COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

ECE & EEE

Class-13

- A.Sathish Kumar,ME,MBA
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Recap of Last Class

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 Outline

❑ Transport Layer Protocols

❑ Network Layer Protocols
❑ Application Layer Protocols

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Transmission Control Protocol

✓ TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.

✓ It creates a virtual connection to send data.

✓ Connection establishment, data transfer, and connection

teardown phases

✓ TCP uses flow and error control mechanisms.

✓ TCP uses a combination of GBN and SR protocols to provide

reliability

✓ TCP uses checksum, retransmission, cumulative and selective

acknowledgments and timers.

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Table 23.2 Well-known ports used by TCP

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Figure 23.13 Stream delivery

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Figure 23.16 TCP Header format

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Figure 23.17 Control field

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Figure 23.18 Connection establishment using three-way handshaking

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Figure 23.19 Data transfer

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Figure 23.20 Connection termination using three-way handshaking

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Figure 23.21 Half-close

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Note

In modern implementations, a
retransmission occurs if the
retransmission timer expires or three
duplicate ACK segments have arrived.
The receiver TCP delivers only ordered
data to the process.

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Figure 23.26 Fast retransmission

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USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL

✓ Process-to-Process Communication
✓ Connectionless Services
✓ It is unreliable transport protocol.
✓ Flow Control – No flow control
✓ Error Control – Checksum used
✓ Congestion Control -- does not provide Congestion Control
✓ Encapsulation and Decapsulation -- To send a message from
one process to another
✓ Queuing -- queues are associated with ports
✓ Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
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Figure 23.5 Socket address

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Figure 23.9 User datagram format

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Figure 23.10 Pseudoheader for checksum calculation

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 Example 23.2

Figure 23.11 shows the checksum calculation for a very

small user datagram with only 7 bytes of data. Because
the number of bytes of data is odd, padding is added for
checksum calculation. The pseudoheader as well as the
padding will be dropped when the user datagram is
delivered to IP.

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Figure 23.11 Checksum calculation of a simple UDP user datagram

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Summary

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MCQs
1) The maximum size of the TCP header is
A. 20 bytes
B. 40 bytes
C. 60 bytes
D. 80 bytes

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MCQs
2) The minimum size of a UDP datagram would be
A. 4 bytes
B. 8 bytes
C. 20 bytes
D. 28 bytes

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MCQs
3) The connection establishment in TCP is called
A. Three- way Handshaking
B. Three-way Data transfer
C. Two-way Handshaking
D. Two-way data transfer

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MCQs
4) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), implements an error
control mechanism to provide
A. Unreliability
B. Availability
C. Security
D. reliability

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MCQs
5) There is no flow control and hence no window mechanism in
A. UDP
B. TCP
C. TCP/IP
D. ICMP

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MCQs
6) Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new
A. Message-oriented transport layer protocol
B. Connectionless protocol
C. Connection oriented protocol
D. Stream oriented protocol

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MCQs
7) The most common way that is used to achieve process-to-process
communication is
A. Node/host paradigm
B. client/server paradigm
C. Network/transport paradigm
D. Process/Program paradigm

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MCQs
8)

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