MNL 32-2014

Manual on Test
Sieving Methods:
Guidelines for
Establishing Sieve
Analysis Procedures
5th Edition
Trent Smith, Editor

ASTM Stock #: MNL32-5TH
ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
PO Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Printed in U.S.A.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 1 20/12/13 7:27 AM

ii
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Manual on test sieving methods / prepared by ASTM Committee E29 as Guidelines

for establishing sieve analysis procedures ; Trent Smith [editor]. — 2014 edition.
pages cm — (ASTM manual series ; MNL32)
“From many sources, proven methods for making reliable sieve analysis to serve
as a guide for the novice and a reference for the more advanced. Test Sieving
Methods was originally compiled by W. C. Mahlig and A. E. Reed” — Foreword.
“ASTM Stock #: MNL32.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8031-7046-9 (alk. paper)
1. Particle size determination. 2. Sieves. 3. Granular materials. I. Smith,
Trent. II. ASTM Committee E-29 on Particle and Spray Characterization.
TA418.8.M36 2014
620’.43—dc23
2013033595
Copyright © 2014 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved.
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Printed in
Baltimore, MD
January, 2014
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iii
Foreword
This manual on test sieving methods is intended for use as a supplement
to, and not as a substitute for, the many ASTM standards relating to the
sieve analysis of materials. There has been a need for a manual that would
bring together, from many sources, proven methods for making reliable
sieve analysis to serve as a guide for the novice and a reference for the more
advanced.
Test Sieving Methods was originally compiled by W. C. Mahlig and
A. E. Reed. The latest revisions to this manual were made by a working
subcommittee, ASTM E29.01. Please contact the sponsoring committee,
E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization, for any additional information.
This is MNL 32 in ASTM International’s manual series.
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BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 4 20/12/13 7:27 AM
v
Contents
1—Types of Sieves ��1
1.1 ASTM Standard Test Sieves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 International Standards Organization (ISO) Test Sieves . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 ASTM and ISO Test Sieves with Enhanced Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 ASTM Perforated-Plate Sieves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 ASTM Precision Electroformed Sieves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2—Sieving Methods��17
2.1 Hand Sieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Standard Mechanical Sieve Shakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Vibratory Mechanical Sieve Shakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Miscellaneous Mechanical Sieve Shakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3—Test Sieving Procedures ��20
3.1 Sample Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 The Sieve Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 Weighing and Calculations��22
4—Sieving Practices��26
4.1 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Wet Sieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 Sieve Care and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Sieving Aids and Flow Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.5 Setting Up a Quality Control Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5—Appendix��34
Table A-1: Suggested Bulk Volume of Test Sample for Sieve Analysis
with 8-in. and 200-mm Round Sieves��34
Table A-2: Typical Bulk Densities of Various Particulate Materials . . . . . . 35
Table A-3: List of ASTM Published Standards on Sieve Analysis
Procedures for Specific Materials or Industries��39
Table A-4: List of ASTM Published Standards on Sampling
of Particulate Materials��56
6—Nomenclature ��62
7—References��66
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1. Types of Sieves
1.1 ASTM Standard Test Sieves
Standard test sieves (Fig. 1) that conform to ASTM Specification E11 are a series
of test sieves with intervals based on a fixed ratio of 4√2:1 between opening sizes
(Table 1). The concept, pioneered by Peter Ritter von Rittinger of Austria in 1867,
was first introduced in the United States in 1910 and has since achieved worldwide
use. The number of sieves in the series and the intervals of the opening sizes have
proven to be ideal for analytical separation of particulate materials to designated
sizes using sieves. Since 1910, many countries have adopted national sieve stan-
dards on the basis of the same fixed ratio as the ASTM E11 Specification.
The most commonly used ASTM sieves are 3, 8, or 12 in. in diameter and
are constructed of brass, stainless steel, or a combination of brass frame and
stainless-steel cloth (Table 2). There is no performance differential between sieves
of different diameters; however, larger sieves have a greater sample capacity as a
result of the larger mesh area. All sieves are offered with conventional full-height
or half-height frames, and some diameters are available in an intermediate height.
Use of varying frame heights allows options for reducing overall stack height or
increasing the number of sieves in a stack, or it allows use when minimal sample
is retained.
Fig. 1—ASTM sieves.
Because of various specialized sieving applications, there are many popular

nonstandard-type sieves (Fig. 2). Refer to industry-specific standards or guidelines
that may give guidance in selecting such sieves. Nonstandard sieve frames are
manufactured using different types of sieve frame materials, shapes, and dimen-
sions. Screen tray, box type, or other nonstandard test sieve frames may be used
with ASTM wire cloth under the nonstandard frames definition in ASTM E11.
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Table 1—ASTM E11: Nominal Dimensions and Permissible Variations for Sieve Cloth and Compliance, Inspection, and Calibration 2
Test Sieves
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
Sieve Designation +X Compliance Sieves Inspection Sieves Calibration Sieves Permissible Range of Choice
Nominal ±Y Maximum Resulting
Sieve Variation Variation Maximum Sample Maximum Sample Maximum Sample Maximum Typical
Opening for Average for Individual Openings Standard Openings Standard Openings Standard Wire
Standard Alternative (in.) Opening Opening Opening per 100 ft2 Deviation per Sieve Deviation per Sieve Deviation Diameter Min Max
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millimetre inches millimetre millimetre millimetre millimetre
125 5 in. 5 3.66 4.51 129.51 20 – all – all – 8 6.8 9.2
106 4.24 in. 4.24 3.12 3.99 109.99 20 – all – all – 6.3 5.4 7.2
100 4 in. 4 2.94 3.82 103.82 20 – all – all – 6.3 5.4 7.2
90 3½ in. 3.5 2.65 3.53 93.53 20 – all – all – 6.3 5.4 7.2
75 3 in. 3 2.22 3.09 78.09 20 – all – all – 6.3 5.4 7.2
63 2½ in. 2.5 1.87 2.71 65.71 20 – all – all – 5.6 4.8 6.4
53 2.12 in. 2.12 1.58 2.39 55.39 20 – all . all – 5 4.3 5.8
50 2 in. 2 1.49 2.29 52.29 20 – all – all – 5 4.3 5.8

Manual on Test Sieving Methods
45 1¾ in. 1.75 1.35 2.12 47.12 20 . all – all – 4.5 3.8 5.2
37.5 1½ in. 1.5 1.13 1.85 39.35 20 1.374 all – all – 4.5 3.8 5.2
31.5 1¼ in. 1.25 0.95 1.63 33.13 20 1.066 all – all – 4 3.4 4.6
26.5 1.06 in. 1.06 0.802 1.44 27.94 20 0.869 15 0.584 all – 3.55 3 4.1
25 1.00 in. 1 0.758 1.38 26.38 20 0.823 15 0.553 all – 3.55 3 4.1

7
22.4 /8 in. 0.875 0.681 1.27 23.67 150 0.734 15 0.493 all – 3.55 3 4.1
19 ¾ in. 0.750 0.579 1.13 20.13 150 0.622 15 0.418 30 0.446 3.15 2.7 3.5
5
16 /8 in. 0.625 0.490 0.99 16.99 150 0.527 15 0.354 30 0.378 3.15 2.7 3.6
13.2 0.530 in. 0.530 0.406 0.86 14.06 150 0.441 15 0.296 30 0.316 2.8 2.4 3.2
(Continued)
20/12/13 11:44 AM
Table 1—ASTM E11: Nominal Dimensions and Permissible Variations for Sieve Cloth and Compliance, Inspection, and Calibration Test Sieves
(Continued)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
Sieve Designation +X Compliance Sieves Inspection Sieves Calibration Sieves Permissible Range of Choice
Nominal ±Y Maximum Resulting
Sieve Variation Variation Maximum Sample Maximum Sample Maximum Sample Maximum Typical
Opening for Average for Individual Openings Standard Openings Standard Openings Standard Wire
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 3
Standard Alternative (in.) Opening Opening Opening per 100 ft2 Deviation per Sieve Deviation per Sieve Deviation Diameter Min Max
millimetre inches millimetre millimetre millimetre millimetre
12.5 ½ in. 0.500 0.385 0.83 13.33 150 0.421 15 0.283 30 0.302 2.5 2.1 2.9
7
11.2 /16 in. 0.438 0.346 0.77 11.97 150 0.382 15 0.256 30 0.274 2.5 2.1 2.9
3
9.5 /8 in. 0.375 0.295 0.68 10.18 150 0.330 15 0.222 30 0.237 2.24 1.9 2.6
5
8 /16 in. 0.312 0.249 0.60 8.60 150 0.284 15 0.191 30 0.204 2 1.7 2.3
6.7 0.265 in. 0.265 0.210 0.53 7.23 150 0.245 15 0.164 30 0.175 1.8 1.5 2.1
6.3 ¼ in. 0.250 0.197 0.51 6.81 150 0.233 15 0.157 30 0.167 1.8 1.5 2.1
5.6 No. 31/2 0.223 0.176 0.47 6.07 150 0.211 15 0.142 30 0.151 1.6 1.3 1.9
4.75 No. 4 0.187 0.150 0.41 5.16 150 0.182 15 0.123 30 0.131 1.6 1.3 1.9
4 No. 5 0.157 0.127 0.37 4.37 150 0.161 15 0.108 30 0.115 1.4 1.2 1.7
3.35 No. 6 0.132 0.107 0.32 3.67 200 0.138 20 0.097 40 0.103 1.25 1.06 1.5
2.8 No. 7 0.110 0.090 0.29 3.09 200 0.121 20 0.085 40 0.090 1.12 0.95 1.3
2.36 No. 8 0.0937 0.076 0.25 2.61 200 0.104 20 0.073 40 0.077 1 0.85 1.15
2 No. 10 0.0787 0.065 0.23 2.23 250 0.094 25 0.068 50 0.072 0.9 0.77 1.04
1.7 No. 12 0.0661 0.056 0.20 1.90 250 0.081 25 0.059 50 0.062 0.8 0.68 0.92
1.4 No. 14 0.0555 0.046 0.18 1.58 400 0.071 40 0.055 80 0.057 0.71 0.6 0.82
1.18 No. 16 0.0469 0.040 0.16 1.34 400 0.063 40 0.049 80 0.051 0.63 0.54 0.72
1 No. 18 0.0394 0.034 0.14 1.14 400 0.055 40 0.042 80 0.044 0.56 0.48 0.64
3
(Continued)
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4
Table 1—ASTM E11: Nominal Dimensions and Permissible Variations for Sieve Cloth and Compliance, Inspection, and Calibration Test Sieves
(Continued)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
micrometre inches micrometre micrometre micrometre micrometre
850 No. 20 0.0331 29.1 127 977 400 48.76 40 37.73 80 39.36 0.5 0.43 0.58
710 No. 25 0.0278 24.7 112 822 500 42.63 50 33.82 100 35.14 0.45 0.38 0.52
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600 No. 30 0.0234 21.2 101 701 500 38.00 50 30.14 100 31.32 0.4 0.34 0.46
500 No. 35 0.0197 18.0 89 589 600 33.23 60 26.85 120 27.82 0.315 0.27 0.36
425 No. 40 0.0165 15.5 81 506 600 29.95 60 24.20 120 25.08 0.28 0.24 0.32
355 No. 45 0.0139 13.3 72 427 800 26.45 80 21.95 160 22.64 0.224 0.19 0.26
300 No. 50 0.0117 11.5 65 365 800 23.70 80 19.66 160 20.29 0.2 0.17 0.23
250 No. 60 0.0098 9.9 58 308 800 21.02 80 17.44 160 17.99 0.16 0.13 0.19
212 No. 70 0.0083 8.7 52 264 800 18.79 80 15.59 160 16.08 0.14 0.12 0.17
180 No. 80 0.0070 7.6 47 227 1000 16.85 100 14.24 200 14.65 0.125 0.106 0.15
150 No. 100 0.0059 6.6 43 193 1000 15.30 100 12.93 200 13.30 0.1 0.085 0.115
125 No. 120 0.0049 5.8 38 163 1000 13.51 100 11.41 200 11.74 0.09 0.077 0.104
106 No. 140 0.0041 5.2 35 141 1000 12.39 100 10.47 200 10.77 0.071 0.06 0.082
90 No. 170 0.0035 4.6 32 122 1000 11.27 100 9.53 200 9.80 0.063 0.054 0.072
75 No. 200 0.0029 4.1 29 104 1000 10.23 100 8.64 250 9.02 0.05 0.043 0.058
63 No. 230 0.0025 3.7 26 89 1000 9.18 100 7.76 250 8.09 0.045 0.038 0.052
53 No. 270 0.0021 3.4 24 77 1000 8.44 100 7.13 250 7.44 0.036 0.031 0.041
45 No. 325 0.0017 3.1 22 67 1000 7.76 100 6.56 250 6.84 0.032 0.027 0.037
38 No. 400 0.0015 2.9 20 58 1000 7.09 100 5.99 300 6.31 0.03 0.024 0.035
32 No. 450 0.0012 2.7 18 50 1000 6.42 100 5.42 300 5.71 0.028 0.023 0.033
25 No. 500 0.0010 2.5 16 41 1000 5.71 100 4.82 300 5.06 0.025 0.021 0.029
20 No. 635 0.0008 2.3 15 35 1000 5.33 100 4.51 300 4.75 0.02 0.017 0.023
Column 3—These numbers are only approximate but are in use for reference; the sieve shall be identified by the standard designation in millimetres or micrometres.
Columns 9 and 11—See Annex A1, which specifies that all openings will be inspected for test sieves having 15 openings or less.
Columns 9 and 11—These number of sample openings are based on an 8-in. diameter test sieve.
20/12/13 11:44 AM
Manual on Test Sieving Methods 5
Table 2—ASTM E11: Dimensions of Standard Frames

Nominal Mean Diameter, in. (mm) Typical FrameA
Diameter,
in. Inside at TopB Outside on Skirt Nominal Height, in. (mm)
3 3.000 + 0.030/−0.000 3.000 + 0.000/−0.030 1 ¼ (32) FHC
(76 + 0.76/−0.00) (76 + 0.00/−0.76) 5

/8 (16) HH
6 6.000 + 0.030/−0.000 6.000 + 0.000/−0.030 1 ¾ (45) FH
(152 + 0.76/−0.00) (152 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 (25) HH
8 8.000 + 0.030/−0.000 8.000 + 0.000/−0.030 2 (50) FH
(203 + 0.76/−0.00 (203 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 (25) HH
10 10.000 + 0.030/−0.000 10.000 + 0.000/−0.030 3 (76) FH
(254 + 0.76/−0.00) (254 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 ½ (38) HH
12 12.000 + 0.030/−0.000 12.000 + 0.000/−0.030 3 ¼ (83) FH
(305 + 0.76/−0.00) (305 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 3/8 (50) IH
1 5/8 (41) HH
A
Frame height measured from top of frame to top of sieve cloth.
B
Measured 0.2 in. (5 mm) below the top of the frame.
C
FH = full height; HH = half height; IH = intermediate height.
Fig. 2—Nonstandard sieve frames.
1.2 International Standards Organization (ISO) Test Sieves

In 1969, the ISO, with the United States participating, adopted a Recom-
mended Series of Apertures for Test Sieves for universal use. In 1970, the U.S.
Standard Sieve Series, ASTM Specification E11, was revised for full compat-
ibility with the ISO Recommended Aperture Designations, retaining the basic
4√2:1 ratio between the sieve opening sizes (Tables 3 and 4). All ASTM series
apertures are contained within the wider range of the ISO series.
ISO test sieves are manufactured in full or half height 100-, 200-, 300-, 400-,
or 450-mm diameter frames with brass, stainless steel, or a combination of brass
frame with stainless-steel wire cloth (Fig. 3).
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6 Manual on Test Sieving Methods
Fig. 3—ISO test sieve.
Table 3—ISO Coarse Aperture Tolerances and Wire Diameters

Nominal Aperture Tolerances on Aperture Nominal Sizes of Wire
Sizes, wa (mm) Size (mm) Diameters, d (mm)
For
For any Average Maximum Permissible
Principal Supplementary Aperture Aperture Standard Preferred Range of
Sizes Sizes Size Size Deviation Sizes Choice
R 20/3 R 20 R 40/3 +X ±Y 𝛔0 dnom dmax dmin
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
125 125 125 4.51 3.66 8 9.2 6.8
112 4.15 3.29 8 9.2 6.8
106 3.99 3.12 6.3 7.2 5.4
100 3.82 2.94 6.3 7.2 5.4
90 90 90 3.53 2.66 6.3 7.2 5.4
80 3.24 2.37 6.3 7.2 5.4
75 3.09 2.22 b
6.3 7.2 5.4
71 2.97 2.1 5.6 6.4 4.8
63 63 63 2.71 1.87 5.6 6.4 4.8
56 2.49 1.67 5 5.8 4.3
53 2.39 1.58 5 5.8 4.3
50 2.29 1.49 5 5.8 4.3
(Continued)
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(Continued)
For
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
45 45 45 2.12 1.35 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8
40 1.94 1.2 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8
37.5 1.85 1.13 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8
35.5 1.78 1.07 1.000 4 4.6 3.4
31.5 31.5 31.5 1.63 0.95 1.000 4 4.6 3.4
28 1.5 0.85 1.000 3.55 4.1 3
26.5 1.44 0.8 1.000 3.55 4.1 3
25 1.38 0.76 1.000 3.55 4.1 3
22.4 22.4 22.4 1.27 0.68 0.920 3.55 4.1 3
20 1.17 0.61 0.780 3.15 3.6 2.7
19 1.13 0.58 0.729 3.15 3.6 2.7
18 1.08 0.55 0.690 3.15 3.6 2.7
16 16 16 0.99 0.49 0.610 3.15 3.6 2.7
14 0.9 0.43 0.530 2.8 3.2 2.4
13.2 0.86 0.41 0.506 2.8 3.2 2.4
12.5 0.83 0.39 0.480 2.5 2.9 2.1
11.2 11.2 11.2 0.77 0.35 0.430 2.5 2.9 2.1

10 0.71 0.31 0.385 2.5 2.9 2.1
9.5 0.68 0.3 0.372 2.24 2.6 1.9
9 0.65 0.28 0.350 2.24 2.6 1.9
8 8 8 0.6 0.25 0.315 2 2.3 1.7
7.1 0.55 0.22 0.280 1.8 2.1 1.5
6.7 0.53 0.21 0.269 1.8 2.1 1.5
6.3 0.51 0.2 0.255 1.8 2.1 1.5
(Continued)
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(Continued)
For

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
5.6 5.6 5.6 0.47 0.18 0.235 1.6 1.9 1.3
5 0.43 0.16 0.210 1.6 1.9 1.3
4.75 0.41 0.15 0.199 1.6 1.9 1.3
4.5 0.4 0.14 0.190 1.4 1.7 1.2

4 4 4 0.37 0.13 0.175 1.4 1.7 1.2
3.55 0.34 0.11 0.155 1.25 1.5 1.06
3.35 0.32 0.11 0.151 1.25 1.5 1.06
3.15 0.31 0.1 0.145 1.25 1.5 1.06
2.8 2.8 2.8 0.29 0.09 0.130 1.12 1.3 0.95
2.5 0.26 0.08 0.117 1 1.15 0.85
2.36 0.25 0.08 0.114 1 1.15 0.85
2.24 0.24 0.07 0.110 0.9 1.04 0.77
2 2 2 0.23 0.07 0.105 0.9 1.04 0.77
1.8 0.21 0.06 0.092 0.8 0.92 0.68
1.7 0.2 0.06 0.087 0.8 0.92 0.68
1.6 0.19 0.05 0.082 0.8 0.92 0.68
1.4 1.4 1.4 0.18 0.05 0.076 0.71 0.82 0.6
1.25 0.16 0.04 0.069 0.63 0.72 0.54
1.18 0.16 0.04 0.067 0.63 0.72 0.54
1.12 0.15 0.04 0.064 0.56 0.64 0.48
1 1 1 0.14 0.03 0.059 0.56 0.64 0.48
NOTE All aperture sizes apply for plain weave.
a
In accordance with ISO 565:1990, Table 1.
b
On account of the small number of apertures to be measured, the calculation of the parameter σ0 has
no physical reality.
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Table 4—ISO Fine Aperture Tolerances and Wire Diameters

Nominal Aperture Nominal Sizes of Wire
Sizes, wa (μm) Tolerances on Aperture Size (μm) Diameters, d (μm)
For
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
900 131 31 54.2 500 580 430
850 127 29 52.2 500 580 430
800 122 28 50.2 450 520 380
710 710 710 112 25 45.8 450 520 380
630 104 22 42 400 460 340
600 101 21 40.5 400 460 340
560 96 20 38.7 355 410 300
500 500 500 89 18 35.9 315 360 270
224 54 9 20.8 160 190 130
212 52 8.7 20 140 170 120
200 50 8.3 19.4 140 170 120
180 180 180 47 7.6 18 125 150 106
160 44 6.9 16.8 112 130 95
150 43 6.6 16.3 100 115 85
140 41 6.3 15.6 100 115 85
125 125 125 38 5.8 14.4 90 104 77
112 36 5.4 13.6 80 92 68
106 35 5.2 13.2 71 82 60

100 34 5 12.8 71 82 60
90 90 90 32 4.6 12 63 72 54
80 30 4.3 11.3 56 64 48
75 29 4.1 10.9 50 58 43
71 28 4 10.5 50 58 43
63 63 63 26 3.7 9.9 45 52 38
(Continued)
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Table 4—ISO Fine Aperture Tolerances and Wire Diameters

(Continued)
Nominal Aperture Nominal Sizes of Wire
Sizes, wa (μm) Tolerances on Aperture Size (μm) Diameters, d (μm)
For
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
56 25 3.5 9.3 40 46 34
53 24 3.4 9 36 41 31
50 23 3.3 8.7 36 41 31
45 45 45 22 3.1 8.3 32 37 27
40 21 3 7.9 32 37 27
38 20 2.9 7.7 30 35 24
R'10 36 20 2.8 7.5 30 35 24
32 19 2.7 6.8 28 33 23
25 16 2.5 6.1 25 29 21
20 14 2.3 5.7 20 23 17
NOTE All aperture sizes apply for plain weave. Aperture sizes of 45 μm and smaller apply also for
twilled weave. It should be noted, however, that plain and twilled weave sieves can have different
sieving characteristics.
a
In accordance with ISO 565:1990, Table 2.
1.3 ASTM and ISO Test Sieves with Enhanced Accuracy

ASTM and ISO feature three levels of verification or certification for measure-
ment of sieve apertures and wire diameters to confirm compliance with the
standards (Fig. 4). For more detail, see Section 4.5, Setting Up a Quality Control
Program.
1. Compliance grade: This grade is supplied with a certificate of manufactur-
ing compliance, but no statistical documentation is given. Designed for
applications in which a basic, reliable degree of accuracy and repeatability
are sufficient.
2. Inspection grade: Individual openings are measured (Fig. 5). The standard
deviation is calculated to provide a 99 % confidence level that all openings meet
the specifications. Inspection grade sieves are a good choice for applications in
which accuracy and repeatability are critical.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 10 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 4—Calibration verification certificate.
Fig. 5—Optical measurement analysis.
3. Calibration grade: For this grade, approximately twice as many individual

openings are measured as with inspection grade. The confidence level is
increased to 99.73 % that all openings meet the specifications. Calibration
sieves should be used in applications in which a very high degree of accuracy
is required.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 11 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Once inspection or calibration grade sieves are in use, they should periodically
be re-certified or re-verified to demonstrate continued compliance. This allows
sieves to remain in service longer with documented compliance to ASTM or ISO
requirements.
“Matched” sieves are an alternative to certified or verified sieves. Matched
sieves are selected through actual performance trials by comparing them to a “mas-
ter” set of sieves in a reference laboratory. Matched sieve products generally allow
test result variations no greater than 2 %. When “matching” sieves, it is advised that
after the matching process they may not meet ASTM or ISO measurement specifica-
tions. An inspection or calibration grade certification is recommended for compli-
ance with either ASTM or ISO.
1.4 ASTM Perforated-Plate Sieves

Perforated-plate sieves conforming to ASTM Specification E323 (Table 5) have
square openings from 125 to 3.35 mm (5 to 0.127 in.) or round openings from
125 to 1 mm (5 to 0.039 in.). The sizes of successive openings in the series follow
the same 4√2:1 ratio as standard ASTM E11 round test sieves with traditional
wire cloth.
Standard frames for perforated-plate sieves with openings 4 mm and larger
are made of hardwood or steel to hold 12-in. (305 mm), 16-in. (406 mm), or 18-in.
Fig. 6—Perforated-plate sieves.
(457 mm) square sieve plates. For openings smaller than 4 mm, 8-in. (203 mm)
round frames may also be used (Fig. 6).
In general, round-hole sieves are used only when the product specification
is based on round-hole openings. If perforated sieves and wire cloth sieves are
used in the same test, it is recommended that only square-opening sieves be used.
Results from square-opening and round-opening perforated-plate sieves are not
compatible.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 12 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table 5—ASTM E323: Nominal Dimensions, Permissible Variations, and Ranges for Perforated Plate in
Standard Sieves
Sieve Designation and Maximum Centers Plate Thickness
Aperture SizeA Variation Preferred Permissible Preferred Permissible
of Aperture RangeC Range
StandardD Alternative Standard Alternative Standard Alternative
SizeB
mm in.E mm mm in.E mm mm inE gageF mm
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 13
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
125 5 ±1.0 160 6¼ 144 to 184 3.4 0.1345 10 2.5 to 4.0
106 4¼ ±0.9 135 5¼ 122 to 155 3.4 0.1345 10 2.5 to 4.0
100G 4 ±0.9 128 5 115 to 147 3.4 0.1345 10 2.5 to 4.0
90 3½ ±0.8 111 43/8 100 to 128 2.7 0.1046 12 2.5 to 4.0
75 3 ±0.7 95 3¾ 86 to 109 2.7 0.1046 12 2.5 to 4.0
63 2½ ±0.6 80 31/8 72 to 92 2.7 0.1046 12 2.5 to 4.0
53 21/8 ±0.6 68 25/8 61 to 78 2.7 0.1046 12 2.5 to 4.0

G
50 2 ±0.5 64 2½ 58 to 73 2.7 0.1046 12 2.5 to 4.0
45 1¾ ±0.5 57 2¼ 51 to 65 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
37.5 1½ ±0.4 48 17/8 43 to 55 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
31.5 1¼ ±0.4 41 15/8 37 to 47 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
1 5
26.5 1 /16 ±0.4 35 1 /16 31 to 40 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
25.0G 1 ±0.4 32 1¼ 29 to 37 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
7
22.4 /8 ±0.3 29 11/8 26 to 33 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
19.0 ¾ ±0.3 25 1 22 to 29 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
5 13
16.0 /8 ±0.27 21 /16 19 to 24 1.9 0.0747 14 1.5 to 2.5
3
13.2 17/32 ±0.25 18 /4 16 to 20 1.9 0.0747 14 1.0 to 2.0
11
12.5G ½ ±0.24 17 /16 15 to 20 1.9 0.0747 14 1.0 to 2.0
7 5
11.2 /16 ±0.23 15 /8 13 to 17 1.9 0.0747 14 1.0 to 2.0
3
9.5 /8 ±0.20 13.0 ½ 11.3 to 14.9 1.9 0.0747 14 1.0 to 2.0
13
5 7
8.0 /16 ±0.19 11.0 /16 9.5 to 12.6 1.9 0.0747 14 1.0 to 2.0
(Continued)
20/12/13 11:44 AM
14
Table 5—ASTM E323: Nominal Dimensions, Permissible Variations, and Ranges for Perforated Plate in
Standard Sieves (Continued)
Sieve Designation and Maximum Centers Plate Thickness
Aperture SizeA Variation Preferred Permissible Preferred Permissible
of Aperture RangeC Range
StandardD Alternative Standard Alternative Standard Alternative
SizeB
mm in.E mm mm in.E mm mm inE gageF mm
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 14
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
17 25
6.7 /64 ±0.17 9.9 /64 8.3 to 11.4 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
3
6.3G ¼ ±0.16 9.5 /8 8.0 to 10.9 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
7 11
5.6 /32 ±0.15 8.7 /32 7.2 to 10.0 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
3
4.75 /16 ±0.14 6.8 ¼ 5.8 to 7.8 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
5 7
4.00 /32 ±0.13 5.9 /32 5.0 to 6.8 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
3
3.35 0.127(1/8) ±0.12 4.9 /16 4.2 to 5.7 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
7 11
2.80 /64 ±0.11 4.4 /64 3.7 to 5.1 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
3 5
2.36 /62 ±0.10 3.8 /32 3.2 to 4.4 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
1
2.00 0.078 ±0.09 3.3 /8 2.8 to 3.8 1.5 0.0598 16 0.8 to 1.5
7
1.70 0.066 ±0.08 2.9 /64 2.5 to 3.3 0.8 0.0299 22 0.4 to 0.8
1.40 0.055 ±0.08 2.6 0.100 2.2 to 3.0 0.8 0.0299 22 0.4 to 0.8
1.18 0.045 ±0.07 2.2 0.090 1.9 to 2.5 0.8 0.0299 22 0.4 to 0.8
1.00 0.039 ±0.07 2.0 0.077 1.7 to 2.3 0.8 0.0299 22 0.4 to 0.8
A
The values shown in this table refer to both round and square apertures. In general, square-aperture perforated-sieve plates are available only in 3.35 mm and larger.
B
This permissible variation applies to both the standard aperture sizes and the alternative aperture sizes.
C
A range of ±15 % is allowed except that in no case shall the minimum bridge (bar between apertures) be less than one half of the difference between the nominal
aperture and the preferred center.
D
These standard designations, progressing from a base of 1 mm in the ratio of approximately 4√2 to 1, correspond to the values for test sieve apertures recommended by
the International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
E
Only approximately equivalent to the standard values.
F
The gage values are for carbon steel. For other materials, the gage used should be the nearest decimal equivalent of the U.S. standard gage for steel.
G
These sieves are not in the standard series but they have been included because they are in common usage.
20/12/13 11:44 AM
Fig. 7—Metal frame electroformed sieves.
Fig. 8—Acrylic frame electroformed sieves.
1.5 ASTM Precision Electroformed Sieves

Precision electroformed sieves (Fig. 7 and 8) can be used as an alternative to woven-
wire test sieves when the user requires sieves that will offer a more precise and
accurate result or the user requires an opening size other than what is offered with
standard ASTM or ISO test sieves.
Electroformed sieves conforming to ASTM Specification E161 (Table 6) are
available with opening ranges from 2000 to 3 μm. Electroformed sieves produced
offer tolerances up to ±2 μm to nominal. Each electroformed sieve is serialized and
is accompanied with a Certificate of Compliance to ASTM E161. Because of the
method of manufacture and close tolerances of opening sizes, the open area may
be significantly lower than that of corresponding woven wire; therefore, reduced
samples sizes are recommended. The electroformed mesh sheet used in making
these sieves can be very delicate and should be handled with extreme care. Test
procedures designed for woven-wire test sieves must often be modified when using
electroformed sieves.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 15 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table 6—ASTM E161: Nominal Dimensions, Permissible

Variations, and Limits for Precision Electroformed Sieves
Tolerance Limits, Openings per Limits, Openings per
Nominal on Sieve Linear cmB Linear in.
Opening Openings,
Size, μmA ±μm Min Max Min Max
500 2.0 15.35 16.14 39 41
425 2.0 17.32 18.11 44 46
355 2.0 19.29 20.87 49 53
300 2.0 22.83 24.41 58 62
250 2.0 25.20 26.77 64 68
212 2.0 31.89 33.46 81 85
180 2.0 35.04 36.61 89 93
150 2.0 41.34 46.06 105 117
125 2.0 46.06 51.18 117 130
106 2.0 47.24 59.06 120 150
90 2.0 55.12 78.74 140 200
75 2.0 59.06 78.74 150 200
63 2.0 66.93 98.43 170 250
53 2.0 78.74 110.24 200 280
45 2.0 90.55 118.11 230 300
38 2.0 98.43 137.80 250 350
32 2.0 110.24 157.48 280 400
25 2.0 118.11 C
196.85 C
300 C
500C
20 2.0 157.48C 295.28C 400C 750C
15 2.0 157.48C 295.28C 400C 750C
10 2.0 196.85C 393.70C 500C 1000C
5 2.0 196.85C 590.55C 500C 1500C

A
These nominal size openings are from the preferred number series R40/3 and R10. (Openings on
apertures 32 μm and less are series R10.) These standard designations correspond to the values for test
sieve apertures recommended by the International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in
ISO 565. Other opening sizes are not precluded.
B
These limits permit at least two adjacent sieves to be formed with the same number of openings per
cm. The percent open area must in no case be so great that the width of metal between openings is
less than 13 μm.
C
Because of their greater durability in routine testing, sieves made close to the minimum limit are
normally supplied. Sieves made close to the maximum limit may be obtained only on special order but
are preferable from the standpoint of logical progression and better test completion time.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 16 20/12/13 11:44 AM

2. Sieving methods

2.1 Hand Sieving
Hand sieving is the original and most basic method for performing sieve analyses.
It should be noted that hand sieving is very subjective, and results from different
operators may vary considerably. Hand sieving is acceptable for applications in
which a high degree of accuracy and repeatability are not essential. Hand sieving
tests are performed on one sieve at a time. An acceptable procedure is to place the
test sample on a clean, dry sieve with the pan attached. While holding the sieve and
pan in both hands, sieve with a gentle rotary motion and repetitively tap on the
side of the sieve until not more than 1 % by weight of the material passes the sieve
during 1 min of agitation. The 1 % by weight in 1 min is a common rule used in
many sieving procedures and is often considered the end point of a sieve analysis.
2.2 Standard Mechanical Sieve Shakers

Sieve shakers save considerable time and effort and demonstrate superior accuracy,
consistency, and repeatability compared with manual shaking methods for particle siz-
ing. Effective agitation lifts all particles off of the sieve cloth, reorients them, and allows
them to be repeatedly “tried” to different openings at different angles. Careful review of
shaker specifications allows for optimal choices for different materials and applications.
Mechanical sieve shakers were originally designed to mimic the proper motion
of hand sieving. Today, many types of mechanical shakers using different methods of
agitation are widely used in laboratories to improve efficiency, output, and accuracy.
There are two general types of mechanical sieve shakers. Tapping sieve shakers (Fig. 9)
combine an orbital motion with repetitive tapping. Mechanical tapping continually
reorients particles to the mesh surface and increases the possibilities that they will pass
through the apertures. Tapping also promotes the passage of near-size materials, help-
ing prevent blinding of the mesh openings. Tapping sieve shakers are well suited for
use with multiple material types or for finer materials smaller than 75 μm. Non-tapping
mechanical sieve shakers (Fig. 10) are sufficient for free-flowing particles that are easily
Fig. 9—Mechanical sieve shakers with tapping.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 17 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 10—Non-tapping mechanical sieve shakers.
sieved and coarser than 75 μm. These shakers generally agitate in an orbital, circular,
or side-to-side motion, allowing the particles to roll and retry different sieve apertures.
2.3 Vibratory Mechanical Sieve Shakers

Vibratory sieve shakers (Fig. 11) vibrate the sieve or sieve stack at a frequency or
amplitude, agitating particles to reorient and retry sieve apertures. Some advanced
vibratory sieve shakers offer variable frequency and amplitude control of vibration
or a pause function, or both. The pause feature functions in a manner similar to
tapping, allowing the materials to rest on the sieve and then reorient to different
apertures when vibration resumes. These features make the vibratory shaker
Fig. 11—Vibratory sieve shakers.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 18 20/12/13 11:44 AM

c ustomizable to specific material characteristics. The action can be fine-tuned to

create a fluidized bed of particles in constant motion.
The optimal vibratory setting should be fluid enough to move the particles
while ensuring maximal contact time on the mesh surface. The longer a particle is
airborne, the fewer apertures will be tried. Most vibratory sieve shakers are used
for finer particle sizes and are generally not suitable for material coarser than the
#4 sieve (4.75 mm).
2.4 Miscellaneous Mechanical Sieve Shakers

There are many additional types of sieve shakers in use other than those specifi-
cally covered in this section. What is important to know is that not all sieve shakers
are the same, and particles can react differently to different mechanical actions. If
a material has a tendency to agglomerate, is prone to static attraction, or is easily
degraded, then these factors must be accounted for when selecting a shaker. Before
selecting a sieve shaker for materials with elongated or near-size particles, with very
high or very low specific gravities, or with other unique properties, the characteris-
tics of the shaker should be carefully evaluated.
As a note of caution, if a user is attempting to compare or correlate test results
with another user, then it is strongly advised that both users have access to similar
sieve shakers and all sieves are verified with either inspection or calibration grade
certification.
Specialized sieve shakers are frequently used to increase accuracy and
efficiency when testing certain materials. A testing screen (Fig. 12) with 18- by
24-in. screen trays is often used for predominantly coarse materials, commonly
found with analysis of mineral aggregates, other mined minerals, ores, and met-
als. An air jet sieve system (Fig. 13) uses a constant stream of air to sieve par-
ticles with the use of one sieve per test. Thirdly, a sonic sifter (Fig. 14) uses sonic
energy for accurate separations of small samples of very fine, delicate powders.
Fig. 12—Testing screen.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 19 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 13—Air jet sieve. Fig. 14—Sonic sifter.
Wet sieving is often required for materials that are difficult to separate in a dry
state. Some sieve shakers are designed specifically for wet sieving. There are also
add-on accessories to modify sieve shakers for wet sieving operations. The applica-
tion and collection of wash water are important considerations when selecting a wet
sieving system. The system must thoroughly wet the sample while permitting agitation
and allow the wash water to be collected or processed in a way that ensures minimal
sample loss.
3. Test Sieving Procedures

3.1 Sample Size
To determine a suitable sample size for testing, the following procedure is sug-
gested. Make up several representative samples, such as 25, 50, 100, and 200 g.
Run each of the samples in the selected sieves for approximately 15 min on a
suitable mechanical sieve shaker. Comparing the results will help determine the
optimal sample size. If the 100-g sample shows approximately the same percent-
age passing the finer sieves as the 50-g sample, but the 200-g sample has lower
percentages through the same sieves, then this indicates that 200 g is too much,
but 100 g would be satisfactory. When determining a suitable weight for the
test specimen, it is important to know the unit weight or specific gravity of the
material. A 100-cm3 sample of powdered iron would weigh approximately 390 g
whereas the same volume of diatomaceous earth would weigh only 50 g. Once the
correct sample size is determined for a particular test, this same size should be
used for all such tests.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 20 20/12/13 11:44 AM

The volume of the test sample should be such that there is no crowding of
oversize and near-size mesh particles on any sieve surface. At the same time, the
sample must be large enough to permit a measurable amount of material to be
retained on each sieve. A rule of thumb is that there should be no more than one
or two layers of material evenly distributed across the mesh surfaces at completion
of the test. This ensures that all particles have an equal chance to be tried against
available apertures. Overloading is most likely to occur when testing materials with
a concentration of particles close to one size or when the entire sample is within a
narrow size range. A smaller, properly sampled specimen will yield more accurate
and consistent results than a larger sample that may overload one or more sieves.
An exception occurs when testing very coarse materials, in which larger samples are
required to constitute a representative portion.
A useful table of recommended sample sizes for testing with 8-in. or 200-mm
sieves is shown in the Appendix (Table A-1). Sample sizes are shown by volume. To
determine the suggested weight in grams, multiply values in columns 3 and 4 by
the bulk density of the material in grams per cubic centimetre, also shown in the
Appendix. If the particular material density is unknown, then select values for the
most similar material listed in the bulk density table. The values are a useful start-
ing point when standard test sample sizes have not been established. It is suggested
that these sample sizes be verified by the procedure outlined above before adopting
them for use.
3.2 Sample Preparation

Having the test sample at a constant weight prevents errors in weight determina-
tions resulting from moisture loss or absorption over the extent of the test, and it
will help most samples flow more freely. In many cases, oven-drying the sample at
a temperature of 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C) to a stable weight is sufficient. There are
materials that are sensitive to this level of heat, and these should be air-dried at
lower temperatures. Infrared lamps or other drying devices may also be used for
this purpose. Test sieving specifications for a particular material will often outline a
specific method for this procedure. Weigh and record the weight of the test sample.
Unless otherwise specified, a scale or balance with a precision of 0.1 % of the total
weight is sufficient.
Accurate sampling is a fundamental and immensely important requirement for
reliable sieve analyses. Please reference Section 4.1, Sampling, before a final sam-
pling process has been determined.
3.3 The Sieve Stack

Select the appropriate sieves for the material being tested. The sieve sizes must
provide adequate information to determine the size distribution of the material.
For coarse materials with well-distributed particle sizes, it may be adequate to use
every second or third sieve from the sieve series (ASTM or ISO). For materials with
a narrow particle size range, it may be necessary to use every sieve in the size range
to develop a meaningful sample distribution.
Most sieve analyses are performed using a stack of nested sieves in sequence,
coarse openings at the top, graduating to finer openings or apertures, and ending
with a collection pan on the bottom. The top sieve must be covered during agitation
with a separate lid or by a built-in sieve shaker cover. For the most efficient sepa-
ration of all of the sizes in one test cycle, the nested stack can be placed in a sieve
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 21 20/12/13 11:44 AM

shaker. Hand sieving of a series of sieves is also possible, but there is considerable
loss of efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability.
3.4 Testing
Most tests performed on common materials using conventional sieve shakers are
complete in 3–5 min. Materials that are difficult to separate may take 10–30 min in
some cases. Hand sieving requires shaking one sieve at a time for longer periods to
ensure acceptable accuracy. Prolonged sieving times may degrade some sensitive or
friable materials and affect test results.
To systematically determine an adequate sieving time, use the methods noted
above to create several accurate samples of the test material. Test each sample for a
different time interval, such as 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, and calculate the percentage
by weight retained or passing on each sieve. Select the optimal test period where
percentages have stabilized. This same methodology can be used to fine-tune vibra-
tion, frequency, and other variable controls. For most tests, the endpoint has been
reached when an additional 1 min of sieving changes the weight on any of the sieves
by 1.0 % or less.
3.5 Weighing and Calculations

At completion of the testing cycle, the individual fractions (material retained on
each sieve) must be weighed on a scale or balance sensitive to 0.1 % or less of the
total sample weight and recorded on paper or entered into a computer. Several dedi-
cated software programs are available that calculate, format, and report sieve tests
with only simple data entry required. Data can also be entered on a common ASCII
spreadsheet set up to perform the simple calculations required.
Collection of the fractions for weighing is normally accomplished by inverting
the individual sieves and gently brushing their contents into a tared collection vessel.
Devices are available that permit collection directly into a pan already positioned on
a balance, which permits faster collection and weighing times. When working with
small samples and using 3-in. (76 mm) sieves, it is desirable to determine a tare weight
for each sieve for determination of weights without removal of the retained fractions.
Small fractions are prone to loss of material during transfer, which affects the test
accuracy.
The mass of each fraction is determined to ±0.1 % of the total sample weight,
and the maximum error for the test should not exceed 0.1 % times the number of
weighings. If the variation is greater, then the figures should be re-checked for pos-
sible errors in weighing, calculation, blinding of the sieve openings, or accidental
spillage loss. In wet sieving, the material through the finest sieve is usually lost with
the disposed water, and this check is not possible.
Individual fraction weights from each sieve and the total sample weight are
the basic data from which all percentages are calculated. These weights are not
normally shown on the final report. Results are expressed as percentages of the total
sample retained on, or passing through, each sieve.
Most sieve test tabulations are set up on the basis of the percentage of material
retained on each sieve. The percentage retained on each sieve is calculated by divid-
ing the “total weight coarser” than that sieve by the total weight of the test sample.
The total weight coarser includes the material retained on that particular sieve plus
all material on all coarser sieves. This cumulative percentage is very useful because
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 22 20/12/13 11:44 AM

it represents the total percentage of the test sample coarser than the opening of
that particular sieve.
However, it is also acceptable to set up the specifications and report test results
on the basis of the percentage passing on each sieve. Figure 15 is a typical labora-
tory report form for recording the results of a sieve test.
Sieve analyses are often presented graphically for comparison with specifica-
tion requirements or for evaluation. Percentages retained or passing sieves not
actually used in the test can be estimated by interpolation. Likewise, the size of
an opening that would theoretically retain or pass a selected percentage can be
estimated.
Fig. 15—Report form for sieve analysis.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 23 20/12/13 11:44 AM

The sieve analysis graph usually represents the sieve size and the percentage
retained or passing. The scale for sieve sizes may be linear or logarithmic. Because
standard sieve sizes relate to one another by powers of the fourth root of 2, loga-
rithmic scales have the advantage of representing sizes on an equally spaced scale.
For example, the distances between the #4 and #8, the #8 and #16, and the 3.4 and
3.8 in. are all the same on a logarithmic scale because openings of the larger sieves
are twice that of the smaller. The scale for percentages is usually linear, depicting
equal differences in percentage as the same distance.
Examples of the two principal types of graphs used for sieve analysis work are
shown in Figs. 15–18.
Fig. 16—Report form for a group of sieve analyses.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 24 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 17—Sieve analysis graph for linear sieve analysis.
Fig. 18—Sieve analysis graph by cumulative percentage retained.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 25 20/12/13 11:44 AM

4. Sieving Practices

4.1 Sampling
Accurate sampling is a fundamental and immensely important requirement for reli-
able sieve analyses. Great care must be exercised to acquire samples that closely rep-
resent the batch or lot being tested. Improper sampling technique is a major cause of
test results that do not truly represent the original batch of material. Once the correct
sampling procedure is established, the same procedure must be followed every time.
A single method for sampling all materials cannot be specified. The character-
istics of materials and the form in which they are available vary widely and directly
affect selection of the best method. Test methods for specific materials often list
acceptable sampling methods. Testing procedures for sampling various materials
are described in the ASTM standards listed in the Appendix (Table A-4). A useful
list of ASTM standards focused on sieving practices for specific materials can also
be found in the Appendix (Table A-3).
A gross, or bulk, sample is the primary sample initially obtained from a source
of material such as a stockpile, rail car, bag, or continuous stream. The test sample
for a sieve test is a representative sample divided out of the bulk sample. The size
of the bulk sample depends on the material characteristics, the source from which
it is obtained, and the user-defined end result of testing. Testing may be performed
to evaluate particle size distribution for quality control of production batches for
different time periods or the suitability of a shipment for purchase or use. The
gross sample may range from several thousand pounds to a fraction of a pound. If
a desired sample size is not specified in a specific ASTM test method, refer to the
Appendix (Tables A-1 and A-2) to determine an ideal sample size.
When reducing the bulk sample to a suitable size for sieve analysis (Table A-1),
the particle size distribution and characteristics of the original sample must be pre-
served. This operation should follow applicable ASTM or other published standards
and should be performed with the same care taken in collecting the bulk sample
and performing the test.
Cone and quarter sampling (Fig. 19) is the least desirable and most labor-
intensive method of dividing bulk samples, but it is also the most economical. It is
an accepted method in several ASTM standards when properly performed. The bulk
sample is piled into a cone on a clean, dry, smooth surface, placing each shovel full at
the apex of the cone and allowing it to run down equally in all directions. The mate-
rial is then spread into a circle of uniform thickness and marked into quarters. Two
opposite quarters are rejected, and the remainder is recombined into a conical pile.
The process is repeated until the desired sample size is achieved. Avoid overworking
this procedure to limit the amount of fines generated by the action of the shovel. Note
that this procedure may yield bulk samples only marginally representative of the pile.
A sample splitter (Fig. 20), also known as a riffle splitter or riffler, can reduce
bulk samples to desired test sample size in one or more passes. Most sample split-
ters require the user to evenly distribute the sample into a sample hopper and
then open the hopper, which routes the sample material through a series of chutes
dividing the sample into two separate collection pans, thus dividing the sample
in half while maintaining the particle size distribution of the original sample. By
repeated splitting, the sample can be divided into quarters, eighths, and so forth
until the size of the sample desired is obtained. Sample reducers are available
to create up to a 1/16th representative sample in a single split. When selecting a
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 26 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 19—Cone and quarter sampling.
Fig. 20—Sample splitter.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 27 20/12/13 11:44 AM

s uitable sample splitter, a user must choose a sample splitter or reducer with chute
width at least three times the size of the largest particle. Some sample splitters
allow the user to adjust the chute width for use with multiple particle sizes.
The highest precision in sample reduction and splitting is obtained through the
use of a spinning riffler or rotary divider (Fig. 21). Spinning rifflers are available to
process bulk samples from 25 mL all of the way to 51 L, producing 2 to 30 samples
in a single split. The spinning riffler greatly reduces operator error and the bias
associated with other types of sample dividing.
The accuracy of spin riffling (Table 7) was demonstrated in the 1968 M.Sc.
thesis of A. A. Khan, Bradford University. Sampling tests that were based on a
60 %/40 % mixture of coarse and fine sands produced the following comparisons:
Table 7—Accuracy of Spin Riffling

Sample Method Std. Dev Var. Sample Error
(%) 𝛔 (Pn) (%)
Cone & Quartering 6.81 46.4 22.7
Scoop Sampling 5.14 26.4 17.1
Table Sampling 2.09 4.37 7.0
Sample Splitter 1.01 1.02 3.4
Spinning Riffler 0.125 0.016 0.42
Random Variation 0.076 0.0058 0.25
Fig. 21—Spinning riffler.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 28 20/12/13 11:44 AM

When sampling, do not attempt to create an exact sample weight with

any method. In attempting to arrive at an exact weight, the tendency is to add or
subtract nonrepresentative material, thus destroying the quality of the sample. Use a
series of complete splits to arrive as near as practical to the desired sample weight. It
will make no difference in the percentage results of the test if the sample is slightly
larger or smaller.
4.2 Wet Sieving

If at all possible, test sieving should be performed on dry material. However, if
difficulty is encountered obtaining reproducible results on difficult materials,
and the material is not water soluble, accurate tests can be made by the wet
method.
Several available devices make it possible to perform wet sieving using a
sieve stack in a conventional mechanical or vibratory sieve shaker. These devices
introduce a small stream of water through the top of the stack and drain it from
the bottom pan (Fig. 22). For such an apparatus, it is important to disperse the
water through nozzles or sprayers in a way that thoroughly wets the sample during
agitation and collects the drain water in a way that prevents unintended sample
loss. Because some loss of sample is inevitable when wet sieving, it is important
to determine the total sample weight ahead of time and to carefully select the fin-
est sieve. There is also a dedicated wet sieving system (Fig. 23) with vibration and
vacuum controls, self-contained water distribution, and wastewater recovery and
Fig. 22—Wet sieving device.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 29 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 23—Wet sieving system.
recycling. This device was designed for testing coal, but it is well-suited for use with
other materials.
If a material is difficult to sieve because of the nature of the fines it contains,
then the fines can be removed by wet sieving, and then after drying the sample
can be tested normally. First, dry the sample to a constant weight and weigh to
the nearest 0.1 g. If the material readily mixes with water, then place the test
sample on the finest sieve and wash it back and forth with a gentle stream of
water such that there is no loss by rising dust or splashing. When the water pass-
ing through the sieve appears clear, the remaining sample should be dried to a
constant weight. Allow the sample to cool to room temperature and run a con-
ventional dry-sieving test using the mass of the original dry sample before wash-
ing as a total weight. If the material does not mix well with water, then place the
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 30 20/12/13 11:44 AM

dried sample in a vessel and fill approximately three quarters full of water. Shake
contents vigorously to mix the material with the water, and then gently pour into
the sieve. The jar should be rinsed out more than once to recover all material.
The washing process can then be performed as described above. A small quantity
of sodium hexametaphosphate or other antiflocculant added to the water will
aid in dispersing the solid particles. Care must be taken not to break down the
friable materials.
4.3 Sieve Care and Cleaning

Test sieves are sensitive testing instruments. They should be used with care
and properly stored in clean, dry conditions. Properly cared for sieves retain
their accuracy throughout their service life, which is determined by the fre-
quency of use, particle abrasiveness, and general sieve care or maintenance.
New sieves should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water to remove
any grease or oil before conducting the tests. Solvents are not recommended
because they may attack the protective coating of lacquer used on some sieve
frames. Use caution if drying sieves in an oven. Excessive heat may soften the
solder or epoxies used in assembly and allow the tensioned cloth to pull away
from the frame.
A series of brushes, ranging from wire to camel-hair bristles (Fig. 24), should
be set aside for cleaning sieves. Sieves coarser than #4 (4.75 mm) will stand up
well to a wire brush; a #200 (75 μm) or finer sieve requires a soft-bristle brush and
a light touch to avoid deforming the cloth. Start by brushing the underside of the
wire cloth in a circular motion, exerting only enough pressure to clean the cloth.
The sieve frame may be gently tapped with the wooden handle of the brush to dis-
lodge some particles, but take care not to batter the edges of the frames and pans,
Fig. 24—Typical sieve brushes for fine and coarse mesh.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 31 20/12/13 11:44 AM

which interferes with the proper fitting of the sieve to the pan and cover. Under
no circumstances force embedded particles out of the openings with a pick or any
other implement.
Occasionally wash the sieves in a warm soap and water solution to remove the
near-size particles lodged in the mesh. Brush the underside of the sieve carefully
while in the water to aid in the cleaning action. Ultrasonic cleaners are very useful
for cleaning sieves, especially the finer meshes that are sensitive to aggressive brush-
ing. Sieves should be immersed in a water and detergent solution in the ultrasonic
cleaner, which eases the removal of near-size particles. Do not use acid solutions for
cleaning sieves. The acid reduces the diameter of the wire, which enlarges the open-
ings; it loosens the weave in the wire cloth; and destroys the accuracy of the sieve.
Precision electroformed sieves require special care. Never touch the electro-
formed mesh with bare hands. Oils and acids on skin will stain and eventually
corrode the mesh. Do not brush sieves finer than 20 μm; they should be immersed
in an ultrasonic bath for cleaning. Warm water with just a few drops of mild dish
detergent is sufficient for cleaning.
All types of sieves should be examined frequently for defects in the cloth. Holes
or breaks are sometimes indicated by noticeable irregularities in the endpoint
weighing. Small holes or breaks should not be repaired, and any sieve found with
defects should be replaced. Do not continue to use a test sieve when the wire cloth
is worn, loose, or damaged.
A sieve is considered overloaded when there is a crowding of oversize and near-
mesh particles on the sieve surface after one half or more of the finer material has
passed. The weight of the oversize material tends to wedge the near-size particles
into the openings, blocking or “blinding” them.
4.4 Sieving Aids and Flow Agents

Avoid the use of all so-called “sieving aids,” such as balls, shot, chains, washers,
and so forth. They are destructive to the sieve and cause degradation of the sample,
which causes inaccurate test results. If the material is not free sieving, or fines
tend to agglomerate or adhere to larger particles, consider using the wet sieving
or wet-dry sieving methods. Although this may be inconvenient, the results will be
much more reliable.
Some fine powders, such as plastics, may become charged with static elec-
tricity during testing, creating a problem when they cling to the sieve frame
or each other. The addition of a small amount of a flow agent such as finely
powdered magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, or similar material usu-
ally solves the problem and makes it unnecessary to resort to wet testing. Add
approximately 1 % by weight of these powders and mix thoroughly so the par-
ticle surfaces are coated. There is little need to correct the total sample weight
after adding the powder. The lightweight material will be distributed across the
range of fraction sizes, and the increase in sieving efficiency will offset the minor
weight differences.
4.5 Setting Up a Quality Control Program

Over time, wire cloth stretches, sags, or tears, and abrasive materials can reduce
wire diameters, causing an increase in sieve opening size and a loss of accuracy. A
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 32 20/12/13 11:44 AM

quality control program should be in place to periodically evaluate sieve condition

and performance, ensuring continued accuracy.
Purchasing new verified or certified test sieves is a good way to begin a
sieving quality control program. New inspection or calibration grade sieves are
provided with documentation ensuring compliance with ASTM or ISO require-
ments. A verification report for each sieve includes the serial number of the sieve,
a record of the measurements performed, statistical analyses proving compliance
with appropriate specifications, and a description of the measuring devices used
and their traceability to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
or another standards agency. This documentation should be kept on site in an
organized filing system and available for review and auditing.
Establishing a “master” set of inspection or calibration test sieves is recom-
mended and allows a second working set of sieves to be used for day-to-day
routine testing. Results from the working sieves should be periodically com-
pared by performance testing to results from the master set. Periodic compari-
son allows for detection of the point when the working sieves no longer meet
user-defined specifications. This ensures maximum service life from the work-
ing sieves and minimizes disruption caused by sending test sieves off site for
verification. The first correlation should be done upon receipt of the working
sieves, assuming that a master set is already in place. The correlation between
the two sieve sets can be performed using either standard reference materials
or user-prepared specimens representing actual materials tested. It is important
to maintain the verification status of the master set of test sieves, preferably
by periodically returning the sieves to the sieve vendor or manufacturer for re-
verification or re-certification to either inspection or calibration grade. Detailed
procedures and acceptable tolerances must be established for individual pro-
grams and are often governed by institutional requirements, industry standards,
or ASTM protocol.
An important step in establishing a sieving quality control program is selec-
tion of the reference materials. Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are precisely
sized glass beads or powders used for performance testing of sieves. They are
produced on equipment traceable to the NIST or European Community Bureau of
Reference (BCR). SRMs fit easily into internal quality control programs. User-pre-
pared reference materials can be used in the same manner as SRMs. Because user
materials are nonstandard, they are not directly traceable and require more han-
dling to prepare. A user-defined performance tolerance, typically within the range
of ±1–3 % variation from the master sieve, should be established. A working sieve
with performance results outside of this tolerance should be replaced. Most quality
control programs looking for the highest accuracy accept up to a 1 % variation.
Matched sieves may be a good option for operations in which sieve test
results from different laboratories are compared to ensure consistency. Matched
sieves are test sieves that have been individually performance tested and shown
to closely match a set of master sieves in a reference laboratory. Additional
sieves can be ordered matched to the same reference set, ensuring repeatability
and continuity between two or more facilities. It may be necessary to separately
purchase inspection or calibration grade certification when using matched
sieves.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 33 20/12/13 11:44 AM

5. Appendix
Table A-1—Suggested Bulk Volume of Test Sample for Sieve
Analysis with 8-in. and 200-mm Round Sievesa
Standard Sieve Designation Bulk Volume of Material
Maximum Permitted
Recommended Volume on Sieve
Volume of Material on Completion of
Standard Alternate for Test Sample Sieving
1 2 3 4
25 mm 1 in. 1,800 cm 3
900 cm3
22.4 7
/8 1,600 800
19 ¾ 1,400 700
16 5
/8 1,000 500
12.5 ½ 800 400
11.2 7
/16 800 400
9.5 3
/8 600 300
8 5
/16 500 250
6.3 ¼ 400 200
5.6 No. 3 ½ 400 200
4 5 350 150
2.80 7 240 120
2 10 200 100
1.40 14 160 80
1 18 140 70
710 μm 25 120 60
500 35 100 60
355 45 80 40
250 60 70 35
180 80 60 30
125 120 50 25
90 170 40 20
63 230 35 17
45 325 30 15
38 400 25 12
a
The recommended weight of material for a sieve test sample is calculated by multiplying the bulk
volume figure in Column 3 by the particular bulk density in grams per cubic centimeter of the material,
rounded out within a tolerance of ± 25 %. If the density figure for the material being tested is not
readily available, use the factor of the nearest similar material shown in Table A-2.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 34 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table A-2—Typical Bulk Densities of Various Particulate

Materials. (Weights, Per Unit of Volume, Are of Divided,
Crushed, or Pulverized Materials in Freely Poured Conditions.)
Average Weight
Material lbs/ft3 G/cm3
Alumina 40 0.64
Aluminum, calcined 128 2.05
Aluminum oxide 122 1.96
Aluminum shot 96 1.54
Ammonium nitrate 48 0.77
Ammonium sulfate 61 0.98
Asbestos ore 54 0.87
Bagasse 6 0.09
Bauxite ore 75 to 85 1.20 to 1.36
Bentonite 50 to 65 0.80 to 1.04
Bicarbonate of soda 57 0.91
Borax 50 to 61 0.80 to 0.98
Boric acid 58 0.93
Calcite 90 to 105 1.44 to 1.68
Calcium carbide 75 1.20
Calcium carbonate 49 0.79
Calcium chloride 64 1.03
Calcium phosphate 57 0.91
Carbon black 24 .033
Cellulose powder 16 0.26
Cement, portland 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Cement, clinker 75 to 80 1.20 to 1.28
Chrome ore 140 2.25
Clay 30 to 75 0.48 to 1.20
Coal, anthracite 55 0.88
Coal, bituminous 50 0.88
Coke, breeze 25 to 35 0.40 to 0.56
Coke, petroleum 25 to 40 0.40 to 0.64
Copper ore 100 to 150 1.60 to 2.40
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 35 20/12/13 11:44 AM


(Continued)
Average Weight

Coquina shell 80 1.28
Cornstarch 40 0.64
Diatomaceous earth 31 0.50
Dicalcium phosphate 64 1.03
Dolomite, crushed 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Feldspar, crushed 65 to 84 1.04 to 1.35
Ferrophosphorous 196 3.14
Fire clay 80 1.28
Flour, wheat 24 0.38
Flour, maize 37 0.59
Fluorspar 90 to 120 1.44 to 1.92
Fly ash 49 0.79
Fuller’s earth 30 to 40 0.48 to 0.61
Garnet 168 2.69
Glass beads 76 1.22
Glass, crushed 95 to 100 1.52 to 1.60
Glass cullet 93 1.49
Granite, crushed 95 to 100 1.52 to 1.60
Gravel 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Gypsum, calcined 58 0.93
Gypsum, crushed 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Iron ore 120 to 150 1.92 to 2.40
Kaolin 160 2.25
Kyanite 68 1.09
Lime, ground 60 0.96
Lime, hydrated 25 0.40
Limestone, crushed 85 to 100 1.36 to 1.60
Limestone, agricultural 70 1.12
Magnesite 106 1.70
Magnetite 155 2.49
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 36 20/12/13 11:44 AM


(Continued)
Average Weight

Manganese ore 120 to 136 1.92 to 2.18
Marble, crushed 90 to 95 1.44 to 1.52
Metals, powdered
—Aluminum 80 1.28
—Copper 169 2.71
—Copper-lead 364 5.84
—Iron 243 3.90
—Nickel 263 4.22
—Stainless steel 240 3.85
—Tantalum 300 4.80
Mica 42 0.67
Ore, sintered 114 1.83
Oyster shells, ground 29 0.47
Perlite ore 65 to 75 1.04 to 1.20
Plaster, calcined 64 1.03
Polyethylene pellets 36 0.58
Polyethylene powder 18 0.29
Poly (vinyl chloride) 30 0.48
Potash 77 1.23
Potassium carbonate 79 1.27
Pumice 40 0.64
Rubber, chopped 36 0.58
Rubber, ground 20 0.32
Phosphate rock 75 to 85 1.20 to 1.36
Salt, flake 61 0.98
Salt, rock 66 1.06
Salt, table 75 1.20
Sand 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Sand, silica 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Sawdust 18 0.29
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 37 20/12/13 11:44 AM


(Continued)
Average Weight

Seacoal 42 0.67
Shale 100 1.60
Shot, metal 230 3.69
Silica flour 27 0.43
Silica gel 45 0.72
Soapstone, pulverized 40 0.64
Soda ash, light 25 to 35 0.40 to 0.56
Soda ash, heavy 55 to 65 0.88 to 1.04
Soda, bicarbonate 57 0.91
Sodium nitrate 78 1.25
Sodium phosphate 43 0.69
Sodium sulfate 96 1.54
Steel grit 228 3.66
Stone, crushed 85 to 95 1.36 to 1.52
Sugar, granulated 50 0.80
Sugar, powdered 37 0.59
Sulfur, crushed 50 to 65 0.80 to 1.04
Talc, powder 34 0.55
Talc, granular 44 0.71
Traprock, crushed 105 to 110 1.68 to 1.76
Triple superphosphate, 64 1.03
granular
Tungsten carbide 550 8.82
Urea prills 43 0.69
Vermiculite ore 80 1.28
Wood chips 13 0.21
Zinc dust 144 2.31
Zirconium oxide 200 3.22
Zirconium sand 162 2.60
a
Where a single figure is given, it represents an actual weight of a typical average sample of the
material recorded by a research laboratory; therefore, the figure can be expected to vary from sample
to sample of the same material.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 38 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table A-3—List of ASTM Published Standards on Sieve

Analysis Procedures for Specific Materials or Industries
Material Designation Title Committee
Activated Carbon D3802 Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness D28

of Activated Carbon
Activated Carbon D4607 Test Method for Determination of D28

Iodine Number of Activated Carbon
Aggregate C33 Specification for Concrete C09

Aggregates
Aggregate C35 Specification for Inorganic C11

Aggregates for Use in Gypsum Plaster
Aggregate C87 Test Method for Effect of Organic C09

Impurities in Fine Aggregate on
Strength of Mortar
Aggregate C88 Test Method for Soundness of C09

Aggregates by Use of Sodium
Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
Aggregate C117 Test Method for Materials Finer C09

than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
Aggregate C123 Test Method for Lightweight C09

Particles in Aggregate
Aggregate C127 Test Method for Density, Relative C09

Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate C131 Test Method for Resistance to C09

Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in the Los Angeles Machine
Aggregate C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of C09

Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Aggregate C142 Test Method for Clay Lumps and C09

Friable Particles in Aggregates
Aggregate C289 Test Method for Potential Alkali- C09

Silica Reactivity of Aggregates
(Chemical Method)
Aggregate C331 Specification for Lightweight C09

Aggregates for Concrete Masonry
Units

Aggregates for Insulating Concrete
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 39 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table A-3—List of ASTM Published Standards on Sieve Analysis

Procedures for Specific Materials or Industries (Continued)
Aggregate C535 Test Method for Resistance to C09

Degradation of Large-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in the Los Angeles Machine
Aggregate C566 Test Method for Total Evaporable C09

Moisture Content of Aggregate by
Drying
Aggregate C641 Test Method for Iron Staining C09

Materials in Lightweight Concrete
Aggregates
Aggregates C1077 Practice for Agencies Testing C09

Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
for Use in Construction and Criteria
for Testing Agency Evaluation
Aggregate C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali C09

Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar
Method)
Aggregate C1436 Specification for Materials for C09

Shotcrete
Aggregate C1524 Test Method for Water-Extractable C09

Chloride in Aggregate (Soxhlet
Method)

Aggregate for Internal Curing of
Concrete
Aggregate D244 Test Methods and Practices for D04

Emulsified Asphalts
Aggregate D448 Classification for Sizes of D04

Aggregate for Road and Bridge
Construction
Aggregate D1139 Specification for Aggregate for D04

Single or Multiple Bituminous
Surface Treatments
Aggregate D1865 Test Method for Hardness of D08

Mineral Aggregate Used on Built-
Up Roofs
Aggregate D3744 Test Method for Aggregate D04

Durability Index
Aggregate D5148 Test Method for Centrifuge D04

Kerosine Equivalent
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 40 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Aggregate D5444 Test Method for Mechanical Size D04

Analysis of Extracted Aggregate
Aggregate D5821 Test Method for Determining the D04

Percentage of Fractured Particles in
Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate D6928 Test Method for Resistance of D04

Coarse Aggregate to Degradation
by Abrasion in the Micro-Deval
Apparatus
Aggregate D7428 Test Method for Resistance of D04

Fine Aggregate to Degradation
by Abrasion in the Micro-Deval
Apparatus
Aggregate C233 Test Method for Air-Entraining C09

Admixtures for Concrete
Aggregate D2489 Practice for Estimating Degree of D04

Mixtures Particle Coating of Bituminous-
Aggregate Mixtures
Aggregate/Cement C1567 Test Method for Determining the C09

Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity
of Combinations of Cementitious
Materials and Aggregate
(Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
Aggregate/Cement/ C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali C09

Mortar Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate
Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
Agricultural C602 Specification for Agricultural C07

Limestone Liming Materials
Aluminum Silicate D718 Test Methods for Analysis of D01

Pigment Aluminum Silicate Pigment
Asbestos Fiber C1121 Test Method for Turner and Newall C17
(T and N) Wet-Length Classification
of Asbestos
Barium Chloride D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum D02

Dihydrate Products (Lamp Method)
Barium Chloride D2784 Test Method for Sulfur in Liquefied D02

Dihydrate Petroleum Gases (Oxy-Hydrogen
Burner or Lamp)
Beryllium-oxide C708 Specification for Nuclear-Grade C26

powders Beryllium Oxide Powder
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 41 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Biomass E1757 Practice for Preparation of Biomass E48

for Compositional Analysis
Bituminous D5581 Test Method for Resistance to D04

Mixtures Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures
Using Marshall Apparatus (6 inch-
Diameter Specimen)
Bituminous Paving D6926 Practice for Preparation of D04

Mixture Bituminous Specimens Using
Marshall Apparatus
Blended Hydraulic C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic C01

Cements Cements
Blue Pigments D1135 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis D01

of Blue Pigments
Brick/Tile C279 Specification for Chemical- C15

Resistant Masonry Units
Calcined Petroleum D2638 Test Method for Real Density D02

Coke of Calcined Petroleum Coke by
Helium Pycnometer
Calcined Petroleum D4930 Test Method for Dust Control D02

Coke Material on Calcined Petroleum Coke
Calcined Petroleum D5004 Test Method for Real Density of D02

Coke Calcined Petroleum Coke by Xylene
Displacement
Calcium Chloride D345 Test Method for Sampling and D04

Testing Calcium Chloride for Roads
and Structural Applications
Carbon D5158 Test Method for Determination of D28

Particle Size of Powdered Activated
Carbon by Air Jet Sieving
Carbon D6647 Test Method for Determination D28

of Acid Soluble Iron Via Atomic
Absorption
Carbon Black D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, D24

Pelleted Fines and Attrition
Carbon Black D1511 Test Method for Carbon Black— D24

Pellet Size Distribution

Sieve Residue

Individual Pellet Hardness
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 42 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Carbon Black D5230 Test Method for Carbon Black- D24

-Automated Individual Pellet
Hardness
Carbon Black D7724 Test Method for Carbon Black- D24

-Non-Dispersible Matter by
Mechanical Flushing (NDM)
Carbonate D3042 Test Method for Insoluble Residue D04

Aggregates in Carbonate Aggregates
Cast Steel Shot B851 Specification for Automated B08

Controlled Shot Peening of
Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel,
Autocatalytic Nickel, or Chromium
Plating, or as Final Finish
Catalytic Materials D4513 Test Method for Particle Size D32

Distribution of Catalytic Materials
by Sieving
Ceramic Powders C371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve C21

Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic
Powders
Ceramic Whiteware C323 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis C21

Clays of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Chimney Lining C980 Specification for Industrial C15

Brick Chimney Lining Brick
Chromium Metal A481 Specification for Chromium Metal A01
Clay C325 Guide for Wet Sieve Analysis of C21

Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Clay or Brick C24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone C08

Equivalent (PCE) of Fireclay and
High Alumina Refractory Materials
Clayey Soils D6572 Test Methods for Determining D18

Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey
Soils by the Crumb Test
Coal D409 Test Method for Grindability of Coal D05

by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
Coal D440 Test Method of Drop Shatter Test D05

for Coal
Coal D441 Test Method of Tumbler Test for D05

Coal
Coal D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples D05

for Analysis
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 43 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Coal D2014 Test Method for Expansion or D05

Contraction of Coal by the Sole-
Heated Oven
Coal D2797 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples D05

for Microscopical Analysis by
Reflected Light
Coal D4371 Test Method for Determining the D05

Washability Characteristics of Coal
Coal D4749 Test Method for Performing D05

the Sieve Analysis of Coal and
Designating Coal Size
Coal Tar and Pitch D2415 Test Method for Ash in Coal Tar and D02
Pitch
Coarse Aggregate D4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, D04

Elongated Particles, or Flat and
Elongated Particles in Coarse
Aggregate
Coarse Particles D2067 Test Method for Coarse Particles in D01

in Printing Ink Printing Ink Dispersions
Dispersions
Coating Powders D3451 Guide for Testing Coating Powders D01

and Powder Coatings
Cobalt- F1377 Specification for Cobalt- F04

28Chromium- 28Chromium-6Molybdenum
6Molybdenum Powder for Coating of Orthopedic
Powder Implants (UNS R30075)
Coke C831 Test Methods for Residual Carbon, C08

Apparent Residual Carbon, and
Apparent Carbon Yield in Coked
Carbon-Containing Brick and Shapes
Coke D293 Test Method for the Sieve Analysis D05

of Coke
Coke D3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test D05

for Coke
Coke D3402 Test Method for Tumbler Test for D05

Coke
Coke D3997 Practice for Preparing Coke D05

Samples for Microscopical Analysis
by Reflected Light
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 44 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Coke D4292 Test Method for Determination of D02

Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined
Petroleum Coke
Coke D5341 Test Method for Measuring Coke D05

Reactivity Index (CRI) and Coke
Strength After Reaction (CSR)
Coke D5600 Test Method for Trace Metals in D02

Petroleum Coke by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Coke D5709 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of D02

Petroleum Coke
Coke D6374 Test Method for Volatile Matter D02

in Green Petroleum Coke Quartz
Crucible Procedure
Coke D6791 Test Method for Determination D02

of Grain Stability of Calcined
Petroleum Coke
Coke D7454 Test Method for Determination of D02

Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined
Petroleum Coke using a Semi-
Automated Apparatus
Coke Ash D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor D05
Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By
X-Ray Fluorescence
Concrete C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed C09

Concrete
Concrete C1170 Test Method for Determining C09

Consistency and Density of Roller-
Compacted Concrete Using a
Vibrating Table
Dead-Burned C492 Test Method for Hydration of C08

Refractory Granular Dead-Burned Refractory
Dolomite Dolomite
Dirt F1284 Test Method for Evaluating F11

Carpet Embedded Dirt Removal
Effectiveness of Residential Central
Vacuum Cleaning Systems
Dustfall D1739 Test Method for Collection D22

and Measurement of Dustfall
(Settleable Particulate Matter)
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 45 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Emulsified Asphalts D6933 Test Method for Oversized Particles D04

in Emulsified Asphalts (Sieve Test)
Ferroalloys A610 Test Methods for Sampling A01

and Testing Ferroalloys for
Determination of Size
Ferroalloys A835 Specification for Sizes of A01

Ferroalloys and Alloy Additives
Ferroalloys and E32 Practices for Sampling E01

Steel Additives Ferroalloys and Steel Additives
for Determination of Chemical
Composition
Ferrochrome-Silicon A482 Specification for Ferrochrome-Silicon A01
Ferrocolumbium A550 Specification for Ferrocolumbium A01
Ferromanganese A99 Specification for Ferromanganese A01
Ferromolybdenum A132 Specification for Ferromolybdenum A01
Ferrosilicon A100 Specification for Ferrosilicon A01
Filler Metals F106 Specification for Brazing Filler F01

Metals for Electron Devices
Fine Aggregate D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent D04

Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate
Flaked Aluminum D480 Test Methods for Sampling and D01

Powders Testing of Flaked Aluminum
Powders and Pastes
Glass C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of C14

Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
Glass E688 Test Methods for Waste Glass D34

as a Raw Material for Glass
Manufacturing
Glass Beads D4751 Test Method for Determining D35

Apparent Opening Size of a
Geotextile
Glass grains C225 Test Methods for Resistance of Glass C14

Containers to Chemical Attack
Glass Sand C146 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis C14

of Glass Sand
Glass Spheres D1155 Test Method for Roundness of D01

Glass Spheres
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 46 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Glass Spheres D1214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of D01

Glass Spheres
Granular Activated D2862 Test Method for Particle Size D28

Carbon Distribution of Granular Activated
Carbon
Granular Activated D3466 Test Method for Ignition D28

Carbon Temperature of Granular Activated
Carbon
Granular Carriers E726 Test Method for Particle Size E35

and Granular Distribution of Granular Carriers
Pesticides and Granular Pesticides
Granular Carriers E728 Test Method for Resistance to E35

and Granular Attrition of Granular Carriers and
Pesticides Granular Pesticides
Granular Carriers E1520 Test Method for Particle Counts E35

and Granular Per Pound of Granular Carriers and
Pesticides Dry-Applied Granular Formulations
Granular Pesticides E2316 Test Method for Determination E35

of Particles Resulting from the
Attrition of Granular Pesticides
Granular Refractory C357 Test Method for Bulk Density of C08

Material Granular Refractory Materials
Graphite C781 Practice for Testing Graphite and D02

Boronated Graphite Materials for
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled
Nuclear Reactor Components
Gravel/Natural C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination C09

Sand of Aggregates for Concrete
Gypsum C472 Test Methods for Physical Testing C11

of Gypsum, Gypsum Plasters and
Gypsum Concrete
Gypsum Casting C59 Specification for Gypsum Casting C11

Plaster and Gypsum Plaster and Gypsum Molding
Molding Plaster Plaster
Gypsum Keenes C61 Specification for Gypsum Keenes C11

Cement Cement
Gypsum Products C471M Test Methods for Chemical Analysis C11

of Gypsum and Gypsum Products
(Metric)
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 47 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Hardened C1084 Test Method for Portland-Cement C09

Hydraulic-Cement Content of Hardened Hydraulic-
Concrete Cement Concrete
Hardened Soil- D806 Test Method for Cement Content D18

Cement Mixtures of Hardened Soil-Cement Mixtures
Hydraulic Cement C311 Test Methods for Sampling C09

and Testing Fly Ash or Natural
Pozzolans for Use in Portland-
Cement Concrete
Hydraulic Cement C430 Test Method for Fineness of C01

Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m
(No. 325) Sieve
Hydraulic Cement C786 Test Method for Fineness of C01

Hydraulic Cement and Raw
Materials by the 300-m (No. 50),
150-m (No. 100), and 75-m (No.
200) Sieves by Wet Methods
Hydraulic cement/ C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration C01

Zinc Oxide of Hydraulic Cement
Insoluble Dry D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in D01

Pigments Pigments
Ion-Exchange D2187 Test Methods for Physical and D19

Materials Chemical Properties of Particulate
Ion-Exchange Resins
Lime C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing C07

of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and
Limestone
Limestone C706 Specification for Limestone for C07

Animal Feed Use
Manganese Metal A601 Specification for Electrolytic A01

Manganese Metal
Man-Made Rock C1335 Test Method for Measuring Non- C16

and Slag Mineral Fibrous Content of Man-Made Rock
Fiber Insulation and Slag Mineral Fiber Insulation
Masonry C1093 Practice for Accreditation of C15

Testing Agencies for Masonry
Metal Powders B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of B09

Metal Powders
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 48 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Metal-Bearing Ores E276 Test Method for Particle Size or E01

Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm)
Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing
Ores and Related Materials
Metal-Bearing Ores E389 Test Method for Particle Size or E01

Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm)
Sieve and Coarser for Metal-Bearing
Ores and Related Materials
Mill-Mixed Plaster C28 Specification for Gypsum Plasters C11
Mineral Filler for D546 Test Method for Sieve Analysis D04
Bituminous Paving of Mineral Filler for Bituminous
Mixtures Paving Mixtures
Molded or D494 Test Method for Acetone D20

Laminated Products Extraction of Phenolic Molded or
Laminated Products
Mortar and C157 Test Method for Length Change C09

Concrete of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement
Mortar and Concrete
Mortar/Concrete C1152 Test Method for Acid-Soluble C09

Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
ngineered Wood F2075 Specification for Engineered Wood F08

Fiber Fiber for Use as a Playground
Safety Surface Under and Around
Playground Equipment
Nonferrous Metals E956 Classification for Municipal-Mixed D34

Nonferrous Metals (MNM)
Peat D2978 Test Method for Volume of D18

Processed Peat Materials
Peat D2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, D18

Moisture-Holding Capacity, and
Porocity of Saturated Peat Materials
Peat Samples D1997 Test Method for Laboratory D18

Determination of the Fiber Content
of Peat Samples by Dry Mass
Pigments D50 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis D01

Containing Iron of Yellow, Orange, Red, and Brown
and Manganese Pigments Containing Iron and
Manganese
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 49 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Pigments D126 Test Methods for Analysis of D01

Containing Lead Yellow, Orange, and Green
Chromate and Pigments Containing Lead
Chromium Oxide Chromate and Chromium Oxide
Green Green
Pigments from D3280 Test Methods for Analysis of White D01

Paints or Pastes Zinc Pigments
Plastic Materials D1921 Test Methods for Particle Size D20

(Sieve Analysis) of Plastic Materials
Plastic Pellets D7486 Test Method for Measurement of D20

Fines and Dust Particles on Plastic
Pellets by Wet Analysis
Plastics and F735 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance F07

Coatings of Transparent Plastics and Coatings
Using the Oscillating Sand Method
Plastics and Fillers D4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index D20
of Plastics and Fillers
Porcelain Enamel C285 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis B08

of Wet-Milled and Dry-Milled
Porcelain Enamel
Porcelain Enamel C374 Test Methods for Fusion Flow of B08

Frits Porcelain Enamel Frits (Flow-Button
Methods)
Portland Cement D3880 Test Method for Asbestos Strength C17

Units
powdered D1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating C17

aluminum oxide or of Asbestos Fiber and Asbestos
zinc oxide Textiles
PTFE Resins D4894 Specification for D20

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Granular Molding and Ram
Extrusion Materials
Pulverized Coal D197 Test Method for Sampling and D05

Fineness Test of Pulverized Coal
Pulverized Soil D1632 Practice for Making and Curing Soil- D18
Cement Compression and Flexure
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
Reference Material E2427 Test Method for Acceptance by E29

Performance Testing for Sieves
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 50 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Refractory C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis C08

Materials and Water Content of Refractory
Materials
Refractory C135 Test Method for True Specific C08

Materials Gravity of Refractory Materials by
Water Immersion
Riprap Materials D5519 Test Methods for Particle Size D18

Analysis of Natural and Man-Made
Riprap Materials
Rootzone F1815 Test Methods for Saturated F08

Hydraulic Conductivity, Water
Retention, Porosity, and Bulk
Density of Athletic Field Rootzones
Rootzone Mixes F1632 Test Method for Particle Size F08

Analysis and Sand Shape Grading
of Golf Course Putting Green and
Sports Field Rootzone Mixes
Rubber D297 Test Methods for Rubber D11

Products—Chemical Analysis
Rubber D4570 Test Method for Rubber Chemicals— D11

Determination of Particle Size of
Sulfur by Sieving (Dry)
Rubber D5603 Classification for Rubber D11

Compounding Materials—Recycled
Vulcanizate Particulate Rubber
Rubber D5644 Test Methods for Rubber D11

Compounding Materials—
Determination of Particle Size
Distribution of Recycled Vulcanizate
Particulate Rubber
Sand C780 Test Method for Preconstruction C12

and Construction Evaluation of
Mortars for Plain and Reinforced
Unit Masonry
Sand D968 Test Methods for Abrasion D01

Resistance of Organic Coatings by
Falling Abrasive
Seed Starter Mix D5539 Specification for Seed Starter Mix D18
Silica Sand D1748 Test Method for Rust Protection by D02

Metal Preservatives in the Humidity
Cabinet
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 51 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Silicomanganese A483 Specification for Silicomanganese A01
Silicon Metal A922 Specification for Silicon Metal A01
Soaps and Other D502 Test Method for Particle Size of D12
Detergents Soaps and Other Detergents
Soda Ash E359 Test Methods for Analysis of Soda E15

Ash (Sodium Carbonate)
Soil D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil D18

Samples for Particle-Size Analysis
and Determination of Soil Constants
Soil D422 Test Method for Particle-Size D18

Analysis of Soils
Soil D425 Test Method for Centrifuge D18

Moisture Equivalent of Soils
Soil D558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density D18

(Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-
Cement Mixtures
Soil D698 Test Methods for Laboratory D18

Compaction Characteristics of
Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400
ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))
Soil D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of D18

Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer
Soil D1413 Test Method for Wood Preservatives D07

by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures
Soil D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory D18

Compaction Characteristics of
Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000
ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))
Soil D2168 Practices for Calibration of D18

Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer
Soil Compactors
Soil D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils D18

for Engineering Purposes (Unified
Soil Classification System)
Soil D2774 Practice for Underground F17

Installation of Thermoplastic
Pressure Piping
Soil D4221 Test Method for Dispersive D18

Characteristics of Clay Soil by
Double Hydrometer
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 52 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Soil D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index D18

Density and Unit Weight of Soils
Using a Vibratory Table
Soil D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index D18

Density and Unit Weight of Soils
and Calculation of Relative Density
Soil D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic D18

Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
Soil D4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit D18

Weight of Soil and Rock in Place by
the Sand Replacement Method in
a Test Pit
Soil D4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors D18

of Soils by the Wax Method
Soil D5080 Test Method for Rapid D18

Determination of Percent
Compaction
Soil D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size D18

Distribution (Gradation) of Soils
Using Sieve Analysis
Soil D7382 Test Methods for Determination D18

of Maximum Dry Unit Weight and
Water Content Range for Effective
Compaction of Granular Soils Using
a Vibrating Hammer
soil, sand, gravel, F2107 Guide for Construction and F08

crushed stone, Maintenance of Skinned Areas on
crushed, etc. Baseball and Softball Fields
Soil/Lime D3155 Test Method for Lime Content of D18

Uncured Soil-Lime Mixtures
Soils D1140 Test Methods for Amount of D18

Material in Soils Finer than No. 200
(75-m) Sieve
Soils D1883 Test Method for CBR (California D18

Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-
Compacted Soils
Soils D4829 Test Method for Expansion Index D18

of Soils
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 53 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Solid Pitch D2320 Test Method for Density (Relative D02

Density) of Solid Pitch (Pycnometer
Method)
Solid Pitch D4892 Test Method for Density of Solid D02

Pitch (Helium Pycnometer Method)
Standard Sand C778 Specification for Sand C01
Steel Sheet A568 Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, A01

Drillings/Chips Structural, and High-Strength, Low-
Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled,
General Requirements for
Steel Sheet A635 Specification for Steel, Sheet and A01

Drillings/Chips Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-
Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Structural,
High-Strength Low-Alloy, and
High-Strength Low-Alloy with
Improved Formability, General
Requirements for
Steel Sheet A749 Specification for Steel, Strip, A01

Drillings/Chips Carbon and High-Strength,
Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled, General
Requirements for
Surface Soil C999 Practice for Soil Sample C26

Preparation for the Determination
of Radionuclides
Tar and Pitch D2318 Test Method for Quinoline-Insoluble D02

(QI) Content of Tar and Pitch
Tar and Pitch D2416 Test Method for Coking Value of D02
Tar and Pitch (Modified Conradson)
Tar and Pitch D2764 Test Method for D02

Dimethylformamide-Insoluble
(DMF-I) Content of Tar and Pitch
Tar and Pitch D4072 Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble D02

(TI) Content of Tar and Pitch
Tar and Pitch D4312 Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble D02

(TI) Content of Tar and Pitch (Short
Method)
Tar and Pitch D4715 Test Method for Coking Value of D02
Tar and Pitch (Alcan)
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 54 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Tar and Pitch D7280 Test Method for Quinoline- D02

Insoluble (QI) Content of Tar and
Pitch by Stainless Steel Crucible
Filtration
Titanium-6 F1580 Specification for Titanium and F04

Aluminum-4 Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium
Vanadium Alloy Alloy Powders for Coatings of
Powders Surgical Implants
Topsoil D5268 Specification for Topsoil Used for D18

Landscaping Purposes
Topsoil D5883 Guide for Use of Rotary Kiln D18

Produced Expanded Shale, Clay
or Slate (ESCS) as a Mineral
Amendment in Topsoil Used for
Landscaping and Related Purposes
Transparent F1864 Test Method for Dust Erosion F07

Materials and Resistance of Optical and Infrared
Coatings Transparent Materials and Coatings
White Lead D1301 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis D01

Pigments of White Lead Pigments
Zinc Oxide D4315 Test Methods for Rubber D11

Compounding Material—Zinc Oxide
Zinc Yellow D444 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis D01

Pigment of Zinc Yellow Pigment (Zinc
Chromate Yellow)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 55 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table A-4—List of ASTM Published Standards on Sampling of

Particulate Materials
Material Designation Standard Title Committee
Aggregates D75/D75M Standard Practice for Sampling d04

Aggregates
Alkyl Sulfates D1570 Standard Test Methods for d12
Sampling and Chemical Analysis
of Fatty Alkyl Sulfates
Alkylbenzene D1568 Standard Test Methods for d12
Sulfonates Sampling and Chemical Analysis
of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
Aluminum E716 Standard Practices for Sampling e01
and Sample Preparation of
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Composition by Spectrochemical
Analysis
Bisphenol A D4297 Standard Practice for Sampling c16
and Handling Bisphenol A
(4,4’ -Isopropylidinediphenol)
Bituminous D140/D140M Standard Practice for Sampling d04
Materials Bituminous Materials
Mixtures Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
for Laboratory Testing
Paving Mixtures Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Brick and C67 Standard Test Methods for c15
Structural Clay Sampling and Testing Brick and
Tile Structural Clay Tile
Calcium D345 Standard Test Method for Sampling d04
Chloride and Testing Calcium Chloride for
Roads and Structural Applications
Carbon Black D1799 Standard Practice for Carbon d24
Black—Sampling Packaged
Shipments
Carbon Black D1900 Standard Practice for Carbon d24
Black—Sampling Bulk Shipments
Carbon Black D6602 Standard Practice for Sampling d24
Particulate and Testing of Possible Carbon
Black Fugitive Emissions or Other
Environmental Particulate, or Both
Caustic Soda D501 Standard Test Methods of d12
of Alkaline Detergents
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 56 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Particulate Materials (Continued)
Ceramic C322 Standard Practice for Sampling c21

Whiteware Clays Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Chlorine D2022 Standard Test Methods of d12

of Chlorine-Containing Bleaches
Chrysotile D2590/D2590M Standard Test Method for c17

Asbestos Sampling Chrysotile Asbestos
CLSM D5971/D5971M Standard Practice for Sampling d18

Freshly Mixed Controlled Low-
Strength Material
Coal D2234/D2234M Standard Practice for Collection of d05

a Gross Sample of Coal
Coal D6609 Standard Guide for Part-Stream d05

Sampling of Coal
Coal D6883 Standard Practice for Manual d05

Sampling of Stationary Coal from
Railroad Cars, Barges, Trucks, or
Stockpiles
Coal D7430 Standard Practice for Mechanical d05

Sampling of Coal
Coke D346/D346M Standard Practice for Collection d05

and Preparation of Coke Samples
for Laboratory Analysis
Concrete C172/C172M Standard Practice for Sampling c09

Freshly Mixed Concrete
Concrete C823/C823M Standard Practice for Examination c09

and Sampling of Hardened
Concrete in Constructions
Consolidated D5679-95a Standard Practice for Sampling d34

Solids Consolidated Solids in Drums or
Similar Containers
Copper E255 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

Copper and Copper Alloys for
the Determination of Chemical
Composition
Copper E1833 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

of Blister Copper in Cast Form
Composition
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 57 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Ferroalloys A610 Standard Test Methods for a01

Sampling and Testing Ferroalloys
for Determination of Size
Ferroalloys and E32 Standard Practices for Sampling e01

Steel Additives Ferroalloys and Steel Additives
Composition
Fly Ash or C311/C311M Standard Test Methods for c09

Natural Sampling and Testing Fly Ash
Pozzolans or Natural Pozzolans for Use in
Portland-Cement Concrete
Geosynthetics D4354 Standard Practice for Sampling of d35

Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion
Control Products(RECPs) for
Testing
Grading Rosin D509 Standard Test Methods of d01

Sampling and Grading Rosin
Granular Carriers E725 Standard Test Method for e35

and Granular Sampling Granular Carriers and
Pesticides Granular Pesticides
Grout C1019 Standard Test Method for c12

Sampling and Testing Grout
Gypsum Panel C1264 Standard Specification for c11

Products Sampling, Inspection, Rejection,
Certification, Packaging, Marking,
Shipping, Handling, and Storage
of Gypsum Panel Products
Heterogeneous D5956 Standard Guide for Sampling d34

Wastes Strategies for Heterogeneous
Wastes
Hydraulic C183 Standard Practice for Sampling c01

Cement and the Amount of Testing of
Hydraulic Cement
Industrial E300 Standard Practice for Sampling e15

Chemicals Industrial Chemicals
Insulating D3636 Standard Practice for Sampling d09

Materials and Judging Quality of Solid
Electrical Insulating Materials
Ion-Exchange D2687 Standard Practices for Sampling d19

Materials Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 58 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Iron Ores E877 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

and Sample Preparation of Iron
Ores and Related Materials for
Determination of Chemical
Composition and Physical Properties
Lime and C50/C50M Standard Practice for Sampling, c07

Limestone Sample Preparation, Packaging,
Products and Marking of Lime and
Limestone Products
Metal Powders B215 Standard Practices for Sampling b09

Metal Powders
Metallic and B602 Standard Test Method for b08

Inorganic Attribute Sampling of Metallic
Coatings and Inorganic Coatings
Metallic and B697 Standard Guide for Selection of b08

Inorganic Sampling Plans for Inspection of
Coatings Electrodeposited Metallic and
Inorganic Coatings
Metallic and B762 Standard Test Method of Variables b08

Inorganic Sampling of Metallic and
Coatings Inorganic Coatings
Metals and Ores E1282 Standard Guide for Specifying e01

the Chemical Compositions and
Selecting Sampling Practices and
Quantitative Analysis Methods
for Metals, Ores, and Related
Materials
Mica Paper D1677 Standard Methods for Sampling d09

and Testing Untreated Mica Paper
Used for Electrical Insulation
Naphthalene, D3438 Standard Practice for Sampling c16

Maleic and Handling Naphthalene,
Anhydride, Maleic Anhydride, and Phthalic
and Phthalic Anhydride
Anhydride
Non-Asbestos C1185 Standard Test Methods for c17

Fiber-Cement Sampling and Testing Non-
Flat Sheet, Asbestos Fiber-Cement Flat Sheet,
Roofing and Roofing and Siding Shingles, and
Siding Shingles, Clapboards
and Clapboards
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 59 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Nonferrous E55 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

Metals Wrought Nonferrous Metals
and Alloys for Determination of
Chemical Composition
Nonferrous E88 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys in
Cast Form for Determination of
Chemical Composition
Peat D2944 Standard Practice of Sampling d18

Processed Peat Materials
Pitch D4296 Standard Practice for Sampling Pitch d02
Plasticizers D1045 Standard Test Methods for Sampling d20

and Testing Plasticizers Used in
Plastics
Pulp D3376 Standard Test Methods of Sampling d09

and Testing Pulps to be Used in the
Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
Radioactive C1751 Standard Guide for Sampling c26

Tank Waste Radioactive Tank Waste
Rock D2113 Standard Practice for Rock Core d18

Drilling and Sampling of Rock for
Site Investigation
Rubber D1485 Standard Practice for Rubber from d11

Natural Sources—Sampling and
Sample Preparation
Rubber D3896 Standard Practice for Rubber From d11

Synthetic Sources—Sampling
Rubber D6085 Standard Practice for Sampling in d11

Rubber Testing – Terminology and
Basic Concepts
Rubber D7050 Standard Practice for Rubber from d11

Natural Sources-Sampling and
Sorting Bales Based on Predicted
Processing Properties
Shotcrete C1385/C1385M Standard Practice for Sampling c09

Materials for Shotcrete
Soap D460 Standard Test Methods for d12

of Soaps and Soap Products
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 60 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Soil C998 Standard Practice for Sampling c26

Surface Soil for Radionuclides
Soil D1452 Standard Practice for Soil d18

Exploration and Sampling by
Auger Borings
Soil D1586 Standard Test Method for d18

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
Soil D1587 Standard Practice for Thin- d18

Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
Geotechnical Purposes
Soil D3550 Standard Practice for Thick Wall, d18

Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive
Sampling of Soils
Soil D4700 Standard Guide for Soil Sampling d18

from the Vadose Zone
Soil D6151 Standard Practice for Using Hollow- d18

Stem Augers for Geotechnical
Exploration and Soil Sampling
Soil D6282 Standard Guide for Direct Push d18

Soil Sampling for Environmental
Site Characterizations
Soil D6519 Standard Practice for Sampling d18

of Soil Using the Hydraulically
Operated Stationary Piston Sampler
Soil D6418 Standard Practice for Using the d34

Disposable En Core Sampler for
Sampling and Storing Soil for
Volatile Organic Analysis
Soil D6907 Standard Practice for Sampling d34

Soils and Contaminated Media with
Hand-Operated Bucket Augers
Steel E1806 Standard Practice for Sampling e01

Steel and Iron for Determination
of Chemical Composition
Traffic Marking D7307 Standard Practice for Sampling d01

Materials of Thermoplastic Traffic Marking
Materials
(Continued)
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 61 20/12/13 11:44 AM


Unconsolidated D5680 Standard Practice for Sampling D34

Solids Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or
Similar Containers
Uranium C1689 Standard Practice for Subsampling C26

Hexafluoride of Uranium Hexafluoride
Uranium-Ore C1075 Standard Practices for Sampling C26

Concentrate Uranium-Ore Concentrate
Waste D6009 Standard Guide for Sampling D34

Waste Piles
Waste D6044 Standard Guide for Representative D34

Sampling for Management of
Waste and Contaminated Media
Waste D6051 Standard Guide for Composite D34

Sampling and Field Subsampling
for Environmental Waste
Management Activities
Waste D6323 Standard Guide for Laboratory D34

Subsampling of Media Related to
Waste Management Activities
Waste D7204 Standard Practice for Sampling D34

Waste Streams on Conveyors
Waste D7831 Standard Practice for Sampling of D34

Tanks by Field Personnel
Waste and Soil D4547 Standard Guide for Sampling s for D34
Volatile Organic Compounds
Zinc E634 Standard Practice for Sampling E01

of Zinc and Zinc Alloys by Spark
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
6. NOMENCLATURE
General Terms
Agglomerate Two or more particles held together loosely by weak mechanical or

physical forces.
Aperture Dimensions defining an opening in a screening surface.
Balling Agglomeration of particles into a very loose or feathery mass usually

in a liquid. See Agglomerate.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 62 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Bulk density Ratio of the mass of a material to its volume in a freely poured
condition.
Disperse To separate an agglomerate or floc into measurable entities or

workable particles.
Effective opening The size of the largest particle that will pass a screen aperture.
Flocculate To form an assembly of particles (floc) bonded together by strong

molecular or chemical forces.
Near-mesh or Particles of a size approximately equal to that of the sieve opening.

near-size
Nominal size The specified dimension of the opening of a sieve about which the
actual size is permitted to vary.
Open area Ratio of the total area of the openings to the total area of the screen
expressed as a percentage.
Particle size The dimension of a particle usually expressed in terms of the smallest
sieve opening through which it will pass.
Particulate Pertaining to a material composed of distinct separate particles.
Representative A smaller volume sample comprised of similar size distribution and

sample characteristics of the original material.
Screen (a) A surface provided with openings of uniform size and shape; (b) a
machine provided with one or more screening surfaces.
Screening The process of separating a mixture of particles of different sizes by

means of one or more screening surfaces.
Sieve A screen mounted on a frame, usually for laboratory test purposes.
Test Sieves
Certified sieve A test sieve that has been examined and certified by an authority,
accredited for the purpose, as complying with the specifications and
tolerances of the applicable standard.
Cover (lid) A cover that fits snugly over a sieve to prevent the escape of material
being sieved.
Matched sieve A test sieve that duplicates the results of another sieve within
specified limits.
Nesting pan or A pan with a nesting skirt used in a stack of sieves to permit two or
pan w/skirt more separate sieve tests to be made simultaneously, usually with a
mechanical sieve shaker.
Pan (receiver) A pan that fits snugly beneath a sieve to receive the passing fraction.
Sieve cloth series Sieve cloth woven to a mathematically defined set of opening
widths, wire diameters, and tolerances.
Sieve frame A rigid framework that supports the sieving medium and limits the
spread of the material being sieved.
Sieve scale A series of sieve openings having a systematic mathematical

progression.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 63 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Skirt The portion of the sieve frame that extends below the sieving surface
and nests into the next finer sieve or receiving pan.
Test sieve A sieve conforming to a standard specification for test sieves.
Test Sieving
Cumulative A graph obtained by plotting the total percentages by weight

oversize retained on each of a set of sieves of descending opening size against
distribution graph the corresponding opening sizes.
Cumulative A graph obtained by plotting the total percentages by weight

undersize passing each of a set of sieves of descending opening size against the
distribution graph corresponding opening sizes.
Dry sieving Sieving without the aid of a liquid.
End point The stopping point in a sieve test at which further sieving fails to pass
an amount sufficient to change the result.
Gross sample A representative sample taken from a large volume of material that
is too large to use in a test sieve.
Sieve analysis The results of a sieve test showing the percentages of sample
retained on (or passing) each sieve used in the test.
Size analysis The results of dividing a sample into fractions of defined limits (see
also Sieve analysis).
Size distribution A graphical representation of the results of a sieve analysis test.

graph
Size range The limits between the smallest and the largest particle in a sample.
Test sample A representative sample that is small enough to use directly in a test
sieve or series of sieves.
Test sieving Sieving with one or more test sieves to determine the particle size
distribution of a particulate material.
Wet sieving Sieving with the aid of a suitable liquid.
Production Screening
Feed Material supplied to a screen for screening.
Oversize That portion of the feed material that has failed to pass through the
openings of a screen.
Oversize in Particles in a screen undersize that are larger than the nominal point
undersize of separation.
Point of In a screening operation, the size of opening that will allow

separation undersized particles to pass and will reject oversized particles.
Screen efficiency The percentage of recovery of the desired portion (usually the
undersize) from the amount available in the feed.
Undersize (fines) That portion of the feed material that has passed through the
openings of a screen.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 64 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Undersize in Particles in a screen oversize that are smaller than the nominal point
oversize of separation.
Woven-Wire Cloth
Double crimp Wire cloth woven with approximately equal corrugations in warp
and shoot to lock the wires in position.
Mesh (a) The number of apertures per unit of length; (b) in countries using
English measure, the number of openings, and fraction thereof, per
linear inch counting from the center of a wire.
Plain weave Wire cloth in which each warp wire and each shoot wire passes over
one and under the next adjacent wire in both directions.
Rectangular mesh Mesh with unequal opening widths in warp and shoot direction.
Shoot wires The wires running cross-wise of the cloth as woven (also called “shute
wires”).
Space cloth Wire cloth that is designated by the clear opening between the wires
instead of by the mesh.
Square mesh Mesh with equal opening widths in warp and shoot direction.
Twilled weave Wire cloth in which each shoot wire passes successively over two and
under two warp wires and each warp wire passes successively over
two and under two shoot wires.
Warp wires The wires running the long direction of the wire cloth as woven.
Weft wires See Shoot wires.
Perforated Plate
Bridge width Distance between the nearest edges of two adjacent holes in a
perforated plate.
Hole size In a perforated plate, the diameter of the round hole; width of the
square hole at its midsection; smallest width of the oblong hole.
Margin Distance between the outside edges of the outside rows of holes and
the edges of a perforated plate.
Perforated plate A plate with uniform holes in symmetrical arrangement. Distance

Pitch between the centers of two adjacent holes in a perforated plate.
Electroformed Sieves
Electroformed A sieve sheet formed by electrodeposition on photosensitized,

mesh machine-ruled lines.
Micromesh Synonym for electroformed mesh.
Sieve sheet A sieving plate composed of a fine electroformed mesh bonded to a

coarser supporting grid.
Supporting grid A relatively thick sheet of metal having large, uniform, square
openings to which the fine mesh is bonded for support.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 65 20/12/13 11:44 AM

7. REFERENCES
Allen, T., Particle Size Measurement, Chapman and Hall, London, 1968.
Batel, W., Einfuhrung in die Korngrossenmesstechnik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1960.
Cadle, R. D., Particle Size, Reinhold, New York, 1965.
Dalla Valle, J. M., Micrometritics. The Technology of Fine Particles, 2nd ed., Pitman, New York,
1948.
Herdan, G., Small Particle Statistics, 2nd ed., Academic, New York, 1960.
Irani, R. R., and Callis, C. R., Particle Size: Measurement, Interpretation and Application, Wiley,
New York, 1963.
Khan, A. A., MSc Thesis, Bradford University, 1968.
Orr, C., Jr., Particulate Technology, Macmillan, New York, 1966.
Orr, C., Jr., and Dalla Valle, J. M., Fine Particles Measurement: Size Surface and Pore Volume,
Macmillan, New York, 1959.
Rose, H. E., Measurement of Particle Size in Very Fine Powders, Chemical, New York, 1954.
Particle Size Analysis, Society for Analytical Chemistry, London, 1967.
“Powders in Industry,” SCI Monograph 14, Society of Chemical Industry, London, 1961.
Particle Size Measurement, ASTM STP 234, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,
1959.
“The Physics of Particle Size Analysis,” Br. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 5, Suppl. 3, 1954.
“Particle Size Analysis,” Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., Vol. 25, Suppl., 1947.
New Methods for Particle Size Determination in the Subsieve Range, ASTM STP 51, ASTM Inter-
national, West Conshohocken, PA, 1941.
BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 66 20/12/13 11:44 AM

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Manual on Test

Trent Smith, Editor

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 1 20/12/13 7:27 AM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Manual on test sieving methods / prepared by ASTM Committee E29 as Guidelines

ASTM Photocopy Rights

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001-FM.indd 2 1/9/14 2:10 PM

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 3 20/12/13 7:27 AM

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 5 20/12/13 7:27 AM

Fig. 1—ASTM sieves.

Because of various specialized sieving applications, there are many popular

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 1 20/12/13 11:44 AM

125 5 in. 5 3.66 4.51 129.51 20 – all – all – 8 6.8 9.2

75 3 in. 3 2.22 3.09 78.09 20 – all – all – 6.3 5.4 7.2

53 2.12 in. 2.12 1.58 2.39 55.39 20 – all . all – 5 4.3 5.8

50 2 in. 2 1.49 2.29 52.29 20 – all – all – 5 4.3 5.8

25 1.00 in. 1 0.758 1.38 26.38 20 0.823 15 0.553 all – 3.55 3 4.1

millimetre inches millimetre millimetre millimetre millimetre

micrometre inches micrometre micrometre micrometre micrometre

Table 2—ASTM E11: Dimensions of Standard Frames

3 3.000 + 0.030/−0.000 3.000 + 0.000/−0.030 1 ¼ (32) FHC

(76 + 0.76/−0.00) (76 + 0.00/−0.76) 5

6 6.000 + 0.030/−0.000 6.000 + 0.000/−0.030 1 ¾ (45) FH

(152 + 0.76/−0.00) (152 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 (25) HH

8 8.000 + 0.030/−0.000 8.000 + 0.000/−0.030 2 (50) FH

(203 + 0.76/−0.00 (203 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 (25) HH

10 10.000 + 0.030/−0.000 10.000 + 0.000/−0.030 3 (76) FH

(254 + 0.76/−0.00) (254 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 ½ (38) HH

12 12.000 + 0.030/−0.000 12.000 + 0.000/−0.030 3 ¼ (83) FH

(305 + 0.76/−0.00) (305 + 0.00/−0.76) 1 3/8 (50) IH

Fig. 2—Nonstandard sieve frames.

1.2 International Standards Organization (ISO) Test Sieves

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 5 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Fig. 3—ISO test sieve.

Table 3—ISO Coarse Aperture Tolerances and Wire Diameters

R 20/3 R 20 R 40/3 +X ±Y 𝛔0 dnom dmax dmin

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

125 125 125 4.51 3.66 8 9.2 6.8

112 4.15 3.29 8 9.2 6.8

106 3.99 3.12 6.3 7.2 5.4

100 3.82 2.94 6.3 7.2 5.4

90 90 90 3.53 2.66 6.3 7.2 5.4

80 3.24 2.37 6.3 7.2 5.4

71 2.97 2.1 5.6 6.4 4.8

63 63 63 2.71 1.87 5.6 6.4 4.8

56 2.49 1.67 5 5.8 4.3

53 2.39 1.58 5 5.8 4.3

50 2.29 1.49 5 5.8 4.3

BK-AST-MNL32-131022-130001.indb 6 20/12/13 11:44 AM

Table 3—ISO Coarse Aperture Tolerances and Wire Diameters

R 20/3 R 20 R 40/3 +X ±Y 𝛔0 dnom dmax dmin

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

45 45 45 2.12 1.35 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8

40 1.94 1.2 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8

37.5 1.85 1.13 1.000 4.5 5.2 3.8

35.5 1.78 1.07 1.000 4 4.6 3.4

31.5 31.5 31.5 1.63 0.95 1.000 4 4.6 3.4

28 1.5 0.85 1.000 3.55 4.1 3

26.5 1.44 0.8 1.000 3.55 4.1 3

25 1.38 0.76 1.000 3.55 4.1 3

22.4 22.4 22.4 1.27 0.68 0.920 3.55 4.1 3

20 1.17 0.61 0.780 3.15 3.6 2.7

19 1.13 0.58 0.729 3.15 3.6 2.7

18 1.08 0.55 0.690 3.15 3.6 2.7