Air Law For ATSEP

AIR LEGISLATION
10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 1

ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE PPT 1.
10/3/2018
End –of – Module Objective:
Conditions: Given handouts in a classroom and
classroom delivery
Performance: The trainees will be able to list out,

clearly explain and apply the contents
of the ICAO Air Legislation
Standard: In accordance with NCAT training

handout and the ICAO standards as
stipulated in the ICAO Annex 2

INTERMEDIATE OBJECTIVES
 History of Flight,
 Roles of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 Rules of the Air
 Assigning Flight Levels to Aircraft
 Mandatory Light to Displayed by Aircraft
 Radio Communication Failure Procedures

HISTORY OF FLIGHT
 December 17, 1903 in USA
 The Wright Brothers (Orville & Wilbur)
 Frail contraption of metal wood and fabrics was

scrambled into the air
 Flew for 260metres
 1st recorded flight by a heavier-than-air powered

machine.

HISTORY OF FLIGHT
OTHER PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS
 Clement Ader – France on Oct. 9,1890-

20metres
 Otto Lilienthal - Germany in 1891
 No official witnesses
 Effects of the second world war

NIGERIAN CIVIL AVIATION ACT
 Before 1966,
the Aviation Laws applicable in Nigeria were
promulgated by Great Britain.
 Then:
CIVIL AVIATION ACT, 1964 by the Nigerian
Parliament.

NIGERIAN CIVIL AVIATION ACT
 The commencement date of the Act: 1st December,

1965.
 The Act and the Subsidiary Legislations are now

available in the LAWS OF THE FEDERATION OF
NIGERIA, 1990 CAP 51.
 Currently:- Air Navigation Regulation (ANR) of 2015.

The REGULATIONS
 Civil Aviation (Air Transport) Licensing
 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Performance)
 Civil Aviation (Birth, Death & Missing Persons)
 Civil Aviation (Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control)

The REGULATIONS
 Civil Aviation (Investigation of Accidents) Civil Aviation
(Air Navigation)
 Civil Aviation (Fees)
 Civil Aviation (Controlled Areas) Order.

Scope of Aviation Law
 The medium in which aerial Navigation takes place
 The vehicles with which aerial Navigation is carried

out
 Persons or property which are transported by air
 Travel by air and the legal implications, which arise.

Sources of Aviation Law
 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 Cap. 51
 British Ordinances on Colonial Aviation
 International Multilateral treaties
 Bilateral Air Transport Agreements
 Contract between the State and Airlines
 Contracts between Airlines
 General Principles of International Law

Definition of Aviation Law
AVIATION LAW
 body of principles and rules of
 public,
 private,
 national or
 international law,
 which governs the legal relationships arising form the civil

uses of air transport activities (ICAO).
Purpose of ChicagoConvention
 that International Civil Aviation may be developed in a
safe and orderly manner and
 that international transport services may be established

on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated
soundly and economically

Supplementary Agreements
International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA)
TECHNICAL FREEDOMS
 The right to fly over the territory of a State without
landing.
 The right to land in another State for technical reasons,

but not for commercial purposes.

International Air Transport Agreement (IATA)
COMMERCIAL FREEDOMS
 The right to carry revenue traffic from the home State of
the carrier to the territory of another State.
 The right to carry revenue traffic from the territory of the

grantor State to the home State of the carrier.
 The right to carry revenue traffic between the territory of

the grantor State and other states along a route.

ADDITIONAL FREEDOMS
 Applies to revenue traffic carried between two countries
via the home State of the carrier.
 Applies to international traffic carried by a carrier

operating entirely outside its home State.
 Refers to the right to carry revenue traffic between two

points within the territory of a State by a carrier from
another country. Also known as “CABOTAGE”.

ROLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIAL
AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

(ICAO)
 Officially: April 04 1947

 Base: Montreal, Quebec Canada.
 ICAO is a Special agency of the UNO
 President of the I.C.A.O. Council
 (Nigerian) OLUMUYIWA BENARD ALIU

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ICAO
AIMS
 To develop the principles and techniques of
international air navigation
 To foster the planning and development of

international air transport
OBJECTIVES
 Ensure the safe and orderly growth of international
civil aviation globally.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ICAO
 Encourage the art of aircraft design and operation for

peaceful purposes.
 Encourage the development of airways, airports and

air navigation facilities for International Civil Aviation.
 Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe,

regular efficient and economical air transport.
 Prevent economic wastes caused by unreasonable

competition.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ICAO (contd.)
 Ensure that the rights of the contracting States to a fair

opportunity to operate international airlines are
respected.
 Avoid discrimination between contracting States.
 Promote safety of flights in international air navigation.
 Promote generally the development of all aspects of

international aeronautics.

ICAO: ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
 The Assembly :the sovereign body of ICAO.
 The Council: the governing body of ICAO.
 The Assembly meets at least once in three

years and is convened by the Council.

Functions of the Assembly
 Decide on the general policy of the organization.
 Delegate powers to the council.
 Approve budgets and financial arrangements
 Refer matters to commission.
 Consider and approve to states modifications or

amendment to the conventions.

THE ICAO COUNCIL
The Council is a permanent body responsible to the Assembly
and is composed of 36 Contracting States elected by Assembly
for a three-year term.
In the election, adequate representation is given to:

 States of Chief importance in air transport
 States which make the largest contribution to the provision of

facilities for Civil Air Navigation
 States whose designation will ensure that all the major

geographic areas of the world are represented on the Council

FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL
 Appoints the secretary General and the members of the permanent

commissions.
 Submit annual reports to the assembly.
 Administer the finances of the organization.
 Generally responsible to implement the objectives of the

organization.
 The Council is a permanent body responsible to the Assembly and

is composed of 36 Contracting States elected by Assembly for a
three-year term.

REPRESENTATIVE BODIES OF
ICAO
 The Assembly: Composed of all the Contracting States:
(Sovereign body of ICAO).
 The Council: Composed of 36 Contracting States elected

by the Assembly. The Council elects its
own President. (Executive body of ICAO).
 The Air Navigation

Commission: Composed of 15 members appointed by the
Council from nominations received from
Contracting States.

ICAO
 The Air Transport
 Committee: Composed of members appointed by
the Council from representatives of
Council member States.
 The Legal Committee: Established pursuant to Assembly

Resolution A1-46 and open to
membership by all Contracting States.
 The Committee on
Joint Support of Air
Navigation Services: Composed of not more that 11 no less
than 9 Members elected by the
Council from representatives of Council
member States.

ICAO
 The Personnel
Committee: Composed of not more than 15 and not
less that 13 members elected by the
Council from representatives of Council
member States.
 The Finance
Committee: Composed of not more than 13 nor less than 9
members elected by the Council from
representatives of Council member States.
 The Committee on
Unlawful Interference: Composed of 15 members elected by
the Council from representatives of
Council members States.

THE ICAO SECRETARIAT
Corresponding to each ICAO Committee and Division is a
section of the ICAO Secretariat, made up of staff members
selected for technical competence in their respective fields,
which supplies technical and administrative aids to the
governmental representatives who made up of ICAO
Council, Committees and divisions.
 The Air Navigation Bureau;
 The Air Transport Bureau;
 The Technical Assistance Bureau;
 The Legal Bureau, and
 The Bureau of Administration and Services.
ICAO REGIONS
 AFI > Africa and Indian Ocean
 CAR > Caribbean
 EUR > Europe
 MID/ASIA > Middle-East/Asia
 NAM > North America
 NAT > North Atlantic
 PAC > Pacific
 SAM > South America

ICAO ADMINISTRATIVE
OFFICES/HEADQUARTERS
 Dakar - Western & Central Africa
 Nairobi - Eastern & Southern Africa
 Paris - Europe & North Atlantic
 Lima - South America
 Cairo - Middle East
 Mexico - NAM, Central America & Caribbean
 Bangkok - Asia/Pacific
 ICAO HEADQUATERS - Montreal

ICAO PUBLICATIONS
Wide variety of technical, economic and legal publications
is produced-by the International Civil Aviation Organization,
These publications included such items as

 Annexes to the Convention,
 procedures for Air Navigation Services,
 the ICAO Training Manual,
 Regional Air Navigation Plans,
 Aircraft Accident Digests,

ICAO PUBLICATIONS
 a Lexicon of terms used in connection with International Civil
Aviation,
 Digests of Statistics, Minutes and Documents of the Legal
Committee,
 a catalogue of these publications is available free of
charge upon request.
Public Information Publications of the Organization, available

free of charge upon request, include
 memorandum on ICAO
 facts about ICAO and brochures published from time to time.
 The ICAO Journal, published monthly, is available on a
subscription basis.
ICAO PUBLICATIONS
STANDARD
 a specification whose uniform application is necessary for the
safety or regularity of civil aviation; compliance is mandatory.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
 a specification whose uniform application is desirable but not
essential.
 PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES (PANS)

 Comprise mostly of operating procedures.
 Not yet mature enough for adoption as SARPS,
 materials of a more permanent character inappropriate or
too detailed for incorporation in an Annex.

THE ICAO ANNEXES
There are now 19 Annexes to the ICAO Convention.
 ANNEX 1: Personnel Licensing:
 ANNEX 2: Rules of the Air:
 ANNEX 3: Meteorology:
 ANNEX 4: Aeronautical Charts:
 ANNEX 5: Units of Measurement to be

used in Air Ground Operations.

THE ICAO ANNEXES (contd.)
 ANNEX 6: Operations of Aircraft.
 ANNEX 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration

Marks.
 ANNEX 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft Certification &

inspection of aircraft
 ANNEX 9: Facilitation: Airport facilities etc.
 ANNEX 10: Aeronautical Telecoms
 ANNEX 11: Air Traffic Services

THE ANNEXES (contd.)
 ANNEX 12: Search and Rescue
 ANNEX 13: Aircraft Accident Investigation
 ANNEX 14: Aerodromes:
 ANNEX 15: Aeronautical Info. Services
 ANNEX 16: Environmental Protection
 ANNEX 17: Security

THE ICAO ANNEXES (contd.)
 ANNEX 18: Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air
 ANNEX 19: Safety Management
 All the annexes except Annex 9, are the responsibilities

of the Joint Air Navigation Commission.
 Annex 9 is the responsibility of the Air Transport

Committee

ANY QUESTION?

RULES OF THE AIR
Territorial Application of the Rules of the Air apply to:
 All aircraft registered in Nigeria, wherever they may be,

provided that they do not conflict with the rules which
apply in the territory over the aircraft is flying;
 All aircraft flying within Nigerian airspace;
 All aircraft over flying Nigerian airspace.

Compliance with the Rules of the Air
Operation of flight either in flight or movement
area of an aerodrome shall be in compliance
with:
General Rules and,
Visual flight rules, or
Instrument flight rules.

Responsibility for Compliance with Rules
of the Air:
 The pilot in-command of an aircraft shall,
whether manipulating the controls or not,
be responsible for the operation of the aircraft,

in accordance with the Rules of the Air,
except in circumstances that render such

departure absolutely necessary,
in the interest of safety.

Pre-flight Action
 Before beginning a flight,
the pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall become
familiar with all available information appropriate
to the intended operation.
Pre-flight action for flights away from the vicinity
of an aerodrome, and for all IFR flight, shall
include a careful study of available current
weather reports and forecast,…
Authority of Pilot-in-Command of an
Aircraft
 taking into consideration fuel requirement and an
alternative course of action of action, if the flight cannot
be completed as planned.
 The PIC of an aircraft, shall have final authority as to the

disposition of the aircraft while in command.

Use of intoxicating liquor, narcotics or drugs
 No person shall pilot an aircraft,
 or act as a flight crewmember of an aircraft,
while under the influence of intoxicating liquor

or any narcotic or drug, by reason of which
the person's capacity so to act is impaired.

Munitions of War
 An Aircraft shall not carry munitions of War
Note:
Munitions of War
 means such weapon and ammunition as are designed
for use in warfare.

Dangerous Goods
Dangerous Goods shall not be carried except:-
 Those permitted by the regulations the minister may make.
 Those carried with the Minister’s written concept.
 Goods carried to ensure proper navigation or the safety of the

aircraft or the well-being of any person or property.
 Goods permitted under the law of country in which the aircraft

is registered, provided that Country has an agreement with
the government.

Dangerous Goods
Dangerous goods shall not be loaded as cargo in aircraft
unless:-
 The Consignor of the goods has given the operator
notice in writing of the type of goods and the danger they
give rise to.
 The Containers are clearly marked.
 The operator must inform the pilot about any details

regarding the goods.

ANY QUESTION?

GENERAL RULES
PROTECTION OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY
Negligent or Reckless Operating of Aircraft
 An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or
reckless manner so as to endanger life or property
of others.

Minimum height (low Flying Rules)
 Except when necessary for take-off, landing or

except by permission from the appropriate
authority aircraft shall not be flown:
 Over congested areas of cities, town or

settlement; or open air assembly of persons;
 at least 1500ft above the highest obstacle within

a radius of 2000ft from the aircraft; or…..

Minimum height (Low Flying Rules) [contd.]
 At such a height that in the event of an emergency

arising, a landing can be made without undue hazard
to person or property on the surface.
 Elsewhere, not less than 500ft, above ground or water.
 An aircraft shall not fly closer than 500ft to any

person, vessel, vehicle or structure. This does not
apply to aircraft landing taking off or to any hill
soaring.

Minimum height (Low Flying Rules) [contd.]
An aircraft shall not fly:

 Over or within 1000yds, of any assembly in the open air of more
than 1000 persons assembled for the purpose of witnessing or
participating in any organized event;
 Except with the permission in writing of the Authority and in

accordance with any condition specified by the organizers of
the event, or
 Below such height as would enable it to alight clear of the

assembly in the event of the failure of a power unit.

Exemptions from Minimum Height
or low flying Rules
 Aircraft flying on a route specified for low flying purpose;
 Aircraft operating as Special VFR flight and in
accordance with instruction issued by the appropriate
ATC Unit;
 Gliders while hill-soaring;
 Aircraft taking-off, landing or practicing approaches

to land;
 Aircraft in the services of the Nigerian Police Force;

EXEMPTIONS (cont’d.)
 Aircraft engaged in Search and Rescue;
 Aircraft flying in such a manner as may be

necessary for purpose of saving life;
 Aircraft flying for the purpose of checking

navigational aids or procedures;……

EXEMPTIONS (cont’d.)
 Aircraft landing or taking-off in accordance with

normal aviation practices;
 Captive balloons or kites;
 Aircraft engaged in organised aircraft race, or

contest, or an exhibition.

GENERAL RULES (contd.)
Cruising Level:
 The cruising level at which a flight or a portion of a
flight is to be conducted shall be in terms of:
 flight level, for flight at or above the lowest usable flight

level or, where applicable, above the transition
altitude;
 Altitude, for flight below the lowest usable flight

level, or where applicable, at or below the transition
altitude.

Dropping or Spraying:
 Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight
except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate
authority and as indicted by relevant information, advice and
/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services.
Towing:
 No aircraft or other object shall be towed by an aircraft except
in accordance with requirements prescribed by the
appropriate authority as a indicated by relevant information,
and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.

GENERAL
Parachute Descents:
RULES (contd.)
 Parachute descents other than emergency descents shall not
be made, except under conditions prescribed by the
appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information,
advice/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services
unit.
ACROBATIC FLIGHT:
 No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically, except under
conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority
and as indicate by relevant information advice and/
or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services
unit.

Formation Flight:
 Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by pre-
arrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft
taking part in the flight, and:
 for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance

with the conditions prescribed by the appropriate ATS
authority.

These conditions shall include the following:

 the formation operates as a single aircraft with
regard to navigation and position reporting;
 separation between aircraft in the flight shall be

the responsibility of the pilots-in-command of the
aircraft.

Unmanned Free Balloons
 Un-manned free balloons shall be operated in such
a manner as to minimize hazards to persons,
Prohibited Areas & Restricted Areas

 Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited area, or in
a restricted area, the particulars of which have been
duly published, except in accordance with the
conditions of the restriction or by permission of the
State over whose territory the areas established.
AVOIDANCE OF COLLISSIONS
 Notwithstanding that the flight is being made with ATC
clearance, it shall remain the duty of the commander
of an aircraft to take all possible measures to ensure
that his aircraft does not collide with any other aircraft.
Proximity:
 An aircraft shall not be operated in such proximity
to other aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
 Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by

pre-arrangement.
Right-of –Way
 The aircraft that has right-of-way shall maintain its
heading and speed,
 nothing in these rules shall relieve the pilot-in-command

of an aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action
as will best avert collision.
 An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules to keep

out of the way of another avoid passing over, under or in
front of the other, unless it passes well clear and takes
into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence.

Approaching Head-on:
 When two aircraft are approaching head-on or
approximately so and there is a danger of collision, each
shall alter its heading to the right.
Converging:
 When two aircraft are converging at approximately the
same level the aircraft that has the that the other on its
right, shall give way; except as follows:-

Aircraft converging

Exceptions:
 power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to
airships
 airships shall give way to gliders
 gliders shall give way to balloons;
 Power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are

seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.

Over-taking:
 Aircraft being over-taken has the right of way.
 Overtaking aircraft, whether climbing descending or in

horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other
aircraft by altering its heading to the right,
 Nothing shall absolve the overtaking aircraft from this

obligation until it is entirely past and clear.
 Aircraft being overtaken has the right of way. Overtaking

aircraft shall keep well clear i.e. either left or right

RIGHT-OF-WAY – VEHICLES &
AIRCRAFT.
 Flying machines and Vehicles shall give way to aircraft
which are taking off or landing
 Vehicles and taxiing aircraft shall give way to vehicles

towing aircraft;
 Vehicles which are not towing aircraft shall give way to

aircraft
10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.94
RIGHT-OF-WAY VEHICLES &
AIRCRAFT
 Emergency vehicles going to the assistance of an

aircraft in distress shall have priority over all other
surface movement traffic;

Landing:
 An aircraft in flight or operating on the ground
or water shall give way to aircraft landing or
in the final stage of an approach to land.
When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft

are approaching an aerodrome for the
purpose of landing, aircraft at the higher
level shall give way to aircraft at the lower,
 but the lower aircraft shall not take advantage of this rule to
cut in front of another which is in the final stages of an
approach to land or to overtake that aircraft nevertheless,
power-driven heavier- than- air aircraft shall give way to
gliders…..
 When an ATC unit has communicated to any aircraft an order

of priority for landing, aircraft shall land in that order.
Emergency Landing:
 An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land
shall give way to that aircraft.
Taking Off
 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an
aerodrome shall give way to aircraft taking off or about to
take off.
Surface movement of aircraft

 When collision danger exists between two aircraft taxiing
on the movement area of an aerodrome the following
shall apply:
 For two aircraft approaching head-on, each shall stop or

if practicable, alter course to the right, to keep well clear.
 When two aircraft are on a converging course, the one

that has the other to its right shall give way.
 Aircraft that is being overtaken by another aircraft shall

have the right of way and the overtaking aircraft shall
keep well clear of the other aircraft…

 An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area shall

stop and hold all taxi-holding position unless
otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control
tower.
 An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area shall

stop and hold at lighted stop bars and may
proceed further when the light are switched off.
ANY QUESTION?
SIMULATED INSTRUMENT
FLIGHTS
An aircraft shall not be flown under simulated instrument flight
conditions unless:
 Fully functioning dual controls are installed in the aircraft
 A qualified pilot occupies a control seat to act as safety pilot

for the person who is flying under simulated instrument
conditions. The safety pilot shall have adequate vision
forward and to each side of the aircraft,
 a competent observer in communication with the safety pilot

shall occupy a position in the aircraft from which the
observer’s field of vision adequately supplements that of the
safety pilot.
OPERATIONS ON AND IN THE
VICINITY OF AN AERODROME
An aircraft operated on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome
shall, whether or not within an aerodrome traffic zone.
 Observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of
avoiding collision:
 Conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by
other aircraft in operations;
 Make all turns to the left, when approaching for a landing
and after taking off, unless otherwise instructed.
 Land and take off into the wind unless safety, the runway
configuration, or air traffic consideration determine that a
different direction is preferable.
FLIGHTS PLANS
Submission of a Flight Plan
 Information relative to an intended flight or portion of a
flight, to be provided to air traffic services units shall be
in the form of a flight plan.
Requirement to Submit a Flight Plan

 A flight plan shall be submitted prior to operating:
 Any flight or portion thereof to be provided with air traffic
control service;
 Any IFR flight within advisory airspace;
FLIGHTS PLANS
 Any flight within or into designated area, or along
designated routes, when so required by the appropriate
ATS authority to facilitate the provision of flight
information alerting and search and rescue.
 Any flight within or into designated areas, or along

designated routes when so required by the appropriate
ATS authority to facilitate co-ordination with appropriate
military units or with air traffic services units in adjacent
stages in order to avoid the possible need for
interception for the purpose of identification
FLIGHTS PLANS
 Any flight across international boarders.
 In Nigeria, flight plans are to be filed for all flights except local
flights.
NOTE:
 The term “Flight Plan”
 full information on all items comprised in the flight plan
description,
 covering the whole route of a flight, or
 limited information required when the purpose is to obtain
a clearance for a minor portion of a flight such as to cross
an airway,
 to take off from, or to land at a controlled aerodrome.
FLIGHTS PLANS
 A flight plan shall be submitted before departure to an air
traffic services reporting office, or, during flight,
transmitted to the appropriate air traffic services unit or
air-ground control radio station, unless arrangements
have been made for submission of repetitive flight plans.
 A flight plan for a flight to be provided with air traffic

control service or air traffic advisory service shall be
submitted at least 60 minutes before departure, or, if
submitted during flight, at least ten (10) minutes before
the aircraft is estimated to reach the controlled airspace
boundary.
FLIGHT PLAN (contd.)
CONTENTS
 Aircraft identification
 Flight rules and type of flight
 Number and type (s) of aircraft and wake turbulence
category
 Equipment
 Departure aerodrome (see note 1)
 Estimated off-block time (see note 2)
 Route to be followed
 Destination aerodrome, and total estimated elapsed time
(EET)
 Alternate aerodrome (s)
 Fuel endurance
 Total number of person on board
 Emergency and survival equipment
 Other information.
 Cruising speed (s)
 Cruising level (s)
ANY QUESTION?
SIGNALS
 Upon observing or receiving any of the signals given,
aircraft shall take such action as may be required by the
interpretation of the signal given in that appendix.
 The signals shall, when used, have the meaning

indicated therein. They shall be used only for the
purpose indicated and no other signals likely to be
confused with them shall be used.
TIME
 Co-ordinated Universal time (UTC) shall be used and
shall be expressed in hours and minutes to the 24 hour
day beginning at midnight.
 A time check shall be obtained prior to operating a

controlled flight and at such other times during the flight
as may be necessary.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
SERVICE
Air Traffic Control Clearances
 An air traffic control clearance shall be obtained prior to
operating a controlled flight, or a portion of flight as a
controlled flight; such clearance shall be requested
through the submission of a flight plan to an air traffic
control unit.
 Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance

involving priority, a report explaining the necessity for
such priority, shall be submitted if requested by the
appropriate air traffic control unit.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
SERVICE
Potential Reclearance in flight
 If prior to departure it is anticipated that depending on fuel
endurance and subject to reclearance in flight, a decision may
be taken to proceed to a revised destination aerodrome, the
appropriate air traffic control units shall be so notified by the
insertion in the flight plan of information concerning the
revised route (where known) and the revised destination.
 An aircraft operated on a controlled aerodrome shall not taxi

on the maneuvering area without clearance from the
aerodrome control tower and shall comply with any
instructions given by that unit.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
SERVICE
UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE:
 An aircraft which is being subjected to unlawful interference shall
endeavour to notify the appropriate ATS unit of this fact, any
significant circumstance associated therewith and any deviation
from the current flight plan necessitated by the circumstances in
order to enable the ATS unit to give priority to the aircraft and to
minimized conflict with other aircraft.
INTERCEPTION
 Interception of civil aircraft shall be governed by appropriate
regulation and administrative directives issued by contracting states
in compliance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation,
and in particular (Article 3 d) under which Contracting States
undertake, when issuing regulations for their State aircraft, to have
due regard for the safety of navigation of Civil Aircraft.
ANY QUESTION?
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 Except when operating as a special VFR flight, VFR
flights shall be conducted so that the aircraft is flown in
conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to
or greater than those specified
 Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic

control unit. VFR flights shall not take off or land at an
aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome
traffic zone or traffic pattern:
 When the ceiling is less than 450m (1 500ft); or
 When the ground visibility is less than 5km.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or such other
period between sunset and sunrise as may be
prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority shall be
operated in accordance with the conditions prescribed by
such authority.
 In Nigeria no VFR is allowed between sunset and
sunrise.
 Unless authorized by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR

flights shall not be operated:
 Above FL. 200 or FL. 150 in Nigeria
 At transonic and supersonic speeds.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except
by permission from the appropriate authority, a VFR
flights shall not be flown:
 Over congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or

over an open-air assembly of persons at a height, less
than 300m (1000ft) above the highest obstacle within a
radius of 600m from the aircraft;*
 elsewhere at a height less than 150m (500ft) above the

ground or water.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 Except where otherwise indicated in air traffic control
clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority
 VFR flights in level cruising flight when operated above

900m (3000ft) from the ground or water or a higher
datum as specified by the appropriate ATS authority
 shall be conducted at a flight level appropriate to the

track as specified in the table of cruising levels in
Appendix A.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
VFR flights shall comply with the provision of Air Traffic
Control Service;
 When operated within Classes B, C and D airspace;
 When forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled

aerodromes; or
 When operated as special VFR flights.
In Nigeria at a height not less than 450 (1500ft) above the

highest obstacle within a radius of 600m (2000ft) from the
aircraft.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along
routes, designated by the appropriate ATS authority in
accordance with requirement to submit a flight plan shall
 maintain continuous listening watch on the
appropriate radio frequency of, and
 report its positions as necessary to, the air traffic
services unit providing flight information service.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
 An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight
rules which wishes to change to compliance with the
instrument flight rules shall:
 If a flight plan was submitted communicate the

necessary changes to be effected to its current flight
plan or
 When so required to submit a flight plan to the

appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a
clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled
airspace.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES (VFR)
WEATHER MINIMA TABLE
S/No AIRSPACE CLASS REQUIREMENT
1 A NO VFR IN CLASS A
2 B 1. Distance from Cloud – Clear of cloud
2. Flight Visibility – 8Km at and above 10,000ft
(3050m) AMSL 5Km below 10,000ft (3050m)
AMSL
3 CD&E 1. Distance from Cloud
a) Horizontal – 1500m
b) Vertical – 300m (1000ft)
2. Flight visibility
8Km at and above 10,000ft (3050m) AMSL
5Km below 10,000ft (3050) AMSL.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES (VFR)
WEATHER MINIMA TABLE
S/No AIRSPACE CLASS REQUIREMENT
4. F&G A. Above 900m (3000ft) AMSL Above 300m (1000ft)
above terrain whichever is the higher
1. Distance from Cloud
a) Horizontal – 1500m
b) Vertical – 300m (1,000ft)
2. Flight Visibility
8Km at and above 10,000ft (3050m) AMSL
5Km below 10, 1000ft (3050m) AMSL
5 F&G B. At and below 900m (3000ft) AMSL or 300m
(1,000ft) above terrain, whichever is the higher.
1. Distance from cloud
Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface
2. Flight visibility
5Km.
10/3/2018O ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 126
ANY QUESTION?
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
Rules applicable to all IFR Flight
 Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and
with navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be
flown.
Minimum Levels:
 Except when necessary for take-off or landing or except
when specifically authorized by the appropriate authority,
an IFR flight shall be flown at a level which is not below
the minimum flight altitude established by the State
whose territory is over flown, or where no such minimum
flight altitude has been established.
Minimum Levels
 Over high terrain or in mountainous areas at a level
which at least 600m (2000ft) above the highest obstacle
located within 8km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
 Elsewhere than as specified in (a), at a level which is at

least 300m (1000ft) above the highest obstacle located
within 8km of the estimated position of the aircraft.
Change from IFR Flight to VFR Flight
 An aircraft electing to change the conduct of its flight
from compliance with the instrument flight rules to
compliance with the visual flight rules shall, if a flight plan
was submitted
 notify the appropriate air traffic services unit

specifically that the IFR flight is cancelled and
 communicate thereto the changes to be made to its

current flight plan.
 When an aircraft operating under the instrument flight
rules is flown or encounters Visual meteorological
conditions
 it shall not cancel its IFR flight unless, it is anticipated,

and intended
 that the flight will be continued for a reasonable

period of time in uninterrupted visual meteorological
conditions.
RULES APPLICABLE TO IFR FLIGHTS
WITHIN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
 IFR flights shall comply with the provisions of air traffic

control services when operated in controlled airspace.
 An IFR flight operating in cruising flight in controlled

airspace shall be flown at a cruising level, or,
 if authorized to employ cruise climb techniques, between

two levels or above a level, selected from:
 The table of cruising levels or
 A modified table of cruising levels, when so
prescribed for flight above FL. 290,
OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.
CRUISING LEVELS
 An IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside of
controlled airspace shall be
 Flown at a cruising level appropriate to its track, except when

otherwise specified by the appropriate ATS authority
Communications
 An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within
or into areas, or along routes, designated by the appropriate
ATS authority
 to facilitate the provision of flight information, Alerting and
Search and Rescue services, or
OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
 to facilitate coordination with appropriate military
units or ATS units in adjacent States in order to
avoid the possible need for interception for the
purpose of identification
shall maintain a listening watch on the

appropriate radio frequency and
 establish two-way communication, as necessary,

with the air traffic services unit providing flight
information service.
Position reports
An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace and
required by the appropriate ATS authority to:
 Submit a flight Plan;
 Maintain a listening watch on the appropriate radio

frequency and establish two-way communication, as
necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing flight
information service.
 Shall report position as specified for controlled flights.
NOTE:
In Nigeria the Rules applicable to IFR flights in both
controlled and outside controlled Airspaces are applicable
to ALL IFR flights.
The differences are:

 IFR flights within Controlled Airspaces need not operate
at cruising levels appropriate to tracks while those
operating outside controlled airspaces do:
 IFR flights within Controlled airspaces have to obtain

ATC clearances but those outside controlled airspaces
do not.
 In the event of radio communication failure
 those operating in Controlled airspaces shall carry out
the “Basic Radio Failure Procedures”
 while those operating outside controlled airspaces

shall carry out the applicable Radio Failure
Procedures as spelt out in “Radio Failure Procedures
to be adopted under various circumstances.
ANY QUESTION?
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
AIRSPACES
DEFINITIONS
Flight Information Region

 An air space of defined dimensions within which flight
information service and alerting service are provided.
Advisory Airspace
 An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route,
within which air traffic advisory service is available.
Advisory Route:
 A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is
available.
AIRSPACES
Air Traffic Advisory Service:
 A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure
separation in so far as practical, between aircraft which are
operating on IFR flight plans.
Air Traffic Services Airspaces:

 Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated,
within which specific types of flights may operate and for
which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified.
Airway
 A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a
corridor equipped with radio navigation aids.
AIRSPACES
Alerting Services:
 A service provided to notify appropriate organizations
regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and
assist such organizations as required.
ATS Route:
 A specified route designed for channeling the flow of
traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic
services.
Control Area:
 A controlled airspace extending upwards from a
specified limit above the earth.
AIRSPACES
Controlled Aerodrome:
 An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to
aerodrome traffic.
Controlled Airspace:
 An Airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control
service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance
with the airspace classification. It covers ATS airspace classes
A,B, C, D and E.
Controlled Flight:
 Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance.
Control Zone:
 A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the
earth to a specified upper limit.
AIRSPACES
Flight Information Service:
 A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and
information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Terminal Control Area:

 A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS
routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes.
Aerodrome Traffic Zone:

 An airspace of defined dimensions established around an
aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. (In Nigeria it is
1500 FT above the level of the aerodrome and within a distance
of 8 KM of its boundaries except any part of that airspace which
is within the aerodrome traffic zone of another aerodrome which
is notified as being the controlling aerodrome).
AIRSPACES
Visibility:
 The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and
expressed in units of distance, to see and identify
prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent
lighted objects by night.
Simulated Instrument flight:

 A flight during which mechanical or optical devices are
used in order to reduce the field of vision or the range of
visibility from the cockpit of the aircraft.
TYPES OF AIRSPACES AND
THEIR ATS CLASSIFICATIONS
Designation of the Portions of the Airspace and
Controlled Aerodromes where ATS will be Provided
Flight Information Regions (FIRs)

 These shall be those portions of the airspace where it is
determined that flight information service and alerting
service will be provided. They shall be designated as
class G airspace.
Control Areas and Control Zones
 These shall be those portions of the airspace where it
is determined that air traffic control service will be
provided to IFR Flights.
 Those portions of controlled airspace where it is

determined that air traffic control service will be
provided to VFR flights operating in them shall be
designated as classes B,C, or D.
Controlled Aerodrome
 Those aerodromes where it is determined that air traffic
control service will be provided to aerodrome traffic shall
be designated as controlled aerodromes.
NOTE:
A controlled aerodrome need not necessarily be located
within a control zone.
Advisory Airspaces
 These shall be those portions of the airspace, or those
designated routes where it is determined that air traffic
advisory service will be available. They shall be
designated as class F airspace.
ANY QUESTION?
ATS AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATION
ATS airspaces shall be classified and designated in
accordance with the following:
CLASS A:
 IFR ONLY are permitted.
 ALL flights are subject to Air Traffic Control Service and
 ALL flights are separated from each other.
CLASS B:
 IFR and VFR flights are permitted.
 ALL Flights are subjects to Air Traffic Control Service and
 ALL flights are separated from each other.
CLASS C:
 ALL Flights are subjects to Air Traffic Control Services.
 IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR
flights.
 VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic
information in respect of other VFR flight.
CLASS D:
 ALL flights are subjects to air traffic control service.
 IFR flights are separated from other.
 IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of
VFR flights.
 VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of ALL
other flights.
CLASS E:
IFR and VFR flights are permitted.
IFR flights are subjects to Air Traffic
Control Service and
IFR flights are separated from other
IFR flights.
 ALL flights receive traffic
information as far as is practical.
CLASS F:
 IFR and VFR flights are permitted
 ALL PARTICIPATING IFR Flights receive an Air Traffic
Advisory Service
 ALL FLIGHTS receive Flight Information service IF
requested.
CLASS G:
 IFR and VFR flights are permitted
 All flight receive flight Information Service IF requested.
ATS AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATIONS WITHIN
THE KANO FIR AND THEIR DIMENSIONS
The KANO FIR which has the following FIR bordering It:-
 N’JAMENA FIR to the NE
 BRAZZAVILLE FIR to the SE
 NIAMEY FIR to the N and NW
 ACCRA FIR to the S and SW and the W.
NOTE:
 The various ATS airspace classifications within the Kano
FIR are contained in the Nigerian A.I.P.
ANY QUESTION?
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS)
Definitions:
Air Traffic Services:

 A generic term meaning variously,
 flight information service,
 alerting service,
 air traffic advisory service,
 air traffic control service (area Control Service, approach
control service or aerodrome control service).
Air Traffic Services Unit:

 A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight
information centre or “Air Traffic Services reporting office”.
Air Traffic Control Service:
 A service provided for the purpose of:
 Preventing collisions;
Between aircraft, and
On the maneuvering area between aircraft and
obstructions
 Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air
traffic.
Aerodrome Control Service:

 Air Traffic Control Service for aerodrome Traffic.
Approach Control Service:
 Air Traffic Control Service for arriving or departing
controlled flights.
Area Control Service:

 Air Traffic Control Service for controlled flights in control
areas.
Air Traffic Services Reporting Office:

 A unit established for the purpose of receiving reports
concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted
before departure
Air Traffic Advisory Service:
 A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure
separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which
are operating on IFR flight plans.
Alerting Service:
 A service provided to notify appropriate organizations
regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and
assist such organizations as required.
 A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and
information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of
flights.
The objectives of the air Traffic services
 Prevent collisions between aircraft;
 Prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering
area and obstruction on the area.
 Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic;
 Provide advice and information useful for the safe and
efficient conduct of flights;
 Notify appropriate organization regarding aircraft in need
of search and Rescue aid, and assist such organization
as required.
Divisions and Units of Air Traffic Services
Air Traffic Control Service

These services are divided into three parts:-
Area Control Service:
 Is to provide air traffic control service for controlled
flights in control areas. The unit responsible for the
provision of this service is the Area Control Centre
(ACC).
Approach Control Service:
 Is to provide air traffic control service for those parts of
controlled flights associated with arrival at or departure
from one or more aerodromes.
 The unit responsible for the provision of this service is
the Approach Control Office. The service may be
provided by an Aerodrome Control Tower or an Area
Control Centre where there is no separate Approach
Control Office.
Aerodrome Control Service:
 Is to provide air traffic control service for aerodrome
traffic.
 The unit responsible for the provision of this service is
the Aerodrome Control Tower.
NOTE:
Air Traffic Control Units also provide Flight Information and
Alerting Services.
 This service is provided to all flights operating within the
FIR and the unit responsible for the provision of this
service is the Flight Information Centre.
Alerting Service:
 This service is provided to all flights operating within the
FIR and the unit responsible for the provision of the
service is the Flight Information Centre
Air Traffic Advisory Service
 Is to ensure separation in so far as practical, between
aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans, within
advisory airspace. This service is not compulsory for
such flights.
 The unit usually responsible for the provision of this

service is the Area Control Centre.
Aerodrome Flight Information Service:
 This is a service provided at aerodromes within the Kano FIR which are not
Controlled Aerodromes.
 It entails the provision of information pertinent to the aerodrome to aircraft
operating into those aerodromes.
 Pilots are expected to make use of such information and decide for
themselves the action (s) to take.
 They are also expected to provide separation between their aircraft in the
vicinity of the aerodrome.
Information provided to pilots include:-
 Surface Wind
 Visibility
 Weather
 Clouds
 Altimeter Setting
ANY QUESTION?
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
DEFINITIONS:
ALTITUDE:
 The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object
considered as a point measured from mean sea level.
TRANSITION ALTITUDE:
 The altitude in the vicinity of an aerodrome at or below
which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by
reference to altitudes.
TRANSITION LEVEL:
 The lowest level available for use above the transition
altitude.
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
TRANSITION LAYER:
 The airspace between the transition altitude and the
transition level.
FLIGHT LEVELS:
 Surfaces of constant atmospheric pressure which are
related to a specific pressure datum, 1013. 2Hpa. (29.92
inches), and are separated by specific pressure
intervals.
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the
standard atmosphere when set to:
 QNH will indicate Altitude

 QFE will indicate height above the aerodrome or OFE
reference datum.
 Standard Setting (1013.2mbs) 29.92 inches, will
indicate flight levels.
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
PRE-FLIGHT ALTIMETER CHECKS:
 At Nigerian aerodromes the designated location for Pre-
Flight altimeter check is Apron.
 When there are decimal fractions, those above 5 are

regarded as 1 while .5 and below are disregarded thus;
1002.5 = 1002 mbs.
1002.6 = 1003 mbs
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
TERRAIN CLEARANCE:
 For terrain clearance, aerodrome QNH is available at all
aerodromes at which there is either ATC Service or AFIS.
FLIGHT SEPARATIONS:
 All aircraft flying within the Kano FIR use the standard setting
(1013.2mb).
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
CLIMB AND DESCENT:
Take-off:
 QNH is used, but on passing through the transition
altitude change to 1013.2 In the FIR (outside controlled
airspace) change to 1013.2
 At and above transition level of an aerodrome and during

enroute flight the aircraft should be flown at flight levels
(1013.2 mb).
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURE
Descent:
 Descending from a flight level to a flight level, 1013.2
 Descending from a flight level to an altitude QNH is set
immediately.
 Final Approach:
 QNH and QFE on REQUEST ONLY, in Nigeria.
 Missed Approach:
 QNH, Except otherwise stated.
ANY QUESTION?
AERODROME TRAFFIC RULES
Apron:
 A defined area on land aerodrome intended to accommodate
aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail,
or cargo, refueling, parking or maintenance.
Maneuvering Area:
 That part of an aerodrome to be used for take off and landing
of aircraft and for the surface movement of aircraft associated
with take-off and landing excluding Apron.
Movement Area:
 That part of an aerodrome to be used for take off and landing
of aircraft and for the surface movement of aircraft.
Visual Signals:
 Aircraft must observe visual signals and obey instructions
given by person in-charge of the aerodrome. He may not
obey marshaling signals if they are unsafe.
Movement in Maneuvering Area:

 The Permission of the person in-charge of the aerodrome
must be obtained before any person or vehicle go to any
part of the aerodrome provided for the use of aircraft.
Dropping:
 Tow ropes, Banners and similar articles should be
dropped.
 In the place provided by the aerodrome authority,
 While the aircraft is flying in the landing direction.
AERODROMES NOT HAVING ATC UNITS:
 An aircraft shall not fly within an aerodrome traffic zone
where there is NO air traffic control unit except for the
purpose of taking off or landing on that aerodrome or
observing the signals in the signal area with a view to
landing there, unless he has the permission of the
person in charge of the aerodrome.
 An aircraft shall remain clear of cloud and at least 500ft

above the level of the aerodrome.
The Commander of aircraft flying or moving on such an
aerodrome shall
 Conform to the pattern of traffic formed by other
aircraft, or keep clear of the airspace in which the
pattern is formed.
 Make all turns to the left when landing or after takeoff

unless ground signals otherwise indicate and
 Take off and land
 in the direction indicated by the ground signals or, if
no such signals are displayed,
 into the wind, unless good aviation practice demands
otherwise.
 A flying machine or glider shall not land on runway of

such an aerodrome unless the runway is clear of other
aircraft.
Where take-off and landing are not confined to a runway:-
 A flying machine or glider when landing shall leave
clear on its left any aircraft which has already
landed,
 when a machine or glider is obliged to turn, it shall
turn to the left after the action will not interfere with
other traffic movement;
 A flying machine about to take off shall take up

position and maneuver in such a way as to leave
clear on its left any aircraft which is already taking off
or is about to take off.
FLIGHT IN AERODROMES
Information to Pilots:
Aerodrome Control towers issue information and
clearances to aircraft to achieve a safe, orderly and
expeditions flow of traffic with a view of preventing collision
between
 Aircraft flying in the aerodrome traffic circuit;
 Aircraft operating on the maneuvering area:
 Aircraft landing and taking off;
 Aircraft on the maneuvering area and obstructions

on that area-work portions, U/S areas, maintenance
apparatus etc.
This may be done by radio, light or ground signals.
PERMISSION TO LAND
 Pilots will not be refused permission to land or take off at
government aerodromes solely because of bad weather
conditions.
 The only circumstances in which government
aerodromes will be closed to normal air traffic are:-
 When the surface of the landing area is unfit;
 At times and conditions specified in NOTAMS
 If essential aerodrome facilities are unserviceable
(e.g. at night if approach lights are unserviceable).
AERODROMES HAVING AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
UNITS
 An aircraft shall not fly within an aerodrome traffic zone
of an aerodrome where there is an ATC unit except for
the purpose of taking off or landing at that aerodrome, or
observing the signals in the signals area with a view to
landing there, unless he has the permissions of the
appropriate ATCU”.
 The Commander of an aircraft flying in the aerodrome

traffic zone or moving on the maneuvering area of such
an aerodrome shall:
• Cause a continuous watch to be maintained on the
appropriate radio frequency notified for ATC
Communications at the aerodrome or, if this is not
possible,
• cause a watch to be kept for such instructions as may be
issued by visual means.
• Not taxi at the aerodrome, or take off or land anywhere
in the zone except with the permission of the ATC units.
• Comply with provisions for aerodrome not having ATC
unit above except authorized to do otherwise by the ATC
unit.
 Cause a continuous watch to be maintained on the
appropriate radio frequency, if this is not possible,
 cause a watch to be kept for such instructions as may be

issued by visual means.
 Not taxi at the aerodrome, or take off or land anywhere

in the zone except with the permission of the ATC units.
 Comply with provisions for aerodrome not having ATC

unit above except authorized to do otherwise by the ATC
unit.
SELECTION OF RUNWAY-IN-USE:
 Aircraft should normally land or take-off into wind unless
safety demands otherwise.
The following also be considered:-

 Type of aircraft length of runway, surface, configuration
approach area, approach and landing aids and wind
speed.
NOTE:
The Pilot has the final choice of runway.
LAND AFTER PROCEDURE:
 Two aircraft may be permitted to use the same runway at the
same time provided that:-
 The runway is long enough
 It must be during day – light hours
 The Pilot must be able to see the preceding aircraft at all
times and
 Instrument approaches are not been carried out.
On receiving the ATC Instructions – “Land after (5FC)

 the pilot is responsible for deciding how far behind the
preceding aircraft he should be.
USE OF AERODROMES
Aircraft shall not land at or take off from any place in
Nigeria other than:-
 A government aerodrome notified as available for
public use.
 A licensed aerodrome (Private).
 A place authorized by the Minister for use as an
aerodrome.
 Aircraft must comply with any condition or restrictions
existing in the aerodromes.
ANY QUESTION?
CPDLC
CPDLC
CPDLC allows two way
communication
between
pilot and controller, but
using data link rather
than voice
Data Link
Compatibility with Voice
Phraseology
‘The CPDLC Application must include a
set of clearance/information/request
message elements which correspond to
voice phraseology employed by ATC
procedures’
ICAO CPDLC ICAO Doc
Message Set 4444
PANS/RAC
Benefits from use of
CPDLC
• To improve SAFETY by -
– Reducing risk of controller-aircrew
misunderstandings
– Reducing congestion on voice channels
– Reducing risk of failure in the transfer of
information
• To improve ATM EFFICIENCY by -

– Increasing controller/aircrew productivity
– Enabling automation
– Providing concise and precise exchanges
between controller and aircrew
– Reducing the voice communication workload
CONTROLLER PILOT DATALINK
COMMUNICATION (CPDLC)
CPDLC is a means of communication
between controller and pilot, using data
link for ATC communication.
 CPDLC enables tactical and strategic

control.
Tactical means short-term planning
Strategic means long-term planning.
 Messages from the ground appear on a screen (or
printer) in the cockpit.
 Using this display format reduces the risk or errors in

communication from occurring.
 Only non-routine (e.g. emergency) type communications

will be handled verbally.
ELEMENTS OF CPDLC
 There are six major elements of the data link based ATS
used in CPDLC: -
 The pilot/pilot interface,
 The aircraft, including sensors, avionics and systems
 The communications links (air/ground and

ground/ground),
ELEMENTS OF CPDLC
 The communications interfaces (air and ground)
 ATC automation,
 The controller/controller interface.
ELEMENTS OF A CPDLC
SYSTEM
SATCOM
LINK
VHF COM
EFFECTIVE LINK GROUND EARTH
CONTROL STATION
ATSU
 Creation of a dialogue between pilot and controller,
ground or air initiated
 Passing messages selected from ICAO standard list
 Ability to use free text if required
 Freedom to communicate with a non-controlling
authority for the purposes of getting future clearances
 Transfer of communication between control authorities
by data link, rather than voice
 The purpose of the CPDLC Connection is to allow the
exchange of CPDLC messages between an aircraft and
an ATS unit.
 A CPDLC connection established between an aircraft

and an ATS unit is either active or non-active.
 A connection is active when CPDLC messages can be

exchanged.
 A connection is non-active when CPDLC messages

cannot be exchanged.
CPDLC CONNECTION SEQUENCE
 A CPDLC connection attempt can only occur after the
AFN logon has been completed.
 FANS 1 aircraft can have two CPDLC connections

established, each with a different ATS unit. Only one of
these connections can be active at any one time.
 The non-active connection becomes active as soon as

the other connection is terminated.
 The CPDLC connection is initiated by sending of the
Connection Request message by the ATS unit and is
established when Connection Confirm message is received
from the aircraft.
 The ATS unit that has the active connection with the aircraft is
known as the “Data Authority”.
 The purpose of the Next Data Authority message is to advise

the avionics of the next ATS unit that should become the Data
Authority.
 The sending of the NDA message is the first step in the

CPDLC transfer sequence between an aircraft and two ATS
units.
ANY
QUESTION?
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Air Law For ATSEP

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Air Law For ATSEP

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AIR LEGISLATION

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 1

Performance: The trainees will be able to list out,

Standard: In accordance with NCAT training

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 4. 3

 Roles of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

 Rules of the Air

 Assigning Flight Levels to Aircraft

 Mandatory Light to Displayed by Aircraft

 Radio Communication Failure Procedures

 The Wright Brothers (Orville & Wilbur)

 Frail contraption of metal wood and fabrics was

 Flew for 260metres

 1st recorded flight by a heavier-than-air powered

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 6

 Clement Ader – France on Oct. 9,1890-

 Otto Lilienthal - Germany in 1891

 Effects of the second world war

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 12

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 31

 The commencement date of the Act: 1st December,

 The Act and the Subsidiary Legislations are now

 Currently:- Air Navigation Regulation (ANR) of 2015.

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 32

 Civil Aviation (Air Transport) Licensing

 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Performance)

 Civil Aviation (Birth, Death & Missing Persons)

 Civil Aviation (Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control)

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 33

 Civil Aviation (Fees)

 Civil Aviation (Controlled Areas) Order.

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 34

 The vehicles with which aerial Navigation is carried

 Persons or property which are transported by air

 Travel by air and the legal implications, which arise.

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 35

 British Ordinances on Colonial Aviation

 International Multilateral treaties

 Bilateral Air Transport Agreements

 Contract between the State and Airlines

 Contracts between Airlines

 General Principles of International Law

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 36

 body of principles and rules of

 which governs the legal relationships arising form the civil

 that international transport services may be established

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 38

 The right to land in another State for technical reasons,

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 39

 The right to carry revenue traffic from the territory of the

 The right to carry revenue traffic between the territory of

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 40

 Applies to international traffic carried by a carrier

 Refers to the right to carry revenue traffic between two

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 41

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

 Officially: April 04 1947

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 42

 To foster the planning and development of

10/3/2018 ATS- COMMS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 1. 43

 Encourage the art of aircraft design and operation for

 Encourage the development of airways, airports and

 Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe,