International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Refractory Metals

& Hard Materials
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/IJRMHM

A critical review of diamond like carbon coating for wear resistance T

applications
⁎
Ankit Tyagia, R.S. Waliaa, Qasim Murtazaa, , Shailesh M. Pandeya, Pawan K. Tyagib, Bharat Bajajb
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
b
Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In recent years innovation in carbon based materials have encouraged both researchers as well as industrialists
Diamond like carbon (DLC) to develop materials/composites with improved tribological properties. Researchers have been fascinated to
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) develop diamond like carbon (DLC) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced coatings to their good corrosion
Deposition mechanism resistance, excellent wear resistance, good adhesion strength, and self -lubricious nature. The present review
Wear mechanism
article is mainly focused on various techniques employed in order to process DLC/CNTs coatings as well as
provide a summary of DLC/CNTs deposition on different substrates. The present study includes major types,
properties and tribological behavior of carbon based materials and mechanisms involved in coating deposition.
The study also discusses that deposition of DLC/CNTs coatings on the substrate materials enhances the wear,
corrosion and mechanical properties of the substrate.

1. Introduction
Over the years, many researchers and industrialists are becoming
concerned about optimizing and enhancing tribological properties for
potential surface engineering applications. Wear (tribological process)
occurs when two surfaces are in contact and both/one are moving re-
lative to each other. A tribology study reveals that even 15–20% re-
duction in wear/friction can significantly reduce economic costs in
relation to environmental benefits [1]. There are several tribology
systems that can impart an ultra-low friction coefficient, high wear
resistance and high mechanical properties. Application of coatings is
one of the most widely used route in order to tailor surface morphology,
wear performance, adhesion and fatigue strength of substrate material
without altering bulk properties of the substrate. The commonly em-
ployed tribology techniques for coating deposition, thermal spray de-
position, physical vapor deposition/chemical vapor deposition (PVD/
CVD), ion beam deposition, radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF-
M.S.) and electro deposition (ED). Successful deposition of materials
open up new opportunity as well as encourages researchers to adopt
new coating materials, having excellent electrical, mechanical, thermal,
frictional and wear properties. Presently researchers have been focusing
on materials diamond-like carbon (DLC) [2–18], carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) [19–21], graphite-like carbon [9,22–25] in order to fabricate
coatings with excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistant, high
thermal conductivity, and damping capacity. DLC and CNTs are carbon
allotropes of sp2 and sp2 & sp3 hybridizations respectively. Amorphous
carbon coating have shown excellent adhesion and friction resistance
with potential application towards forming lubricant free sheet metal
process [26]. In recent years, numerous research have been done to
enhance wear performance of carbon-based coating materials. Even
though lots of techniques are available for investigating physical and
mechanical performance of DLC/CNTs coatings but still no standard
procedures is available for calculating tribological properties of coated
materials. To test tribological behaviors of DLC/CNTs, tribometers are
used under ambient pressure with appropriate temperature and relative
humidity. It has been examined that sliding speed, applied load, sliding
distance and temperature are the most critical parameters which affect
both friction and wear resistance. So in order to optimize and enhance
frictional and wear behaviour, optimum test conditions must be used.
Fig. 1 shows variation in Coefficient of friction for DLC (H-DLC/W-DLC)
coating with N-based coating (TiCN/TiAl/TiN) material. A comparative
study shows value of coefficient of friction (COF) of DLC (H-DLC/W-
DLC) is lowest for W-DLC (0.10) due to carbon-rich layer on the sub-
strate while N-based coating shows COF value greater than 0.45 due to
the adhesion of titanium to the N-based coating surface [27].
Li et al. [28] examined DLC/GLC/CrN coatings on stainless steel
under different environmental condition. In a comparative study, CrN
(2 h) coating shows excellent load bearing capacity, high hardness,

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: qasimmurtaza@dce.ac.in (Q. Murtaza).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.09.006
Received 30 May 2018; Received in revised form 22 August 2018; Accepted 3 September 2018
Available online 05 September 2018
0263-4368/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Tyagi et al.
0.6
Coefficient of friction
0.4
0.2
0
H-DLC W-DLC Steel TiCN TiAl
Coating Material
Fig. 1. Variation in coefficient of friction of different coating material [27].
roughness, low friction coefficient and good adhesion strength under
atmospheric and oil lubricating condition due to better lubrication of
oil, high stability and viscosity. Another study based on Cr/GLC coating
on seawater [29] and DLC coating on steel [30] reveals that due to
dimple induce graphitization, COF and wear rate value decreases sig-
nificantly as the dimple density increases. Praveen et al. [31] observed
uniform deposition of CNTs particles on CNTs-Zn composite along with
excellent corrosion resistance as CNTs layer deposition provides a
physical barrier to the erosion. Zr-GLC nanocomposite coating found
coefficient of friction (0.06) and wear rate (9*10−17 m3/Nm) values at
an applied load of 1 N while coefficient of friction (0.10) and wear
resistance (1.3*10−16 m3/Nm) values increase as the applied load in-
creases to 3 N [32]. A study based on Cr/GLC coating examined on
stainless steel substrate and sliding against SiC, Si3N4, Al2O3, ZrO2 and
WC shows the friction coefficient value increases in ascending order as
μSi3N4 < μSiC < μWC < μAl2O3 < μZrO2 [33]. Nowadays a number
of automotive components have been coated with carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) or diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coatings, to enhance tribological
properties. Various such applications of nanotechnology opens up
prospects for the deposition of novel smart carbon-based material.
The present work is principally concerned with discussion of various
methods practiced to enhance low friction and good wear resistance
properties and to furnish an outline of carbon-based materials deposited
on a different substrate. Also, future prospects of adopting deposition
techniques and materials to enrich the tribological properties have been
discussed.
Fig. 2. Systematic diagram of deposition techniques.
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
TiN
Fig. 3. Systematic diagram of thermal spray deposition.
2. Deposition techniques
Fig. 2 shows techniques available for deposition of coating material.
The commonly used deposition techniques are thermal spray deposi-
tion, electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor
deposition which are elaborated below:
• Thermal spray deposition
It is a deposition technique in which powder metal is sprayed onto a
substrate material. Thermal spray has high deposition rate and is
used to coat thick coating with low cost. It has wide range of coating
material like ceramic, plastic, composite, metal & alloy and tem-
perature. Quality of deposition can be evaluated by determining its
hardness, porosity, bond strength, oxide content and surface
roughness. Thermal spray processes are mainly categorized as
combustion spray, plasma spray and cold spray. Combustion spray
techniques are detonation gun spraying and high-velocity oxy-fuel
spray. Likewise, plasma spray processes are plasma transferred wire
arc spray, radio frequency inductively coupled spray, and straight
current blown arc spray. Systematic diagram of thermal spray is
illustrated in Fig. 3.
• Electro-deposition
It is a deposition technique in which thin adherent coating can be
deposited onto a substrate material using electrolysis process as
shown in Fig. 4. Electro-deposition process has high deposition rate
with an ability to coat complex materials and controlled nanoporous
coating. The ability to control the coating microstructure and na-
nostructure, as well as morphology and mineralization by varying
parameters such as deposition potential/current, bath composition,
108
A. Tyagi et al.
Fig. 4. Systematic diagram of electro-deposition.
temperature, and deposition time, made electrodeposition a novel
method for producing coatings. There are some notable dis-
advantages of electrodeposition. Process parameters must be opti-
mized for each workpiece to obtain uniform thickness. Environ-
mental concerns also arise from the process such as the acidic,
alkaline, and cyanide discharge.
• Physical vapor deposition
It is a deposition technique in which ions are bombarded on the
substrate material, ions are mechanically ejected from target ma-
terial as shown in Fig. 5. Physical vapor deposition technique is
commonly used for thin film deposition. It has low deposition rate
with high initial cost and is used to coat complex materials. Thermal
evaporation PVD involves heating the coating metal to the point of
evaporation by means of a resistance heat source, high-energy arc or
electron beam. In the case of a coating metal with relatively low
melting point, a resistance source can be used to heat a crucible
containing a powdered form of the coating. This method does not
allow the evaporation of metals with high melting temperatures,
such as molybdenum and tungsten. Evaporation of refractory metals
can be achieved by heating with an intense beam of electrons.
• Chemical vapor deposition
It is a deposition technique in which plasma arc is generated from
power supply and used for deposition of complex shape uniformly
but restricted to chemical composition. It has low deposition rate
Fig. 5. Systematic diagram of physical vapor deposition.
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International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
Fig. 6. Systematic diagram of chemical vapor deposition.
with high initial cost and usually used to coat thin film. As opposed
to most PVD techniques, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is desir-
able for the deposition of a coating on complex geometric work
piece uniformity. At a rudimentary level, CVD utilizes chemical
reactions of a precursor gas in a heated chamber containing the
work piece. The products of this chemical reaction are deposited in
thin layers on the surface of the substrate and the byproducts are
exhausted from the system. CVD has been used to deposit TiO2 on Ti
machined implants. Systematic diagram of chemical vapor deposi-
tion is illustrated in Fig. 6 (Table 1).
2.1. Deposition mechanisms
The usage of coating deposition has often been cited to enrich me-
chanical, optical, thermal and tribological properties of materials.
Firstly, a good approach must be introduced into the system to boost
mechanical, frictional and wear properties of substrate material under
normal test conditions. For deposition, a standard metallographic pro-
cedure must be followed to develop good interfacial bonding between
film and substrate material. Initially, as per standard dimension the
substrate material is cut and ground by 80–4000 grade emery paper in
order to remove the surface roughness. Later on that substrate material
is polished using 1/0, 2/0, 3/0 diamond paste and cleaned with wood
alcohol, ethanol or acetone. Subsequently, after cleaning the substrate
material, an additive films of Si ion, Ti/TiN/Cu are deposited on the
substrate under working temperature, so that the adhesive force be-
tween the substrate material and film is increased. Ag or N2 is supplied
continuously during DLC/CNTs deposition process, in order to remove
and prevent surface from contamination. The DLC/CNTs coating film is
successfully deposited on a substrate using suitable deposition techni-
ques. The systematic procedure used for DLC/CNTs deposition on the
substrate materials is illustrated in the flow chart shown in Fig. 7.
2.2. Deposition parameters
There are several parameters which affect DLC/CNTs coating de-
position process such as deposition rate, arc current, film thickness,
patch size and deposition time. Table 2 shows deposition techniques
along with deposition parameters used with CNTs/DLC as coating
material. Salah et al. [34] examined deposition of DLC coating using
pulsed laser deposition system with different substrate temperatures
ranging from 100 to 500 °C. The increase in substrate temperature in-
duces a substantial change in the surface morphology of DLC film and
also improved graphitization. Deposition temperature significantly af-
fects the morphology, tribology and mechanical properties of a coating.
When the deposition temperature of coating exceeds 400 °C, dete-
rioration in tribological characteristics of the coating is observed, due to
formation of graphite phase [35]. Akbulut et al. [36] observed that Ni-
A. Tyagi et al.
Table 1
Merits and demerits of deposition techniques reviewed in the articles.
Process Merits
Thermal spray deposition (i). Low cost
(ii). High deposition rate
(iii). Can be widely used for numerous coating material
Electro-deposition (i). high deposition rate
(ii). ability to coat complex materials
(iii). Controlled Nano porous coating.
Physical vapor deposition (i). Can coat complex materials.
(ii). dense coating of Nano scale thickness
Chemical vapor deposition (i). Uniform deposition on complex shape
(ii). Can coat complex materials.
Fig. 7. Flow chart of DLC/CNTs deposition process.
Co/MWCNTs Nano composite coatings show excellent wear resistance,
high load bearing capacity, higher surface roughness, and higher
hardness value when deposited with DC (direct current), PRC (pulse
reverse current) and PC (pulse current) electro-deposition methods. DC
produced deposition result shows large grain size with irregular poly-
hedral crystals, while PC method result shows crystallite size grain and
PRC method shows spherical cluster surface piled with equal sized
grains. Deposition of C: H films on NBR with variable arc current and
deposition rate using ETP-CVD technique was done and it was noted
that at low arc current debris are formed which hold out the surface and
results in higher friction coefficient. On the other end at high arc cur-
rent hard and brittle C: H film is formed that contributes to rise in
friction coefficient [37].Deposition of CrN/GLC coating on a steel plate
with 7.9 mm coating thickness, using arc ion plating and magnetron
sputtering show good adhesive strength and 3% reduction in friction
with almost 60% decrease in wear [23]. Ren et al. [25] observed
homogeneous and uniformly dense surface morphology with low
coefficient of fiction, low wear value and no grooves, depositing GLC
coating on polyaryl-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) using unbalanced mag-
netron sputtering with PVD system. The texture density for GLC film
has no or little effect on tribological performance. A study based on the
surface topography of coating material reveals that C:H:W film shows
high surface roughness value while CrN/TiN coating helps in im-
provement of surface smoothness [38]. Ti-DLC film deposition on AISI
52100 steel using magnetron sputtering technique shows very fine and
smooth worn surface morphology with small crystal dispersed in the
amorphous phase and exhibits lower friction coefficient value than
PFPE [39]. Ti-DLC coating on Ti6Al4V alloy using PVD technique and
variable deposition parameter shows good corrosion resistance, low
friction coefficient and excellent wear rate using PBS solution [40].
Deposition of DLC film on rubber using magnetron sputtering technique
[41–54] and using PACVD [41,55–57] technique shows good surface
110
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
Demerits
(i). Residual stress concentration is high
(ii). Difficulty in Nano porous coating.
(i). Caustic waste
(i). low deposition rate
(ii). high initial cost
(i). Restricted to chemical composition and use of volatile gases
(ii). low deposition rate
(iii). high initial cost
morphology, excellent wear resistance, good solid lubricant and lower
friction coefficient value. Another study based on DLC coating on HNBR
using CVD technique in C2H2/ Ag plasma shows crack and wrinkle
surface morphology. It is also noted that COF value decreases from
0.182 to 0.167 as the wrinkle/ cracks increase on coated rubber [58].
The advancement in the coating process, now allows the researchers to
exactly optimize the surface properties of the material which are re-
quired in the test condition. Table 3 illustrates film thickness, coating
type and material used in the enhancement of different properties.
Finally, literature survey shows that deposition of DLC/CNTs
coating can be used for low friction coefficient, high wear resistance,
good adhesion strength, corrosive resistance, and lubricity. It is quite
evident that chemical vapor deposition (PACVD [41,55–57]/ PECVD
[7,63,67,70,85] and magnetron sputtering technique [2,6,9,25,41–54]
is mostly used for coating deposition.
3. Major types, properties and tribological behavior of carbon
based coating
In last decades, use of carbon based materials on coating have been
increasing progressively in numerous fields of engineering and tech-
nology. Table 4 shows comparison of structure of carbon material
which are mostly used for coating deposition.
There are several mechanisms involved in the wear process but
researchers believe that polishing wear and abrasive wear are the main
mechanisms involved in CNTs/DLC surface film due to the effects of
diffusion of carbon on wear process. There are four different stages of
wear mechanism involved as shown in Fig. 8 and elaborated below:
1st stage: Asperities of DLC/CNTs film try to penetrate into the
softer counter surface due to applied load, ultimately result in
plastic flow of material around coated surface.
2nd stage: Plugging of counter surface by coated asperities results in
abrasive wear, due to increase in frictional forces and temperature.
An increase in carbon diffusion weakens the coated surface aspe-
rities, resulting in micro-cleavage.
3rd stage: Increase in carbon diffusion reduces atomic bond strength
than frictional forces, which results in micro-cleavage in polishing
wear. Hence, friction coefficient and roughness on coated surface
decreases.
4th stage: Further increase in carbon diffusion implies weakening of
coated film, increase in smoothness and decrease in friction coeffi-
cient. Strengthening of counter surface and smoothness of coated
surface results in stabilization of friction coefficient.
In addition, there are several other conditions which may affect
tribology of system. Table 5 illustrates experimental details of re-
searchers, in order to enrich system performance. Details comprises of
substrate material, coating material, deposition technique, tribometer,
experimental condition like load, sliding speed, sliding distance, testing
time, temperature used by researchers in their article with some
 Table 2
A. Tyagi et al.

Deposition parameters for CNT/DLC coating.

Sr.no. Source Substratea Coating Materialb Deposition techniquec Deposition parameters

Clean/treatment Arc current (A) Pressure (Pa) Time (min.) Gas supply Additive layer

1 Wang et al. [2] Ti6Al4V Alloy F-DLC HCPIII Ethanol, acetone, N2 0.5–0.9 1.5 20 Ar, CF4, C2H4 Si ion
2 Han et al. [3] Si/stainless steel C-H film/ carbon Nano MS N2, methane 2–4 0.4–3.3 0.5–200 Ar Ti/TiN/ TiCN
hoops
3 Hentour et al. [4] Stainless steel Carbon/Al2O3 Coating Dip coating N2 – – 25 – –
4 Ryu et al. [19] Poly ethylene oxide CNTs (20 nm) Spin coater Si – – – – –
5 Rubig et al. [5] Steel DLC (45–55 μm) PACVD – – – – Ar, C2H4 Si
6 Arsaln et al. [6] Steel DLC CFUBMS Ar 20, 60 – 30, 90 Ar, C2H4 Cr
7 Salvaro et al. [7] Grey cast iron (GCI) Nitride+ DLC PECVD methane – – 25 – Si
8 Du et al. [9] Ti6Al4V DLC/GLC CFUBMS Ar – – – – –
9 Dalibon et al. [66] Stainless steel DLC PACVD N2, H2 – 2 mbar 14 h HMDSO, C2H2 –
10 Hatipoglu et al. [82] Ni MWCNTs ED HCl, nitric acid 0.30 mA/ cm2 – 120 – Ni
11 Lee et al. [86] Silicon wafer CNTs/Ag Spin/Electroless HCl, PbCl2 – – 1 – Ag
coating
12 Aboua et al. [80] High carbon steel DLC – – – – – Methane Metal
13 Salah et al. [34] Glass slide DLC PLD – – – – – Cu
14 Penkov et al. [35] Si DLC HEFID H2O:H: HNO3 0.02 mA/cm2 1*10−4 – Cu Ag
15 Costa et al. [8] Ti6Al4V/Al- bronze DLC/TiN/CrN/WC PVD H2O:HF:HNO3 – 21–41 kPa 7–10 h – Cr, Al2O3
16 Li et al. [84] Ti alloy Ti/ MWCNTs Laser Deposition H2O:HF: HNO3 – – – Ar Ti
17 Akbulut et al. [36] Cu plate Co-Ni/ MWCNTs ED H2O,HCl, HNO3 5 A/dm2 – 30 – –
18 Zhao et al. [85] Steel C:H film PECVD – – – – C2H2 Cr
19 Ren et al. [25] PEEK GLC M.S. Acetone, alcohol 1.2 2*10−3 100 Ar+ Si

111
20 Zheng et al. [10] Ti6Al7Nb DLC Arc ion plating/M.S Alcohol 0.2–1 4*10−3 15-30 Ar –
21 Bai et al. [32] Ti6Al4V GLC M.S. – 3 – – Ar, N2 –
22 Banerji et al. [27] Ti-6Al-4 V DLC M.S. Ar – 2–5 – N2 Cr
23 Hatem et al. [60] Ti-6Al-4 V DLC M.S. Ar 100 1.3 120 – SiC
24 Praveen et al. [31] CNTs-Zn CNTs ED H2O, HCl 4A/ dm2 – – – –
25 Zou et al. [38] Si and WC-Co Cr-DLC M.S./ Ion plating Acetone methanol 20–40 4*10−4 80 Ar, C2H2 –
26 Wang et al. [33] Si wafer/stainless steel Cr/GLC M.S. Acetone 3 0.4 30 Ar –
27 Muller et al. [75] HSS DLC M.S. HIPIMS ion – – – Ar,N2 Mo, W
28 Solis et al. [71] Steel WC/C:H PECVD Ar+ – – – Ar Cr
29 Pillari et al. [68] Mg alloy DLC RF sputtering – – 6.94*10−2 mbar 30 Ar –
30 Benedetti et al. [63] 42CrMo4V DLC PECVD – – – 60 N+ Ar –
31 Stallard et al. [70] Tool steel DLC M.S./ PECVD Ar+ – – – Ar Cr
32 Voevodin et al. [64] Ti/ TiC DLC/H– DLC M.S. Ar – – 30 – –
33 Bayon et al. [40] Ti6Al4V DLC Cathodic arc coating Alkaline 60–140 10−6 mbar – Ar+, H Ti
34 Shum et al. [30] Steel DLC CFUBMS – – 2*10−6 Torr – – Cr
35 Niu et al. [22 Ti6Al4V GLCH/ nitride MS Acetone – 0.2 8h C2H2 Cr/WC/W
36 Thirumala et al. [41] Elastomer DLC PACVD Soap solution, H2O – 2*10−3 10–15 Ar, C2H2 –
37 Vitu et al. [73] Ti alloy Zr- DLC M.S. – – 0.4 – Ar, CH4 Ti/TiCN/TiN
38 Zhang et al. [77] Stainless steel/ CoCrMo/ DLC FCVA Acetone, alcohol 22 3*10−3 30 Ar –
Ti6Al4V
39 Morita et al. [78] Steel DLC M.S. Ar+ – 2.6*10−3 – – –
40 Li et al. [28] Si wafer/ stainless steel DLC/ GLC/ CrN PVD Acetone, alcohol 3 4*10−3 120 Ar, C2H2 Cr
41 Ye et al. [29] Si wafer Cr/ GLC M.S. Acetone, ethanol 3.5 0.5 30 Ar Cr
42 Feng et al. [39] Steel Ti/DLC MS Acetone, ethanol 2 2*10−3 30 Ar, CH4 Ti
43 Pal et al. [42] HNBR DLC P-CVD/CFUBMS Detergent, boiling water, Ar, – – 60–120 Ar, C2H2 –
C2H2, H2
(continued on next page)
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
 A. Tyagi et al.

Table 2 (continued)

Sr.no. Source Substratea Coating Materialb Deposition techniquec Deposition parameters

Clean/treatment Arc current (A) Pressure (Pa) Time (min.) Gas supply Additive layer

44 Martinez et al. [43] ACM rubber DLC PECVD Ar, C2H2, H2 – – – – –

45 Bui et al. [44] HNBR Ti-DLC M.S. Ar, C2H2, H2 1.5 3*10−3 – Ar, C2H2 –
46 Aoki et al. [45] Butyl rubber DLC RF-M.S. Acetone – 10 – Ar, CH4 –
47 Bui et al. [46] HNBR H-DLC MECVD/CFUBMS Soap 0.8 3*10−3 20 Ar, C2H2 –
48 Lubwama et al. [42] Acrylo NBR rubber DLC/Si-DLC M.S. Ar 0.5–1 – 35 Ar, C4H10 –
49 Pei et al. [48] FKM, ACM, HNBR W-DLC M.S. – – – – Ar, C2H2 –
50 Martinez et al. [49] NBR H-DLC VD with RF Ar ion – 3*10−6 mbar 3h – –
51 Lubwama et al. [50] Nitrile rubber DLC/ Si-DLC M.S./ PECVD – – – 150 ns Ar, C4H10 –
52 Lubwama et al. [51] Nitrile rubber DLC/Si-DLC M.S./ PECVD – – – 150 ns Ar, C4H10 –
53 Pei et al. [52] HNBR DLC M.S./ p-CVD Ar – 3*10−3 mbar 120 Ar, C2H2 –
54 Pei et al. [55] HNBR DLC PACVD – – 3*10−3 mbar – Ar, C2H2 –
55 Pei et al. [53] Fluorocarbon/ HNBR W-DLC M.S. Ethanol – – 30 Ar, C2H2 Cr
56 Pei et al. [54] HNBR DLC p-CVD Ar – 3*10−3 mbar 60–120 Ar, C2H2 –
57 Martinez et al. [56] ACM rubber DLC PACVD Detergent, boiling water, Ar, – – 60–120 Ar, C2H2 –
C2H2, H2
58 Martinez et al. [57] ACM rubber DLC PACVD Detergent, boiling water – 6*10−3 mbar 10 Ar, C2H2, H2 –
59 Masami et al. [79] Fluoro rubber Si-DLC PBII Ethanol – 1.2–3 5 TMS Si

112
60 Pei et al. [58] HNBR DLC M.S. Soap – 3*10−3 mbar 40 Ar, C2H2 –
61 Schenkel et al. [81] ACM rubber DLC PACVD Detergent, Ar, C2H2, H2 – – 500 ns Ar, C2H2
62 Pei et al. [37] NBR rubber C:H film ETP-CVD Detergent 30–75 29 150–240 s Ar, C2H2 –
63 Suresh Kannan, A. Ghosh Carbide DLC/MCD/NCD PVD/PACVD Acetylene – – – CH4, H2 Cr/CrN
[14]
64 Y. Hirata et al. [11] Trench-shaped pattern DLC PBII – – 0.4 – Argon ion –
65 S. Kang et al. [13] Ti-6Al-4 V ELI DLC FVA Ethanol, acetone – 1*10−5 80 N4, C2H2 TiCN
66 K.-H. Dittrich, D. Oelsner Substrate DLC ARC-process – 100 0.1–0.3 45 He/N2/C2H2 TiCN-C
[16]
67 F. Piazza [88] PC ta-C:H films DECR plasma reactor Ar – 13.3–146.6 mPa 5 C2H2 –
68 J. Wang et al. [89] Mild steel Ni-P-D Electroless plating alkaline solution – – 90 – –
69 H.M. Yehia et al. [90] WC- TiC- Co WC- TiC- Co/diamond Electroless process Acetone, NaOH – – 120 Formaldehyde –
70 H. Xu et al. [91] Molybdenum CVD diamond DC-Arc Plasma Jet Alcohol – – 180 CH4, H2 –
method
71 J. Chen et al. [92] Steel Diamond – Acetone – 6*10−4 210 s – Ni-Cr-P alloy
72 D. Xiang et al. [93] Carbide Diamond CVD Acetone/ 1.5 1.79 kPa 0.5 h – –
Hydrogen

a
HNBR (Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber); ACM (Alkyl acrylate copolymer); PEEK (Polyaryl-ether-ether-ketone); NBR (Nitrile butadiene rubber); FKM (Fluorocarbon).
b
F-DLC (Fluorine diamond like carbon); DLC (Diamond like carbon); CNTs (Carbon nanotubes); GLC (Graphite like carbon); MWCNTs (Multi-walled carbon nanotubes).
c
HCPIII (Hollow cathode plasma immersion ion implantation); M.S. (Magnetron sputtering); CFUBMS (Close field unbalanced magnetron sputtering); PACVD (Plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition); PECVD
(Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition); ED (Electro deposition); PLD (Pulse laser deposition); HEFID (High energy fullerene ions deposition); PVD (Physical vapor deposition); FCVA (Filtered cathode vacuum arc);
MECVD (Magnetron enhanced chemical vapor deposition); VD (Vacuum deposition); RF (Radio frequency); PBII (Plasma based ion implantation).
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
A. Tyagi et al. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122

Table 3 tribological behavior on thick DLC deposition using plasma assisted

Properties enhanced by the film in coating deposition [59]. chemical vapor deposition (PACVD). Under the lubricating conditions,
Sr. no. Required Material used Coating type Film thickness it exhibited fatigue wear for polished surface while no fatigue wear for
property (μm) the rough surface was observed. It was also observed that the use of
excessive lubrication also helps in the elimination of fatigue wear. Ar-
1 Low friction DLC, CNTs, Soft coating 0.5–5
salan et al. [6] who examined DLC film deposition on steel surface using
MoS2
2 Wear resistance DLC, TiN, TiC Hard coating 0.5–5
hybrid magnetron sputtering technique revealed that with an increase
3 Adhesion Ti, Cr Soluble 0.01–1 in diameter and dimple density %, wear rate also increased. Increase in
strength coating wear rate may be attributed to the decrease in load carrying capacity of
4 Lubricity CNTs, DLC Liquid coating 0.001–0.005 line contact. It is also observed that optimum dimple density % and
5 Corrosion Zn, Cd, DLC Dense/inert 3–20
diameter significantly reduces friction coefficient and wear rate.
resistance coating
Salvaro et al. [7] examined GCI surface coated with DLC layer using
PECVD under a lubricating condition and further observed that DLC
concluding remarks. It is quite evident from the literature analysis that surface exhibited spalling wear (brittle) while GCI surface exhibited
pin-on-disk [6,8,25,26,66,70,75,80] and ball-on-disk abrasion wear. DLC and GLC were seen to exhibit surface roughness
[2–4,23,36,82–85] mainly used tribometers for tribological analysis. It value approx. 5.65 and 10.04 nm, respectively and relatively dense and
is also seen that load and sliding velocity are the critical experiment smooth surface morphology, when deposited using closed field un-
conditions which govern increase or decrease in micro hardness, fric- balanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) technique [9]. A study
tion coefficient and wear resistance. shows that DLC coating on counter surface reduces the friction coeffi-
cient values to about 0.1 and also protect the counter surface from
scuffing wear upto the normal applied load of 600 N [67]. Pillari et al.
3.1. Diamond like carbon (DLC) [68] examined magnesium alloy composite coated with DLC film using
SEM technique and observed that DLC film is uniformly distributed in
DLC is sp3 hybridized, metastable, amorphous carbon with good composite with excellent corrosive and wear resistance. DLC film can be
mechanical, optical, chemical and tribological properties. DLC film has categorized on the basis of hydrogen contents present in the film as
carbon bonded atom of sp2 and sp3 hybridization with sufficient hydrogenated (Dymon) and hydrogen free (Graphit) with a hydrogen
quantity of hydrogen. DLC film possesses good chemical inertness, quantity of about 40% and approx. 1%, respectively [69]. It is evident
impermeability, biocompatibility, high hardness, scratch resistance and from the study that Graphit-iC shows good load bearing capacity, low
also have good anti wear resistance and anti-sticking property [60–65]. friction and better wear rate under environmental condition and dis-
Fig. 9 shows SEM image of DLC coating surface and cross sectional tilled water [70]. Hydrogenated DLC coating shows low friction coef-
images obtained by PIID and PEMS + PIID techniques [60]. Although ficient, better wear resistance and good stretch resistance [3,71] in
DLC has been used widely as coating material but still doping of ele- comparison with hydrogen free DLC coating on CrCoMo alloy [72]
ments like fluorine, silicone, nitrogen, are widely used for enhancing while Zr-DLC coating on steel/silicon wafers [73] and Cr-DLC coating
frictional and wear properties. DLC coating is typically used in tools, on Si/WC-Co cemented carbide [74] using magnetron sputtering show
engine components, automobile parts, internal coating of pipes, molds homogeneous surface morphology with low friction, good wear re-
for soft metal. Wang et al. [2] examined that deposition of a fluorine- sistance and no oxidation on counter surface [73]. MoeW doped DLC
DLC coated film on Ti6Al4V alloy, reduces both friction coefficient and coating shows amorphous structure with dense, continuous columnar
wear rate with increasing content of fluorine in DLC film, due to the structure and low friction coefficient value of non‑hydrogenated DLC
establishment of anti-wear film with sufficient adhesion strength of F- coating on steel substrate at room temperature [75]. Akaike et al. [76]
DLC film and low friction coefficient is obtained on comparing with H- examined DLC, Si-DLC or F-DLC using DC pulsed PECVD technique and
DLC coating [12]. The hardness and young modulus value decreases observed that F-DLC exhibit low static friction in comparison to other
with increase in F-content. The H/E ratio (hardness/ young modulus) coating material. A comparative study of hydrogen free DLC coating on
reaches upto 0.107. Dalibon et al. [66] concluded that thick DLC Ti6Al4V alloy shows good adhesion strength with better wear re-
coating shows good wear resistance with low coefficient of friction and sistance on comparison with non‑hydrogenated DLC film on CoCrMo
also exhibits low H/E ratio (0.1). Fig. 10 shows variation in friction and stainless steel substrate using FVCA technique [77]. It has been
coefficient value for multilayer DLC film, hard DLC film and soft DLC observed that plasma nitriding and DLC coating on steel show good
film at different lubricating (oil) conditions. Rubig et al. [5] studied wear resistance with improved friction coefficient, good fatigue

Table 4
Comparison of carbon based material structure [24].
Diamond DLC (diamond like carbon) CNTs (carbon nanotube)

Structure

Hybridization Crystalline (sp3 bonding) Amorphous (sp2 & sp3 bonding) Amorphous (sp2 bonding)
Constituent Element C C:H C
Process PACVD PACVD Arc discharge, CVD
Property Insulator Conductor Semiconductor/ Metal
Processing temperature 700–900 °C 300–500 °C 800–1000 °C

113
A. Tyagi et al.
Fig. 8. Process of wear mechanism.
strength, improved adhesion strength while no influence on mechanical
properties like tensile strength was seen [78]. Si-DLC coated rubber
shows almost 1.4 times increase in meyer hardness value than uncoated
surface and COF value of coated surface 0.20–0.25, drastically reduces
from 1.4–1.9 of uncoated surface [79]. Aboua et al. [80] results show
COF value decreases from 0.0521 to 0.0314 as the temperature in-
creased from 80 °C to 100 °C, respectively. The effect of carbon diffusion
on DLC surface coating leads to polishing wear and abrasive wear as the
main wear mechanism. DLC coating on ACM rubber increases substrate
adhesion strength higher than 40 MPa and COF, due to good interface
strength and viscoelastic property of substrate and film [81]. The effect
of DLC coating material under different test conditions is illustrated in
Fig. 11.
Deposition of DLC film enhances wear resistance, shows excellent
abrasive wear resistance with low mass loss, good corrosive resistance,
improved adhesion strength, low coefficient of friction under dry
sliding conditions and have anti wear properties which reduces the use
of lubricant additives, and are dangerous to the surroundings.
3.2. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Carbon nanotubes possess self-lubricating nature with inherent
physical as well as mechanical properties. Owing to unique character-
istics, CNT enhances the distinct attributes of materials like tribological
properties, thermal as well as electrical conductivity, and stability at
high temperature, high durability and hardness. Application of nano-
tubes in Nano transistors, Nano cars, Nanodiodes, atomic instruments
have made CNTs attractive/ a promising candidate for coating de-
position. CNTs can be categorized on the basis of diameter formed by
bending over a sheet of carbon nanotube into single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
SWCNTs have a diameter range of 1-2 nm while MWCNTs are less than
100 nm in diameter formed by turning over a sheet of carbon nanotubes
[21].Even though SWCNTs are having excellent mechanical properties,
they are not used widely as a coating material. SWCNT possess higher
cost of fabrication and purification compared with MWCNTs. MWCNTs
are prone to have “telescopic effect” i.e. an Inner layer of nanotube
needs to be pulled-out by an outer layer of nanotubes under tensile
strength. The MWCNTs surface can be modified using acid treatment
via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The presence of a
functional group like an oxygenated group on MWCNT surface im-
proves adhesive strength, COF and wear resistance as it plays a role of
anchorage at the interface with adjacent layers [21].
A study based on inclusion of polyethene oxide (PEO) in CNTs
114
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
coating, reveals increase in interfacial force and adhesion strength be-
tween PEO-CNTs, which eventually results in reduction of friction
coefficient value up to 0.3 as the wt% of polyethene oxide increased in
the composite coating [19]. Another study observed a homogeneous
dispersion of MWCNTs in nanocomposite coating with decrease in
friction coefficient value to 0.419 at 300 mm/s and wear resistance
when the sliding speed is increased. The decrease in values may be
endorsed due to the graphitization effect of MWCNTs (formation of NiO
and graphene layers) on the sliding surface [82]. Umeda et al. [83]
examined low friction coefficient value of 0.19 on comparing with 0.95
values of uncoated surface, low wear rate and increased micro hardness
value. This may be attributed to the formation of interfacial bonding
and carbon solid-state diffusion between CNTs coating and Ti plate
under dry sliding condition. The addition of CNT powder also enhances
high temperature wear resistance, more static and lower friction coef-
ficient value than the Ti substrate [84]. Sinha et al. [85] observed ex-
cellent wear resistance and low friction coefficient when ultra-high
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite coating
with 0.1 wt% SWCNTs was used. It was also observed that under
240,000 cycle nanocomposite coating does not fail, when another ex-
perimental condition is 4 N applied load, 0.41 m/s sliding speed, 2000
RPM rotational speed and sliding against steel, brass and Si3N4. Lee
et al. [86] examined that as the applied load on a dual layer of Ag/CNT
coating increases wear rate also increases but friction coefficient de-
creased. The nanocomposite coating shows excellent tribological
properties, especially no wear on coating films, substrate or counter
surface and low friction coefficient as observed in comparison to DLC
coating. It was seen that with an increase in temperature, coefficient of
friction value decreases up to 0.07. This decrease in COF may be due to
fading of nanocomposite coating with a rise in temperature. Fig. 12
shows variation in SEM micrograph, 2-D profile and EDX analysis of
nanocomposite coating with an overcoat of PFPE at 80 °C and 120 °C
[87].
4. Conclusion and future challenges
In the present work, deposition techniques, tribological conditions
and properties of carbonous materials based coating on different sub-
strate materials especially on steel based alloy are reviewed for piston
ring application. Nevertheless, friction and wear behaviour are most
interesting points not only for the researchers but also for the industrial
purpose. Wear and frictional behaviour have a wide range of applica-
tion in industries such as piston ring, ball bearing, and wind sheet wi-
pers. Different Strategies have been discussed for successful deposition
 Table 5
Tribological conditions of carbon based coating materials.
A. Tyagi et al.

Sr. no. Source Substrate Coating Deposition Tribo-meter Experimental condition Results/ Remarks
material technique
Load (N) Sliding speed Sliding Testing time Temp. (°C)
(m/s) distance (m) (min.)

1 Wang et al. [2] Ti6Al4V F-DLC HCPIII Ball-on-disk 5 0.0016 – 60 37 ± 2 COF (0.107), wear rate, hardness and young
modulus value decreases as the Fluorine
content in coating was increased.
2 Han et al. [3] Si/stainless steel C-H film/carbon M. S. Ball-on-disk 3 N/5 mm 0.1414 360 – 20 High content of Nano hoops decreases
Nano hoops hardness and enhances tribological
properties.
3 Hentour et al. [4] Stainless steel Carbon/Al2O3 Dip coating Ball-on-disk 2 0.1 250 – 21–25 Self-lubricating property with decrease in
Coating friction coefficient value was observed.
4 Ryu et al. [19] Polyethylene oxide CNTs Spin coater Reciprocating 10 mN 0.004 – – – Improved COF and wear rate was observed
5 Rubing et al. [6] Steel DLC PACVD Pin-on-disk 8 200 2000 – 22 Reduction in wear rate, COF and fatigue
wear was observed. Excessive use of
lubrication reduces wear.
6 Arsaln et al. [7] Steel DLC M. S. – 10 – – – 24 ± 1 As dimple density % increases wear rate also
increased.
7 Salvaro et al. [8] Grey cast iron (GCI) Nitride+ DLC PECVD Reciprocating 80 – 0.01 – 60 BTP anti wear protective layer is generated
on GCI while performance of DLC coated
surface was decreased.
8 Du et al. [9] Ti6Al4V DLC/GLC CFUBMS Cyl./ Plane 200 – – – 24 ± 1 Friction factor increased, while GLC has
better antifriction effect than DLC.
9 Dalibon et al. [66] Stainless steel DLC PACVD Pin-on-disk 5 & 45 – 500 12 – Lower COF and wear rate is observed, while
in erosion test more mass loss was observed

115
in coated surface.
10 Hatipo-glu et al. Ni MWCNTs ED Ball-on-disk 1 0.1–0.3 – – – Uniform distribution of MWCNTs along with
[82] improved tribological properties were
observed.
11 Lee et al. [86] Silicon wafer CNTs/Ag Spin/ reciprocating 0–30 mN 0.002 – 600 cycle 24 Improvement in COF and wear rate is
Electroless observed.
coating
12 Umeda et al. [83] Ti plate MWCNTs – Ball-on-disk 0.031 9.8 113 50 – Low and stable friction coefficient of 0.19 is
observed on coated surface in comparison to
0.95 on uncoated surface.
13 Aboua et al. [80] High carbon steel DLC – Pin-on-disk 5 0.1 405 60 – Hardness increased and formation of iron
carbide is observed on steel surface.
14 Sinha et al. [85] Steel UHMWPE/ Dip coating Ball-on-disk 4 0.41 – – 25 ± 2 Up-to 240,000 cycle Nano composites
SWCNT coating did not fail, with lower friction
coefficient of about 0.05 when exposed to
UV radiation.
15 Sinha et al. [87] Steel UHMWPE/ FCVA Plate-on-cyl. 60 0.11 25,000 – 28 COF reduces from 0.14 to 0.09 and also
SWCNT show good tribological behavior on
comparing with DLC
16 Tas et al. [67] Grey cast iron DLC – Reciprocating 0–600 0.15 – – – DLC coating with good surface finish avert
sliding scuffing and provide low value of COF and
wear rate.
17 Salah et al. [34] Glass slide DLC PLD Ball-on-disk 3 0.16 4 – 25 ± 2 Morphological behavior changes with
increase in substrate temperature, low wear
rate and COF was observed.
18 Penkov et al. [35] Si DLC HEFIBD reciprocating 400 mN 0.001 2 – 24 Improved wear rate and friction coefficient
was obtained.
(continued on next page)
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
 Table 5 (continued)
A. Tyagi et al.

Sr. no. Source Substrate Coating Deposition Tribo-meter Experimental condition Results/ Remarks
material technique
Load (N) Sliding speed Sliding Testing time Temp. (°C)
(m/s) distance (m) (min.)

19 Costa et al. [8] Ti6Al4V/Al- bronze DLC/ TiN/CrN/ PVD Pin-on-disk 5 0.5 3000 – – Surface coated with DLC has better
WC tribological properties than other coated
surface was observed.
20 Li et al. [84] Ti alloy Ti/ MW CNTs Laser Ball-on-disk 10 764 rpm 2.5 60 500 It was observed from microstructure study
Deposition that titanium carbide dendrite increases as
the wt% CNTs increased.
21 Akbulut et al. [36] Cu plate Co-Ni/MWCNTs ED Ball-on-disk 1 0.005–0.015 1000 – – Excellent wear resistance was observed due
to high load bearing capacity of MWCNTs.
22 Zhao et al. [26] Steel C:H film PECVD Pin-on-disk 500 120 rpm 10 – – Reduction in COF and adhesive wear was
observed.
23 Wan et al. [23] Steel CrN/GLC Arc ion plating Ball-on-disk 0–100 5 mm/ min 0.005 – 25 Reduction in friction and wear was
observed.
24 Ren et al. [25] PEEK GLC M.S. Pin-on-plate 3 0.1 – 120 23 ± 2 Excellent tribological property with lowest
friction of 0.08 was observed.
25 Zheng et al. [10] Ti6Al7Nb DLC Arc ion plating/ Flat–on-ball 10 & 50 – – – 23 Better corrosion resistance was observed.
M.S.
26 Bai et al. [32] Ti6Al4V GLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1&3 0.1 – – – Improved corrosion resistance and
tribological property was observed.
27 Banerji et al. [27] Ti6Al4V DLC M.S. Pin-on-disk 5 0.12 – – 25 Low friction coefficient and wear rate was
observed.
28 Hatem et al. [60] Ti6Al4V DLC PIID/PEMS Universal 10 0.1 10 30 – Almost 2% and approx. 5 times reduction in
wear rate and friction coefficient value

116
respectively was observed with DLC coating.
29 Praveen et al. [31] CNTs-Zn CNTs ED – – – – – – Uniform deposition of CNTs coating with
good corrosion resistance was observed.
30 Zou et al. [74] Si and WC-Co Cr-DLC M.S./Ion Ball-on-disk 10 0.2 – – – Excellent wear resistance and decreasing
plating stress value from 0.98 to 0.49 was observed.
31 Wang et al. [33] Si wafer/ stainless Cr/GLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 5 – – 30 20 ± 2 Improved wear rate and friction coefficient
steel was observed.
32 Pagnoux et al. Steel DLC PSA – 70 0.024 – – 25 Improved tribological and mechanical
[61] properties were observed.
33 Mobarak et al. Stainless steel DLC Ion beam Four ball 392.4 1200 rpm – 3600 100 Lower friction coefficient and wear rate was
[62] observed.
34 Muller et al. [75] HSS DLC M.S. Pin-on-disk 1and 2 0.1 1000 – 26 Dense and continuous coating with good
friction behavior was observed.
35 Solis et al. [71] Steel WC/C:H PECVD Pin-on-plate 10–50 0.1 – 6 h. 20 ± 2 Wear rate decreases as the applied load
increased from 10 N to 50 N, with an
interval of 10 N.
36 Pillari et al. [68] Mg alloy DLC RF sputtering – – – – – – Uniform distribution with improve corrosion
and wear resistance was observed.
37 Benedetti el al. 42CrMo4V DLC PECVD – – – 2000 km 140 h. – Good performance of DLC coating along
[63] with some micro pitting was observed.
38 Madej et al. [38] Steel C:H/ DLC PVD Ball-on-disk 10 0.1 1000 – 22 ± 2 Improved wear resistance was observed.
39 Stallard et al. [70] Tool steel DLC M.S./ PECVD Pin-on-disk 10, 40, 80 0.05 720 – 20 ± 5 Coating film enhances wear rate and acts as
lubricant to influence environment.
40 Sharma et al. [69] Steel DLC PECVD Ball-on-disk 1, 4, 8 0.02 – – – Low coefficient of friction i.e. 0.001 was
observed under a load of 1 N.
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International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
 Table 5 (continued)
A. Tyagi et al.

Sr. no. Source Substrate Coating Deposition Tribo-meter Experimental condition Results/ Remarks
material technique
Load (N) Sliding speed Sliding Testing time Temp. (°C)
(m/s) distance (m) (min.)

41 Voevodin et al. Ti/ TiC DLC/H–DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 0.2 0.06 – – No improvement in cohesive and adhesive
[64] was observed with brittle failure of
substrate.
42 Bayon et al. [40] Ti6Al4V DLC Cathodic arc Ball-on-disk 5 0.063 – 20 – Improved friction and wear rate was
coating observed.
43 Shum et al. [30] Steel DLC M.S. Reciprocated 70 0.005 – 200 – Approx. 20% reduction in COF and almost
slider 52% reduction in wear rate was observed.
44 Niu et al. [22] Ti6Al4V GLCH/nitride DCMS Reciprocated 60 0.02 – – 25 Better interfacial bonding with no defects
slider and improved wear rate were observed.
45 Thirumala et al. Elastomer DLC PACVD Ball-on-disk 1 0.01 – – 25 Enhance tribological properties were
[41] observed.
46 Akaike et al. [76] Stainless steel F-DLC/Si-DLC PECVD – – – – – – Morphological behavior along with low
friction coefficient was observed.
47 Vitu et al. [73] Ti alloy Zr- DLC M.S. Pin-on-disk 5 0.15 – 1000/5000/ 25 Improved tribological behavior was
30,000 Cycle observed.
48 Zhang et al. [72] CoCrMo H-DLC FCVA/PIID/ Ball-on-disk 2 0.025 6 50,000 cycle – High wear rate was observed due to
PEVCD formation of unstable structure between
unsaturated carbon atoms.
49 Zhang et al. [77] Stainless steel/ DLC FCVA Ball-on-disk 2 0.021 5 150,000 cycle – Due to stability of TieV bond with C: H, Ti-
CoCrMo Ti6Al4V DLC coating show enhance adhesion
compare to all deposition results.
50 Morita et al. [78] Steel DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 29.4 0.04 450 – – Improved tribological properties were

117
observed.
51 Li et al. [28] Si wafer/ stainless DLC/ GLC/ CrN PVD Reciprocating 5–50 0.02 5 60 22 ± 2 GLC coating show excellent tribological
steel property with good load carrying capacity
among all deposition.
52 Ye et al. [29] Si wafer Cr/ GLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 10 – 5 30 20 ± 2 Uniform microstructure with enhance
tribological behavior was observed.
53 Feng et al. [39] Steel Ti/DLC MFMS Ball-on-disk 20 0.055 5 30 25 Uniform morphological structure with low
coefficient of friction i.e. 0.06–0.07 was
observed.
54 Pal et al. [42] HNBR DLC P-CVD/M.S. Ball-on-disk 1 – 10,000 laps – 23 ± 2 A tile like microstructure with improved
tribological property was observed.
55 Martinez et al. ACM rubber DLC PECVD Ball-on-disk – 0.1 10,000 laps – – Low value of surface roughness enhance
[43] efficiency of liquid lubrication.
56 Bui et al. [44] HNBR Ti-DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1&3 0.1 – – 20 Columnar structure and segmented
morphological was observed due to
difference in thermal expansion between
HNBR rubber and DLC coating.
57 Aoki et al. [45] Butyl rubber DLC RF-M.S. Ball-on-disk 0.5–5 0.1 – – – Enhanced wear resistance and low
coefficient of friction was observed.
58 Bui et al. [46] HNBR H-DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1&3 0.1 10,000 laps – 23 Columnar structure with cracks and
enhanced interfacial adhesion was observed.
59 Lubwama et al. Acrylo NBR rubber DLC/Si-DLC M.S. Pin-on-disk 5 0.1 – – 23 ± 2 Due to hardness of DLC/ Si-DLC film,
[47] increase in friction was observed.
60 Pei et al. [48] FKM, ACM, HNBR W-DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1, 3 and 5 0.1 10,000 laps – 20 Almost 6, 4.5 times and no reduction in
friction coefficient was observed with W-
DLC layer deposition on HNBR, ACM and
FKM respectively.
(continued on next page)
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
 A. Tyagi et al.

Table 5 (continued)

Sr. no. Source Substrate Coating Deposition Tribo-meter Experimental condition Results/ Remarks
material technique
Load (N) Sliding speed Sliding Testing time Temp. (°C)
(m/s) distance (m) (min.)

61 Martinez et al. NBR H-DLC VD with RF reciprocating 10 & 40 0.010, 0.101, 225, 387, 60, 120, 300 23 ± 2 Decrease in friction coefficient value was
[49] 0.0058 3870, 9675 observed on DLC layer deposition.
62 Lubwama et al. Nitrile rubber DLC/Si-DLC M.S./ PECVD Pin-on-disk 1&5 0.1 – – 23 ± 2 Enhance frictional and flexibility results was
[50] observed.
63 Lubwama et al. Nitrile rubber DLC/ Si-DLC M.S./ PECVD Pin-on-disk 1&5 0.1 5000 – – Crack like structure with good tribological
[51] revolution property was observed.
64 Pei et al. [52] HNBR DLC M.S./ p-CVD Ball-on-disk 1 0.1 10,000 laps – 20 Micro-segment with dense crack structure,
low friction and wear resistance was
observed.
65 Pei et al. [54] HNBR DLC PACVD Ball-on-disk 1, 3, 5 0.1 10,000 laps – 20–23 COF increases as the applied load increased
with dense crack was observed.
66 Pei et al. [53] Fluoro carbon/ W-DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1 0.1 10,000 laps – 20 Dense crack with friction coefficient of
HNBR 0.2–0.25 was observed.
67 Pei et al. [54] HNBR DLC p-CVD Ball-on-disk 1 0.1 10,000 laps – 20 Flexibility due to dense crack and low COF
was observed.
68 Martinez et al. ACM rubber DLC PACVD Ball-on-disk 1 0.2 10,000 laps – 20 Enhanced tribological property was

118
[56] observed.
69 Martinez et al. ACM rubber DLC PACVD Ball-on-disk 1 0.2 10,000 laps – – Good morphological structure with low
[57] friction coefficient i.e. 0.22 was observed.
70 Ikeyema et al. [79] Fluoro rubber Si-DLC PBIII Reciprocating 0.49 0.01 300 laps 10 25 Almost 1.4 times increase in hardness and
decrease in friction value from 1.9 to 1.3 was
observed.
71 Pei et al. [58] HNBR DLC M.S. Ball-on-disk 1, 3 0.1 10,000 laps – 20–22 Increase in cracks and decrease in COF value
from 0.183 to 0.167 was observed.
72 Schenkel et al. ACM Rubber DLC PACVD Ball-on-disk 1, 3 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 10,000 laps – 20 Good interfacial adhesion enhances
[81] tribological performance.
73 Pei et al. [37] NBR rubber C:H film ETP-CVD Ball-on-disk 1, 3 0.1 10,000 laps – 20–23 Adhesion strength and hardness increased
while decrease in coefficient of friction value
up to 0.25 was observed.
74 Nakahigashi et al. Rubber H-DLC RF p-CVD – 0.5 0.1 1000 laps – – Low friction and wear was observed.
[24]
75 S. Kang et al. [13] Ti-6Al-4 V ELI DLC FVA Pin-on-disk 20 150 rpm – – – Extremely low COF (0.03) was obtained.
76 Suresh Kannan, A. Carbide DLC/MCD/NCD PVD/PACVD Pin-on-disk 10 5 – – – Better tribological performance was
Ghosh [14] obtained.
77 H. Meerkamm Metal/Plastic DLC PVD/PACVD Pin-on-disk 10 10 1000 – 23 ± 1 Nonpolluting Low friction and anti-wear
et al. [18] coating was developed from PVD process.
78 J. Wang et al. [89] Mild steel Ni-P-D Electro-less – 4.9 300 rpm – 15 Friction coefficient obtained from Ni-P-D
plating coating was in the range of 0.4–0.52.
International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122
A. Tyagi et al. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 78 (2019) 107–122

Fig. 9. Shows SEM image for DLC coating surface morphology obtained by (a) PIID and (b) PEMS + PIID techniques [60].

0.2
coefficient of friction

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Dry+Polished Dry+rough Oil+rough Oil+Polished
Multilayer DLC Hard DLC Soft DLC

Fig. 10. Variation in Friction coefficient value at different lubricating condition

for (a) Multilayer DLC film (b) Hard DLC film (c) Soft DLC film [5].

of CNTs/DLC film with a comparative study based on variable deposi-

tion condition. It is quite evident from literature survey that diamond-
like carbon (DLC) has shown good anti-wear property, good anisotropic
property with high thermal conductivity, good adhesion strength; when
deposited on steel based substrate material and also chemical vapor
deposition techniques (CVD), and magnetron sputtering deposition are
most commonly used deposition techniques, to attain systematized
coating with controlled and tailored properties. The coefficient of
friction and wear value is much lower for DLC coated substrate than the
corresponding uncoated substrate materials, since it separates and
Fig. 11. Variation in COF at different test condition of DLC coating (a) Effect of
avoids the interaction between counter surface and substrate material,
load and sliding velocity (b) Effect of sample aging [81].
owing to carbon diffusion and viscoelastic behaviour. Thus DLC coating
along with good control system and optimum experimental conditions

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A. Tyagi et al.
Fig. 12. Shows (a) SEM micrograph at 80 °C (b) SEM micrograph at 120 °C (c) EDX spectrum at 80 °C (d) EDX spectrum at 120 °C nanocomposite coating with
overcoat of PFPE [87].
may contribute to improved life of piston ring and may reduce friction
and wear between piston-cylinder arrangements.
Even though an enriched and comprehensive understanding of tri-
bological systems has been accomplished, but still there are several
points which need to be researched for procurement of more accurate
system. Efforts have been made for the usage of DLC/CNTs film in the
functional application. It has to be emphasized that for better results a
realistic mechanism between the substrate material and deposition
parameters i.e. variation in temperature, additives used, the rate of
deposition, has to be established. Till date, we have developed an ef-
ficient tribological system, but still there are numerous points that need
consideration for improving the system:
• Proper selection of substrate material and coating material to reduce
friction and wear.
• Selection of deposition technique along with process parameters
including deposition rate, arc current, temperature variation, ad-
ditives used, surface treatment process.
•
Developing system to evaluate properties like mechanical, frictional
and wear.
• Developing system for controlling the experimental conditions like
applied load, slidingvelocity, distance, time and temperature along
with relative humidity.
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