ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543700 262 . .

ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543701 1T9 . .

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Measurement of Exhaust
Emissions from Stationary
Gas Turbine Engines

ASME 8133.9-1994
(REVISION OF ANSI 8133.9-1979)

~ The American Society of

~Mechanical Engineers

.____ _ _ _ _ _ 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017

 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543702 035 . .

Date of Issuance: June 30, 1994

This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
new edition. There will be no addenda or written interpretations of the
requirements of this Standard issued to this Edition.

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an
opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review
and comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or
activity.
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connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone
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unteers.

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in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Copyright © 1994 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543703 T71 . .

FOREWORD

(This Foreword is not part of ASME 8133.9-1994.)

The purpose of the B 133.9 standard is to provide criteria for the preparation of gas
turbine procurement specifications. This Standard provides essential information for the
procurement of gas turbine power plants. It applies to open cycle, closed cycle, and
semi-closed cycle gas turbines with conventional combustion systems for industrial, ma-
rine, and electric power applications. Not included are gas turbines applied to earth
moving machines, agricultural and industrial-type tractors, automobiles, trucks, buses,
and aero-propulsion units.
The B 133.9 standard addresses exhaust emission measurements that are performed to
assure compliance with federal, state, and local emission regulations. The pollutant mea-
surement methods mandated by regulatory agencies are referenced and other alternative
methods are outlined.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome. Send suggestions to: The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th
Street, New York, NY 10017.
Approval for American National Standard B 133.9 was granted by the American Na-
tional Standards Institute on April 5, 1994.

Ill
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543704 908 . .

ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE 8133

Procurement Standards for Gas Turbines

(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

OFFICERS

R. P. Allen. Chairman
R. R. Balsbaugh, Vice Chairman
A. M. Nickles, Secretary

COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

R. P. Allen, Clemson University

R. R. Balsbaugh, Wisconsin Electric Power Co.
S. M. DeCorso, Power Tech Associates, Inc.
D. C. Hall, National Gas Pipeline Company of America
R. A. Harmon, Consultant
P. J. Hart, Allison Gas Turbine - Division of General Motors
G. S. Howard, Redbrook Inc.
D. B. Johnson, Tenneco Gas
R. T. Lecren, Solar Turbines Inc.
G. Opdyke, Consulting Engineer
D. A. Rains, Decision Engineering
E. Sciubba, Dept. di Mecanica Ed Aeronautica
J. M. Vaught, Vaught Engineering, Inc.
W. C. Walke, Jr., Sargent & Lundy Engineers
J. P. Zanyk, J. P. Zanyk and Associates, Inc.

PERSONNEL OF SUBCOMMITTEE 2 - FUELS AND ENVIRONMENT

W. H. von Klein Smid, Chairman

J. M. Vaught. Vice Chairman
W. W. Bathie
S. Bonifazi
F. W. Crouse, Jr.
S. M. DeCorso
R. T. Lecren
R. N. Levine
J. A. McSorley
C. Nakaishi
G. Opdyke, Jr.
P. W. Pillsbury
H. Schreiber
E. J. Wilson, Jr.

v
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543705 844 . .

PERSONNEL OF ASME STEERING COMMmEE ON DEVELOPMENT OF

EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND SPECIFICATION FOR GAS
TURBINES
R. P. Allen, Clemson University
R. J. Art, ASME Research
W. Gray, Special Consultant, Radian Corp.
W. S. Y. Hung, Solar Turbines Inc.
R. Huntley, Emission Measurement Branch, USEPA
J. J. Macak, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
G. Opdyke, Dykewood Enterprises
H. Schreiber, Electric Power Research Institute
J. M. Vaught, Principle Investigator, Vaught Engineering Inc.
W. H. von Klein Smid, Engineering Consultant
P. Westlin, Emission Measurement Branch, USEPA

vi
 ASME 8133-9 94 . . 0759670 0543706 780 . .

CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Standard Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

I Scope ......................................................... .
2 Definitions ..................................................... .
3 Exhaust Emissions From Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Responsibilities of the Gas Turbine Manufacturer and User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 Application Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.1 Gas Turbine Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.2 Operating Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.3 Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Measurement of Gaseous Exhaust Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.1 Measured Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2 Measurement System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2.2 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2.3 Inlet Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2.4 Gas Sampling Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2.5 Sample Transfer and Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2.6 Analytical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2.7 Testing, Analysis, and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.3 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3.1 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (C0 2) • • • • • • • • • • • . • 10
6.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide (S0 2) • • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • . • • . . . • . . . • . . . 12
6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid (H 2S0 4) Mist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3.5 Total Hydrocarbons (HC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.6 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) and Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.7 Ammonia (NH 3 ) • • . . • . • • • . • • • • . • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . . • 15
6.3.8 Oxygen (0 2) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15
6.3.9 Water Vapor (H 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.4 Quality Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4.1 Calibration .............................. _,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4.2 Recommended Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4.3 Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7 Smoke Measurement ............................................. . 19
7.1 Visual Opacity ............................................. . 19
7. 1. 1 Current Method ............ , ............................. . 19
7. I. 2 Measurement Variability 19

vii
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543707 617 . .

7.2 Smoke Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 .2.1 SAE Aircraft Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.2.2 Optical Smokemeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2.3 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7. 3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8 Particulate Measurement ............................ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.1 Recommended Method .. _ .. __ .. ___ . __ .. _. __ ... _. _............ 22
8.2 Sampling Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.3 Sampling Procedure . _....................... _ .. _..... _....... 23
8.4 Analysis of Results ............. __ . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9 Fuel Analysis . _......... _ ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.1 Recommended Sampling Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.2 Fuel Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. 3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10 Calculations and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.1 Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.2 Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.3 Determination of Engine Exhaust Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.3.1 USEPA F Factor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.3.2 ICAO (SAE) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.4 Conversion Between Wet and Dry Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.5 Conversion to 15% Oxygen Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.6 Correction to ISO Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I0. 7 Calculation of VOC and NMHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figures
6.1 Sampling Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2 Measurement System for Gaseous Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.3 Flow Diagram of NO Converters Used to Obtain NH 3 Measurement . . . . . . . 16
7.1 ICAO Smoke Analysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.1 Schematic of Impinger Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Tables
6-1 Gaseous Exhaust Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6-2 Stationary Gas Turbine Data Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6-3 Gaseous Emissions Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6-4 Performance Specifications for NO, Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I0
6-5 Performance Specifications for CO Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
6-6 Performance Specifications for C0 2 Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
6-7 Performance Specifications for S0 2 Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6-8 Performance Specifications for HC Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6-9 Performance Specifications for 0 2 Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6-10 Recommended Accuracy of Calibration Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9-1 Summary of Fuel Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10-1 General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10-2 Subscripts and Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10-3 Chemical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I0-4 Average F Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10-5 Conversion Factors for Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

viii
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543708 553 . .

Appendices
A Emissions From Gas Turbines 33
B Standard Reference Conditions 37
c Physical Properties .............................................. . 38
D Air Laws and Regulations ........................................ . 40
E Emission Control Methods ........................................ . 42
F Listed Air Toxics ............................................... . 45

ix
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543709 49T II
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY GAS
TURBINE ENGINES
1 SCOPE
This Standard provides guidance in the measure-
ment of exhaust emissions for the emissions perfor-
mance testing (source testing) of stationary gas tur-
bines. Source testing is required to meet federal,
state, and local environmental regulations. The stan-
dard is not intended for use in continuous emissions
monitoring (CEM) although many of the on-line
measurement methods defined may be used in both
applications.
This Standard applies to engines that operate on
natural gas and liquid distillate fuels. Much of this
Standard also will apply to engines operated on spe-
cial fuels such as alcohol, coal gas, residual oil, or
process gas or liquid. However, these methods may
require modification or be supplemented to account
for the measurement of exhaust components resulting
from the usc of a special fuel.
2 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions
given below apply.
accuracy - the closeness with which a measure-
ment approaches the true value established indepen-
dently
air composition - The composition of dry air shall
be as defined in ISO 2533, i.e. (See Appendix C):
N. 78.084% volume
0, 20.948% volume
Ar 0. 934c;0 volume
Balance 0.()34% volume
Total 100.000'7r volume
air taxies - When admitted to the air, a number
of compounds are determined to be toxic. These
compounds arc defined in the US by the USEPA,
which has stipulated 189 such compounds. State
agencies and those of other countries have different
lists. The USEPA list of air toxics is given in Ap-
pendix F.
ASME 8133.9-1994
calibration drift - the difference in the measure-
ment system output readings from the known con-
centration of the calibration gas after a stated period
of operation during which no unscheduled mainte-
nance, repair, or adjustment took place and the input
at the time of the first measurement
calibration error - the difference between the gas
concentration indicated by the measurement system
and the known concentration of the calibration gas
calibration gas - a mixture of gases of specified
and known composition used for calibration of the
analyzer system such as zero gas, span gas, etc.
chemiluminescence analyzer - a method of mea-
suring NO, using the principle that NO reacts with
ozone (0 1 ) to give nitrogen dioxide (NO~) and ox-
ygen (0 2) with an associated light emission
concentration - the volume fraction <.p, of the com-
ponent of interest in the gas mixture. expressed as
volume percentage or as parts per million
continuous sampling -the presentation of a flowing
sample to the analytical analyzer to obtain contin-
uous measurement of concentrations of the compo-
nents of interest
flame ionization detector - a hydrogen-air diffusion
flame detector that produces a signal nominally pro-
portional to the mass-flow rate of hydrocarbons en-
tering the flame per unit of time - generally as-
sumed responsive to the number of carbon atoms
entering the flame
fuel/air ratio - the mass rate of fuel flow to the
engine divided by the mass rate of dry airflow
through the engine
gaseous emissions - substances emitted in the fonn
of gas or vapor downstream of the combustion
chamber of the engine
humidity - a measure of the amount of water vapor
present in a gas mixture. Absolute humidity or spe-
cific humidity is the mass of vapor per unit mass of
gas generally expressed as mass of vapor per mass
of dry air. Relative humidity is the ratio of the water
vapor pressure to its saturation pressure at that tem-
perature.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543710 101 . .
ASME 8133.9-1994
interference - analyzer response due to the pres-
ence of components other than the gas (or vapor)
that is to be measured
ISO standard day conditions - 288 Kelvin (59°F)
temperature, 60% relative humidity, and 101.3 kPa
(14.696 psia) pressure
isokinetic- Isokinetic (equal velocity) sampling oc-
curs when a sample is drawn into the probe at the
same gas velocity as the gas stream from which it
is extracted.
linearity - ability of an instrument to respond in
direct proportion to an input signal
measurement system - the total equipment required
for the determination of a gas concentration or a gas
emission rate
NOx - oxides of nitrogen; specifically, the sum of
nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N0 2)
noise - random variation in instrument output not
associated with characteristics of the sample to
which the instrument is responding, distinguishable
from its drift characteristics
nondispersive infrared analyzer - an analyzer that
by absorption of infrared energy selectively measures
specific components
nonmethane hydrocarbon - hydrocarbon com-
pounds in the measurement of interest, excluding
methane from the total
opacity - the degree to which emissions reduce the
transmission of light and obscure the view of an ob-
ject in the background
particulates - any solid or condensable material in
the exhaust gas stream, at the location and condi-
tions of the sample collection
parts per million (ppm) - volumetric concentration
of the component i in 106 volume parts of gas mix-
ture
parts per million carbon (ppmC 1) - the mole frac-
tion of hydrocarbon multiplied by 106 measured on
a "CH/' equivalence basis. Thus, 1 ppm of methane
is indicated as I ppmC 1 • To convert ppm concen-
tration of any hydrocarbon to an equivalent ppmC 1
value, multiply ppm concentration by the number of
carbon atoms per molecule of the gas. For example,
1 ppm propane translates as 3 ppmC 1 hydrocarbon;
I ppm hexane as 6 ppmC 1 hydrocarbon.
peak load - The peak load is defined (by the EPA)
as the maximum operating load for the plant.
PM-10 - particulate material with an aerodynamic
diameter less than or equal to a nominal value of
I 0 micrometers (microns)
2
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
power - a measure of work done in unit time usu-
ally expressed in kW or bhp and at some specified
operating condition. Power may be expressed in
terms of output at the turbine, electrical power at
the generator terminals, or gas power in the case of
a gas turbine or gas generator producing gas or com-
pressed air (bleed air from a circuit compressor).
Any shaft or electric power obtained from the engine
waste heat, e.g., by an exhaust gas power turbine,
may be added to the engine power. The power
equivalent of any other waste heat may not be in-
cluded regardless of whether it is used for process
heat or some other purpose.
reference temperature - A reference temperature of
ooc (32°F) is chosen for chemical calculations be-
cause of available chemical data and evaluation
methods.
relative hydrocarbon response - the different re-
sponse of the test equipment to the same sample hy-
drocarbon concentrations expressed as equivalent
ppmC 1, dependent on the class or admixture of class-
es of hydrocarbon components
repeatability - a measure of the similarity between
repeated readings when recorded under the same op-
erating conditions. This measure can apply both to
the analytical system and to the sample source.
resolution - the smallest change in a measurement
that can be detected
response - the change in instrument output signal
that occurs with a change in sample concentration.
Also, the output signal corresponding to a given
sample concentration.
response time - the amount of time required for
the measurement system to display on the data out-
put, a step change in concentration of an emission
component
smoke - small gas-borne solid particles mostly, but
not limited to, black carbonaceous material from the
burning of fuel, which in sufficient concentrations
creates visual opacity
smoke density - the mass loading of smoke parti-
cles in the exhaust, expressed in mg/Nm 3 (grains/scf)
span drift - the time related change in response of
the analyzer to repetition of a span gas measurement
under identical conditions of flow and concentration
span gas - a calibration gas to be used for routine
verification and adjustment of analyzer response
span value - the upper limit of a gas concentration
measurement range that is specified for affected
source categories in the applicable part of the regu-
lations
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543711 048 . .
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
stability/calibration drift - time related deviation
of instrument output from span set point when it is
operating on calibration gas
stationary gas turbine - any simple cycle gas tur-
bine, regenerative cycle gas turbine, or any gas tur-
bine portion of a combined cycle steam/electric gen-
erating system that is not self-propelled. It may,
however, be mounted on a vehicle for portability.
test sequence - a series of functionally related tests
in which the test operation without interruption pro-
gresses systematically from one test mode to another
total hydrocarbons - the general term for organic
compounds measured by the flame ionization detec-
tion method
volatile organic compounds (VOC) - all hydrocar-
bons measured in or emitted from a given system
minus both the methane and ethane components
zero air - a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen in the
same proportion of oxygen to inert as in the at-
mospheric air, free from other species
zero drift - time related deviation of instrument
output from zero set point when it is operating on
gas free of the component to be measured
zero gas- a gas to be used in establishing the zero,
or no-response, adjustment of an instrument
3 EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM GAS
TURBINES
Gas turbine exhaust contains combustion products
(including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
water vapor) that are not considered to be air pol-
lutants. In addition, it contains small concentrations
of air pollutants including oxides of nitrogen, oxides
of sulfur, carbon monoxide, unburned and partially
burned hydrocarbons, particulates, and visible
smoke. This Standard addresses components that are
typically found in the exhaust of most gas turbines
operating on natural gas and liquid distillate fuels
and that are controlled by various federal, state, and
local regulations throughout the world.
The components of concern are listed below.
Their formation and consequence are described in
Appendix A.
(a) aldehydes
1 velocity, temperature, and stoichiometry of the ex-
2 haust;
(b) ammonia (NH 3)
'To be discussed, not measured.
2
Not a naturally occurring component in gas turbine exhaust; oc-
curs in the exhaust of units equipped with selective catalytic re-
duction.
3
ASME 8133.9-1994
(c) carbon monoxide (CO)
(d) hydrocarbons (total) (HC)
(e) metallics
(f) oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
(g) sulfur dioxide (S0 2)
3
(h) particulates (PM)
(i) sulfuric acid (H 2S0 4) mist
(j) smoke and smoke density
4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GAS
TURBINE MANUFACTURER AND USER
The manufacturer and owner/operator (user) of a
gas turbine should agree on specific responsibilities
in meeting the applicable regulatory requirements for
emissions performance testing. In general, it is rec-
ommended that the user be responsible for identi-
fying the regulations that apply to the particular site
and equipment that are being considered, and that
the manufacturer be responsible for providing the
detailed information on the design, performance, and
emissions characteristics of the gas turbine.
Although the user has the ultimate responsibility
for obtaining operating permits and the source testing
required by these permits, the manufacturer may
have greater resources and expertise for the planning
of emissions tests and the reporting of results to the
cognizant regulatory agency. The extent of manu-
facturer contribution to these activities and to the
selection of third party testing laboratories should be
the subject of agreement.
5 APPLICATION DATA
5.1 Gas Turbine Characteristics
It is recommended that the manufacturer be re-
sponsible for supplying data for all gas turbine char-
acteristics needed by the owner/ operator for (I) ap-
plication for construction and operating permits, and
(2) planning the emissions performance test that will
be accomplished by a third party test laboratory. As
an example, this data should include, but not be lim-
ited to:
(a) general information on the exhaust flow rate,
(b) concentration and emission rates of gaseous ex-
haust components as a function of load and ambient
temperature;
'Includes total suspended particulates and PM-I 0.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543712 T84 . .
ASME 8133.9-1994
(c) use and operating data associated with water or
steam injection for NO, control;
(d) use and operating data for exhaust treatment
equipment, such as oxidizing catalysts or selective
catalytic reduction systems (SCR), and the exhaust
emissions characteristics obtained with and without
controls;
(e) presence and emission of hazardous air pollut-
ants;
(f) use and environmental effects of fuel additives.
5.2 Operating Cycle
The operating cycle, as defined by the permit ap-
plication, must be specified for the source testing.
In the NSPS for Gas Turbines, the USEPA has spec-
ified that emissions testing be performed at "30, 50,
75, and 100 percent of peak load, or at four points
in the normal operating range of the gas turbine,
including the minimum point in the range and peak
load. All loads shall be corrected to ISO conditions
using the appropriate equations supplied by the man-
ufacturer." [ l]
5.3 Test Conditions
The owner/operator should select the source test
laboratory with assistance from the manufacturer, if
needed, and construct a measurement plan (test pro-
tocol). The components to be tested, the test method
for each, and the operating conditions during testing
should be specified in this measurement plan. The
owner/operator is normally held responsible for ob-
taining approval of the test plan by the cognizant
regulatory agency.
Other conditions to be agreed on and stated in the
plan are listed below. Many of these conditions are
stipulated by the USEPA.
(a) Special treatment and handling of the samples
(b) Specification of the test fuel
(c) Fuel sample collection and analysis
(d) Design and location of test ports
(e) Test methods, instruments, and scales to be
used
(j) Scaffolding, safety requirements for the test
crew, and other necessary protection
(g) The influence of weather and climate on am-
bient conditions, test methods, sampling, crew per-
formance, and safety
5.4 References
[l] Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources, Subpart GG - Standards of Performance
4
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
for Stationary Gas Turbines, US Federal Register
Title 40, Part 60.
6 MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS EXHAUST
COMPONENTS
6.1 Measured Components
The following gaseous components are to be mea-
sured on a continuous basis or determined by the
method indicated in Table 6-l.
6.2 Measurement System
6.2.1 General. The measurements are to be made
by continuous flow sampling; however, discrete
samples may be taken if agreed to by the cognizant
regulatory control agency. The three basic elements
of the measuring system are:
(a) sampling probe;
(b) transfer and conditioning;
(c) analytical instruments and data acquisition.
6.2.2 Sampling. Exhaust installations for simple
cycle engines consist of exhaust ducting, a silencer,
and an exhaust stack. It is recommended that for
these installations, the sampling plane be placed as
near to the engine as practical and still allow for
representative sampling. Whenever possible, the
sampling site shall be located upstream of the point
of introduction of dilution air into the duct. For en-
gines with heat recovery boilers, duct burners, and
exhaust pollution control systems, the sampling
plane should be located in the exhaust stack, down-
stream of the last control device (as agreed to by
the cognizant regulatory agency). A single sampling
plane, requiring only one setup, is usually adequate
for measuring emissions from the installation with
or without supplementary systems operating.
6.2.3 Inlet Sampling. Sampling of the air entering
the engine is recommended when the installation is
located in areas of high pollution or when emissions
from other sources are likely to be induced into the
inlet. The same instruments can be used for this
sampling as for the exhaust measurements. A single
sampling point and an unheated sample line are nor-
mally acceptable for this ambient air testing.
6.2.4 Gas Sampling Probe. The gas sampling
probe should be capable of providing a representa-
tive sample to the instruments. Sampling through a
three-hole probe or through a single probe located
at each measurement point defined below is ac-
ceptable. A demonstration that the sample is rep-
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543713 910 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

TABLE 6-1 GASEOUS EXHAUST COMPONENTS

Component Recommended Method Reference

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Chemiluminescence 6.3.1

Carbon monoxide (CO) Nondispersive infrared 6.3.2
Carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) Nondispersive infrared 6.3.2
Sulfur dioxide (S0 2 ) Fuel analysis 6.3.3
Sulfuric acid mist (H,SO.) lmpinger train 6.3.4
Total hydrocarbons Flame ionization detector 6.3.5
NMHC and VOC Gas chromatograph 6.3.6
Ammonia (NH 3 ) Chemiluminescence difference 6.3.7
Oxygen (0 2 ) Electrochemical or paramagnetic 6.3.8
Water vapor (HzO) lmpinger train 6.3.9

resentative of the mean flow using the carbon bal-
ance method, defined below, is required whether a
single or multiholed sampling probe is used. Mul-
tiholcd probes are to be designed so that the Oow
through each hole is made equal by designing the
pressure drop through the holes to be at least 80%
of the pressure drop through the entire probe [ 1].
Single probes shall be long enough to allow full tra-
verse of the duct. Probe material shall be stainless
steel or glass-lined stainless steel.
Three sampling locations positioned normal to the
exhaust flow are required. These sampling points are
to be located by establishing a measurement line
through the centroid of the duct area at the mea-
surement plane and in the direction of any expected
stratification. The three sampling points are to be
located at 16.7, 50, and 83.3% of the measurement
line. Figure 6.1 shows the sampling probe and the
sampling points. If the measurement line is longer
than 2.4 m (7. 9 ft) and component stratification is
not expected, the tester may choose to locate the
three traverse points on the measurement line at 0.4,
1.2, and 2.0 m (1.3, 3.9. and 6.6 ft) from the stack
or duct wall. Additional details are given in the
USEPA Performance Specification 2 for CEM [2].
The sampling probe and vacuum pump must be
capable of continuously supplying a sufficient vol-
ume of sample gas to the analyzers. The sampling
probe interface connections with the sample lines
also must be heated to prevent condensation. The
gas sampling probe used for the measurement of am-
monia must be heated to 120°C (248°F).
6.2.5 Sample Transfer and Conditioning. The
important elements of the measurement system are
shown on the schematic drawing, Fig. 6.2. When
special analytical equipment is used, this arrange-
ment may need modification as agreed to by the cog-
nizant regulatory agency.
The sample must be conditioned in a manner that
5
is compatible with the operating requirements of the
various analyzers. It is important to avoid conden-
sation of the sample constituents, particularly hy-
drocarbons, sulfates, and water vapor. The entire
sample line must be heated above the temperature
at which the condensation of each specific constit-
uent, considering its concentration, will occur.
For operation on natural gas or light distillate fuel
oils, a sample line temperature of 160°C ± 15 (320°F
±27) shall be maintained from the probe to the HC
analyzer system. If neither hydrocarbons nor NH 3
are being measured, a sample line temperature of
65°C ± 15 ( 149°F ± 27) or 10°C ( I8°F) above the
dew point of the sample is to be maintained. These
requirements also apply to pumps. valves, and other
equipment.
The following requirements also apply.
(a) All material in contact with the sample shall
be nonreactive (stainless steel, Teflon, glass, or
equivalent). It is recommended that all new lines
made of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) be purged
by a continuous flow of nitrogen in order to remove
the residue of solvents from manufacturing. During
this procedure the line temperature should be main-
tained at 20oC (36°F) above the temperature at which
it will operate.
(b) All connections should be tested and shown to
be leak proof.
(c) All components should be designed to operate
at the maximum temperature they will see in service.
Long lines are often unavoidable in the measure-
ment of large turbine systems; however, the transfer
time between the probe and the instruments should
be kept as short as possible. The use of a second
sample transfer pump is recommended to increase
sample flow velocity if long sample transfer times
are encountered.
6.2.6 Analytical Instruments. Analytical instru-
ments shall be complete with all necessary flow con-
 ASME 8133-9 94 II 0759b70 0543714 857 II

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

Measurement
plane

"""'"_........,..-1_11-- Measurement
line

~ =Sampling points

t
Flow
Flow

Circular Exhaust Duct

Measurement line established normal to flow through the centroid of exhaust

duct measurement plane and in direction of expected stratification.

FIG. 6.1 SAMPLING POINTS

trol components, such as regulators, valves, and
flow meters. Material in contact with the sample
shall be corrosion resistant stainless steel or carbon
loaded PTFE. The temperature of the sample shall
be maintained, consistent with local pressure, to
avoid condensation. Instruments subject to drift and
calibration problems due to variations in ambient
temperature are to be housed in a stable thermal en-
vironment.
Instruments shall be performance checked as re-
quired below.
6.2.7 Testing, Analysis, and Reporting
(a) Emissions measurements shall be made only
after the gas turbine, associated heat recovery, and
after treatment systems have stabilized, the turbine
has reached steady state operation as defined in ISO
6
2314 [3], and the indicated emission rates have sta-
bilized.
(b) A minimum of three measurements shall be
taken after the analyzers are stable. The minimum
sampling time for each measurement shall be one
minute plus the measurement system response time.
Longer sampling times may be required for addi-
tional averaging. The times should be determined by
the engine manufacturer, the system designer, and
the owner. A measurement shall consist of the
steady state concentration averaged over the sam-
pling time. The arithmetic average of the three mea-
surements comprises a complete test. Each mea-
surement shall differ no more than ±5% from the
average or the test must be repeated.
(c) Readings of the gas turbine operating param-
eters shall be taken at the same time. Engine data
to be recorded are shown in Table 6-2.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543715 793 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

12

:·-j-·-
,-. voc
{CH4 & C2H4l

I 9
Gas Chromatograph

11~
HC
Flame ionization

,-
detector

3 4 5 6
_j
\ __ j
I

10

·f 2
NOx
Chemiluminescence

7
02
Zirconium oxide
or paramagnetic
8

Legend co
Nondispersive
Probe infrared
2 Gas inlet for system check
3 Sample line
4 Dump pump to vent, if required
5 Filter
6 Sample pump C0 2
7 Back pressure reducer Nondispersive
8 Chiller/separator operating s 3°C infrared
9 Gas inlet for instrument calibration
10 N02-->NO converter
11 Heated section
12 Analyzer
502
Non dispersive
ultraviolet

NH3
Chemiluminescence
difference

FIG. 6.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS COMPONENTS

7
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 054371b b2T . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

TABLE 6-2 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE DATA RECORD

General information
1. Date:
2. Location: Company:
Facility:
City:
State:
Country:
3. Test laboratory: Name:
Location:
Test personnel:
4. Gas turbine: Manufacturer:
Model:
Serial no.:
Installation location:
5. Fuel: Type:
Heating value (HHV and LHV):
F Factor, Fd (per USEPA Method 19. See Section 10)
Ultimate and specific analyses to be included on separate
data sheet:
6. Emission controls: Method:
Design control parameters:
Operating data
1. Date:
2. Ambient conditions: Temperature:
Pressure:
Relative and specific humidity:
Weather conditions:
Wind velocity and direction:

3. Measurement no. (or reading no.):

4. Time of day:
5. Combustion turbine operating load and how measured:
6. Fuel flow and how measured:
7. Water or steam flow and how measured:
8. Engine exhaust flow and how determined (mfr. computer deck, airmeter, carbon
balance):
9. Compressor inlet temperature:
Combustor inlet temperature:
Cycle temperature:
Exhaust temperature:
Inlet guide vane position:
Other operating data:

(d) Ambient atmospheric conditions should remain
relatively stable during the measurement period.
Testing shall be repeated if weather conditions
change during the measurement (e.g., the onset of
a rainstorm).
(e) Emissions measurements are to be recorded m
parts per million, and exhaust gas measurements in
8
percent volume, dry concentration. If exhaust is
measured and recorded wet, this measurement
should be corrected to dry concentration. Dry con-
centration is preferred since many gas turbines op-
erate on natural gas fuel and have water or steam
injection, both of which result in large amounts of
water vapor in the exhaust that must be extracted
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543717 5bb . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME B133.9-1994

TABLE 6-3 GASEOUS EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT DATA

1. Date:
2. Time of day:
3. Sampling: Probe design:
Sampling location:
Sample line type, length, temperature:
4. Instruments: Type:
Model:
Serial no.:
Ranges used:
Concentration of span gases and analyzer
responses:
Zero and span checks:
Interference corrections:
Sample flow and/or sample inlet pressure
(FID only):
5. Exhaust gas volume concentrations, average for each measuring point:
0,, % measured or calculated
CO,, % measured or calculated
H,O, % measured or calculated (if required)
N,, % measured or calculated (if required)
Balance, % measured or calculated (if required)
6. Emissions volume concentrations, average for each measuring point:
NOx
co
HC (if required)
VOC (if required)
SO, (if required)
NH, (if required)

before the sample is fed into the analyzers. Emis-
sions and analyzer data to be recorded are shown in
Table 6-3.
(f) Oxides of nitrogen data also are to be reported
in terms of concentration corrected to 15% 0 2 , and
then corrected to ISO conditions as described in Sec-
tion 10.
(g) Analyzers shall be calibrated before and after
the test, and at least at 4 hr intervals during the test.
With approval of the cognizant regulatory agency,
longer periods between calibrations shall be permit-
ted.
(h) The entire measurement system is to be
checked before the test and at 8 hr intervals. Specific
checks for leaks are to be made from the probe to
each instrument. Performance checks are to be car-
ried out as required by the applicable quality audit
procedure; see para. 6.4.
(i) The evaluation of the data and the computation
of specific emissions from gas concentrations are to
be made using one of the methods given in Section
10.
9
(j) A test report shall be prepared containing the
information given in Tables 6-2 and 6-3.
6.3 Instrumentation
The recommended instrumentation for the contin-
uous measurement of each component is given be-
low. Substitute methods are acceptable only if ap-
proved by the cognizant regulatory agency and all
parties.
6.3.1 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOxl· Oxides of nitro-
gen, defined as NO plus N0 2 , shall be measured
using a chemiluminescent analyzer in which light
radiation is emitted by the reaction of nitric oxide
(NO) and ozone (0 3 ) and is measured photoelec-
trically [4]. This method is not sensitive to N0 2 and
requires the use of a converter that reduces nitrogen
compounds such as N0 2 to NO. Normally the mea-
surement of NO, will be made with the sample pass-
ing through the converter. When the converter is by-
passed, only the NO component of the exhaust will
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543718 4T2 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME B133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

TABLE 6-4 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR NOx ANALYZER

Total range 0 to 1000 ppm in appropriate ranges
Resolution Better than 0.5% of full scale of range used or 1 ppm, whichever is
greater
Repeatability Better than ± 1% of full scale of range used or ±1 ppm, whichever is
greater
Stability Better than ±2% of full scale of range used in a period of 2 hours
Zero drift Less than ± 1% of full scale of range used or ± 1 ppm, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours
Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±1
ppm, whichever is greater in a period of 2 hours
Interference Interferences from COz and water vapor shall be limited to:
-less than 0.2% of reading per % of CO, concentration
-less than 0.5% of reading per % of water vapor concentration
-less than 1% of reading per % of NH3 concentration
If the above interference limitations cannot be met, correction factors
shall be determined, reported, and applied. It is recommended that
these be applied in all cases. Note that other corrections that are unique
to the instrument design also may be required.
Response time Shall not exceed 10 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading.
Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked at the 30, 60, and 90%
points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider. The maximum
deviation of these points from a least squares straight line fit shall be
±2% of the full scale value.
Converter The converter shall be designed and operated to reduce the N0 2 in the
sample to NO. The converter efficiency shall not be less than 90%.
The converter efficiency shall be determined and used to correct the
measured sample NO, value to represent 100% converter efficiency.

be measured. The difference between the NO, mea-
surement and the NO measurement is u:,ed to de-
termine the concentration of NOc.
(a) Performance Specification. The performance
of the analyzer when operated in the manner spec-
ified by the manufacturer shall be as given in Table
6-4.
6.3.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Diox-
ide (C02 ). Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
shall be measured using nondispersive infrared
(NDIR) analyzers [5]. These analyzers use the dif-
ferential energy absorption of infrared light in par-
allel reference and sample gas cells. The required
ranges of sensitivity are obtained by the use of
stacked sample cells, changes in electronic circuitry,
or a combination of both. Interferences from gases
with overlapping infrared absorption bands may be
minimiLed by gas absorption filters and/or optical
filters.
(a) Performance Specifications. The performance
of the analyzers when operated in the manner spec-
10
ified by the manufacturer shall be as given in Tables
6-5 and 6-6.
(b) Special Requirements. The recommended
method of operation for the CO and C0 2 analyzers
is in parallel with the other instruments in the mea-
surement system and on a dry basis (with the sample
train equipped with water traps as shown in Fig. 6.2)
and with controlled sample cell inlet pressure and
temperature as specified below. Series operation
with the so2 and 02 analyzers is acceptable if agreed
to in advance by the cognizant regulatory agency.
Temperature: 40°C ±2 (104°F ± 4)
Pressure: within ±2 mbar (±0.8 in. H20)
The operation of the CO and C0 2 analyzers with
a wet sample gas is acceptable if the amount of
water vapor is limited, as when the gas turbine is
operated on light distillate fuel without water or
steam injection. In this case, the water vapor inter-
ference is to be applied and the sample cell temper-
ature is to be controlled to 50°C ± 2 (122°F ± 4).
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543719 339 II

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME B133.9-1994

TABLE 6-5 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR CO ANALYZER

Total range In appropriate ranges 0 to 2500 ppm
Resolution Better than .5% of full scale of range used or 1 ppm, whichever is
greater
Repeatability Better than ± 1% of full scale of range used or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater
Stability Better than ±2% of full scale of range used or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours
Zero drift Less than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours
Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±1
ppm, whichever is greater in a period of 2 hours
Interference To be limited to CO concentration as follows:
(1) less than 500 ppm for each % of ethylene concentration
(2) less than 2 ppm for each % of C0 2 concentration
If the above interference limitations cannot be met, correction factors
shall be determined, reported, and applied. It is recommended that
these correction factors be applied in all cases. Note that other
corrections that are unique to the instrument design may also be
required.
Response time Shall not exceed 10 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading.

Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked at the 30, 60, and 90%
points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider. The maximum
dev'1ation of these points from a least squares straight line f1t shall be
±2% of the full scale value.

TABLE 6-6 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR C0 2 ANALYZER

Total range 0 to 20% in appropriate ranges
Resolution Better than .5% of full scale of range used or 100 ppm, whichever is
less
Repeatabi Iity Better than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±100 ppm, whichever is
less
Stability Better than ±2% of full scale of range used or ±100 ppm, whichever is
less in a period of 2 hours
Zero drift Less than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±100 ppm, whichever is
less in a period of 2 hours
Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ±1% of full scale of range used or ±100
ppm, whichever is less
Response time Shall not exceed 10 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading.
Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked at the 30, 60, and 90%
points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider. The maximum
deviation of these points from a least squares straight line fit shall be
±2% of the full scale value.

11
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543720 050 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

TABLE 6-7 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR S02 ANALYZER

Total range 0 to 50 and 0 to 250 ppm

Resolution Better than 2.0% of full scale of range used or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater

Repeatability Better than :::2% of full scale of range used or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater

Stability Better than :::3% of full scale of range used or :t 1 ppm, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Zero drift Less than =2% of full scale of range used or ±1 ppm, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ±2% of full scale of range used or
:::0.05%, whichever is greater in a period of 2 hours

Interference Interferences from CO,, water vapor, and HC shall be limited to:
For NDUV instruments:
-less than 1% of reading for each 10 ppm of HC, or 4% of reading
If the above interference limitations cannot be met, correction factors
shall be determined, reported, and applied. It is recommended that
these be applied in all cases. Note that other corrections that are unique
to the instrument design may also be required.

Response time Shall not exceed 50 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading.

Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked using SO, in N2 at the 30,
60, and 90% points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider. The
maximum deviation of these points from a least squares straight line fit
shall be ±2% of the full scale value.

6.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide (S0 2 )
(a) Fuel Analysis- Recommended Method. It is
recommended that sulfur dioxide be calculated from
fuel sulfur content determined by fuel analysis using
ASTM methods or equivalent as approved by the
cognizant regulatory agency. Many of these methods
are also listed by the USEPA in the New Source
Performance Standards for gas turbines [6]. See Sec-
tion 9, Fuel Analysis, for additional information on
sulfur determination in fuels.
(b) Gas Analysis Method. Sulfur dioxide can be
measured on line by using nondispersi ve ultraviolet
(NDUV) analysis [7]_ Measurement of S02 in the
exhaust gas is practical only if the expected con-
centration exceeds 5 ppm.
(c) Performance Specifications. The performance
of the analyzer when operated in the manner spec-
ified by the manufacturer shall be as given in Table
6-7.
(d) Special Requirements. To avoid interferences
due to ammonia in plants operating with selective
12
catalytic reduction (SCR), the measurement of SO"
shall be made upstream of ammonia injection.
6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid (H 2 S04 ) Mist. During the op-
eration of gas turbines on liquid fuels that contain
significant amounts of sulfur and with heat extraction
in the exhaust (such as a heat recovery steam gen-
erator), the exhaust temperature can be reduced to
below the condensation point of sulfuric acid. This
point, which is a function of its concentration, can
be considerably lower than the boiling point of
H 2 S0 4 (b. p. = approximately 315-338°C; 600-
6400F). Under these conditions, the potential for the
exhaust of sulfuric acid mist occurs, and some local
and state agencies require a specific measurement for
H 2S0 4 mist.
(a) Recommended Method. The recommended
method for the measurement of sulfuric acid mist is
the USEPA Method 8 [8]. Method 8 requires the
collection of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur trioxide
(S0 3) by wet chemistry using an isokinetic sampling
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543721 T97 II
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
probe and impinger train. The collected sample is
measured using a barium-thorin titration method.
This method does not provide for on-line analysis
of sulfuric acid mist. The method also can be used
to determine the amount of so2 in the exhaust gas
but is not recommended for that purpose.
(b) Sampling. Sampling is to be done isokineti-
cally using the same three sample probe locations as
described in para. 6.2.4. Samples shall be extracted
equally from each of the three locations until a mea-
surable sample is obtained. The measurement thresh-
old for this method is 0.05 mg/m 3 (0.03 X 10- 7
lb /ft').
(c) Sampling Train. The sampling train is similar
to that used for USEP A Method 5 except the filter
is located behind the first impinger, and the filter
holder is unheated. Commercial models of this train
are available.
(d) Analysis of Results. The results from this wet
chemistry measurement are not immediately avail-
able as each sample must be taken to the laboratory
and titrated for H 2S0 4 and H 2S01 contents.
It is recommended that a trial material balance be
made using the measured sulfur content of the fuel,
as described in para. 6.3.3, and assuming that all
the fuel sulfur is converted to H 2S04 • This trial ma-
terial balance will provide a maximum expected val-
ue for sulfuric acid mist and a guideline for sampling
times. If the fuel sulfur content is low enough, com-
pliance may be shown by using a sulfur material
balance and the assumption that all fuel sulfur is
converted to H2 S0 4 .
6.3.5 Total Hydrocarbons (HCI. The measurement
of total unburned and partially burned hydrocarbon
species shall be by flame ionization detection (FID)
[9]. When the unburned hydrocarbon gases are sub-
sequently burned in an independently controlled
flame, ionization is produced proportional to the
number of carbon/hydrogen and carbon/carbon
bonds that are broken. This ionization is measured
by a change in current between two electrically
charged plates positioned on either side of the flame.
This technique yields a total of all hydrocarbons
present in the sample in terms of the carbon content
of the calibration gas that is normally propane
(C 3H 8). The measurement of nonmethane hydrocar-
bons and individual hydrocarbon species is given in
para. 6.3.6.
NOTE: The concentration of ambient hydrocarbons
will, in some circumstances, be very significant,
even higher than that measured in the exhaust gas.
13
ASME 8133.9-1994
To verify, the probe can be used to sample ambient
air before and after exhaust emissions testing.
Where significant readings are encountered, it is
recommended that a parallel inlet air sampling line
be installed near the engine inlet air filter, but not
so that it can be induced into the engine and cause
damage. This sampling arrangement will allow back-
to-hack readings between the engine exhaust gas and
the inlet air. This sample line need not be heated
since the ambient hydrocarbons are in solution in the
inlet air at ambient temperature.
(a) Performance Specifications. The performance
of the analyzer when operated in the manner spec-
ified by the manufacturer shall be as given in Table
6-8.
(b) Special Requirements. The sample must be
heated through the instrument including the detector.
The flame ionization burner fuel shall be pure
(99.999%) hydrogen with a HC content of less than
0.5 ppmC 1 • The burner air shall be ultra pure, zero
air with a volumetric concentration of organic sub-
stances less than 0.1 ppmC 1 or shall cause less than
10% full scale deflection of the range used.
The change in instrument reading with various HC
species shall be measured and not exceed 5%, ex-
pressed as CH 4 , with the following test gases:
For testing at a service 500 ppmC 1 propane m
facility: zero a1r
500 ppmC propylene
1 m
zero a1r
500 ppmC 1 toluene m
zero air
500 ppmC n-hexane
1 m
zero atr
For testing at the site, values of 25, 50, and 100
ppm of methane in air shall be used.
6.3.6 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons (NMHCI and
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Nonme-
thane hydrocarbons (NMHC) are defined as all hy-
drocarbons measured in or emitted from a given sys-
tem minus the methane component. Volatile organic
compounds (VOC) are commonly defined as all hy-
drocarbons measured in or emitted from a given sys-
tem minus both the methane and ethane components.
In many instances the term NMHC is used synon-
ymously with VOC.
To determine NMHC, the methane component is
measured by gas chromatograph (GC) along with the
total hydrocarbons and the ratio of NMHC to total
hydrocarbons is obtained [ 10[. This ratio is applied
to the total hydrocarbon measurement made with an
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543722 923 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME B133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

TABLE 6-8 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR HC ANALYZER

Total range 0 to 1500 ppm C, in appropriate ranges including the smallest range of 0
to 10 ppm C,. To minimize reading error, enough ranges shall be available
so that HC can be measured at no less than 50% of full scale deflection
of the scale in use.

Resolution Better than 0.5% of full scale of range used or ::±:0.5 ppm C,

Repeatability Better than ::±: 1% of full scale of range used or ::±:0.5 ppm C,, whichever
is greater

Stability Better than ::±:2% of full scale of range used or ::±: 1 ppm C,, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Zero drift Less than ::±: 1% of full scale of range used or ::±:0.5 ppm C,, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ::±:1% of full scale of range used or ::±:0.5
ppm C,, whichever is greater

Interference The change of instrument reading with variation of oxygen shall be

measured and not exceed 2% with the following test gases:
-500 ppm C1/zero air (167 ppm propane/zero air)
-500 ppm C1/nitrogen (167 propane/nitrogen)

Response time Shall not exceed 10 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading

Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked using propane in air at the
30, 60, and 90% points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider.
The maximum deviation of these points from a least squares straight
line fit shall be :+:2% of the full scale value.

FID, as described in para. 6.3.5, so that the basis
for both NMHC and the total HC is the FID mea-
surement. Measurements of the VOC components
can be made in a similar manner.
(a) Direct Analyzers. Direct analyzers provide the
capability to differentiate VOC and NMHC in a sin-
gle instrument consisting of an automated gas chro-
matograph with an FID detector. The sample is sep-
arated in the instrument into two parts: (I) for VOC,
air and the sum of methane and ethane; or (2) for
NMHC, air and methane. The column is then back-
flushed giving a third reading that consists of VOC
(all other hydrocarbon compounds in the sample).
Since the methane, ethane, and VOC are separated
from the air, no oxygen synergism occurs. To im-
prove the separation and accelerate the analysis, two
columns may be used with suitable flow switching
to differentiate VOC in a single instrument. This
type of analyzer is recommended where the mea-
surement of total hydrocarbons and VOC or NMHC
is required.
(b) Subtraction Analyzers. If the direct analyzer
described above is not available, separate FID and
14
GC instruments can be used to determine the total
hydrocarbon and VOC components.
NOTE: For accuracy and consistency, it is recom-
mended that the measurement of total hydrocarbons
is always made using an FlO, and the proportion of
NMHC or VOC determined by the GC.
(c) Performance Specifications. The performance
specifications for a total hydrocarbon analyzer are
given in Table 6-8.
(d) Measurement of Specific Hydrocarbon Com-
pounds. For specific compounds, such as toluene,
xylene, and benzene, a mass spectrometer must be
connected to the gas chromatograph. The test gas
first passes through the gas chromatograph where its
components are separated. The discrete components
are directed to the mass spectrometer for identifi-
cation and quantification.
NOTE: The quantities of these specific compounds
are expected to be much less than I ppm because
total hydrocarbon emissions from industrial gas tur-
bines are normally less than 5 ppmC 1 •
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543723 86T . .
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
(e) Special Requirements. The gas chromatograph
should also have the following special requirements:
• Grounded jet and current limited design for
operator safety
• Push-button flame ignition
• Fused silica columns insert within 2 mm of
jet tip
• Temperature range to 450°C
• Sensitivity: less than 18 mCoul/gm carbon:
nitrogen carrier, 0.018 in. id jet
less than 15 mCoul/gm carbon:
helium carrier, 0.015 in. id jet
less than 22 mCoul/gm carbon:
nitrogen carrier, 0.011 in. id cap-
illary jet
less than 18 mCoul/gm carbon:
helium carrier, 0.011 in. id cap-
illary jet
• Minimum detectable response: less than 5 pg
carbon/sec, nitrogen carrier as S/N = 2
• Linear dynamic range: less than + I 0 over 107
range with 0.018 in. id jet
• Operating conditions: Column flow 50 ml/
min, 45 ml/min H2, 650 ml/min air propane sam-
ple
6.3.7 Ammonia (NH 3 ). Ammonia is present in the
exhaust of gas turbines that use NOx reduction after
treatment such as selected catalytic reduction (SCR)
systems and must be measured and controlled. At
present there are no recommended commercially
available on-line methods of measuring ammonia.
Neither accuracy nor stability is satisfactory for the
very low concentration levels that must be measured
in the exhaust of units operating with SCR systems.
However, several methods are near commercial re-
lease. The method described below is one that is
presently commercially available.
One method of NH 3 measurement is a "difference
method" that uses a chemiluminescent analyzer and
two designs of converters. Because of their different
materials and operating temperatures, the converters
react differently to exhaust with N0 2 and NH 3 com-
ponents. The stainless steel converter operates at
700°C (1292°F), reduces N0 2 to NO, and oxidizes
NH 3 to NO according to the reaction:
Converting the ammonia to nitric oxide produces
incorrect NO, results when NH 3 is present in the
exhaust.
The carbon converter operates at 300°C (572°F),
15
ASME 8133.9-1994
at which temperature the NH 3 is not oxidized, but
the conversion of N0 2 to NO will take place ac-
cording to the reaction:
N0 2 + C ~ NO + CO
Ammonia concentration is measured by taking the
difference between the NO reading using the stain-
less steel converter and the NO reading using the
carbon converter.
(a) Performance Specifications. The equipment
required is a chemiluminescent analyzer described in
para. 6.3.1 for the measurement of NO, and two
converters, one carbon and one stainless steel, as
shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. 6.3. Alter-
nately, two complete chemiluminescent analyzers
and converter systems may be used. The operation
and specification of the chemiluminescent instrument
and the converters shall be the same as described in
para. 6.3.1. The converters, their arrangement, and
their operation shall be used to oxidize NH 3 and re-
duce N0 2 respectively to NO. As shown in Fig. 6.3,
ammonia concentration is measured by taking the
difference between the NO reading produced by each
converter.
6.3.8 Oxygen (02 ). The recommended method of
measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust gas is
by using either an electrochemical analyzer or a
paramagnetic analyzer [ 11].
(a) High Temperature Zirconium Oxide Cell. This
method uses a high temperature electrochemical cell,
commonly a zirconium oxide tube heated to 695°C
(1283°F) and platinum electrodes. The sample gas
flows over the outside of the tube while the reference
gas passes through the center. The difference in par-
tial pressure of oxygen between the two gases causes
an electromotive force (EMF) to be generated. This
EMF is measured and converted to oxygen concen-
tration using the Nemst equation for electrochemical
behavior.
(b) Paramagnetic Cell. 0 2 molecules, because of
their paramagnetic property, are attracted in a non-
homogeneous magnetic field in the direction of the
higher field strength. Two gases having different 0 2
concentrations are brought together in a magnetic
field generating a pressure difference between them.
One of the gases is the sample gas and the other is
the reference gas. For gas turbine exhaust measure-
ment, the reference gas used is 20.95% 0 2 in N 2 •
This reference gas is brought into the measuring
chamber via two ducts. One of the ducts mixes ref-
erence gas with sample gas in the area of the mag-
netic field causing a pressure differential propor-
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543724 7Tb II
ASME 8133.9-1994
Path C-+NOx + NH3 measurement
Water trap with cooler
Path 8-+NO measurement
Zero/span gas
N0 2 content= A minus 8 Path A->NOx measurement
NH3 content= C minus A
FIG. 6.3 FLOW DIAGRAM OF NO CONVERTERS
USED TO OBTAIN NH3 MEASUREMENT
tiona! to the 0 2 content of the sample. This pressure
differential produces a flow that is converted to an
electrical signal.
(c) Performance Specifications. The performance
specification for both the electrochemical cell and
the paramagnetic cell oxygen analyzers is given in
Table 6-9.
It is recommended that oxygen be measured to at
least the accuracy stipulated in Table 6-9. This ac-
curacy is required because oxygen measurement er-
rors are amplified when NO, measurements are cor-
rected to 15% 0 2 •
(d) Special Requirements. If a paramagnetic cell
analyzer is used, some correction may be required.
Most gases exhibit some paramagnetic properties
that can affect oxygen readings. These effects are
likely to be negligible in relation to overall mea-
surement accuracy but may be taken into account if
required and agreed to by the cognizant regulatory
agency.
6.3.9 Water Vapor (H 2 0). The exhaust from gas
turbine engines can contain varying quantities of
water vapor from approximately 2 to 15% by vol-
ume. The absolute amount depends on the type and
quantity of fuel used which produces water vapor as
a product of combustion, the absolute humidity of
the ambient air ingested, and the quantity of water
16
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
7oooc
SS converter
To analyzer
300°C
Carbon converter
or steam that is injected into the engine for perfor-
mance improvement or emission control. Water en-
tering the engine from evaporative inlet coolers and
water contained in water/fuel emulsions must also
be considered.
(a) Recommended Method. The quantity of water
vapor in the exhaust can be determined by either
direct measurement of the exhaust gas or summation
of all sources of water vapor in the exhaust. This
summation is usually performed on a mass basis
(grams of H 20 per gram of exhaust gas). It includes
the calculation of the water produced by combustion
of the fuel, the measurement of the ambient humid-
ity and its conversion to specific humidity, and the
measurement of water injected into the engine from
all other sources. Either the measurement or sum-
mation method is acceptable. Where direct mea-
surement of water vapor in the exhaust is required,
the recommended method is USEPA Method 4 [12].
Of the two procedures cited in Method 4, only the
more accurate "reference method" is recommended
because the water vapor measurement is to be used
in the emissions calculation. In this method, a gas
sample is extracted at a constant rate from the source
and moisture is removed from the sample stream and
determined either volumetrically or gravimetrically
using an impinger train.
All requirements and protocols of Method 4 shall
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543725 632 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME B133.9-1994

TABLE 6-9 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR 0 2 ANALVZER

Total range 0 to 25% in appropriate ranges

Resolution Better than ±0.2% of full scale of range used or ±0.05%, whichever is
greater

Repeatability Better than ±0.2% of full scale of range used or ±0.05%, whichever is
greater

Stability Better than ±2% of full scale of range used or ±0.05%, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Zero drift Better than ±0.2% of full scale of range used or ±0.05%, whichever is
greater in a period of 2 hours

Noise 0.5 Hz and greater, less than ±0.2% of full scale of range used or
±0.05%, whichever is greater in a period of 2 hours

Interference See special requirements in this Section

Response time Shall not exceed 10 seconds from entry of the sample into the analyzer
to 90% of final reading

Linearity The linearity of each range shall be checked at the 30, 60, and 90%
points using separate gas mixtures or a gas divider. The maximum
deviation of these points from a least squares straight line fit shall be
±2% of the full scale value.

be observed except for isokinetic sampling as de-
scribed below.
(b) Sampling. Sampling of water vapor is to be
done in the stack at a temperature above the boiling
point of water so that all the water is in vapor phase,
and isokinetic sampling is not required. Sampling
may be done with the gas sampling probe at the
three sample probe locations defined in para. 6.2.4.
The probe and sample line temperature shall be
maintained above 120°C (248°F) to prevent the con-
densation of moisture.
A total gas sample of at least 0.6 m 3 (21 scf) shall
be taken at a rate no greater than 0.021 m 3 /min
(0. 75 scfm).
(c) Sampling Train. The sampling train consists
of four impingers and is similar to that used for
USEPA Method 5, which is shown in Fig. 8.1. The
first two impingers must contain known volumes of
water, the third shall be empty, and the fourth must
contain a known weight of silica gel (or equivalent
desiccant).
(d) Analysis of Results. The results from this
method are obtained by measuring the increase in
volume of water obtained in the first two impingers,
measured to the nearest ml, and the weight gain in
the desiccant in the last impinger, measured to the
nearest 0.5 g.
When water vapor is measured, not computed, it
17
is recommended that a trial calculation be made to
obtain the water vapor content of the exhaust gas.
This calculation can be done by summing the
amounts of water vapor from the various sources as
described previously. The calculated water vapor
content will verify the measured value.
6.4 Quality Provisions
The quality of measurement is influenced by the
design and installation of the measurement system,
the calibration procedures, and the measurement test
procedures. The system design and test procedures
are described in the preceding paragraphs.
Verification of quality provisions is required by
the cognizant regulatory agency; in the United States
quality provisions are stipulated by the EPA.
6.4.1 Calibration. Calibration of analyzers shall be
done by the admission of calibration gas mixtures at
the sampling probe. It is recommended that these
mixtures have concentrations of 60 and 90% of the
full scale value of the analyzer scale in use. These
mixtures shall be prepared in accordance with the
protocols listed below depending on the requirements
of the cognizant regulatory agency. Certificates of
compliance shall be provided by the gas supplier.
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543726 579 II

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

TABLE 6-10 RECOMMENDED ACCURACY OF CALIBRATION GASES

Accuracy
(Taken in percent of calibration
Analyzer Gas gas value)

HC Propane in 10 ±1% 0 2 , balance N2 ±1% or ±0.05 ppm, whichever is

greater
HC Propane in 20.95 ::!: 1% 0 2, balance N2 ±1% or ±0.05 ppm, whichever is
greater
HC Propylene in zero air ±1% or ±0.05 ppm, whichever is
greater
HC Toluene in zero air ±1% or ±0.05 ppm, whichever is
greater
HC N-hexane in zero air ±1% or ±0.05 ppm, whichever is
greater
co CO in N2 ±1% or ±2 ppm, whichever is
greater
co, C0 2 in N2 ±1% or ±100 ppm, whichever is
greater
NO, NO in N2 ±1% or ±1 ppm, whichever is
greater
o, 0 2 in N2 ±0.2% or ±100 ppm, whichever is
greater
502 S02 inN, ±1% or ±1 ppm, whichever is
greater
NH 3 NH 3 in N2 ±1% or ±1 ppm, whichever is
greater

(a) ISO Standard 6141 [13] (a) 1 ppm C

(b) USEPA Traceability Protocols [ 14]
6.4.2 Recommended Accuracy. The recommend-
ed accuracy of the calibration gases is given in Table
6-10.
6.4.3 Special Requirements. The special require-
ments for calibration mixtures are given below.
These mixtures shall be verified or certified by the
gas supplier. The field laboratory certification of
gases used for interference tests shall meet USEPA
Protocol Number I (14].
co and co} calibration gases may be blended sin-
gly or as dual component mixtures. Three compo-
nent mixture~ of CO, C0 2 , and propane in zero air
may be used. provided the stability of the mixture
is assured.
Zero gas for the HC analyzer shall be zero air,
including artificial air with 20 to 22% 0 2 blended
with N2 . For the remainder of the analyzers, I 00%
nitrogen shall be used as the zero gas. Impurities in
both kinds of zero gas shall be less than the fol-
lowing concentrations:
18
(b) 1 ppm CO
(c) 100 ppm C0 2
(d) 1 ppm NOx
(e) 1 ppm so2
6.5 References
[11 "Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and
Measurement of Gaseous Emission from Aircraft
Gas Turbine Engines," Probe Design Concept, Par.
9. 1. 1, Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP 1256,
Rev. B, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren-
dale, PA, August 1991.
[2] "Performance Specification 2 - Specifications
and Test Procedures for S02 and NO, Continuous
Emission Monitoring Systems in Stationary
Sources," Par. 3.2 Reference Method, US Federal
Register, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix B, Perfor-
mance Specification 2.
[3] "Gas Turbines - Acceptance Tests," Par 5.
Test operating conditions, International Standard
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543727 405 II
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
ISO 2314. International Organization for Standard-
ization, Geneva. Switzerland, !989.
[41 "Method 20- Determination of Nitrogen Ox-
ides, Sulfur Dioxide and Diluent Emissions From
Stationary Gas Turbines," US Federal Register, Title
40, Part 60. Appendix A, Method 20.
151 "Method 10- Determination of Carbon Mon-
oxide Emissions from Stationary Sources," US Fed-
eral Register, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, Meth-
od 10.
[61 "Standards of Performance for Stationary
Sources, Subpart GG - Standards of Performance
for Stationary Gas Turbines," US Federal Register,
Title 40, Part 60, Paragraph 60.335 (d) Test methods
and procedures.
[71 "Method 6C- Determination of Sulfur Diox-
ide Emissions from Stationary Sources (Instrument
Analyzer Procedure)." US Federal Register. Title
40, Part 60, Appendix A. Method 6C.
181 "Method 8 - Determination of Sulfuric Acid
Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Stationary
Sources," US Federal Register, Title 40. Appendix
A, Method 8.
[91 "Method 25A - Determination of Total Gas-
eous Organic Concentration Using a Flame Ioniza-
tion Analyzer," US Federal Register. Title 40, Part
60. Appendix A. Method 25A.
[10[ "Method 18- Measurement of Gaseous Or-
ganic Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatogra-
phy." US Federal Register, Title 40, Part 60, Ap-
pendix A, Method 18.
[Ill "Method 3A- Gas Determination of Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Stationary
Sources (Instrument Analyzer Procedure),·· US Fed-
eral Register, Title 40, Part 60. Appendix A, Meth-
od 3A.
[ 121 .. Method 4 - Determination of Moisture
Content in Stack Gases," US Federal Register, Title
40, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 4.
[131 "Gas analysis - Calibration gas mixtures -
Certificate of mixture preparation," ISO 6141. In-
ternational Standards Organization, Geneva. Swit-
zerland.
[ 14] "Traceability Protocol for Establishing True
Concentrations of Gases Used for Calibrations and
Audits of Continuous Source Emission Monitors,"
Protocol Number I, Environmental Monitoring Sys-
tems Laboratory, Quality Assurance Branch, US En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC.
19
ASME 8133.9·1994
General References
"Gas Turbines - Exhaust Gas Emission - Mea-
surement and Evaluation." Draft International Stan-
dard 11042-1, ISO /TC 192, International Standards
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, February 1992.
"Exhaust Emissions Measurement Recommendations
for Reciprocating Engines and Gas Turbines,"
CIMAC Number 12. International Council on Com-
bustion Engines, American Society of Me<.:hanical
Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY
10017.
7 SMOKE MEASUREMENT
Smoke emitted from gas turbines is evaluated in
two general ways: visible plume opacity and mea-
sured carbon (soot) content in the exhaust. Gas tur-
bines operating on natural gas will normally have no
visible smoke in the exhaust.
7.1 Visual Opacity
7.1.1 Current Method. Currently, visual determi-
nation using USEPA Method 9 Ill is the only ac-
cepted and practical method of determining the vi-
sual opacity of the exhaust plume of a gas turbine
installation. This method does not produce results of
acceptable accuracy or repeatability when measuring
visual opacity values less than 20%.
USEPA Method 9AM-I 121 using LIDAR (laser
radar; Light Detection and Ranging) is abo avail-
able. but it requires expensive equipment and is not
recommended for measuring the opacity of plumes
from gas turbines during normal source testing.
Method 9 requires that a trained, qualified ob-
server holding a USEPA valid certificate make and
record one or more sets of visual observations of the
exhaust plume at each operating point. A set consists
of 24 observations made to the nearest 5% opacity
at 15 sec intervals. They represent the highest opac-
ity observed in the plume, averaged over each 15
sec interval when the observer is standing with the
sun at his back. Each observation is recorded and
all 24 are averaged to determine the opacity for the
set.
7.1.2 Measurement Variability. The positive er-
ror of Method 9 is given by the EPA for black
plumes (such as those from gas turbines) based on
field trials. In a trial of 133 sets (over 3000 read-
ings), 99% of the readings were with a positive error
of less than 5% opacity. Subsequent evaluation of
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543728 341 . .
ASME 6133.9-1994
the Method made during certification training [3)
shows that at 20% opacity the standard deviation of
trained observers was 5.25% opacity. and at 10%
opacity the deviation was 3. 16%.
Because of the high variability in the measurement
of visual opacity, compliance difficulties can be ex-
pected in the case of a marginal installation with low
opacity. Referee measurements of smoke density us-
ing a smokemeter (described below) or of stack
opacity using a transmissometer [4] made simulta-
neously with visual opacity during compliance test-
ing are recommended. This procedure must be co-
ordinated with and agreed to by the cognizant
regulatory agency, so that if questioned, compliance
during routine operation of the engine can be dem-
onstrated using the referee method.
7.2 Smoke Density
In Europe and other regions, measurement of the
smoke content of the exhaust is required. The smoke
density can be measured using two different meth-
ods: an optical smokemctcr, or smoke spot method.
In the optical smokemeter method a metered flow
of exhaust is extracted and passed continuously
through a cell that measures its light obscuration. In
the smoke spot method a metered quantity of exhaust
is passed through a white paper filter. The resulting
stain is graded visually or by reflectometer for den-
sity using a scale showing varying degrees of gray
to black.
All such methods produce a result related to the
carbon density in the exhaust gas. In spot filtration,
control of the sample extraction and transport to the
instrument, design of the instrument and its seals,
mass of sample used, filter media, and grading of
the stain all vary from method to method. as do the
precision and sophistication of the methods them-
selves. Spot filtration methods often specified for use
with gas turbines are as follows:
Spot Filtration Method Specified by
SAE Aircrafl Method International Civil Aviation
Organization (51
ISO (Bacharach) ISO Draft International
Standard I I042-1 1flj
ASTM 02156 CIMAC Specification No 12
171
(a) Smoke Density Measurement Methods. No
smoke measurement methods are recommended
since all methods lack either the required accuracy
for the measurement of very low smoke density or
commercial availability. Two methods arc described
in detail below: the SAE Aircraft method, which
20
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
uses spot filtration; and an alternate method, the op-
tical smokemeter, which provides direct on-line mea-
surements. Both of these methods were developed
for gas turbines operating on liquid fuels and are
currently used worldwide. They provide the best
control of variables and the greatest accuracy of
measurement.
7.2.1 SAE Aircraft Method. The smoke measure-
ment method recommended by International Civil
Aviation Organization is described in more detail in
SAE ARP 1179B [8]. It measures smoke density of
gas turbine exhaust by spot filtration. A smoke num-
ber (S/N) scale of I to 100 has been established for
these readings, 0 representing no detectable smoke
and I 00, a blackened filter. This method is recog-
nized internationally and is specified by the USEPA,
the US Federal Aviation Administration, and the
ICAO for smoke measurement from gas turbine air-
craft engines.
(a) Method. A representative sample is extracted
from the exhaust stream through a heated sample
line and passed through a filter made of No. 4 What-
man filter paper, a pump, a gas rotameter, and a
gas volume meter. During this process, sample line
flow rate and temperature are maintained, the sample
volume is controlled, and the temperature and pres-
sure of the sample are measured. A schematic draw-
ing of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 7. I .
Sample flow rate: 14 L/min. ± 0.5 (0.50 cfm ±
0 02)
Sample mass: 12 to 21 kg of e><haust gas/m'
(0.017 to 0.030 lb/in') of
filter area
Sample line temperature: 60-175°C (140-347°F); ± I5°C
(±27,F) during measurement
(b) Instrumentation. Various versions of com-
mercial and individually designed and fabricated in-
struments are in use today. Each of these instruments
meet the design requirements stipulated in ARP
1179.
(c) Testing, Analysis, and Reporting. The engine
is allowed to stabilize at the desired operating point.
A minimum of three samples is taken and graded
optically using a retlectometer conforming to ANSI
Standard PH 2.17. The reflectance of each spot is
calculated as follows:
SN' = 100[1- Rs/Rw]
where:
SN' = reflectance of each spot
Rs = absolute reflectance of the sample spot
Rw = absolute reflectance of clean filter material
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543729 288 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 6133.9-1994

Exhaus~ Sample
probe
D = 12.S to 37.S mm
(spot dia.) Flow
nozzi:J
e = so to 7 .so
u = 20° to 30°
By pass

J~ Valve C
Valve A
I
I
~ 7,\ Coarse _....
.... --...
)""'"" filter
\ 4
I

Sam pie !
,-- .:J

II
I
';""'
and
holder
(_ ::-1

II
1
L-t-_j Valve B
......... ..... .....
ValveD
.........

I Flow 1---4
-- Volume
meter l rotameter
Vacuum
pump Filter Holder

Pressure and
temperature
measurement

FIG. 7.1 ICAO SMOKE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

The sample mass per unit spot filter area for each Smoke Number. It shall also provide at least one
sample is calculated and the results plotted on semi- other output channel that can be calibrated by the
logarithmic coordinates. The overall SN for a given user in units of ASTM Smoke Density, Bacharach,
operating point is determined by the intercept of the or carbon particulate mass in micrograms per liter.
data plotted as a straight line by the method of least Provisions shall be made for recorder output.
squares and the value of 16.6 kg/m 2 (0.0230 lb/in 2 ) (b) Performance Spenfications
sample mass per unit filter area.
Primary output: 0 80 SAE smoke numbers
NOTE: Precision of this method is stated as ±3 SN Alternate output: 0-8 Bacharach smoke spot numbers
values. 0-20 micrograms per liter (rng/cu em)
carbon particulate
7.2.2 Optical Smokemeter. The optical smoke- Precision: less than I SAE smoke number
meter measures smoke particulate levels within the Respom.e: less than I 0 seconds to 95% of reading
exhaust gas. It provides for continuous on-line mea-
surement of the light obscuration of a sample of the (c) Testing and Reporting. A representative sam-
exhaust from the engine [9]. ple of exhaust gas is extracted using a three-holed
(a) Method. The exhaust sample shall be fed into probe designed similarly to that used for gas sam-
a self-contained instrument that measures light ob- pling described in para. 6.2. The engine and sam-
scuration in the range of 0 to 10%. The instrument pling line shall be stabilized before smoke measure-
shall provide a direct, continuous readout of SAE ment begins. A minimum of three samples shall be

21
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543730 TTT II
ASME 8133.9-1994
recorded at each measuring point and the average of
these samples reported.
7.2.3 Other Methods. If it is a requirement to re-
port smoke density in terms of Bacharach number
or ASTM smoke spot number, it is recommended
that either the SAE smoke number procedure or the
optical smokemeter described above be used. These
methods should be adjusted to the correct smoke
scale by the use of correlation curves developed by
the engine manufacturer, or in the case of the SAE
method. by modifying the sample size to provide the
appropriate sample mass per square inch of filter
area.
Sample mass per unit
filter area
kg/m 2 (lb/sq in)
SAE ARP 1179 16.6 (0 0230)
ASTM 02156 and ISO 11042-1 70.1 ({) 0'.197)
7.3 References
[I] "Method 9 - Visual Determination of the
Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources." 40
CFR, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 9.
[2] ''Alternate Method I - Determination of the
Opacity of Emissions From Stationary Sources Re-
motely by LIDAR," 40 CFR, Part 60, Appendix A,
Method 9, AMI.
(3] Heinsohn, R. J., Davis, J. W., and Anderson,
G. W., ''Individual Accuracy in Estimating Plume
Opacity," Journal of Air and Waste MwwRement,
Vol. 42:443, April 1992.
[4] "Performance Specification I - Specifications
and Test Procedures for Opacity Continuous Emis-
sions Monitoring Systems in Stationary Sources." 40
CFR, Part 60, Appendix B, Spec. I.
[5] "International Standards and Recommended
Practices, Environmental Protection," Annex 16,
Volume II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, International
Civil Aviation Organization. Montreal. Canada.
[6] "Gas Turbines - Exhaust Gas Emission -
Measurement and Evaluation," Draft International
Standard II 042-1, ISO /TC 192, International Stan-
dards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1992.
[7] ''Exhaust Emissions Measurement Recommen-
dations for Reciprocating Engines and Gas Tur-
bines," CIMAC Number 12, International Council
on Combustion Engines.
[8] "Aircraft Gas Turbine Exhaust Smoke Mea-
surement," Aerospace Recommended Practice
22
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
ARP1179, Rev. B, Society of Automotive Engi-
neers, Warrendale, PA, April 1991.
[91 "Rolls-Royce Optical Smokemeter Performance
Specification," Rolls-Royce pic, Derby, England.
8 PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT
The measurement of particulate material (PM) is
frequently required by state and local agencies in the
United States if the gas turbine is run on liquid fuel.
This measurement method is recommended for en-
gines operating on light distillate fuel oil such as
ASTM No. 2-GT, which contains no residual com-
ponents.
NOTE: In some cases the measurement of PM has
been required when an engine is run on natural gas.
The level of material resulting from combustion in
the exhaust stream is below the practical threshold
of measurement. For this reason the measurement of
particulates from engines operated on natural gas is
not recommended.
8.1 Recommended Method
The recommended method for the measurement of
particulates from gas turbines operating on distillate
fuel oil is a modification of USEPA Method 5 [1].
Method 5 is a gravimetric method that uses a spe-
cially designed probe, filter, and impinger system to
extract samples of the solid and condensable mate-
rials from the exhaust stream. Water, a major con-
densate, is not considered a particulate and is not
counted. Method 5 is modified for use in measuring
gas turbines by the following:
(a) eliminating isokinetic sampling
(b) reducing the number of traverse points to
three
(c) eliminating velocity traversing of the exhaust
duct
These modifications are made to reduce the dif-
ficulty of testing and to improve the accuracy of
measurements. Eliminating isokinetic sampling is
possible because the carbon particles generated are
submicronic and follow flow lines. The reduction of
traverse points is possible because of the uniform
mixing of the exhaust stream in industrial turbine
installations. The precision of the carbon balance
method of mass flow determination is superior to the
duct velocity traverse and replaces it.
Engines operating on fuel oils other than light dis-
tillate oils may require a fuel analysis to determine
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543731 936 II
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
Probe
1'(._ Stack
Temperature sensor U- wall
Reverse-type
pitot tube
Pitot manometer
Thermometers
Dry-gas meter
FIG. 8.1 SCHEMATIC OF IMPINGER TRAIN
the presence of contaminants or trace metals [2],
which form particulates during combustion. Under
these circumstances, the use of Method 5 without
modification may be required.
8.2 Sampling Train
A schematic of the sampling apparatus is given in
Fig. 8.1. This apparatus is identical to that defined
in detail in Method 5 and consists of a stainless steel
or glass probe nozzle; a glass or quartz probe liner;
a heated filter holder; an impinger train; and flow
metering, pumping, and measuring equipment.
8.3 Sampling Procedure
As in the measurement of gases (Section 6), a
single sampling plane is adequate for measurement
of particulates. Three sampling locations, positioned
normal to the exhaust flow, are required. These sam-
pling points are to be located by establishing a mea-
23
ASME 8133.9-1994
Vacuum
line
Air-tight
~ump
surement line through the centroid of the area of the
duct at the measurement plane and in the direction
of any expected stratification. The location of three
sampling points shall be at 16.7, 50, and 83.3% of
the length of the measurement line. These sampling
points are identical to the ones used for the mea-
surement of gaseous emissions previously described
in para. 6.2.
Sampling shall be made equally from each of the
three locations for a total of one hour or until a
minimum of 20 mg of sample is extracted, which-
ever is greater. Because of the submicronic nature
of gas turbine particulate, isokinetic sampling is not
required. The sample mass will be determined by
the amount of material collected on the filter and the
material extracted from the probe wash. All proto-
cols given in Method 5 shall be observed with regard
to temperatures, flows, sample handling, extraction
and weighing, and meter calibration. Because iso-
kinetic sampling is not necessary, the flow rate of
the sample through the probe and sample train may
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543732 872 . .
ASME 8133.9-1994
be increased to provide reduced sample collection
times.
NOTE: Because the protocol for the measurement of
particulates is a complex, multistep field and labo-
ratory procedure and because the modern gas turbine
is a low emission source, it is recommended that
only laboratories having proven experience in the
measurement of PM from gas turbines be chosen.
8.4 Analysis of Results
The results of particulate measurements are ex-
pressed in terms of grams per cubic meter (pounds
per cubic foot) of exhaust flow. These units can be
converted to emission rate (kg/hr or lb/hr) by mul-
tiplying by the engine flow rate. The flow rate can
be determined by carbon balance and/or the man-
ufacturer's engine performance deck that has been
corrected to test conditions. Engine mass flow de-
termination using the carbon balance procedure is
described in para. 10.3.
The particulate material that has been collected
and weighed will consist of submicronic carbon par-
ticles (smoke), some but not all of the hydrocarbons
emitted by the engine, and some of the sulfates from
the combustion of the fuel. These materials are col-
lected on the probe and filter. Also included in the
particulate catch will be minute fractions of airborne
solids and condensable liquids that enter the engine
inlet. If unexpectedly large PM mass values are ob-
tained during the testing, the source of the material
must be isolated and controlled. While the deter-
mination of the cause of high particulate emissions
is not within the scope of this Standard, past ex-
perience shows that some of the likely causes of high
particulate emissions are as follows:
(a) poor quality or contaminated fuel
(b) dirty inlet air or air filters
(c) erosion of inlet or exhaust duct walls
(d) dirty fuel nozzles
(e) engine internal oil leaks
(f) incorrect measurement practice
(g) use of stainless steel probes for simple cycle
(high exhaust temperature) engines
8.5 References
[ 1] "Method 5 - Determination of Particulate
Emissions from Stationary Sources," US Federal
Register, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 5.
[2] Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel
Oils, ASTM Designation D 2880, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
24
MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES
9 FUEL ANALYSIS
The sampling and analysis of the fuel used during
emissions testing is a significant part of the test pro-
gram because it determines fuel characteristics gov-
erning the test results as follows:
(a) heating value used in determining specific
emissions of mass per unit heating value;
(b) hydrogen-to-carbon ratio used in stoichiomet-
ric calculation for the carbon balance and mass flow
determinations;
(c) presence and concentration of contaminants
that can contribute to air pollution from the engine;
(d) physical characteristics controlling smoke and
particulate formation;
(e) specification compliance to determine if the
fuel meets contract requirements.
This Standard applies only to engines operating
on natural gas and light distillate oils. Emissions
testing using fuels other than these will require spe-
cial attention to fuel analysis and emissions mea-
surement due to the possibility of the presence of
larger amounts of fuel contaminants.
9.1 Recommended Sampling Procedure
The fuel to be used during the emissions testing
should be sampled at least once several weeks before
the testing begins. Adequate time should be allowed
before emissions testing for laboratory analysis and
review of results.
It is recommended that fuel be sampled at the en-
gine at least twice during the emissions test, once
near the beginning and once near the end. Dual sam-
ples should be taken: one to be used for analysis,
and one to be held for record and possible future
use. The quantity of each sample to be taken should
be determined by the analysis laboratory. Normally,
approximately one liter of liquid fuel and several li-
ters of gaseous fuel are adequate samples.
Special cases apply when the fuel used during the
test is expected to vary due to changes in supply.
Because they add variability to the test which is dif-
ficult to compensate, these changes are not desir-
able. When testing using liquid fuels, changing fuel
supply tanks or adding fuel to the tank in use re-
quires that additional samples be taken. Gaseous
fuels sometimes vary due to blending of other gases
into the natural gas by local companies. If this
blending is expected, periodic sampling during the
test may be necessary. Coordination of the emissions
test plan with the fuel supplier is required.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543733 709 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

TABLE 9-1 SUMMARY OF FUEL ANALYSIS METHODS

Fuel Characteristic Method
Natural gas Sampling ASTM D 1145D
Composition Gas chromatography ASTM D 1945
Calorific value Calculation ASTM D 3588
Contaminants Sulfur compounds ASTM D 1072; D 2725; D
3031; D 3246; D4084; 04294. Solids,
ammonia, and hydrocarbons see ANSI
8133.7

Liquid distillates Listed below Detail Methods given below are from Standard
Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils,
ASTM D 2880
Sulfur D 129 (Referee method). D 1266 (only for fuel
grades 0-GT & 1-GT); D 1552; D 2622; D
4294
Trace metals Atomic absorption D 3605
Density, API gravity Hydrometer D 1298
Distillation D 86

Fuel Bound Nitrogen ASTM 4629 (3)

Viscosity Kinematic D 445

9.2 Fuel Test Methods 9.3 References

Gas turbine fuel analysis methods are defined by
ANSI/ASTM and specified in ANSI B133.3 [1) and
ISO 4261 [2). Table 9-1 summarizes some of the
tests required. Detailed analytical procedures im-
prove rapidly; consultation with a certified test lab-
oratory with experience in fuels testing is recom-
mended.
The applicable ranges of some of the methods stat-
ed above may not be adequate to measure the levels
of sulfur in some fuel gases. Dilution of samples
before analysis (with verification of the dilution ra-
tio) may be used, subject to the approval of the cog-
nizant regulatory agency.
[1] "Gas Turbine Fuels," ANSI/ ASME
Bl33.7M-1985, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th
Street, New York, NY 10017.
[2) "Petroleum products - Fuels (class F) - Gas
turbine fuels for industrial and marine applications,~
(Specification to be published), ISO 4261 _, In-
ternational Standards Organization, Geneva, Swit-
zerland.
[3] "Standard Test Method for Organically Bound
Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons
By Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence
Detection," ASTM Designation D 4629-91, Amer-
ican Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
PA.

25
 ASME 8133.9 94 .. 0759670 0543734 645 ..

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

10 CALCULATIONS AND CONVERSIONS

The following Section provides procedures for emission calculations so that measured concen-
trations can be converted into the engineering units required to show compliance with applicable
regulations.
It is recommended that all measurements and calculations be cross-checked and that corrections
for analyzer interferences be applied before computation and conversion of data.

10.1 Basic Assumptions

In this Section, the following assumptions are made:
(a) The gaseous components are considered to be "ideal," hence the molar concentration of each
is proportional to its volume fraction and to the ratio of the partial pressure over the total pressure
of the gas mixture.
(b) Complete combustion is assumed in the calculations. If incomplete combustion products (CO
and HC) are present in the exhaust at higher concentrations than are normally expected, a correction
of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and exhaust gas volume may be required.
(c) The concentration of oxygen in dry air is assumed to be 20.95%, per ISO 2533 [1].
(d) Steam or water injection rates are to be taken into account in the calculation for wet exhaust
as well as humidity and the water vapor due to combustion.
(e) All sulfur is burned to sulfur dioxide; and fuel bound nitrogen converts to nitric oxide.

10.2 Symbols and Units

TABLE 10·1 GENERAL SYMBOLS

Symbols Description Units
3
c, concentration of component (i) mgjm , ppm
C,1S%02drv concentration of component (i), corrected to 15% 0,, dry mgjm 3 , ppm
mass of component (i) kg, lb
mass flow of component (i) kgjhr, lbjhr
exhaust gas mass flow kgjs, lbjs
barometric pressure bar, psia
relative humidity %
w, mass fraction of component (i) mgjkg, lbjlb
EB, mass of emittant (i). per brake horsepower hour g/BHPhr, lb/BHPhr
EH, mass of emittant (i). per unit heat input gjGJ, lb/mmBtu
EP, mass of emittant (i)) per unit of work output gjkW, lb/kW
F Stoichiometric factor (F factor) scm/J, set /106 Btu
FjA fuel to air mass ratio kgjkg, lbjlb
Hobs humidity of ambient air kg H,Ojkg dry air, lb/lb
HHV fuel higher heating value kJ/kg, Btu/lb
LHV fuel lower heating value kJ/kg, Btu/lb
ME molecular mass of exhaust kgjkmol
M, molecular mass of component (i) kgjkmol
p power output kW, MW, MWe
exhaust gas volume m3 , ft 3
temperature K. °F
p, density of component (i) kg/m', lb/ft'
'f', volume fraction of gas component (i) %, em' jm3 , ppm

26
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543735 581 II

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

TAI:iLE 10-2 SUBSCRIPTS AND INDICES

Symbol Description
amb ambient
dry dry
e electrical, refers to power
E exhaust gas
i refers to hh component
m molar
n normal condition;
Pn = 1.01325 bar, T,, = ace
obs observed
wet wet

TABLE 10-3 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

Symbol Chemical Description
c Carbon
co Carbon monoxide
co, Carbon dioxide
H Hydrogen
H20 Water
N Nitrosen
NH3 Ammonia
NO Nitric oxide
NO, Nitrogen dioxide
NOx NO plus NO,
0 OxygE'n
s Sulfur
so, Sulfur dioxide
sox Oxide; of sulfur
HC Total hydrocarbons
NMHC Nonmethane hydrocarbons (total HC minus CH 4 )
voc Volatile organic compounds
(total HC minus CH 4 and C2H6 )

10.3 Determination of Engine Exhaust Flow Rate

It is recommended that the engine exhaust flow rate be computed using the measured engine
fuel flow rate and the fuel-to-air ratio (F /A), which has been determined from stoichiometric
analysis of the engine exhaust gas. This analysis is based on a carbon balance using the ultimate
analysis of the fuel and the me:asurement of carbon constituents in the exhaust gas (carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons). The computed exhaust flow rate is to be verified by the
exhaust flow rate obtained from the engine manufacturer's performance deck run at site conditions.
Agreement between the two exhaust flows shall be within ±5%.
A number of computational methods, based on the above principles, are used to determine engine
mass flow; two of these are outlined below. Others may be used subject to agreement of the
cognizant regulatory agency.
NOTE: The use of a velocity traverse to measure engine exhaust flow rate is not recommended.
Because of the large secondary flow components typical of the exhaust from a gas turbine engine,
the use of velocity traverse usi11g pitotstatic velocity flow measurements described in USEPA Meth-
od 2 [2] often leads to erronc:ous exhaust mass flow readings. These errors are due to poor gas
flow distribution combined with nonparallel flow at the measurement plane and misalignment of
the pitot tube caused by high stack velocities. The above conditions cause the velocity measurements
of Method 2 and the emission rates computed from these data to be too high.
27
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543736 418 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

10.3.1 USEPA F Factor Method. The volumetric flow rate, the mass flow rate, and the mass
emission rates of each of the constituents of the exhaust gas of a stationary gas turbine can be
determined from mass balance calculations using measurements of the fuel flow rate, the fuel
ultimate analysis, and exhaust gas concentrations of 0 2 and C0 2 • The "F factor" or fuel stoi-
chiometric factor method of determining these rates is specified in EPA Methods 19 and 20 [3,
4].
(a) F Factor Defined. The fuel stoichiometric factor (F) is the ratio of the standard volume of
the products of combustion to the higher calorific value (heat content) of a fuel where:

F=-
scm or
scf
J 106 Btu

F is also specified relative to the 0 2 and C02 content of the dry exhaust gas as:

Fo,,dry and Fco,.dry

F factors are given in Method 19 [3] in both SI and English units and relative to both dry and
wet exhaust gas.
(b) Computation of F. The equations given in Method 19 for computation ofF are shown below.
The derivation of the F factor is given by Shigehara [5] and is based on the ultimate analysis and
the higher heating value of fuels.

(22.7 X %H + 9.57 X o/oC + 3.54 X %S + 0.86 X %N- 2.85 X %0)(~)]

( ~)
Fo,.dry - 1- = K
[
(kJ) ~
HHV-
kg

(3.64 X %H + 1.53 X %C + 0.57 X %S + 0.14 X %N- 0.46 x%0)(scf)]

scf ) lb
(
F o,.dry 10 6 Btu = K[ (Btu)
HHV-
Ib

scm
2.0 X %C-
(scm)]
~ K [ HHV(~)
kg
Fco,.dry(-1-)

0.321 x %C(scf)]
Fm,.•.(IO'Bm) ~ K[ HHV(~)
scf lb

6
10 Btu ]
[ million Btu english

28
 ASME 8133.9 94 .. 0759670 0543737 354 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

For distillate oils and natural gas fuels, the value for F is expected to vary ±3 to 5%. Table 10-4
gives the average and the variation in F values for these fuels based on a number of samples.
For the accurate measurement of exhaust components, it is recommended that F be calculated based
on the ultimate analysis and HHV of the fuel samples obtained during the emissions testing.

TABLE 10-4 AVERAGE F FACTORS

F oxygen, dry F carbon dioxide, dry
Fuel Type dscm/J 5
dscf/10 Btu dscm/J dscf/10 6 Btu
Oil 2.47 X 10- 7 ±3.0% 9190 ±3.0% 0.383 X 10- 7 ±5.1% 1420 ±5.1%
Natural gas 2.43 x 1o- 7 ±2.2% 8710 ±2.2% 0.287 X 10- 7 ±3.9% 1040 ±3.9%

6
(c) Emission Rates. Emission rates in units of mass per unit of energy (ng/J or lb/10 Btu)
can be calculated for the various components by multiplying the measured concentration by the
appropriate F factor.

20.95 )
EH = c X F ( 20.95 - %02 or EH1 = c, X Fco,ctry( lOO )
I I 0),0fY -· %C02.dry

In this equation, concentration (c;) is expressed in mass per standard unit volume (ng/scm or
lb/scf). Table 10-5 gives conversions from parts per million to mass per unit volume for common
gaseous pollutants.

TABLE 10-5 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR

CONCENTRATION
From To Multiply by

gjscm ngjscm 109

lb/scf ngjscm 1.602 X 10 13
ppm S02 lbjscf 1.660 X 10- 7
ppm CH. lbjscf 0.338 X 10- 7
ppm N02 lb/scf 1.194 X 10 7
ppm CO lbjscf 0.726 X 10- 7

Emission rates in terms of mass per unit time can be calculated by multiplying EH, by the
measured fuel flow rate.

.(kg)
rn, hr or hr
(lb) =
. 1 X HHV
EH, X mrue

10.3.2 ICAO (SAE) Method. This method, sometimes referred to as the fuel based method, is
used to determine the mass rate of emissions of aircraft gas turbines during emissions certification
testing f6l. It uses the solution of the general equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons, the
fuel molecular hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and the measured values of CO, C0 2 , and HC to determine
the fuel-to-air mass ratio of the engine. Using this method, the following equations would apply:

..
F I A (from st01chwmetry
)fflfuel
= -.-
mau

29
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543738 290 . .

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ASME 8133.9-1994 FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES

. . mruel
ffl£ = fflruel +-
F/A

10.4 Conversion Between Wet and Dry Exhaust

Measurements are considered dry when the water content of the exhaust sample has been re-
moved. The water content can be measured or computed. Conversion between wet and dry exhaust
can be made as follows:

10.5 Conversion to 15% Oxygen Level

The correction of dry concentration from measured emissions to 15% oxygen can be made as
follows:

20.95- 15
c,_dry.l5%o, = c,.dry 20.95 - %02

10.6 Correction to ISO Conditions

Correction of NO, emissions to ISO conditions is required by the USEPA in the NSPS for gas
turbines [4]. This correction is applicable only to NOx emissions. To improve the accuracy and
eliminate measurement problems, the pressure term of the equation has been modified to allow
the use of ambient pressure instead of combustion reference pressure. NO, corrections other than
the one shown below may be used with prior approval of the EPA Administrator.

l01.3,kPa 0.5 l9(u __ J( 288K ) 1.53

cN0,.15%02com:cted-
- cNO,.I5%0,obs ( p kP )
arnb a
e ·- 000633
· TK
amb

10.7 Calculation of VOC and NMHC

The volatile organic compounds (VOC) contained in the exhaust gas are computed as follows:
(a) Determine the volumetric ratio of the VOC (methane plus ethane) to the total HC in the
exhaust by gas chromatograph.

Cvoc
VOC x Ratiooc = -
coc

(b) Multiply this ratio by the total HC concentration obtained by FlO measurement.

Cvoc.corrected = CHC.fid X VOC Ratiooc

In the above calculations, all components are referenced to CH4 (methane), i.e., ppm C 1• The
above procedure also is to be used in calculating the NMHC component of exhaust gas.

10.8 References
[1] "Standard Atmosphere," ISO 2533, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva,
Switzerland.
30
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543739 127 II

MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ENGINES ASME 8133.9-1994

[2] "Method 2 - Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and Volumetric Flow Rate (Type S Pitot
Tube)," 40 CFR, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 2.
[3] "Method 19 - Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Removal Efficiency and Particulate Matter,
Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxides Emission Rate," 40 CFR, Part 60, Appendix A, Method
19.
[4] "Method 20 - Determination of Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide and Diluent Emissions
From Stationary Gas Turbines," US Federal Register, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 20.
[5] Shigehara, R. T., Neulict, R. M., and Smith, W. S., "Method for Calculating Power Plant
Emission Rate," Stack Sampling News, July 1973.
[6] "International Standards and Recommended Practices, Environmental Protection," Annex 16,
Volume II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada.
[7] "Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, Subpart GG - Gas Turbines," US
Federal Register, Title 40, Part 60.

31
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543740 949 . .
APPENDIX A
EMISSIONS FROM GAS TURBINES
(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME 8133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)
A 1 Products of Combustion
The combustion of liquid and gaseous hydrocar-
bon fuels in a gas turbine results in the formation
of carbon dioxide and water vapor. For industrial
turbines, this combustion process is over 99.99% ef-
ficient. Only about one-third of the oxygen contained
in the air entering the engine is used during com-
bustion. The other components of the air, nitrogen,
argon, and carbon dioxide pass through the engine
nearly unreacted. The products of combustion are
measured in percent volume. A typical exhaust gas
analysis for a gas turbine engine operating on natural
gas at ISO standard day conditions, without water
injection, is given in Table AI. These products are
not considered to be air pollutants and will vary in
concentration with load, fuel, ambient conditions,
and engine design.
In this Standard it is recommended that the con-
centration of C0 2 , H20, 0 2 , and inert gases be mea-
sured and/or computed. It is particularly important
that these measurements be made accurately because
emission mass rates will use these values. The water
vapor concentration in the exhaust is the sum of (I)
the water formed by combustion, (2) that present in
the ambient air, (3) that present in the fuel (if any),
and (4) that added to the cycle by injection of water
or steam for performance improvement and/or emis-
sion control.
In addition to the major products of combustion,
a number of minor products are produced because
of fuel impurities, inlet air pollutants, incomplete
combustion, or high local temperatures in the flame
zone. These minor products are measured in parts
per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) of ex-
haust gas volume. Their formation, measurement,
and control are discussed below.
A2 Nitrogen Oxides
(a) NO,. Nitrogen oxides are formed by the com-
plex chemical reactions of nitrogen and oxygen at
33
TABLE A1 TYPICAL EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS
Volume Volume
Component percent percent dry
CO, 3.1 3.3
H,O 7.1 0.0
0, 13.9 15.0
N, 75.0 80.7
Ar 0.9 1.0
Total 100.0 100.0
high temperatures in the primary and intermediate
zones of a gas turbine combustor. Both nitric oxide
(NO), the major component, and nitrogen dioxide
(N0 2) are produced. The sum of these two com-
ponents is defined as NO,. In general, uncontrolled
NO, emissions from gas turbines vary from 60 to
400 ppm depending on the engine design and fuel
used.
(b) NO. Thermal NO is the major component of
nitric oxide produced in a gas turbine. It is formed
at flame zone temperatures of approximately 1760°C
(3200°F) and above. Its formation rate is controlled
largely by flame temperature but is also a function
of residence time and concentration of 0 2 and N 2 in
the reaction zone of the combustion system. Prompt
NO, the lesser nitric oxide component, is formed in
the combustor in or near the stoichiometric flame
front of the reacting hydrocarbons.
Nitrogen that is chemically bound in fuels such as
coal and residual oil is released during combustion
and reacts to form nitric oxide. Natural gas and high
quality distillate fuels, the fuels on which this Stan-
dard is based, normally contain no significant con-
centrations of nitrogen compounds that form NO.
Distillate oil may contain small amounts of fuel
bound nitrogen. The USEPA allows NO, emission
credits for up to 0.25% weight of nitrogen in the
fuel. The manufacturer, owner/operator, and cog-
nizant regulatory agency should agree in advance on
the allowance for fuel bound nitrogen.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543741 885 . .
(c) N0 2 • Nitrogen dioxide is formed from the fur-
ther oxidation of NO. This reaction can occur in the
atmosphere over a period of hours or days. In a gas
turbine, the lower combustion temperatures associ-
ated with low power operation and with combustion
liner air cooling films also produce NO".
(d) N 20. Nitrous oxide was recently considered
a potentially important pollutant generated by the
combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. This determination
has since been found to be Jess significant. It has
been proven that the majority of nitrous oxide was
created as an artifact of measurement [ I l and that
the concentrations produced are insignificant (much
less than one ppm). The formation and occurrence
of N 20 in gas turbine exhaust is not a consideration
in this Standard.
A3 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is formed when the incomplete
combustion of fuel occurs. It may be caused by in-
complete mixing of fuel and air and by cold zones
where combustion is prematurely quenched, such as
in the cooling air near the surface of the combustion
liner. CO emissions from uncontrolled engines nor-
mally range from less than 10 to 1000 ppm, de-
pending on the engine design and load.
A4 Hydrocarbons
Unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons (HC)
occur in the exhaust of a gas turbine as a result of
incomplete combustion of the fuel in the combustor.
Normal engine emissions of HC range from less than
1 to 10 ppm, measured as methane. Part load op-
eration, diluent injection and unusual conditions such
as high HC levels in the ambient air, heavy liquids
entrained in the fuel gas, and engine lubricating oil
leaking into the gas path can cause the emission of
hydrocarbons to increase. These other sources of hy-
drocarbons in the exhaust stream are usually present
but in trace amounts normally too small to be mea-
sured or considered for control purposes.
In most cases, the measurement of HC emissions
is divided into total HC and volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC), which must be distinguished from
total hydrocarbons. VOC are defined as all hydro-
carbons measured or emitted from a source minus
methane and ethane components. In some instances,
the terms nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and
VOC are used interchangeably. NMHC are total HC
minus only the methane component.
34
AS Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur compounds normally enter a gas turbine en-
gine as a component of the fuel, although the in-
duction of airborne sulfur compounds into the engine
inlet has occasionally been observed. These com-
pounds are oxidized in the engine to sulfur dioxide
(S0 2) gas.
This Standard recommends that S0 2 emissions in
the exhaust be determined by measuring the sulfur
content of the fuel [2] and computing the S0 2 com-
ponent in the exhaust, assuming complete conversion
to S0 2 .
The very low sulfur content of natural gas, nor-
mally a few parts per million, consists of trace
amounts of hydrogen sulfide and of mercaptans in-
troduced as an odorant for safety detection. When
natural gas is burned in a gas turbine, it is diluted
with air by a factor of approximately 50 (air/fuel
ratio). The resultant S0 2 concentration in the exhaust
is usually less than 0.1 ppm.
The total sulfur in liquid fuels is controlled by the
refining process and limited by local and federal reg-
ulation. The federal NSPS for gas turbines [2] allows
a maximum of 0.8% of sulfur by weight, which con-
verts to approximately 150 ppm as S02 • Other reg-
ulations require lower sulfur fuel content: 0.3%
weight in Massachusetts; 0.05% weight in some sec-
tions of California. The allowable content of sulfur
in fuels is being legislated downward.
Some control agencies are concerned about the
emission of sulfuric acid mist. This mist can be
formed from sulfur trioxide (S0 3), which occurs
when S0 2 is oxidized by catalytic action as it passes
over carbon or metallic surfaces of heat recovery
boilers, process heaters, and exhaust systems. The
so3 in tum can combine with water vapor to form
sulfuric acid (H 2S04 ) which can be emitted at ex-
haust temperatures of 300°C (572°F) or lower. As-
suming total conversion of fuel sulfur to H2S04 pro-
vides an approximation of the maximum sulfuric
acid emissions.
A6 Ammonia
Ammonia (NH 3) and compounds releasing NH 3
are used in the control of nitric oxide emissions in
after treatment systems such as selected catalytic re-
duction (SCR). Operation of these systems results in
ammonia emissions, termed ammonia "slip,~ due to
incomplete mixing and high injection rates. Slip
rates as low as I0 ppm are often specified by reg-
ulation. Ammonia reacts with sulfur oxides in the
exhaust to form ammonium sulfates.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543742 711 . .
A7 Smoke
Gas turbine exhaust smoke is formed by the in-
complete combustion of liquid fuels in the primary
zone of the combustion system. The smoke consists
of finely divided particles of carbon that are sub-
micronic in size and follow the flow of the exhaust
gases. When operated on natural gas fuel, stationary
gas turbines produce no measurable smoke or visible
exhaust plume. When operated on liquid distillate
fuels, the plume produced is often invisible or just
above the visible limit. Smoke visibility depends on
the design and size of the engine, its installation,
(i.e., stack design) and the fuel being used.
Smoke is evaluated in two ways. In the United
States, the exhaust plume from the installation is
evaluated by a series of visual observations to de-
termine if it meets Visual Opacity Limits [3]. In the
European Community and other locations, smoke is
measured using the Bacharach method [41. This
method requires passing a controlled volume of the
exhaust through a filter paper and determining the
reflectivity of the stain, which is graded relative to
a scale of I through 10 smoke spot numbers of vary-
ing density. Neither the visual opacity method nor
the Bacharach method has the capability to make
accurate measurements of smoke at the low levels
typical of industrial gas turbine engines.
AS Particulates
Particulates (PM) are the solid and liquid (con-
densable) particles emitted by the engine. They con-
sist of solid carbon particles (smoke) and condens-
able hydrocarbons and sulfates. Formation of each
of these products in the engine is fuel dependent.
Particulates also are generated from dust in the inlet
air and from dirt and rust in the inlet and exhaust
piping and boilers, some of which may be left from
construction.
Gas turbines that are run on natural gas fuel pro-
duce virtually no particulates. The measurement of
PM from turbines run on natural gas is not rec-
ommended. The measurement of PM from engines
run on liquid fuels is defined by US EPA Method 5.
For gas turbine engines run on light distillate fuels,
Method 5 has been modified to reduce measurement
complexity and improve accuracy. (See Section 8,
'"Particulate Measurement.'')
A9 Air Toxics
As a result of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amend-
ments, numerous compounds have been listed as air
toxics [5]. This list has been reproduced in Appendix
35
F. The emission of these compounds is regulated at
the levels of 10 tons per year, or 25 tons in com-
bination. At these regulated levels, the emission of
quantities of air toxic compounds from gas turbine
engines operating on natural gas and high quality
distillate fuels is unlikely. This is due to the clean-
liness of the fuels and the design and installation
characteristics of industrial turbine engines. Some air
toxic compounds cannot be generated by gas tur-
bines. More specific reasons are given below.
(a) High fuel quality is required to extend engine
endurance life and maintain performance. The level
of contaminants in the fuel must be closely con-
trolled in order to prevent erosion and corrosion of
the engine gas path. ASTM specifications require
that trace metal concentrations of vanadium, sodium
and potassium (in combination), calcium, and lead
be held to 0.5 ppm by weight [6].
(b) High combustion efficiency and large dilution
ratios are design characteristics of stationary gas tur-
bine engines. Typical combustion efficiencies are
99.99% and air-to-fuel ratios are approximately 50.
In combination, these characteristics along with care-
ful design control of combustors have resulted in to-
tal HC emission levels in the exhaust gas of 1 to
10 ppm, measured as methane. As a result, only
minute fractions (ppb or less) of unburned fuel com-
ponents will be present in the exhaust.
(c) Good fuel filtration is required in order to pre-
vent finely divided solids containing earth com-
pounds and metals from entering the fuel system and
fouling and eroding control orifices and fuel injec-
tors. These compounds are prevented from being in-
jected into the gas path and exhausted.
(d) High quality inlet air filtration is used to pre-
vent airborne particles from entering the engine and
causing deterioration of engine performance and life.
These particles also are prevented from subsequently
being oxidized and reinjected into the atmosphere.
(e) Close specification control of other fluids such
as water, steam, and lubricating oil used in gas tur-
bines is maintained. These fluids have specifications
that stipulate allowable levels of contaminants to pre-
vent deposition, corrosion, and erosion in the en-
gine. Particularly rigid control is required to mini-
mize the induction of halogen compounds to prevent
them from entering the gas path. This class of com-
pounds is particularly corrosive and greatly reduces
engine life.
A9.1 Determination of Air Toxic Compounds.
Air toxic compounds emitted by the engine must
come from the fluids introduced into the engine dur-
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543743 658 . .
ing its operation. These are fuel, air, lubricating oil,
water, steam, and engine washing compounds. Each
installation should be considered as specific. If de-
terminations of the presence and quantity of emis-
sions of air toxic compounds must be obtained, it
is recommended that an analysis of each of the fluids
used be made to determine the presence and ex-
pected concentrations of compounds that can form
air toxic compounds. Because of the complete com-
bustion and high dilution ratio in gas turbines, these
compounds, if present at all, are expected to occur
in the exhaust at extremely low concentration levels
(ppb or less).
Direct measurement of these compounds in the
exhaust is not recommended due to the low con-
centration levels. If exhaust measurement is man-
dated, the prior identification of each air toxic com-
pound, its source, and probability of occurrence is
recommended. Exhaust concentration levels without
mass balance based on measured inlet quantities
should not be accepted. The engine manufacturer
should be consulted before making these determi-
nations.
A10 Aldehydes
The production of aldehydes in the exhaust of gas
turbines run on natural gas and high quality distillate
fuels is extremely low. Measurements made during
test programs sponsored by California show total ex-
haust aldehyde emissions of approximately 200 ppb
for natural gas and 3 to 50 ppb for distillate fuel
[7, 8]. These measurements were made using the
MBTH method that takes all hydrocarbon fragments
producing aldehydes and reports these as formal-
dehyde (HCHO). Individual species would have
much lower concentrations than the total of all al-
dehydes reported above. Because of these low con-
36
centrations, the measurement of aldehydes from gas
turbine engines operating on natural gas and distillate
fuels is not recommended.
A 11 References
[IJ Montgomery, T. A., Samuelson, G. S., and
Muzio, L. J. "Continuous Infrared Analysis of N"O
in Combustion Products," Journal of Air and Waste
Management Association, Volume 39, No. 5, May
1989.
[21 "Method 20- Determination of Nitrogen Ox-
ides, Sulfur Dioxide and Diluent Emissions From
Stationary Gas Turbines," US Federal Register, Title
40, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 20.
[3] "Method 9 - Visual Determination of the
Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources," 40
CFR, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 9.
[4] "Exhaust Smoke Measurement," Annex B, Gas
turbines Procurement, ISO Specification
3977:1991(E), International Organization for Stan-
dardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
[5] "National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants," Title 1, Section 112, US Clean Air
Act Amendments 1990, PL 101-549, November 15,
1990.
[6] "Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel
Oils," ASTM D 2880, American Society for Testing
and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
[7] "Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas
Turbine System," EPRI Report AP 1712, Electric
Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, February
1991.
[8] "Methanol Clean Coal Demonstration Project,"
Final Report P500-86-005, California Energy Com-
mission, Sacramento, CA, February 1986.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543744 594 . .

APPENDIX B
STANDARD REFERENCE CONDITIONS

(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME 9133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)

Various definitions of reference conditions are

commonly used. The user is cautioned to determine
which of these is applicable to the data at hand. All
gas turbine data shall be referenced to ISO standard
conditions unless otherwise noted.

81 Gas Turbine Operation and NOx Correction

Data
Gas turbine operation and NO, correction data
shall be referenced to ISO standard conditions per
ISO 2533-1975 (E). These standard conditions also
are required by the USEPA in the New Source Per-
formance Standards for Gas Turbines, 40 CFR 60,
Subpart GG:
Pressure 101.3 kPa. (14.696 psiaJ
Temperature 288K. l5°C, (59°F)
Humidity 60'7c relative humidity
0.00633 lb H,O per lb dry air specific humidity

82 Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP)

Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) defined
as 273.15K, 0°C, (32°F) and 101.325 kPa are com-
monly used for chemical calculations because of
available chemical data and evaluation methods.

83 NSPS Standard Conditions

The USEPA has defined ~standard conditions'' in
the New Source Performance Standards for Station-
ary Sources (40 CFR 60, Subpart A, paragraph 60.2)
as "a temperature of 293K (68°F) and a pressure of
lO 1.3 kilopascals (29. 92 in Hg)." Data and calcu-
lations, except those for gas turbines as stated
above, required or presented by the USEPA, may
be referenced to these conditions.

37
 ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543745 420 II

APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME 8133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)

Relative
Normal Molar
Density,
Reference Specific
p.Gas
Molar Mass Density, Volume
No. Substance Symbol M. kg/kmol p•• kg/m 3 Pn Air Vmn• m 3 /kmol
Ideal gas 22.414
3
2 Air (dry)' 28.963 1.2930 1.000 22.400
3 Hydrogen H, 2.0158 0.08988 0.0695 22.438
4 Helium He 4.0026 0.17846 0.1380 22.426
5 Neon Ne 20.1790 0.8999 0.6960 22.425
6 Nitrogen N, 28.0134 1.2504 0.9671 22.403
7 Nitrogen from air' 28.1580 3 1.2569 0.9722 22.403
8 Oxygen o, 31.9988 1.4290 1.1052 22.391
9 Argon Ar 39.9840 1.7840 1.3797 22.392
10 Krypton Kr 83.80 3.749 2.8995 22.351
11 Carbon monoxide co 28.0104 1.2505 0.9671 22.400
12 Carbon dioxide co, 44.0098 1.9770 1.5290 22.261
13 Nitric oxide NO 30.0061 1.3402 1.0365 22.390
14 Nitrous oxide N,O 44.0128 1.9780 1.5298 22.252
15 Ammonia NH3 17.0304 0.7718 0.5969 22.065
16 Hydrogen cyanide 4 HCN 27.0256 (1.275)' (0.986) (21.200)
17 Cyanogen C2 N2 52.0354 2.349 1.817 22.15
18 Chlorine Cl, 70.906 3.210 2.4826 22.069
19 Hydrogen chloride HCI 36.4610 1.6422 1.270 22.203
20 Hydrogen sulfide H,S 34.076 1.5355 1 '1875 22.192
21 Sulfur dioxide SO, 64.059 2.9310 2.267 21.856
22 Carbon disulfide 4 cs, 76.131 (3.47) 4 (2.68) (21.94)
23 Carbonyl sulfide cos 60.07 2.72 2.104 22.06
24 Methane CH 4 16.043 0.7175 0.549 22.360
25 Acetylene (ethyne) C,H, 26.038 1.1715 0.9060 22.226
26 Ethylene (ethane) C2 H4 28.054 1.2611 0.9753 22.245
27 Ethane C,H 6 30.0690 1.3550 1.048 22.191
28 Propylene (propene) C3H• 42.080 1.9129 1.4795 21.998

38
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543746 367 . .

APPENDIX C (Continued)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Relative
Normal Molar
Density,
Reference Specific
PnGas
Molar Mass Density, Volume
3
No. Substance Symbol M, kg/kmol Pn• kg/m Pn Air Vmn• m• /kmol

29 Propane C3Ha 44.096 2.011 1.555 21.928

30 1,3-butadiene c.H. 54.091 2.497 1.931 21.490
31 1-butene c.H. 56.107 2.599 2.010 21.588
32 transbutene, 2 c.H. 56.107 2.609 2.018 21.508
cisbutene, 2 (2.611) (2.020) (21.49)
33 lsobutene (2- c.H. 56.107 2.599 2.010 21.585
methyl propene)
34 Butane (n-butane) c.H10 58.123 2.706 2.094 21.481
35 lsobutane (2- C.H, 0 58.123 2.697 2.080 21.550
methyl propane)
36 n-pentane 4 C5H12 72.150 (3.452) (2.670) (20.90)
37 2-methylbutane• C5H,, 72.150 (3.426) (2.650) (21.06)
(isopentane)
38 2,2-dimethylpropane C5H12 72.150 (3.415) (2.641) (21. 13)
(neopentane) 4
39 n-hexane 4 c.H,. 86.177 (4.29) (3.315) (21. 10)

40 n-heptane• C1H1s 100.203 (5.48) (4.235) (18.3)

41 n-octane• c.H,. 114.230 (6.72) (5.20) (17.0)

42 Benzene• c.H. 78.113 (3.74) (2.89) (20.9)

43 Toluene• C1Ha 92.140 (4.88) (3.77) (18.9)
4
44 Xylene (o) CaH,o 106.167 (6.85) (5.30) (15.5)

45 Water steam• H,O 18.0152 (0.854) (0.660) (21.1)

46 Nitrogen dioxide NO, 46.0055 1 2.110 1.632 21.802

NOTES:
(1) Air (dry). of usual composition; volume portion in %: 78.084 N,, 20.9476 0 2 , 0.934 A;
0.0314 C0 2 ; balance 0.003.
(2) Air nitrogen content: air of usual composition as indicated in Note (1) minus portion of
a,.
(3) Calculated from the pure components of mixture.
(4) The values Pn• relative density and Vmn for all gases already condensed at 273.15K (Tn =
0°C) and 1.01325 bar, are put in brackets. In cases where sufficient data were available, the
hypothetical normal reference densities were calculated from the specific volume of the gases
at p = 1.01325 bar and for a number of temperatures above the respective saturation tem-
perature (i.e., by temperature reduction at normal reference pressure according to the ideal
gas rule to tn = 0°C) and finally the resulting values were extrapolated according to different
appropriate methods to 0°C.

39
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543747 2T3 . .
APPENDIX D
AIR LAWS AND REGULATIONS
(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME B133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)
Air pollution laws and regulations, which vary
throughout the world, are based on international
treaties, national, state and local legislation, and
rulemaking. Listed below are some of the contin-
ually changing laws and regulations affecting gas
turbine installations. This list is presented only for
general information, it is not complete and will not
be kept current. It is recommended that the cogni-
zant regulatory agencies and other knowledgeable
persons be contacted to determine which regulations
are applicable to a specific installation over a given
time frame.
01 United States
(a) On November 15, 1990, the Clean Air Act
and Amendments of I 990 (Public Law I0 1-549)
were signed. From this legislation the USEPA is re-
quired to issue regulations covering:
(I) Emissions of S0 2 and NO, from large pow-
er plants (Title IV - Acid Rain).
(2) Emissions of NO, and VOC to control
ozone (Title I - Nonattainment).
(3) Emissions of 189 specific pollutants (Title
III - Air Taxies; see Appendix F).
The 50 states are required to incorporate these reg-
ulations in their implementation plans over the next
several years.
(b) The present air laws require Best Available
Control Technology (BACT) emission controls for
sources over I00 tons per year of NO, in areas of
attainment. In areas of nonattainment of ambient air
quality standards, even more stringent controls at the
Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) are en-
forced to control emissions of the pollutants ex-
ceeding the standards.
(c) In 1979, the USEPA issued New Source Per-
formance Standards applicable to gas turbines (Fed-
eral Register Title 40, Part 60, Subpart GG) con-
trolling NO, and S02 • These NSPS now are being
revised with a target publication date of early 1995.
40
(d) Numerous state and local regulations have
been issued to control emissions from gas turbines.
Those of Los Angeles County, other parts of Cali-
fornia, and New Jersey are very stringent and may
require catalytic after treatment to control NO., CO,
and HC. Visible smoke level is also regulated locally
at various levels from zero to 20% opacity.
02 European Community
The EC, or the European Economic Community
(EEC), is a confederation of 12 independent coun-
tries that have agreed to integrate certain policies and
responsibilities. The Community is composed of
Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal. Spain, the
United Kingdom, and Germany.
The EC currently has no "Regulations~ (which are
binding) or "Directives" (which achieve a binding
result with flexible implementation) specifically for
gas turbine engines. However, new Directives to
cover these sources are being studied and the emis-
sion measurement and control of CO, NO., partic-
ulates, smoke, and S0 2 are being considered. Cur-
rently only five EC countries have regulations
controlling emissions from stationary gas turbines:
Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, and the
United Kingdom (draft rules).
03 Germany
The basic law for air pollution in the unified Fed-
eral Republic of Germany is the "Federal !mission
Control Act" (FICA), implemented in April 1974
and last amended in 1990. The most important ad-
ministrative regulation implementing FICA is the
"Technical Instruction on Air Pollution Control~
(TA Luft). In addition to Federal Regulations, a hi-
erarchy of complementary states' regulations also are
used to control air emissions.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759b70 0543748 13T . .
Turbine emission controls Iis ted in T A Luft re-
quire control of CO, NO" particulates, and sulfur
oxides.
04 Japan
The "Air Pollution Control Law" of 1968 is the
foundation of Japanese air pollution control. Sub-
sequent modifications and regulations have contin-
ually reduced the allowable limit for oxides of ni-
trogen, oxides of sulfur, and particulates. Different
standards are allowed in the various Prefectures de-
pending on the severity of pollution. Japanese emis-
sion control regulations are nearly as severe as those
of Southern California and require stringent sulfur
and NO, abatement.
41
05 References
[I] "Clean Air Around the World," Second Edi-
tion, International Union of Air Pollution Prevention
Associations, Brighton, United Kingdom, 1991.
[2] "The Limitation of Pollution Emissions Into the
Air From Gas Turbines," Centre Interprofessionnel
Technique D'etudes de Ia Pollution Atmospherique,
Paris, France, November 1991.
[3) International Environment Reporter, Bureau of
National Affairs Inc. , Washington D.C. , 1992.
[4) Environment Reporter (United States Laws and
Regulations), Bureau of National Affairs Inc.,
Washington D. C. , I 992.
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543749 076 . .
APPENDIX E
EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME 8133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)
E1 General
The control of emissions from gas turbines has
advanced rapidly over the past two decades. Major
control methods, which have become commercial,
are reviewed below. Methods presently in research
and development such as catalytic combustion and
rich quench lean combustion are not discussed.
E2 Control of Unburned Products
Combustion
The combustion systems installed in modem in-
dustrial gas turbines have been designed to control
the emission of unburned products of combustion
(CO, HC, smoke, and particulates) to very low lev-
els. Additional reduction is not usually necessary ex-
cept in conjunction with high levels of NOx control,
discussed below.
(a) Liquid Fuel Operation. Engines operating on
liquid fuels normally produce more smoke and par-
ticulates than those operating on natural gas and
often are responsive to fuel changes. Various meth-
ods of reducing the emissions of unburned products
involve improving fuel burning and injection per-
formance such as:
(1) improving fuel burnability by reducing ar-
omatic constituents;
(2) reducing fuel viscosity by fuel changes or
fuel heating;
(3) changing fuel injector designs to improve
atomization and spray pattern.
(b) Catalytic After Treatment. The reduction of
CO, HC, and carbon particulates can be accom-
plished by the installation of an oxidizing catalyst in
the exhaust system. The catalyst design and config-
uration is dictated by the component and the amount
of reduction required. In many instances, a 90% re-
duction of carbon monoxide or some of the heavier
hydrocarbon species is feasible. The catalyst system
will add one or more inches of water back pressure
to the exhaust system and cause a slight reduction
in engine performance.
E3 Control of Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of nitrogen emissions from gas turbines are
controlled by diluent injection, lean combustion, or
catalytic after treatment. A variety of approaches is
used successfully by various engine manufacturers
of
and catalyst suppliers. The general principles of op-
eration are discussed below.
(a) Water and Steam Injection. The injection of
a diluent is the most common NO, control method.
Water or steam injected into the combustor reaction
zone reduces zone temperature, which inhibits the
formation of NO. Reductions of total NO, emissions
of over 80% can be achieved. The various engine
manufacturers use different methods to inject water
or steam into the combustor. In some instances,
water is finely dispersed in the fuel and injected
through the fuel nozzles.
The choice of the use of water or steam depends
on system design and the economics of installation
and operation. Water is sometimes chosen over
steam because it has higher effectiveness particularly
at lower NO, control rates. Steam injection requires
a heat source, usually the waste heat boiler, which
is not available with simple cycle machines. Some
considerations in the use of water or steam injection
for NO, control are as follows.
(1) The injection of a diluent changes the ther-
modynamic cycle of the engine and affects the per-
formance relative to the amount used. When water
or steam is injected, engine mass flow and output
power are increased. Engine heat rate (heat con-
sumption per net unit of power out) is increased with
water injection and decreased with steam injection.
Combined cycle heat rate degrades with both water
and steam injection.
(2) Diluent injection can cause an increase in
42
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543750 898 . .
CO and HC emtsstons depending on the injection
rates, the engine design. and the method of injec-
tion. This problem may be solved using an oxidizing
catalyst exhaust after treatment.
(3) Diluent rates and NO, reduction are usually
expressed in terms of water (steam)-to-fuel mass ra-
tio. Water-to-fuel ratio values vary depending on the
installation; however, values between 0.5 and 1.2
are common. A water-to-fuel ratio of 1.0 will reduce
NO, by 70 to 80% from the uncontrolled level.
Steam injection rates are often higher.
(4) High diluent injection rates can reduce en-
gine life, require more frequent inspections. and in-
crease operating costs. Both the steam and the water
used for injection must be free of contaminants.
which can cause deposition in or corrosion of the
hot section of the engine reducing performance and
service life. Special water and steam purity standards
have been established based on each manufacturer's
experience.
(5) Emissions computations based on wet ex-
haust must take into account the water vapor re-
sulting from diluent injection, combustion, and am-
bient humidity.
(b) Lean Combustion. Lean combustion systems
operate on natural gas fuel, which i~ premixed with
air and burned ncar the lean combustion limit. The
premixing provides uniform, lean fuel/air mixtures
that burn at reduced combustion zone temperatures.
Both the uniformity of the burning mixture and the
lean combustion reduce the formation of NO. Com-
bustion system flammability limits are narrow. En-
gine operation under these narrow combustion limits
requires close control of the combustion system and
engine operating parameters in order to accelerate
the engine, run with stability over the load range,
and limit the formation of both NO, and CO. To
accomplish lean burn operation, various designs of
variable geometry combustors, staged combustion,
fuel staging, or the sequential staging of a number
of small individual burners are used. More complex
combustion, fuel. and engine control systems are re-
quired for engines using lean combustion NO, con-
trol. NO, levels of 15 to 50 ppmv at 15% 0~ have
been cited by engine manufacturers.
(c) Selective Cata!-ytic Reduction (SCR). SCR ex-
haust treatment is one of the most effective tech-
nologies for controlling NO, from stationary gas tur-
bines. The process consists of injecting ammonia
into the exhaust gases upstream of a catalytic re-
actor. The NH 3 reacts with the NO, to form N 2 and
water vapor. SCR systems are capable of 80-90%
reduction and usually are used in conjunction with
43
water or steam injection to achieve the 5-l 0 ppm
NO, (15% dry) emission levels required by the Cal-
ifornia South Coast Air Quality Management Dis-
trict.
Depending on the catalyst chosen, this control
method is not always practical for use on many sim-
ple cycle engines because the catalyst bed must be
operated at temperatures that are from I 00 to several
hundred degrees (F) lower than average normal ex-
haust gas temperatures. Application to combined
cycle and cogeneration plants is common where the
bed can be located in a special section of a waste
heat boiler that allows control of the temperature
(550-750°F for vanadium pentoxide catalysts). Both
base metal and noble metal catalysts are used.
SCR NO, control adds an additional operating sys-
tem to a gas turbine installation. This SCR system
consists of the catalyst bed; the ammonia storage,
supply, and injection system: and the monitoring and
control system. In order to achieve the reduction re-
quired, most systems over inject ammonia causmg
NH 1 slip in the exhaust.
SCR works well in applications limited to base
load and natural gas fuel. Problems occur with op-
eration on distillate fuels due to the creation of am-
monium salts, which cause fouling of the boiler and
catalyst bed. Other disadvantages of SCR include:
(1) high initial cost and increased operating ex-
pense;
(2) limited operating range and load flexibility;
(3) reduction in performance due to exhaust
pressure drop;
(4) disposal of toxic spent catalyst;
(5) potential for ammonia spills and ammonia
emiSSIOnS.
E4 References
[I] Bahr, D. W., and Lyon, T. F. "NO, Abate-
ment via Water Injection In Aircraft - Derivative
Turbine Engines," American Society of Mechanical
Engineers Paper 84-GT-1 03, June 1984.
[2] Hung, W. S. Y., and Agan, D. D., "The Con-
trol of NO, and CO Emissions from 7-MW Gas Tur-
bines with Water Injection as Influenced by Ambient
Conditions," American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers Paper 85-GT-50, March 1985.
[3] Vaught, J. M., and Bach, C. S., ''NO, Re-
duction Experience in Model 501-KB and KB5 Gas
Turbines," Air Pollution Control Association Paper
No. 87-6.3, June 1987.
[4] Swingle, R. L., and Phaneuf, D. J., ''Meeting
ASME 8133.9 94 II 0759670 0543751 724 II

Worldwide NO, Regulations for Industrial Gas Tur-

bines Under 20 MW," Air and Waste Management
Association Paper No. 92-136.02, June 1992.
(5] Antos. R. J., "Emission Control Techniques
for Westinghouse Industrial Combustion Turbines,"
Air and Waste Management Association Paper No.
92-136.07, June 1992.
(6] Schorr, M. M., "NO, Emission Control for
Gas Turbines: A 1992 Update on Regulations and
Technology," IGTI-Vol. 7, page I, ASME Cogen-
Turbo Conference, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers. September 1992.
(7] Viereck. D. et al, "GT13E2, The Cleanest Gas
Turbine for Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Ap-
plication," IGTI- Vol. 7, page 231, ASME Cogen-
Turbo Conference, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers. September 1992.
(8] Davis. L. B., "Dry Low NO, Combustion Sys-
tem forGE Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines," IGTI-Vol.
7, page 255. ASME Cogen-Turbo Conference,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Septem-
ber 1992.
(9] Rosenberg, H. S., Oxley, J. H., and Barrett,
R. E., "Selective Catalytic Reduction for NO, Con-
trol at Cogeneration Plants," IGTI-Vol. 7, page 409,
ASME Cogen-Turbo Conference, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, September 1992.

44
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543752 660 . .

APPENDIX F
LISTED AIR TOXICS

(This Appendix is not an integral part of ASME 8133.9-1994 and is included for information purposes only.)

This list of air toxic compounds is taken from the United States Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990, US Public Law 101-549, Section 112, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants. The list is presented for general guidance. It will not be kept current, nor will it reflect
n

the toxic regulations published by state agencies which may be more extensive or contain different
compounds. Each specific chemical compound is listed with its Chemical Abstract Service Number
(CAS #).

CAS# Chemical Name CAS# Chemical Name

75070 Aceta Idehyde 510156 Chlorobenzilate

60355 Acetamide 67663 Chloroform
75058 Acetonitrile 107302 Chloromethyl methyl ether
98862 Acetophenone 126998 Chloroprene
53963 2-Acetylaminofluorene 1319773 Cresols/cresylic acid
107028 Acrolein 95487 o-Cresol
79061 Acrylamide 108394 m-Cresol
79107 Acrylic Acid 106445 p-Cresol
107131 Acrylonitrile 98828 Cumene
107051 Allyl chloride 94757 2.4-D, salts and esters
92671 4-Aminodiphenyl 3547044 DOE
62533 An ilene 334883 Diazomethane
90040 o-Anisidine 132649 Dibenzofurans
1332214 Asbestos 96128 1,2-Dibromo-3 xhloeopeopan
71432 Benzene (including gasoline) 84742 Dibutylphtalate
92875 Benzidine 106467 1.4-Dichlorobenzene(p)
98077 Benzotrichloride 91941 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
100447 Benzyl chloride 111444 Dichloroethyl ether
92524 Biphenyl 542756 1,3-Dichloropropene
117817 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP} 62737 Dichlorvos
542881 Bis(chloromethyl) ether 111422 Diethanolamine
75252 Bromoform 121697 N,N-Diethyl aniline (N,N-
106990 1,3-Butadiene Dimethylaniline)
156627 Calcium cyanamide 64675 Diethyl sulfate
105602 Caprolactam 119937 3-3-Dimethyl benzidine
133062 Captan 79447 Dimethyl carbarmoyl chloride
63252 Carbaryl 68122 Dimethyl formamide
75150 Carbon disulfide 57147 1, 1-Dimethyl hydrazine
56235 Carbon tetrachloride 131113 Dimethyl phthalate
463581 Carbonyl sulfide 77781 Dimethyl sulfate
120809 Catechol 534521 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol & salts
133904 Chloramben 51285 2.4-Dinitrophenol
57749 Chlordane 121142 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
7782505 Chlorine 60117 Dimethyl Aminoazobenzene
79118 Chloroacetic acid 123911 1,4-Dioxane
532274 2-Chloroacetophenone 119904 3,3-Dimethoxybenzedine
108907 Chlorobenzene 122667 1,2-Diphenlhydrazine

45
 ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543753 5T7 . .

CAS# Chemical Name CAS# Chemical Name

106898 Epichlorohydrin 75445 Phosgene

106887 1,2-Epoxybutane 7803512 Phosphine
140885 Ethyl acrylate 7723140 Phosphorus
100414 Ethyl benzene 85449 Phthalic anhydride
51796 Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) 1336363 Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
75003 Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane) 1120714 1,3-Propane sultone
75218 Ethylene oxide 57578 beta-Propiolactone
107062 Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) 123386 Propionaldehyde
107211 Ethylene glycol 114261 Propoxur (Baygon)
151564 Ethyline imine (Aziridine) 78875 Propylene dichloride (1,2-
106934 Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane) Dichloropropane)
96457 Ethylene thiourea 75569 Propylene oxide
75343 Ethylidene chloride (1, 1-Dichloroethane) 75558 1,2-Propylenimine
50000 Formaldehyde 91225 Quinoline
76448 Heptachlor 106514 Quinone
118741 Hexachlorobenzene 100425 Styrene
87683 Hexachlorobutadiene 96093 Styrene oxide
77474 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 1746016 2,3, 7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
110543 Hexane 79345 1,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
67721 Hexachloroethane 127184 Tetrachloroethylene
822060 Hexamethylene-1 ,6 diisocyanate 7550450 Titanium tetrachloride
680319 Hexamethyl-phosphoramide 108883 Toluene
302012 Hydrazine 95807 2,4-Toluene diamine
7647010 Hydrochloric acid 584849 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
7664393 Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid) 95534 a-Toluidine
123319 Hydroquinone 8001352 Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
78591 lsophorone 120821 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
58899 Lindane (all isomers) 79005 1,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
108316 Maleic anhydride 79016 Trichloroethylene
67561 Methanol 95954 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
72435 Methoxychlor 88062 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
74839 Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) 121448 Triethylamine
74873 Methyl chloride (Chloromethane) 1582098 Trifluralin
71556 Methyl chloroform (1,1,1- 540841 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Trichloroethane) 108054 Vinyl acetate
78933 Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone) 593602 Vinyl bromide
60344 Methyl hydrazine 75014 Vinyl chloride
74884 Methyl iodide (iodomethane) 75354 Vinylidene chloride (1, 1-
108101 Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone) Dichloroethylene)
624839 Methyl isocyanate 1330207 Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
80626 Methyl methacrylate 95476 o-Xylenes
1634044 Methyl fert butyl ether 108383 m-Xylenes
101144 4,4-Methylene bis (2-chloraniline) 106423 p-Xylenes
75092 Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane) *Antimony Compounds
101688 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) *Arsenic Compounds
101779 4,4'-Methylenedianline *Beryllium Compounds
91203 Naphthalene *Cadmium Compounds
98953 Nitrobenzene *Chromium Compounds
92933 4-Nitrobiphenyl *Cobalt Compounds
100027 4-Nitrophenol *Coke Oven Emissions
79469 2-Nitropropane *Cyanide Compounds
684935 N-N itroso-N-methyl urea *Glycol ethers
62759 N-Nitrosodimethylamine *Lead Compounds
59892 N-Nitrosomorpholine *Manganese Compounds
56382 Parathion *Mercury Compounds
82688 Pentachloronitrobenzene *Fine mineral fibers
(Quintobenzene) *Nickel Compounds
87865 Pentachlorophenol *Polycylic Organic Matter
108952 Phenol *Radionuclides (including radon)
106503 p-Phenyhlenediamine *Selenium Compounds

46
ASME 8133.9 94 . . 0759670 0543754 433 . .