𝑦 + 8) + 9.5𝑦 = 1292
Solve for y.
𝒚 = 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
Use equation 1 to solve for x.
𝑥 = 64 + 8
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

PROBLEM 82: Bryan’s pest control stocks an 7% solution of insecticide for lawns and also a 15% solution.
How many gallons of each should be mixed to produce 40 gallons that is 12% insecticide?

Required: The amount of insecticide and the other solution in gallons to be mixed to produce a certain
amount of solution.
Solution: Let x be the amount of insecticide and y be the amount of the other solution. The amount of the
other solution must be
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 40 − 𝑥 = 𝑦
The equation for to get the total amount including the percentages must be
0.07𝑥 + 0.15(40 − 𝑥) = 0.12(40)
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟐% 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔
Use equation 1 to solve for y.
𝑦 = 40 − 15
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟓% 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔

PROBLEM 83: How many liters of pure alcohol must we add to 20 liters of a 40% solution to obtain a
60% solution?

Required: The amount of pure alcohol needed to achieve 60% solution.

Solution: Let x be the amount of alcohol needed. First is we need to get the amount of alcohol present in
the 20-liter solution.
 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 20(0.40) = 8 𝐿
We are adding pure alcohol so basically, it also indicates that we are adding in the entire solution. Therefore
8+𝑥
= 0.60
20 + 𝑥
Solve for x.
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒐𝒍 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎% 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑳

PROBLEM 84: Solve the equation log 2 𝑥 = 5.

Required: Value of x.
Solution:
25 = 𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐

−4
PROBLEM 85: Solve the equation log 8 𝑥 = .
3

Required: Value of x.
Solution:
−4
83 =𝑥
1 1
𝑥= 4=3
4
83 √8
𝟏
𝒙=
𝟏𝟔

PROBLEM 86: Solve the equation ln 𝑥 = 3.

Required: Value of x.
Solution:
𝒙 = 𝒆𝟑

1
log 9−log 3+ log 81
2
PROBLEM 87: Evaluate the expression .
2 log 3

Required: Equivalent value of the expression.

Solution:
1
log 32 − log 3 + log 812
2 log 3
2 log 3 − log 3 + 2 log 3
2 log 3
3 log 3
2 log 3
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟓

PROBLEM 88: Solve the equation log 𝑥 4 − log 𝑥 3 = log 5𝑥 − log 2𝑥.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
 𝑥4 5𝑥
log ( 3 ) = log ( )
𝑥 2𝑥
5
log 𝑥 = log ( )
2
5
10log 𝑥 = 10log(2)
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓

PROBLEM 89: Solve the equation log 2𝑡 3 − log 𝑡 = log 16 + log 𝑡.

Required: The value of t.

Solution:
2𝑡 3
log ( ) = log 16𝑡
𝑡
log 2𝑡 2 = log 16𝑡
log 2𝑡 = log 16
10log 2𝑡 = 10log 16
2𝑡 = 16
𝒕=𝟖

PROBLEM 90: Solve the equation 2 log 𝑏 2 − 3 log 𝑏 = log 8𝑏 − log 4𝑏.

Required: The value of b.

Solution:
𝑏4 8𝑏
log ( 3 ) = log ( )
𝑏 4𝑏
log 𝑏 = log 2
10log 𝑏 = 10log 2
𝒃=𝟐

PROBLEM 91: Solve the equation log(𝑥 + 1) + log(𝑥 − 1) = log 3.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = log 3
log(𝑥 2 − 1) = log 3
2
10log(𝑥 −1) = 10log 3
𝑥2 − 1 = 3
𝑥2 = 4
𝒙=𝟐

1
PROBLEM 92: Solve the equation log 27 = log 0.5𝑎
3

Required: The value of a.

Solution:
1
log 273 = log 0.5𝑎
log 3 = log 0.5𝑎
10log 3 = 10log 0.5𝑎
 3 = 0.5𝑎
𝒂=𝟔

PROBLEM 93: Solve the equation log(𝑥 2 − 5) − log 𝑥 = log 4.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑥2 − 5
log ( ) = log 4
𝑥
𝑥 2 −5
log( )
10 𝑥 = 10log 4
2
𝑥 −5
=4
𝑥
𝑥 2 − 5 = 4𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(−5)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1
There is no negative logarithm so the answer is
𝒙=𝟓

PROBLEM 94: Solve the equation 3𝑥 = 6.4.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 3 3𝑥 = log 3 6.4
𝑥 log 3 3 = log 3 6.4
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟎

PROBLEM 95: Solve the equation 2𝑥 = 9.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 2 2𝑥 = log 2 9
𝑥 log 2 2 = log 2 9
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕

PROBLEM 96: Solve the equation 2𝑥−1 = 32𝑥−1.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 2 2𝑥−1 = log 2 32𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1) log 2 2 = (2𝑥 − 1) log 2 3
𝑥 − 1 = (2𝑥 − 1) log 2 3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 log 2 3 = 1 − log 2 3
𝑥(1 − 2 log 2 3) = 1 − log 2 3
1 − log 2 3
𝑥=
1 − 2 log 2 3
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕
PROBLEM 97: Solve the equation 𝑥1.5 = 14.91.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 𝑥 𝑥1.5 = log 𝑥 14.91
1.5 log 𝑥 𝑥 = log 𝑥 14.91
1.5 = log 𝑥 14.91
log 14.91
1.5 =
log 𝑥
1.5 log 𝑥 = log 14.91
log 14.91
log 𝑥 =
1.5
log 14.91
log 𝑥 ( )
10 = 10 1.5
log 14.91
( )
𝑥= 10 1.5
𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟖

PROBLEM 98: Solve the equation 25.28 = 4.2𝑥 .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 4.2 25.28 = 𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓

PROBLEM 99: Solve the equation 42𝑥−1 = 5𝑥+2.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 4 42𝑥−1 = log 4 5𝑥+2
(2𝑥 − 1) log 4 4 = (𝑥 + 2) log 4 5
2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 log 4 5 + 2 log 4 5
2𝑥 − 𝑥 log 4 5 = 1 + 2log 4 5
𝑥(2 − log 4 5) = 1 + 2 log 4 5
1 + 2 log 4 5
𝑥=
2 − log 4 5
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟓𝟗

PROBLEM 100: Solve the equation 𝑥 −0.25 = 0.792.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 𝑥 𝑥 −0.25 = log 𝑥 0.792
−0.25 log 𝑥 𝑥 = log 𝑥 0.792
log 0.792
−0.25 =
log 𝑥
−0.25log 𝑥 = log 0.792
log 0.792
log 𝑥 = −
0.25
 log 0.792
log 𝑥 (− )
10 = 10 0.25

𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒

PROBLEM 101: Solve the equation 0.027𝑥 = 3.26.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
log 0.027 3.26 = 𝑥
𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟐

𝑃
PROBLEM 102: The decibel gain n of an amplifier is given by 𝑛 = 10 log (𝑃2 ), where 𝑃1 is the power input
1
𝑃2
and 𝑃2 is the power output. Find the power gain (𝑃 ) when 𝑛 = 25 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑠.
1

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑃2
25 = 10 log ( )
𝑃1
𝑃2
2.5 = log ( )
𝑃1
𝑃
2.5 log( 2 )
10 = 10 𝑃1
𝑃2
= 102.5
𝑃1
𝑷𝟐
= 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟑
𝑷𝟏

PROBLEM 103: Expand 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1) as far as the term in 𝑥 5 .

Required: Expanded form of the given expression.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
(1 + 𝑥 + + + + ) (𝑥 2 − 1)
2 6 24 120
𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + + − 1 − 𝑥 − − − −
2 6 2 6 24 120
2 3 4
2
𝑥 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥5
−1 − 𝑥 + (𝑥 − ) + (𝑥 − ) + ( − ) + ( − )
2 6 2 24 6 120
𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟗𝒙𝟓
−𝟏 − 𝒙 + + + +
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟎

PROBLEM 104: Expand (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 as far as the term in 𝑥 4 .

Required: Expanded form of the given expression.

Solution:
4𝑥 2 8𝑥 3 16𝑥 4
(1 + 2𝑥 + + + ) (1 − 2𝑥)
2 6 24
4𝑥 2 8𝑥 3 16𝑥 4 8𝑥 3 16𝑥 4
1 + 2𝑥 + + + − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − −
2 6 24 2 6
 4𝑥 2 2
8𝑥 3 8𝑥 3 16𝑥 4 16𝑥 4
1+( − 4𝑥 ) + ( − )+( − )
2 6 2 24 6
16𝑥 3 48𝑥 4
1 − 2𝑥 2 − −
6 24
𝟑
𝟖𝒙
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − − 𝟐𝒙𝟒
𝟑

2 1
PROBLEM 105: Expand (2𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 ) to six terms.

Required: Expanded form of the given expression.

Solution:
1 𝑥 4 𝑥 6 𝑥 8 𝑥10
(2𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 + + + + )
2 6 24 120
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟏
𝟏 𝟓 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + + +
𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝟎

PROBLEM 106: In a chemical reaction the amount of starting material 𝐶 𝑐𝑚3 left after 𝑡 minutes is given by
𝐶 = 40𝑒 −0.006𝑡 . What is the concentration C after 1 hour? What is the time taken for the concentration to
decrease by half?

Required: The concentration after 1 hour and the time taken for the concentration to be decreased by half.
Solution: Construct a table of values.
t 0 20 40 60
C 40 35.5 31.45 27.91

Let x be the concentration after 1 hour, based on the table,

𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝒄𝒎𝟑
The initial concentration based on the table is 40 cubic centimeters, so the half of it must be 20 cubic
centimeters. Let t be the time taken for the concentration to be decreased by half.
20 = 40𝑒 −0.006𝑡
𝒕 = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔

PROBLEM 107: Solve the equation 9 = 4𝑒 −3𝑥 .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
9
= 𝑒 −3𝑥
4
9
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −3𝑥
4
9
ln ( ) = −3𝑥
4
1 9
𝑥 = − ln ( )
3 4
𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟑

𝑡
PROBLEM 108: Given 32 = 70 (1 − 𝑒 −2 ), determine the value of t.
Required: The value of t.
Solution:
𝑡
32 = 70 − 70𝑒 −2
𝑡
−38 = −70𝑒 −2
𝑡
38 = 70𝑒 −2
38 𝑡
= 𝑒 −2
70
19 𝑡
= 𝑒 −2
35
19 𝑡
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −2
35
19 𝑡
ln ( ) = −
35 2
19
𝑡 = −2 ln ( )
35
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐

4.87
PROBLEM 109: Solve the equation 2.68 = ln ( ).
𝑥

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
4.87
𝑒 2.68 = 𝑒 ln( 𝑥 )

4.87
𝑒 2.68 =
𝑥
4.87
𝑥 = 2.68
𝑒
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑

7
PROBLEM 110: Solve the equation 4 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
7
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 3𝑥
4
7
ln ( ) = 3𝑥
4
1 7
𝑥 = ln ( )
3 4
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓

PROBLEM 111: Solve the equation 𝑒 𝑥−1 = 2𝑒 3𝑥−4 .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
ln 𝑒 𝑥−1 = ln 2𝑒 3𝑥−4
𝑥 − 1 = ln 2 + ln 𝑒 3𝑥−4
𝑥 − 1 = ln 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
3 − ln 2 = 2𝑥
 3 − ln 2
𝑥=
2
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟑

PROBLEM 112: Solve the equation ln(𝑥 − 2)2 = ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 3) + 1.6.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
ln(𝑥 − 2)2 − ln(𝑥 − 2) + ln(𝑥 + 3) = 1.6
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 3)
ln [ ] = 1.6
(𝑥 − 2)
ln(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 1.6
𝑒 ln(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3) = 𝑒 1.6
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑒 1.6
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6 − 𝑒 1.6 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10.953 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
2
−(1) ± √1 − 4(1)(−10.953)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 2.85 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3.85
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓

PROBLEM 113: Solve the equation 1.5 = 4𝑒 2𝑡 .

Required: The value of t.

Solution:
ln 1.5 = ln 4𝑒 2𝑡
ln 1.5 = ln 4 + ln 𝑒 2𝑡
1.5
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 2𝑡
4
1.5
ln ( ) = 2𝑡
4
1 1.5
𝑡 = ln ( )
2 4
𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟒

PROBLEM 114: Solve the equation 7.83 = 2.91𝑒 −1.7𝑥 .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
ln 7.83 = ln 2.91𝑒 −1.7𝑥
ln 7.83 = ln 2.91 + ln 𝑒 −1.7𝑥
7.83
ln ( ) = −1.7𝑥
2.91
𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟐

𝑡
PROBLEM 115: Solve the equation 16 = 24(1 − 𝑒 −2 ).
Required: The value of t.
Solution:
𝑡
16 = 24 − 24𝑒 −2
𝑡
−8 = −24𝑒 −2
𝑡
1 = 3𝑒 −2
𝑡
ln 1 = ln 3𝑒 −2
𝑡
ln 1 = ln 3 + ln 𝑒 −2
1 −𝑡
ln ( ) =
3 2
1
𝑡 = −2 ln ( )
3
𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟕

𝑥
PROBLEM 116: Solve the equation 5.17 = ln (4.64).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑥
𝑒 5.17 = 𝑒 ln(4.64)
𝑥
𝑒 5.17 =
4.64
𝒙 = 𝟖𝟏𝟔. 𝟐

1.59
PROBLEM 117: Solve the equation 3.72 ln ( ) = 2.43.
𝑥

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
1.59 2.43
ln ( )=
𝑥 3.72
1.59 2.43
𝑒 ln( 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 (3.72)
1.59 2.43
= 𝑒 (3.72)
𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟒

PROBLEM 118: Solve the equation ln 𝑥 = 2.40.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 2.40
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟐

PROBLEM 119: Solve the equation 24 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = 45.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑒 2𝑥 = 21
ln 𝑒 2𝑥 = ln 21
 2𝑥 = ln 21
ln 21
𝑥=
2
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟐

PROBLEM 120: Solve the equation 5 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 7.

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
12 = 𝑒 𝑥+1
ln 12 = ln 𝑒 𝑥+1
𝑥 + 1 = ln 12
𝑥 = ln 12 − 1
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓

−𝑥
PROBLEM 121: Solve the equation 5 = 8(1 − 𝑒 2 ).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
−𝑥
5 = 8 − 8𝑒 2
−𝑥
−3 = −8𝑒 2
−𝑥
3= 8𝑒 2
−𝑥
ln 3 = ln 8𝑒 2
−𝑥
ln 3 = ln 8 + ln 𝑒 2
3 −𝑥
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 2
8
−𝑥 3
= ln ( )
2 8
3
𝑥 = −2 ln ( )
8
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟐

PROBLEM 122: Solve the equation ln(𝑥 + 3) − ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 1).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
𝑥+3
ln ( ) = ln(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥
𝑥+3
𝑒 ln( 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ln(𝑥−1)
𝑥+3
=𝑥−1
𝑥
𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(−3)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1
𝒙=𝟑
PROBLEM 123: Solve the equation ln(𝑥 − 1)2 − ln 3 = ln(𝑥 − 1).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
(𝑥 − 1)2
ln [ ] = ln(𝑥 − 1)
3
(𝑥−1)2
ln[ ]
𝑒 3 = 𝑒 ln(𝑥−1)
(𝑥 − 1)2
=𝑥−1
3
𝑥−1=3
𝒙=𝟒

PROBLEM 124: Solve the equation ln(𝑥 + 3) + 2 = 12 − ln(𝑥 − 2).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
ln(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 10
𝑒 ln(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2) = 𝑒 10
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑒 10
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6 − 𝑒 10 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 22032.46579 = 0
−(1) ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(−22032.46579)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 147.9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 148.9
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟗

PROBLEM 125: Solve the equation 𝑒 (𝑥+1) = 3𝑒 (2𝑥−5) .

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
ln 𝑒 (𝑥+1) = ln 3𝑒 (2𝑥−5)
𝑥 + 1 = ln 3 + 2𝑥 − 5
6 − ln 3 = 𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟏

PROBLEM 126: Solve the equation ln(𝑥 + 1)2 = 1.5 − ln(𝑥 − 2) + ln(𝑥 + 1).

Required: The value of x.

Solution:
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)
ln = 1.5
(𝑥 + 1)
ln(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 1.5
𝑒 ln(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) = 𝑒 1.5
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑒 1.5
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑒 1.5
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑒 1.5 = 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6.48168907 = 0
 −(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(−6.48168907)
𝑥=
2(1)
𝑥 = 3.095 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2.095
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟓

PROBLEM 127: Transpose 𝑏 = ln 𝑡 − 𝑎 ln 𝐷 to make t the subject.

Required: Equation where t is the subject.

Solution:
𝑏 = ln 𝑡 − ln 𝐷𝑎
𝑡
𝑏 = ln ( 𝑎 )
𝐷
𝑡
𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑒 ln(𝐷𝑎)
𝑡
= 𝑒𝑏
𝐷𝑎
𝒕 = 𝒆𝒃 𝑫 𝒂

𝑃 𝑅
PROBLEM 128: If 𝑄 = 10 log (𝑅1), find the value of 𝑅1 when 𝑃 = 160, 𝑄 = 8, and 𝑅2 = 5.
2

Required: The value of 𝑅1 .

Solution:
𝑅1 10
20 = log ( )
5
𝑅 10
20 log( 1 )
10 = 10 5

20
𝑅1 10
(1 × 10 ) = ( )
5
10
10
𝑅1 10
√(1 × 1020 ) = √( )
5
𝑅1
100 =
5
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝑊
PROBLEM 129: If 𝑈2 = 𝑈1 𝑒 (𝑃𝑉) , make W the subject of the formula.

Required: Equation where W is the subject.

Solution:
𝑈2 𝑊
= 𝑒 (𝑃𝑉)
𝑈1
𝑈2 𝑊
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 (𝑃𝑉)
𝑈1
𝑊 𝑈2
= ln ( )
𝑃𝑉 𝑈1
𝑼𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑷𝑽 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝑼𝟏
PROBLEM 130: The resistance R of an electrical conductor at temperature 𝜃℃ is given by 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑒 𝛼𝜃 , where
𝛼 is a constant and 𝑅0 = 5 𝑘Ω. Determine the value of 𝛼 when 𝑅 = 6 𝑘Ω and 𝜃 = 1500℃. Also, find the
temperature when the resistance 𝑅 is 5.4 𝑘Ω.

Required: The value of the constant 𝛼 and the temperature at a certain resistance.
Solution:
6 = 5𝑒 𝛼(1500)
6
= 𝑒 𝛼(1500)
5
6
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 𝛼(1500)
5
6
𝛼(1500) = ln ( )
5
𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
At a given resistance,
−4
5.4 = 5𝑒 (1.215×10 )𝜃
5.4 −4
= 𝑒 (1.215×10 )𝜃
5
5.4 −4
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 (1.215×10 )𝜃
5
5.4
(1.215 × 10−4 )𝜃 = ln ( )
5
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝛀 = 𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟐℃

PROBLEM 131: In an experiment involving Newton’s law of cooling, the temperature 𝜃℃ is given by
𝜃 = 𝜃0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . Find the value of the constant k when 𝜃0 = 56.6℃, 𝜃 = 16.5℃, and 𝑡 = 79 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.

Required: The value of the constant k.

Solution:
𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝜃0
𝜃
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝜃0
𝜃
−𝑘𝑡 = ln ( )
𝜃0
1 𝜃
𝑘 = − ln ( )
𝑡 𝜃0
1 16.5
𝑘 = − ln
79 56.6
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔

PROBLEM 132: The temperature 𝜃2 ℃ of an electrical conductor at time t seconds is given by

𝑡
𝜃2 = 𝜃1 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑇 ), where 𝜃1 is the initial temperature and T seconds is a constant. Determine the 𝜃2 when
𝜃1 = 159.9℃, 𝑡 = 30 𝑠, and 𝑇 = 80 𝑠. Also, determine the time t for 𝜃2 to fall to half the value of 𝜃1 if T
remains at 80 s.

Required: 𝜃2 and t at certain conditions.

Solution:
30
𝜃2 = 159.9 (1 − 𝑒 −80 )
 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎℃
For the time given certain conditions.
𝑡
79.95 = 159.9 (1 − 𝑒 −80 )
𝑡
79.95 = 159.9 − 159.9𝑒 −80
𝑡
−79.95 = −159.9𝑒 −80
𝑡
79.95 = 159.9𝑒 −80
79.95 𝑡
( ) = 𝑒 −80
159.9
79.95 𝑡
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −80
159.9
𝑡 79.95
− = ln ( )
80 159.9
79.95
𝑡 = −80 ln ( )
159.9
𝒕 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 𝒔

PROBLEM 133: Determine the gradient of the straight line that passing through points (2, 7) and (−3, 4).

Required: The gradient of the straight line.

Solution: Let (2, 7) be points 1 and (−3, 4) be the points 2.
4−7
𝑚=
−3 − 2
𝟑
𝒎 = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 =
𝟓

PROBLEM 134: Determine the point of intersection of the lines 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 and 2𝑦 = 15 − 2𝑥.

Required: Point of intersection of the given lines.

Solution: Set both equations equal to y. The first equation is already equal to y but the second equation is
not.
15
𝑦= −𝑥
2
Solve the equations simultaneously.
15
− 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3
2
15
−𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 3 −
2
9
−3𝑥 = −
2
𝑥 = 1.5
Substitute the value of x to any of the given equations to get the y value.
𝑦 = 2(1.5) + 3
𝑦=6
The point of intersection of the given lines is (𝟏. 𝟓, 𝟔).

PROBLEM 135: A piece of elastic is tied to a support so that it hangs vertically and a pan, on which weights
can be placed, is attached to the free end. The length of the elastic is measured as various weights are added
to the pan and the results obtained as follows:
 Load, W (N) 5 10 15 20 25
Length, l (cm) 60 72 84 96 108
Determine the equation of the line.

Required: The equation of the graph.

Solution: Make sure that the graph is a straight line. Then solve for the gradient.
72 − 60
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 =
10 − 5
𝑚 = 2.4
Next is to construct the general equation of the line.
𝑙 = 2.4𝑊 + 𝑏
Choose any points from the table and substitute it to the equation you constructed. Solve for the y-intercept.
60 = 2.4(5) + 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 48
Substitute it back to the general equation. Therefore, the equation of the graph is
𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝑾 + 𝟒𝟖

PROBLEM 136: In an experiment on Charles’ Law, the value of the volume of gas, V 𝑚3 , was measured for
various temperatures T℃. The results are shown below.
V 𝑚3 25 25.8 26.6 27.4 28.2 29
T℃ 60 65 70 75 80 85
Find the temperature when the volume is 28.6 𝑚3 and the volume when the temperature is 67℃.

Required: The volume and temperature at given conditions.

Solution: First is to solve the general equation.
26.6 − 25.8
𝑚= = 0.16
70 − 65
𝑉 = 0.16𝑇 + 𝑏
25 = 0.16(60) + 𝑏
𝑏 = 15.4
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = 0.16𝑇 + 15.4
The temperature at the given volume.
28.6 = 0.16𝑇 + 15.4
𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔 𝒎𝟑 = 𝑻 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓 ℃
The volume at the given temperature.
𝑉 = 0.16(67) + 15.4
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝟔𝟕℃ = 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝟑

PROBLEM 137: In an experiment demonstrating Hooke’s Law, the strain in an aluminum wire was measured
for various stresses. The results were:
Stress 4.9 8.7 15.0 18.4 24.2 27.3
𝑁
( ⁄𝑚𝑚2 )
Strain 0.00007 0.00013 0.00021 0.00027 0.00034 0.00039

Determine the equation of the graph when stress is graphed vertically and strain is graphed horizontally.
Also, determine:
(a) Young’s Modulus of elasticity for aluminum which is the gradient of the line.
𝑁
(b) The value of strain at a stress of 20 .
𝑚𝑚2
(c) The value of stress at a strain of 0.00020.
Required: The equation of the graph, the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, the stress and strain at given
conditions.
Solution: Make sure that the graph is a straight line. Then solve for the gradient. Since the gradient is non
constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at the two ends of the line.
27.3 − 4.9
𝑚= = 70000
0.00039 − 0.00007
𝑵
𝒎 = 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈′ 𝒔 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒎𝟐
Next is to construct the general equation of the line. Let x be the strain and y be the stress.
𝑦 = 70000𝑥 + 𝑏
Since the gradient is not uniform to all given points, we must get all the possible values of b for every point
using the constructed equation and make analyze the values. Get the average b.
4.9 = 70000(0.00007) + 𝑏1
𝑏1 = 0
8.7 = 70000(0.00013) + 𝑏2
𝑏2 = −0.4
15 = 70000(0.00021) + 𝑏3
𝑏3 = 0.3
18.4 = 70000(0.00027) + 𝑏4
𝑏4 = −0.5
24.2 = 70000(0.00034) + 𝑏5
𝑏5 = 0.4
27.3 = 70000(0.00039) + 𝑏6
𝑏6 = 0
𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑏 = −0.03
Substitute it to the general equation you just constructed.
𝒚 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
The strain at the given stress.
20 = 70000𝑥 − 0.03
𝒙 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔
The stress at the given strain.
𝑦 = 70000(0.00020) − 0.03
𝑵
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟕
𝒎𝒎𝟐

PROBLEM 138: Experimental tests to determine the breaking stress 𝜎 of rolled copper at various
temperatures t gave the following results:
Stress 𝜎 8.46 8.04 7.78 7.37 7.08 6.63
(𝑁⁄𝑐𝑚2 )
Temperature 70 200 280 410 500 640
t (℃)
The law that obeys the data is 𝜎 = 𝑚𝑡 + 𝑏. Find the values of m and b. Also determine the stress at 250℃
and the temperature when the stress is 7.54 𝑁⁄𝑐𝑚2 .

Required: The values of m and b, and the stress and temperature at given conditions.
Solution: Since the gradient is non constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at
the two ends of the line.
6.63 − 8.46
𝑚=
640 − 70
 𝒎 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟏
Since the gradient is not uniform to all given points, we must get all the possible values of b for every point
using the constructed equation and make analyze the values. Get the average b.
8.46 = −0.00321(70) + 𝑏1
𝑏1 = 8.68
8.04 = −0.00321(200) + 𝑏2
𝑏2 = 8.68
7.78 = −0.00321(280) + 𝑏3
𝑏3 = 8.68
7.37 = −0.00321(410) + 𝑏4
𝑏4 = 8.69
7.08 = −0.00321(500) + 𝑏5
𝑏5 = 8.69
6.63 = −0.00321(640) + 𝑏6
𝑏6 = 8.68
𝒃𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒃 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟖
Substitute it to the general equation you just constructed.
𝜎 = −0.00321𝑡 + 8.68
The stress at given temperature.
𝜎 = −0.00321(250) + 8.68
𝑵
𝝈 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖
𝒄𝒎𝟐
The temperature at given stress.
7.54 = −0.00321𝑡 + 8.68
𝒕 = 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟒℃

PROBLEM 139: Values of load L Newtons and distance d meters obtained experimentally are shown in the
table:
Load L 32.3 29.6 27.0 23.2 18.3 12.8 10.0 6.4
(Newtons)
Distance d 0.75 0.37 0.24 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.07
(Meters)
𝑎
Verify that load and distance are related by a law of the form 𝐿 = 𝑑 + 𝑏 and determine the approximate
values of a and b. Also, calculate the load when the distance is 0.20 m and the distance when the load is
20 N.

Required: The values of a and b, and the load and distances at given conditions.
1
Solution: Construct a table of values for 𝑑 and L.
Load L 32.3 29.6 27.0 23.2 18.3 12.8 10.0 6.4
(Newtons)
1 1.33 2.70 4.17 5.88 8.33 11.11 12.5 14.29
𝑑

Since the gradient is non constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at the two
ends of the line.
6.4 − 32.3
𝑚=
14.29 − 1.33
𝒎 = 𝒂 = −𝟐
Since the gradient is not uniform to all given points, we must get all the possible values of b for every point
using the constructed equation and make analyze the values. Get the average b.
32.3 = −2(1.33) + 𝑏1
𝑏1 = 34.96
29.6 = −2(2.70) + 𝑏2
𝑏2 = 35
27 = −2(4.17) + 𝑏3
𝑏3 = 35.34
23.2 = −2(5.88) + 𝑏4
𝑏4 = 34.96
18.3 = −2(8.33) + 𝑏5
𝑏5 = 34.96
12.8 = −2(11.11) + 𝑏6
𝑏6 = 35.02
10 = −2(12.5) + 𝑏7
𝑏7 = 35
6.4 = −2(14.29) + 𝑏8
𝑏8 = 34.98
𝒃𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒃 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟑
The load at given conditions.
−2
𝐿= + 35.03
0.20
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟑 𝑵
The distance at given conditions.
−2
20 = + 35.03
𝑑
𝒅 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎

PROBLEM 140: The solubility s of potassium chlorate is shown by the following table:
t℃ 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
s 4.9 7.6 11.1 15.4 20.4 26.4 40.6 58.0
2
The relationship between s and t is thought to be of the form 𝑠 = 3 + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 . Determine the values of a
and b, and calculate the solubility of potassium chlorate at 70℃.

Required: The values of a and b, also the solubility of potassium chlorate at 70℃.
Solution: First is to rearrange the formula.
𝑠 − 3 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 2
𝑠−3
= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡
𝑡
𝑠−3
= 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑎
𝑡
𝑠−3
Construct a table of values for 𝑡 and t.
t℃ 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
𝑠−3 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.55
𝑡

The gradient is constant throughout.

0.55 − 0.19
𝑚=
100 − 10
𝒎 = 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
Choose any point in the table and substitute it to the equation to find a.
0.19 = 0.004(10) + 𝑎
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
The solubility of potassium chlorate at a given temperature.
𝑠 = 3 + 0.15(70) + 0.004(702 )
𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏

PROBLEM 141: Experimental results of the safe load L kN, applied to girders of varying spans, d m, are shown
below:
Span, d (m) 2.0 2.8 3.6 4.2 4.8
Load, L (kN) 475 339 264 226 198
𝑐
It is believed that the relationship between load and span is 𝐿 = 𝑑, where c is constant. Determine the value
of the constant and the safe load for a span of 3 m.

Required: The value of the constant c and the safe load for a given span.
1
Solution: Construct a table of values for L and 𝑑.
Load, L (kN) 475 339 264 226 198
1 0.5 0.36 0.28 0.24 0.2083
𝑑

Since the gradient is non constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at the two
ends of the line.
198 − 475
𝑚=
0.2083 − 0.5
𝒎 = 𝒄 = 𝟗𝟒𝟗. 𝟔𝟏
Use the relationship to solve the load for a given span.
949.61
𝐿=
3
𝑳 = 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵

PROBLEM 142: The head of pressure h and the flow velocity v are measured and are believed to be
connected by the law 𝑣 = 𝑎ℎ𝑏 , where a and b are constants. The results are shown below:
h 10.6 13.4 17.2 24.6 29.3
v 9.77 11.0 12.44 14.88 16.24
Determine the values of a and b.

Required: The values of a and b.

Solution: Manipulate the equation algebraically.
log 𝑣 = log 𝑎ℎ𝑏
log 𝑣 = log 𝑎 + log ℎ𝑏
log 𝑣 = log 𝑎 + 𝑏 log ℎ
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: log 𝑣 = 𝑏 log ℎ + log 𝑎
Construct a table of values for log 𝑣 and 𝑏 log ℎ.
log 𝑣 0.9899 1.0414 1.0948 1.1726 1.2106
log ℎ 1.0253 1.1271 1.2355 1.3909 1.4669

Since the gradient is non constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at the two
ends of the line.
 1.2106 − 0.9899
𝑚=
1.4669 − 1.0253
𝒎 = 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟖
Solve for a. Since the gradient is not the same all throughout, get the average a.
𝑣
log 𝑎 = log 𝑏
ℎ
𝑣
log 𝑏
10log 𝑎 = 10 ℎ
𝑣
log
𝑎 = 10 ℎ𝑏
9.77
log
𝑎1 = 10 10.60.4998
𝑎1 = 3.0022
11
log
𝑎2 = 10 13.40.4998
𝑎2 = 3.0065
12.44
log
𝑎3 = 10 17.20.4998
𝑎3 = 3.0013
14.88
log
𝑎4 = 10 24.60.4998
𝑎4 = 3.0020
16.24
log
𝑎5 = 10 29.30.4998
𝑎5 = 3.0022
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒂 = 𝟑

PROBLEM 143: The tension T in a belt passing round a pulley wheel and in contact with the pulley over an
angle of 𝜃 radians is given by 𝑇 = 𝑇0 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 where 𝑇0 and 𝜇 are constants. Experimental results obtained are:
T (Newtons) 47.9 52.8 60.3 70.1 80.9
𝜃 radians 1.12 1.48 1.97 2.53 3.06
Determine the approximate values of 𝑇0 and 𝜇. Hence, find the tension when 𝜃 is 2.25 radians and the value
of 𝜃 when the tension is 50.0 Newtons.

Required: The value of 𝑇0 and 𝜇, and the values of tension and angle at given conditions.
Solution: Manipulate the equation algebraically.
ln 𝑇 = ln 𝑇0 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
ln 𝑇 = ln 𝑇0 + ln 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
ln 𝑇 = 𝜇𝜃ln 𝑒 + ln 𝑇0
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ln 𝑇 = 𝜇𝜃 + ln 𝑇0
Construct a table of values for ln 𝑇 and 𝜃.
𝜃 radians 1.12 1.48 1.97 2.53 3.06
ln 𝑇 3.8691 3.9665 4.0993 4.2499 4.3932
Since the gradient is non constant all throughout the given points, we must use the two points at the two
ends of the line.
4.3932 − 3.8691
𝑚=
3.06 − 1.12
𝑚 = 𝜇 = 0.2702
Solve for 𝑇0 . Since the gradient is not the same all throughout, get the average 𝑇0 .
ln 𝑇0 = ln 𝑇 − 𝜇𝜃
𝑒 ln 𝑇0 = 𝑒 ln 𝑇−𝜇𝜃
𝑇0 = 𝑒 ln 𝑇−𝜇𝜃
𝑇01 = 𝑒 3.8691−0.2702(1.12)
𝑇01 = 35.3917
 𝑇02 = 𝑒 3.9665−0.2702(1.48)
𝑇02 = 35.3962
𝑇03 = 𝑒 4.0993−0.2702(1.97)
𝑇03 = 35.4104
𝑇04 = 𝑒 4.2499−0.2702(2.53)
𝑇04 = 35.3852
𝑇05 = 𝑒 4.3932−0.2702(3.06)
𝑇05 = 35.3885
𝑻𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑻𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒
The tension at the given angle.
𝑇 = 35.4𝑒 (0.2702)2.25
𝑻 = 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝑵
The angle at the given tension.
𝑇
𝜇𝜃 = ln
𝑇0
𝑇
ln 𝑇
0
𝜃=
𝜇
50
ln ( )
𝜃= 35.4
0.2702
𝜽 = 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

PROBLEM 144: The friction force F newtons and load L newtons are connected by a law of the form
𝐹 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏, where a and b are constants. When 𝐹 = 4 𝑁, 𝐿 = 6 𝑁 and when 𝐹 = 2.4 𝑁, 𝐿 = 2 𝑁.
Determine the values of a and b.

Required: The values of a and b.

Solution: First is to notice that there are two situations where different values of forces F and their
corresponding load are given. Therefore, we create two equations that relate these values.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 4 = 6𝑎 + 𝑏
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 2.4 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏
For both of the equations, make b the subject. And solve the equations simultaneously.
4 − 6𝑎 = 2.4 − 2𝑎
1.6 = 4𝑎
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟒
Substitute a to 1 of the equations.
4 = 6(0.4) + 𝑏
𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔

PROBLEM 145: Solve the equation 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 = 0.

Required: The solutions to the given equation.

Solution: First is to check if 1 and -1 are the solutions to the cubic equation. Upon substitution, both of the
first two values are not the solution to the equation.
Next is to determine the factors of the leading coefficient and the factors of the constant as well.
Let Q the factors of the leading coefficient and let P be the factors of the constant.
𝑃: ± 1, ±3, ±9
𝑄: ± 1, ±2, ±4
After that, divide all the factors of P by the factors of Q.
 1 1 3 3 9 9
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: ± 3, ±9, ± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ±
2 4 2 4 2 4
1
Now, try if it is one of the solutions of the given equation. Upon substitution, it turns out that the answer
2
is zero so it is one of the solutions to the equation. Now proceed to the long division to determine the other
1
factor aside from (𝑥 − 2).
4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9
= 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 18
1
(𝑥 − 2)
Now factor out 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 18.
4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 18 = 0
4𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 6(𝑥 − 3) = 0
(4𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −1.5
So, the solutions to the given cubic equation are 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟏. 𝟓.

PROBLEM 146: Solve for the missing angle in the given figure.

Required: The value of the 𝜃.

Solution:
41° + 𝜃 = 90°
𝜽 = 𝟒𝟗°

PROBLEM 147: Solve for the missing angle in the given figure.
Required: The value of 𝜃.
Solution:
53° + 44° + 𝜃 = 180°
𝜽 = 𝟖𝟑°

PROBLEM 148: Find the value of the missing angle in the given figure.

Required: The value of the 𝜃.

Solution:
108° + 64° + 39° + 58° + 𝜃 = 360°
𝜽 = 𝟗𝟏°

PROBLEM 149: Two straight lines AB and CD intersect at O. If ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 is 43°, find ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷, ∠𝐷𝑂𝐵, and ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶.

Required: The values of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷, ∠𝐷𝑂𝐵, and ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶.

Solution: First is to illustrate the problem.

∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = ∠𝐷𝑂𝐵
∠𝑫𝑶𝑩 = 𝟒𝟑°
∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 180°
43° + ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 180°
 ∠𝑨𝑶𝑫 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕°
∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶
∠𝑩𝑶𝑪 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕°

PROBLEM 150: Determine the value of angle 𝛽 in the given figure.

Required: The value of 𝛽 in the figure.

Solution:
133° + 𝛼 = 180°
𝛼 = 47°
𝛼=𝛽
𝜷 = 𝟒𝟕°

PROBLEM 151: Determine the value of angle 𝜃 in the figure.

Required: The value of angle 𝜃.

Solution:
∠𝐵𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐹 = 23°37′
∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 = ∠𝐶𝐸𝐹 = 35°49′
∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 = 𝜃 = ∠𝐶𝐸𝐹 + ∠𝐴𝐸𝐹 = 35°49′ + 23°37′
 𝜽 = 𝟓𝟗°𝟐𝟔′

PROBLEM 152: Determine angles c and d in the given figure.

Required: The values of c and d.

Solution:
𝑎 = 𝑏 = 46°
𝑐 + 46° = 90°
𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒°
46° + 𝑑 = 180°
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒°

PROBLEM 153: Find the value of 𝜃 in the given figure.

Required: The value of 𝜃.

Solution:
60° + 80° + 2𝜃 = 180°
𝜽 = 𝟐𝟎°
PROBLEM 154: Find the angle 𝛼.

Required: The value of angle 𝛼.

Solution: Create imaginary lines and variables in the figure.

x
y

𝜃 + 137°29′ = 180°
𝜃 = 42°31′
𝜃 = 𝑥 = 42°31′
𝑧 = 𝑦 = 16°49′
𝑥+𝑦 =𝛼
𝛼 = 42°31′ + 16°49′
𝜶 = 𝟓𝟗°𝟐𝟎′

PROBLEM 155: In the figure, find angles a, b, and c.

Required: The values of angles a, b, and c.

Solution:
69° + 𝑏 = 90°
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟏°
29° + 69° + 𝑐 = 180°
𝒄 = 𝟖𝟐°
 𝑎 + 90° + 21° = 180°
𝒂 = 𝟔𝟗°

PROBLEM 156: Find angle 𝛽 in the figure.

Required: The value of angle 𝛽.

Solution: Create imaginary lines and variables in the figure.

z e

133° + 𝑥 = 180°
𝑥 = 47°
𝑥 = 𝑧 = 47°
𝑦 + 98° = 180°
𝑦 = 82°
𝑦 = 𝑒 = 82°
𝑧 + 𝑒 + 𝛽 = 180°
47° + 82° + 𝛽 = 180°
𝜷 = 𝟓𝟏°

PROBLEM 157: Determine the value of 𝜃 and 𝛼 in the figure.

Required: The values of 𝜃 and 𝛼.
Solution:
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + 90° + 62° = 180°
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 28°
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 28°
28° + ∠𝐶𝐷𝐸 + 15° = 180°
∠𝐶𝐷𝐸 = 137°
𝜃 + 137° = 180°
𝜽 = 𝟒𝟑°
𝛼 + 15° = 180°
𝜶 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓°

PROBLEM 158: ABC is an isosceles triangle in which the unequal angle BAC is 56°. AB is extended to D as
shown in the figure. Find, for the triangle, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵. Also, calculate ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶.

Required: The values for ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵, and ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶.

Solution:
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + 56° = 180°
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 56° = 180°
∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 = 𝟔𝟐°
∠𝑨𝑪𝑩 = 𝟔𝟐°
62° + ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 180°
∠𝑫𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖°

PROBLEM 159: Find angles a, b, c, d, and e in the figure.

Required: The values of the angles a, b, c, d, and e.

Solution:
𝒄 = 𝟓𝟓°
𝑏 + 62° + 55° = 180°
𝒃 = 𝟔𝟑°
 𝑎 + 55° + 63° = 180°
𝒂 = 𝟔𝟐°
𝑎=𝑒
𝒆 = 𝟔𝟐°
55° + 62° + 𝑑 = 180°
𝒅 = 𝟔𝟑°

PROBLEM 160: Determine ∠𝜙 and ∠𝑥 in the figure.

Required: The values of ∠𝜙 and ∠𝑥.

Solution:
∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 + 58° + 90° = 180°
∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 32°
∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 32°
32° + 19° + ∠𝐶𝐵𝐴 = 180°
∠𝐶𝐵𝐴 = 129°
∠𝜙 + 129° = 180°
∠𝝓 = 𝟓𝟏°
∠𝑥 + 19° = 180°
∠𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏°

PROBLEM 161: Determine the angles a and b in the figure.

Required: The value of angles a and b.

Solution:
56°29′ + 90° + (14°41′ + 𝑎) = 180°
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟖°𝟓𝟎′
′
18°50 + 𝑏 + 90° = 180°
𝒃 = 𝟕𝟏°𝟏𝟎′

PROBLEM 162: Determine the angles c, d, e, f, and g in the figure.

Required: The values of the angles c, d, e, f, and g.

Solution:
𝒄 = 𝟔𝟖°
𝑑 + 90° = 180°
𝒅 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝑒 + 90° + 68° = 180°
𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐°
𝑓 + 131° = 180°
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟗°
𝑔 + 49° + 90° = 180°
𝒈 = 𝟒𝟏°

PROBLEM 163: Find the unknown angles a to k in the figure.

Required: The values of angles a to k.
Solution:
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓°
𝑒 + 125° = 180°
𝒆 = 𝟓𝟓°
𝑒=𝑏
𝒃 = 𝟓𝟓°
𝑎 + 22° + 55° = 180°
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑°
𝑐 + 103° = 180°
𝒄 = 𝟕𝟕°
𝑘 + 99° = 180°
𝒌 = 𝟖𝟏°
77° + 81° + 𝑓 = 180°
𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐°
55° + 22° + 𝑔 = 180°
𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑°
𝑔=𝑖
𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑°
103° + 𝑗 = 180°
𝒋 = 𝟕𝟕°
𝑗=ℎ
𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕°

PROBLEM 164: Triangle ABC has a right angle at B and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 is 34°. BC is produced to D. If the bisectors of
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 meet at E, determine ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶.

Required: The value of ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶.

Solution: Illustrate the problem.

34° + 45° + 𝑏 = 180°

𝑏 = 101°
101° + 𝑧 = 180°
 𝑧 = 79°
𝑥 + 79° + 45° = 180°
𝑥 = 56°
2𝑦 + 56° = 180°
𝑦 = 62°
𝑎 + 79° = 180°
𝑎 = 101°
∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 + 101° + 62° = 180°
∠𝑩𝑬𝑪 = 𝟏𝟕°

PROBLEM 165: If in the given figure, triangle BCD is equilateral, find the interior angles of triangle ABE.

Required: The interior angles of triangle ABE.

Solution:
∠𝑨𝑩𝑬 = ∠𝑩 = 𝟔𝟎°
∠𝐴𝐸𝐵 + 97° = 180°
∠𝑨𝑬𝑩 = ∠𝑬 = 𝟖𝟑°
60° + 83° + ∠𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 180°
∠𝑬𝑨𝑩 = ∠𝑨 = 𝟑𝟕°

PROBLEM 166: In the figure, find the length of side a.

Required: The length of side a.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑑
=
𝑐 𝑎
5 4.42
=
12 𝑎
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒄𝒎

PROBLEM 167: In the given figure, find the dimensions of r and p.

Required: The dimensions of r and p.

Solution:
𝑟 6.82
=
7.44 10.63
𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝑝 6.82
=
12.97 10.63
𝒑 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝒄𝒎

PROBLEM 168: In the given figure, show that triangles CBD and CAE are similar and hence find the length
of CD and BD.

Required: The length of CD and BD.

Solution:
𝐶𝐷 9
=
12 15
𝑪𝑫 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
𝐵𝐷 9
=
10 15
𝑩𝑫 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎
PROBLEM 169: A rectangular shed 2 m wide and 3m high stands against a perpendicular building of height
5.5 m. A ladder is used to gain access to the roof of the building. Determine the minimum distance
between the bottom of the ladder and the shed.

Required: The minimum distance between the bottom of the ladder and the shed.

Solution: First is to let x be the minimum distance between the bottom of the ladder and the shed. Next is
to illustrate the problem.

Also, realize that triangle 1 is similar to triangle 2. Therefore, find z and y first to determine x.
𝑦 = 2𝑚
𝑧 = 2.5 𝑚
𝑥 3
=
2 2.5
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎

PROBLEM 170: In the given figure, find the lengths x and y.

Required: The lengths x and y.

Solution:
𝑥 25.69
=
4.74 7.36
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝑦 7.36
=
14.58 25.69
𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒎

PROBLEM 171: Two aircraft leave and airfield at the same time. One travels due north at an average speed
of 300 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟 and the other due west at an average speed of 220 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟. Calculate their distance apart
after 4 hours.
Required: The distance between the two aircrafts after 4 hours.
Solution: Get the distances of the two aircrafts after 4 hours.
300 𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = ( ) (4 ℎ𝑟) = 1200 𝑘𝑚
ℎ𝑟
220 𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡 = ( ) (4 ℎ𝑟) = 880 𝑘𝑚
ℎ𝑟
Next is to illustrate the problem. Let x be the distance between the two aircrafts after 4 hours.

𝑥 = √12002 + 8802
𝒙 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝒎

PROBLEM 172: A tent peg is 4 m away from a 6 m high tent. What length of rope runs from the top of the
tent to the peg?

Required: The length of rope that runs from the top of the tent to the peg.
Solution: First is to illustrate the problem. Let x be the length of the rope.

𝑥 = √62 + 42
𝒙 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟏 𝒎

PROBLEM 173: