wae UNIT - I VECTOR CALCULUS Fat rectional aerivative - Divergence and curl - Vector ventls * Irrotational and Solenoidal vector fields - Line integral over uae core « Surface integral = Area of a curved surface - Volume 3 Dim, Green's, Gauss divergence and Stoke's theorems « Verification r ; i application im evaluating line, surface and volume integrals. wwTRODUCTION in tis unit, we have to study the basics of vector calculus comprising gaint, divergence and curl, and line, surface and volume integrals which Sir egal part in engineering subject ui GRADIENT - DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE |. Gradient » 21(@) The vector differential operator V | the vector differential operator V (read as del) is defined as oa 78,78 >>> 7 pala +kz, where 1,7, are unit vectors along the three reaangular axes OX, OY and OZ. ¢ 2:1(b) The Gradient [or slope of a scalar point function] Let ¢ (&,y,2) be a scalar point function and continuously differentiable. ‘Then the vector 9 7a 8 ao Pad, Pod Voe = —_— — = ¢ (+i eee ax t) ay t* az is called the gradient of the scalar point function ¢ and is written as Grad =Vo Note : 2.1.4 V is a vector differential operator. Noe: 242 Vex PA ax Ne: 24.3 V9 is a vector whose three components are 3%, a se Nile: 2.14 If @ is a constant, then V@ = 0 Note ‘15 V should not be written as 6 V4 Engineering Math ne Matha (a) V eros #202) = VG £2 hy ==] Note : 2.1.6 4 are constants and 1, #2 are scalar pin, inctions, where ¢, and ¢; ) VR) = VENER [Here, ey =e =) | Note : 2.1.7 V (12) = 1 V G24 b2V 1 voi-aiV¥ Note + ais 9 (5!) OL, if deo o2 then Vv =f" (uw) Vu. Note : 21.9 If v=S()s 7. PROBLEMS BASED ON GRADIENT rove that Gradient of a constant is a null Vector, Example 2.1.1. Pi If ¢ (%),2) is a constant, then Solution : 26 26 ang 2 are zeros. ax’ ay . ~ rae 20,72 _ Paar ae ve i ti ay t* az = 1 M+{O +k@ = Example 212. If ¢; and ¢2 are scalar point functi ONS, they V (e, #1 # e262) = Vor Hea V go Where cy and c, are constants, nt . a Solution : V + = (fs+ip (cr 1 + 2.2) ( +73 ote] Cidi tog) pa =i + +e a lati teadd +i pylatteaelt® S lam sqey >| O91, 992 ob: OF: me ie 2 Zz a i [. rt? oe +7 fe ay tay | TF peed az 209, 7OG1 01 2d 2d = og (oo 7 A oe, [PE af 2 h ax tI ay ** a2] 7 |! ox HBee| = cy Vo eV o2 0 Ver p1 + eo $2) Example 2.1.3. If ¢ = xyz, then find V9. Solution : Given: @ = 92 jae poe, foe we oxy td ay" oz » 36. ees =i ye+j Pa tk = ite tok Example 2.1.4. If ¢ = log (x + y’ + 2), then find V¢. Solution : Given : @ = log +y’ +2")lus calcul 2.3 - 2 P22 4i sete ample 2.15. Find V(r), v sotion We ke ow that, 7 = xityjtzk, relrinVerye?, Pa vryse a lk ee or lt ox r ay r? ae? 37 par, ar, > ar We =i sti tk @ ae tiea [A.U M/J 2016 R-8] [A.U D15/J16 (R13)]al 24 Ei Ngineeri 4 ering Mathematgy if 1. = 3 kityj+zk] | ye r, P Example 2.1.6.The temperature at a point (x, 9, 2) in space jy tie j Th ys 2) = x2 + y" — 2, A mosquito located at (1,1 ae to fly in such a direction that it gets ¢ 752) desires ooled faster, Fing direction in which it should fly 2 (AW. Diggie fr J Solution : Given: T = x? +y?-z > pat par sy rot j ‘ay t* oe 7 Pei +2y7_ Zp vee oe ay "az VTaaa) = 2742] -k ". Mosquito will fy in the digection of maximum rate of decrease, why is (2¢+2j7 -k) Example 2.1.7, Prove that V(#") =n? (Anna, May, 209) |/ >a > 1 8 Solution: V() = E72. () = Zin? 1 (AU ND 20) | : im TA.U AM 2015 Ray = zine = Sine y =P xi byf eck] = nP OP Example 2.1.8. Find V (log r). ion : = sr = x7 iar Solution : V (logr) = 27°5° (logr) = Zi” + ox 0 gia E BPS = Sle Ph yfeakl 5 diy Example 2.1.9, Prove that V(e% *¥ +#) Solution : We know that, 7 = xi+yj+2k P= Pry? oraz, S652 arg ze ot Yor’ a 7>? ; = Sie ~ £ = die or = 2" pityj zi) = 26°F je 2110. Prove that ¥ (5 ) = PE sete yan 284 av es iy St Fo Sh iv 5h —joSt syst eet] nig (ere 11. Prove that grad (@y) = grad y+ y grad ¢ grad (PY) = VY) = riZ@w =i i (0924938) i 2 (6 as) +37 (v34) ors) +o (7%) = oVptyVe gad (GY) = ¢ grad y+ Brad # = OP here Poxt yt de [A.U April 2017 R-15 U.D] unple 2.1.12. Prove that V £( tion: VO) = ZELLO = sip oe = zif' OF z= LO eis yf 2k) oe ie 2.1.11. Directional Derivative a irectional Derivative = V~.—> lelHl, PROBLEMS BASED ON_D! al Derivative f pm ye Example 2.1.13(a). Find the Directional om ty ample a i 2k dy af ayege +a (1, =2, =1) in the direction of () 2 : [AU A/M 2008) [AU CBT Dec. 2009) [AY Mi Np 2 | Solution: Given: = 792 #42 1AU_ ND 2946 ae “ a sd * M3) : ag Oh PIP om (aye + 4) P 4372") Vo =i atl ay ** az @ Y+ yp a, fo ae (i) a = 27437 Rae iZ1- |e) = IFO. yy DD.= V¢.—4 DD.= Sek = = i —j— 10, i164 1+ 20) = = pyle ~ 3-4) = = aol Bo) “2 Example 2.1.13(b) Find the directional derivative of 472 tay? at (1, -1, 2) in the direction of 2i —j + 3k [AU ND 2015 Ray Solution: @ = 4x72 +072 Pa 3. > j seek ae = Bet OT emai O2s,9; >, >, > S (WPM gary = OFDM (CDIHEHDE = 1847s sz @ = 2i-j+3k; la] = ETE 2 yy a > tm QFP-j43Kn D = Ve.-S = (8i— ape sky. GEm=i+ 34) DD = Vo-Tay = OBI AI + 5K). ap 3644415 _ Vid Example 2.1.14. Find the directional derivative of @=% yo+ 4x7 + xyz at (1, 2, 3) in the direction of 27+j-K. Solution : Given : @ = x? yz + 422? +z ae , pao, 2a Pax ti gy tk {Anna, May 1996] vo One t42 tit Prt) Cy t8e+y)e‘ catculus _ o ALA oct Sat week Sai 4 Oj + ORK ye” _s - Ce : +j-k lal Vat tet « vb inet ° “ aiont ttle w J MEH OP EW i po = tere, = pk), de fe tone WH .QP KTR) 1 lg HOS 6 = 28) 1 ve. (84 (a) In what direction from the point (1, -2) Is the gery eto maximum? What is the magnitude of LAU N/D 2008, AVM 2018 R13, April 2016 RIS U.D) » [AU N/D 2019 (R-L7)) 79g , PId, Pad yest Tt ae pot jy a” geet peti ay RSE syle 2? y2"j rary rk (Perea ~ 96F 2897 298" lv¢l VOZIG + 82044 + 82044 = VITSIOT Warn = AhBT~ 16K [Ve] = VIO+OT+256 = V336 @ ) ‘the dircetional deri maximum in the direction V@ and the agit of tis maximum #8 (a) [VG] = VI7STOR, (b) | Vo | =V336 ¢ 21. Ill Unit tangent vector ar dt Unit tangent vector = nd a unit tangent vector to the following surfaces at the P+ i y= M3, 2=20 - 6 atc= 2 Example 2.1.16. specified points x Solution: 7 = xibyjeek = (PC 4+1)i + &-3)7+ Q2-ONR = ui baja -OR = 4AP+4Ps2k ow FICFS = V3 26=, Eng - \giNaariny : 1 Math ar a Unit tangent veetor = = dr [a | # 2.1. IV. NORMAL DERIVATIVE Normal Derivative = | V¢@ | Example 2.1.17, Find the normal derivative of ¢ = Yin ry Solution : Given : ¢ = ay +yz + ar tay, Mh Vo = Ei ay ty 42) = Liytz) = OAT ery (VO)-111 = 27+ 07 +0% 5 Normal Derivative = Yin, ne Example 2.1.18 What is the greatest rate of increase of p=. xyz? ata, " Solution : Given: = aye? [AU, ND. 2008) fa. AM 29 on c a Rey ve Or TUE TIT - P00 ah 530, ' V da03) =01 +97 +0k » Greatest rate of increase = | Vp] = Vor = @ 2.1. V. UNIT NORMAL VECTOR Unit normal vector» = —V2— Ive] Example 2.1.19. (a) Find a unit normal to the surface xy = 7? ap the pein ad, 1, ~1). [A.U N/D 2016 R-13] (b) Surface x7 + y* = x, (1, -2,5) [4.0 AM 2019 R17) Solution : (a) Given: ¢ = xy — 2? () Given: 9 = P4yr_, Vo =yitxj-zk Vo = 2xit2yjf—e Veaiqrn = Ftpt2k V¢q,-25) = 27-472 |\Vo| = VIFI+F4 = Vo IVo| = VaFI6+T = va Example 2.1.20. Find a unit normal vector to the suface x + xy + y* + xyz at (1, -2, 1). [A.U ND 2016 R4} Solution : Given: g = tay +y? +22Marty +9) +76 +3 42) +2 Gy) geacen 7! CrP DUO 44 VR 2 wo -2P 2pm 2k ive! VaF AHS VIZ = 2V3 1, ANGLE BETWEEN THE SURFACES at Vor. Veo : ‘Tr cos cos = TVs! 1V Gal * Val 1Veat 2121. Find the angle between the surfaces 2= x? +¥—3 and e pa 229 at (2,-1,2). [AU N/D 2016 R-08, R-13, A/M. 2017 R-13) [A.U N/D 2017 R-08) [A.U AVM 2019 R-13} ety 2 pn nen Ae ty 2-3) bp = Pry 42-9 Jon? sal! eee Ti vo = REF WIRAK | Vd. = TYP ee onan" si-aje en)e,-1,) = 47-2744 a vioea4T = VO. | V ¢2| =VI6F4 416 =V% =6 iver Vor. V G2 Ve Voa cos? = TV Ail 1V¢2! 8 g = cos? [ria 2122. Find the angle between the surfaces xlogz=y*—1 and sxampl gys2—zat the point (1, 1, 1). [Anna, May 2001] solution : Given: Lao = Pt logz = 1 Let d= Py-242 pity , 201, pod pote pote va -igytigy tha] Vem i ge tl are az cree 297 FE = Fan) tie) +k) ao Chasy = Oak ee eesti ae \Vo2| = VOFTFT = 6— 4 Enginaoring Mathomaticg 1V@)| = WOFTFT = 5 _ VeVi ~ [Val | Vee! “. cos 8 2 ce —byz= at the surfaces by E=(4 4 9), ‘ge auch Example 2.1.23. Find ‘a’ and '? ny at (ty (AU. MF 2046 3 4 cut orthogonal and 4x7y +29 =4 out = (@t2D* Solution : Given : a2 DE = é » (1) | = ate @ | Let #1 = 1; Vor a. ae > Ppar-@+Mt/ (ba) + Y) ei wos) p< Pee IHTCW) EOD 1(y-12) = @- Di 2bi tok iste ha $2 = acytz - 68 Ta a2 ven= Sy t aj +3zk (Wera-ta = ~814 4+ Be Given: Vo1-V%2 = 0 (e-ni- 207+ be]. [-8i'+ 47+ 12k] = 0 -8(a—2)-8b +12 = 0 | -8a+16-8b+12 =0 -8a+16+45 =0 | +40 -ta+4+b =0 ta-b-4 =0 = Q) ! Since, the point (1, -1, 2) lies on the surface $; (x,y,z) = 0, we have @ > a(t-b(-)Q = @+2)0) a+%-(a+2) =0ple 2.4.24, Find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surfaces pe oe pret se and 4x’ y—z>=11 may cut orthogonally at ou [A.U, M/J 2006, A.U N/D 2013 R-8][A.U M/J 2016 R-3] solution * Leto: = @ bez (at3)x, Voy = Bat—2(a+3)x]i — 2byej- we ween = Ge wi obj bk. Let ¢2 = 4?y-2-11 Vo, = yi tej 3k alae eae (oaet3) = ~16i+16j—- 27k Given: V1 - V2 = 0 [- cut orthogonally] 16 (8a — 12) — 16 (6b) +276 = 0 —128a + 192 — 69b = 0 128a + 695 = 192 w=» @) Since, the point (2, -1, -3) lies on the surface $y (x,y,z) = 0, we have 8a+3b-—4a = 12 = 4a+3 = 12 (2) C# yhEnginoeting Mathemay, ly 1 4 Solving (1) & (2), we geta=—qr 2 ~ 9 al stor" Yy Q91MS to get the result) [Use your caleul @ 21. vil. SCALAR POTENTIAL a =, tye, then find the value ty ex) B nvVe= nyt’ ba xample 2.1.25. If Ve jetyk 2 wen VG = WF alee Solution 7 ata7 5 at ,f Of aysietef tyke Equating the coefficients of Fy ry, we eet ; 28 = 292 (0), se = Brie) at sy x Integrating (1) pwrt© 4p, we get p< 2 Hh) ies go = Python 4) Integrating (2) pow.rto > we Bet o = Py thes . Integrating (3) p-W.r.to ©, we get ~ © o = Py they) Combining (4), (5) & (6), we Bet ¢ = Aye, where c being an arbitrary constant, @ 2.1. Vill. The vector equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the surface. (i) Equation of the tangent plane is (Fa). Vo (F-a)xV¢ 0 0 q (i) Equation of the normal line is Example 2.1. i mmple 2.1.26. Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the surface xyz = 4 at the point i+2j+2k Solution : Given: @ = 2-4; Vo =yeitejtyk (VPq.22 = 4ib 27 HEon calculus. 213 ct the tangent plane at th (ra). Vp“ 0 ; fee — CHAT BL Me 27 2 =o {¢ pire ai =i. AF aj 25 «0 eo 4-1) #2 =2)42@-2) 5 0 4x44 2y-dta—4 - 4xt2y 4226 12 eo btyts = 6 + >, - ion of the normal Fine is (70) x Vg = G ‘te oa oe i i k ig xo l yr2 z-2| =0 4 2 2 -2-2€=DI-IR@-)-4@-2) ie + KR@- 1-4-2] = oF bof Hor sing the coefficients of i, j,k, we get Equal 20-2) -2€-2 =0 ed) a@-1)-4@-2 == 0 7)! 2@-N-40-2) = 0 . 3) wr @-2) = €-2) ww (4) oe @-1) = 2@-2) ie ee, (5) vhich is the required equations of the normal line, EXERCISE 2.1 [GRADIENT - Directional Derivative] L Find, Vo if @ = x+y? +27 [Ans. 27 27+ 228} 2 Find the gradient of @ where ¢ is (x2 + y? + 2%)? TAns. 377}y pall Engineering Mathematics.y 3. Find Vo t= Toga? ty +2) tam. 2 4 Find Vo if @ = L Vey? 5. Prove that V(2)=27° 6. Prove that V(?) = 37 rove that V(r’) 2), then prove that int Ys 4, YE 7Pis the position vector of the Pol (oy. v (|r) =2" 8. Find the directional derivative of i aay +27 at the point (1, —1, 3) in the direction of § +2) 2 “ [A.U M/S 2009) fans, 14) 3 = dy + yam a i in the direction of t the point (1, 2, 3) in t BiG _ aie sj 4k fans. ~2 v3) 2 + yz? at the point (2, -1,1) in the direction of PQ Gil) 6 = 7 where Q is the point (3, 1, 3)- {Ans. 4 (xy g = 409-3097 at 2-12) in the direction of 2/+3j +62 376, Ans. 326 tans, 325 irecti ivative of @ =x°)*z at (1, 2, 3) i 6, Prove that the directional derivative of @=x)"2 at (1, 2, 3) is vmevinaum along the direction 97-43) +2. Also, find the maximum directional derivative. [Ans. 4 V9T] 10, Find the unit tangent vector to the curve aan Pe +i ai + QF - 6) at r= 1. fans, £+2/—% =¢ )é J a 11. Find a unit tangent to the following surfaces at the specified points > oe Ai + 48j +k =f ae ae a x=P +L y=4P,2=3P 1 at t=? fans. Se 12, Find a unit normal to the following surfaces at the specified points. @ y+ 22 =4 at (2, -2,3). [Ans. ah @i2j-26)of calculus veel 5 ye ree 7 al (hh 3), y eye FA At 1a ot Uns. 5 2i+ afd] (i 1, -2 5 | payne at ( ) [AU Mi 2014 R3} Ce tans, gt gem var 24 4j~ i) Ps vem -e= tat (1, 1, 1). [Ans, tomy oi » ited at (oh -1,2). [Ans, ari afi aarreete had tans. La a7 8 y {A.U AM 2017 R-08} we yprezat (11,2) [Ans. fais 2j7-B [A.U A/M 2017 R-13) the angle between the surfaces x — y? — 2? = 11 and Fin Ve zx — 18=0 at the point (6, 4, 3). z- 7 arty [sm cos“! rind the angle between the normals at points (1, 1, 1) and (2, 4, 1) to 5 surface x? = yz. the surface x° = ¥4 [AU ND 2014 R-13} [ams cos [>3]] Find the angle between the surfaces ay?z = 3x +2” and jy? —y? +2 = 1 at the point (1, ~2, 1). [an ae; [al] Find , if VO= (7 — 2929) 7 B+ dy -P2)74 (@ - 3K Tans. § = xy —x? y+ 3y +324 + constant] 17. Find @, if i = Vp = (ety t4y)it rt 3 tary tz+ Jt VFDE [Ans. @ = 2 +3yt2y +2’ y +y> +y2+y +2 + constant] BIL VG = 223i +223) + Ae? y27, then find 4(e,y,2) given that (1, -2,2) = 4. fAns. @ = x2yz? +20] 19. Find the scalar -point function whose gradient is Oy -2)74 (2 + B2)7+ 0 - 2K tans, g = yx? tye te)= Engineering Mathorngy gin Mating. 4 2.16 20, Find the equation of the tan surface gent plane «0 1° a 1" dea? — aay — ae = 7 at the point (hy 17) | fans. 1-9 + te ~ og 2 9 the surface 9 21. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sure Ans. 2x wat tty ez 1 at (16-47) t Yrs, 2 s) ‘ ce aurtace 74 yf at 1, 2,5 22, Find the tangent plane 10 (H eer y Say ane and normal fine to « of the tangent plan ine to the sty 23. Find the equation g+y-reo a & 1,5) fans. ae 29-7 = 5 YAN a, vd 2.2 DIVERGENCE AND CURL -VECTOR IDENTITIES “IRROTATIONAL AND SOLENOIDAL, VECTOR Fry, © 22 (a) DIVERGENCE AND CURL iv F + oF, oF, ORs pw = VF = oy tay * oz Note = 2.21 v. Fis a scalar quantity Note: 2.22 ar ay "ae Note: 2.23 cu Pa Vx BH SE KG Ox Fis a vector point function. Note: 2.24 Curl Note: 225 fF = Fi+Fo 7+ Fy, then p45 = d veto (2 Oe xF= lox ay az Fy Fy Fs Note: 226 IF = f@)i+go)7 +h@)k, then OV.F=Sf'@ts' Oth, Wy vxF=02 ya yya2 +2 gy4 2 6 ZO WOES a we ytd = AUwetyszy to fe aoa a F ax dy az vx geal 4 y Soy a} _ oft oj tok = 0 compe 222: we = (x ay? + 2m) 77 (a wt mit +2) e then ee Evae.b,VxXRvV. (Y x Band V x CW x Bat the point ah 1, solution : Given | F = GF af Jee aQ ao y +22) + Ge stmt Ze +x) —yP 2a) 7 (a ay ty jt 42h v.F = = (et2)+(—wt2)42 = xt5z = 8 > a > @ > > VWF) = Gp @ FMF ZG OFS) + GT & + Uk = 145k : 5 i VxF= ax Ry az ry tae ZH Se Par = peta ee Tt 6 +98 = -—@+y) PF OtDe v.0x = Zetmts yO #5042) = -1+0+1=0 ia por = a a a 7 vx (Vx F)= a2 ay bz] 7itF -@t+y) O | ytz 0. Barn = 6mm 2 Engingaring Mathemat, 8 = -274 2 VW x Blan = 0 | IV x (Vx Playa = Fe Note: V. (V x i) = 0, for any # as per the scalar identity | Fxample 22.3, Find () VF) VX F TAU ND 2010, M4 ayy, | Solution : (i) r= xityj+zk > oe 7 pe ” a (72 4p 4k) it yi vir = (Rt #3) Oi yi 285 a By 1h 00) Sw = PorGZorgq@O ~1+14+1-3 Tey ek Prof k oo fe of 8 | Vxr=/5, ay az x oy 2 >? [2 2 ie a -— r[2 a = 0f+oj+ok = 0 | 1>) Example 2.2.4. Find V~ (t 7] : r (A.U, April/May 2003, = 2PpUP Lee pit yi tek r So). Gy eed eee | v. PF] - (Bry reg) Gerag -2i6)-2£() -2Poufa)y] - 5 [i-4 te Stay = 3-3] = 3-d pray a7 | 2.5 [oP arty te) | =3_1 a " pals) NR NS eAiculus oot om <2 ie 2 e So that the vector yar + att OX+ 19) 5+ Oe ~ 52) iis such that its divergence In zern, ian ni¥.Feo 7 ETD * OHO +2 sy 1+a-S5=0 ie, a4 ag za=4 seampte 226; Find the divergence of the vector ret a : aye + (3x yi +02? ~ 2) at the point 2, -1,1) sotto : {ALU M/S 2016 R-8} vA = Fx OD +H OPy) + 2 gat -¥2) = ye + 3x? + 2x2 ~ y? @ Ae = (-).@) +3@? +2Q)Q)~ (ay? = -1+2+4-12 14 27 F=8i+yY PEO then find aiv (cust ?), example 2 ) [Anna, May, 1996] (AU A/M 2018 R-47] ce - I oe fa a wo VxF=|5x ay ~-j[o-oj +k 0-q ad ye «. div (cul F) = VV x) = Example 2.28. Calculate the curl of the vector F=xyi + yzj+ mit {AU NID 2014 R-13] Solution : Curl F = VXF nd > é k a a a ax az xy x = 7 [0-y)-7e-g +k [0-4 = -yi-zj—xk = -lyitzj+xk]grad (x) + y* + 2° = 397). TAnna, + May Solution : Given : F = V(e+y? +2° — 392) i F = 2 = 392) 7+ (Gy? — 3) (Re? ~ aye > oa a 2 a P28 a2 -32)+ 2G? -3ey4+2 v.F Fy OP 3) + 7 OP 32) + 5G? ~ay) = Ov +6 +6 = 6 FY +2) r ie e * = oO a vVxF =| 9x 3 aa ar -ar 3-3 ay = if-ae + ae) — fia + 9) + RL + 3q = ) @ 22 (b) VECTOR IDENTITIES Summation notation : It is evident that @ ve =P2tsfetse 2% = pee] ox z J ay ez Gi) V.F= (Rieti a) F ae aE .z oF - s [rad (ii) VxF = (Satta F a) xF HSE aE ta HE ~ 2 fru al where the sigma (2) means summation through 7, j, & and x,y,z List of Vector identities VI. 1. Vx (V9) =0 (or) Curl (grad 9) = 0 VL 2. V.(VxF)=0 (or) div (Curl FE = 0 VL3. Vx(VXR = VV.R-VE VL 4. V.GF) = 9. R+tV¢G.F V1.5. VX @P) = o(VXFTVOXE V1.6. V.FxG) = G.(VxF)-F.xG) VIL7. vx xd) = (V.@F-(0.FRG+G.F-F.WG VIL 8. V(F.G) = Fx(VxG)+Gx(0xFR+F.YG+G.F22t ct calculus PN a ir @ Is # scalar point function, then Vx (Vp) = 0 vie (or) » prove that Curl (grad 4) = 0 {AU Tell, AM. 20091 1A.U M/S 2014) “Vv utio” grad & . s _ Pot 4 728 4 28 15s! oy” oe ee eee : if je os fe al gf 2 alos dy. 2) oe xP[2e-2e ap ab ag ayaz dzay ax ay az si" [0] [¥ mixed partial derivatives are equal] = 0 F074 0k = It F is a vector point function, then V.(V x Py J. B vee on) ae prove eat div curl F) = [Anna, May 1996} saan: 12E f= Ffer it k s = cul F = vx ys i i k | oe 2) 2 are oy az FB _ 5 Dee ee spees 221) | [eee oer dy az dx ~ 02 dx ay 2 a 8 8 >(9F3 aF2 v.VxF) = (use) _ f ( mie oe 7 OF ay i PF, PF er, -&F, dedy dx0z dydx* dyaz* dzax dzdy = 0 [since, mixed partial derivatives are equal]Engineering Mathoran, + 2.22 eee VAL 3. ACF bs a vector point function, then vw eV VF (or) r) , f= grad (div F)~ VF Prove that Cart (Curl) = Au, M3 2006, ND 2004)1A.U MIF 2016 y 14) Sotulon Let = EB RE ° Ak a J - | 2 8 VxP =Jor oy 97 FOO, Fs cfory oF) =(2Fs_ Fi). (a i 4 2 -j = A th da er a aE ox oz any dy } ee J) aie nie ni LHS © Curl (curl F) 2 VK (Vx le k 4 a ay az FL OF oF az ax ay _2(@h PF er Pp, ge oxay azay* Ga | Fr, #F, x02 ay RHS . aF, a oF, , OFs dy” az (Fil F,j + Fk) \=ay ae 7s > ay oe (Fils a7 Eye) ax* Oxdy dzay* > +)? 2 2h #F er te, az? LHS 7 = os ,, cul (Curl F) = grad (div F)- V?F ene lar point function, # is a vet Ir g isa seal ‘or point function, then we SC @h =e: P+VO.F (or) > . . prove that, V. (@A)=VG.A+9V.4 L 2a pot 0A) 7 (ae Fa Fae) i} zi @A) = ai [oak sea] -=[6(7 2A) ree 5 4 = a) +72. = o(.A)+Vg.R ys. If ¢ is a scalar point, function, Fis a vector point function, then Vx GF = o(VXP)4VOXE (or) = > Le Prove that, VX (gu) =V¢oxutg{V xu. 0 proof: Vx Gi) = BEX 2H) = xis [p2t s 2e7 x eodh siti Z| 2 |v (dE) +73exi] otV xu] + Voxn " 0(or) Prove that V. (0 xv = viv Ku) =a, Wx 9 fox Tay == [ra x 5| > av, ou > : any =i 7m FE x 7) Proof: V.Gexy = (i spree Ox wxs) 32 ac 2004 ¥ Hx aut VXI | = (Vxi).V WV XY) ies XI). gy | Oxi) Note: a.6x6) = @Xb).c, wey in a scalar triple product * and X can be interchange Vi. 7. UF apd G are vector point functigns, then vx xG) =. @F-W.HG+G.YF-F.yg (or) Prove that yx GxB) = (V-B)A-(W. AB+E.WA-G.y3 vx @xB) = slix2 = On | ae ace Bax 38 | | | | | - = |i (24 (24 x2)] +2 [hs (2x28) ~ = [i (4x3) Ne Fe (QExa}) on We know that ax (bX ¢) = (@.0b-(a-b)c) jntorchangins A and B, we get 2 = ee wl F (Ex4)] = (A.V)B-(V.B)A ~ @) si es So = ey * gx axd) = [(B.V)A-(V.A)B] -[(A.V)B-(V.B)A] we = (V.B)A-~(V.A)B+@B.VA-A.WB A Fand G are vector point funtions, then yh oe. a- FxWXG)+E xv xF + ENE+E.YF eat VE B = AxVxXB+ Gye «on + Bx(VxA+@.KA oa Fz (aD c [a4 34728 _3i lee BtA. ] Bea) aps ae oo “si 24) 4 3i°(a.28 ) (0 @.b=3.a} ido So Bo -=( A) j = (4.32) i @ ess Oa 7x OxXO = @.Ob-@.e 2 @be = @.jb-ax@xo ¢ | = @.WAtrE [Fx (x4) = B.V)A+Bx(VxA) (2)— 4 Engineering Math, 2.26 s eMatics 4 In (2) interchanging A and B, we get z (a.22)7- G.vyd+rax er x gx@xA) + ADEA Kos . B) () = V4.8) = GAT uV?y + (gradu). (grad vy wel ).2 [Anna, + Ma 195) Example 2.2.10. Prove, div Solution: Given : V.(u VY) ee Ou dv | Ou av, du ay ax Ox dy Oy dz ap au av, duav, duav 2y 4 2 = uWv tay ax” ay dy” a2 dz 2 wou, mau, Pau Vu =i art) ay t* az >ay . 2av, pay a PON PES vy i ax ay Zz du av , duav vu.vy = Hoe, ou Oy eee jx dx dy ay az dz ~ Q) @M2V.u@Vy) =uVv+Vu.Vv by (2) 2.2 (c) IRROTATIONAL AND SOLENOIDAL VECTOR FIELDS Solenoidal vector formula : V.F = 0 Trrotational vector formula : VxF=02.27 VECTOR AND ASED ON SOLENOIDAL Sd ie VECTOR 11, Prove that the vector F = zi expt yicl is solenoidal. a nen B= Pexjtyk Note : When F = yi tzj+xk, oo" =, Given § ye eo Dette ae 0 g.F=9 vt = (RGF a) gore a ee 16 eri Fe) Qi + 2j + xk) F * ax w > melee it = Zo+Zo+z,0 Lora *a 29) ae é Hence, F is solenoidal. Zig slonoil yo ee (tapi t - 22)j+ (x + Az) K Is solenoidal, then ie ple ue eke [Anna May, 1996, M/S 2006} i a Were [AU CBT Dec. 2009] : : Gi soto? ny tL eetiy = [ALU MJJ 2011] a gewoon ? ax Cia 0 2 pais, Determine f(7) $0 that the vector f(r)r is solenoidal. some — [AU, Dec/Nov. 2003] We know that, pa xityjtzk sation # = >, > foo? = SOx JOVI + 2k ven FOF solenoidal. > v.fiorl = 9 ni) fds. wot Bing > > 2 V.for] = (5 thy ay 3) Oxi +fOyi t+ fOzk] = = Zuo) + B00) + FEsol = > De kro] > s Eefr o#| +f0) ri) " ° i °|r 4 re eta, 7 y | Ir o'| seo 0 “sy + ro| 0 _Enainooring Math * x fro ' apn +O pry zl 0 aftr) + fo Vi =o ¥YH+*Or = 0 SO = -¥O £0 . =2 So , Integrating w.r.to 7, We Bel f@e = -3ftar 0 log ff] = ee = log ir] + toge 1 “f0= 5 Example 2.2.14 Find ‘a’, such that (Gx — 2y + 2)i'+ (ax + ay —2)] + (Ky +22) K is solenoidal, {A.U. MIS 06, M/J 2012}14.U AIM 2015 Rp g cy Solution : Given : F = @x- ytait Qetay-ajs ee ~yt+ae Also, Given : V.F = 0 - 98 a a P= S (ae + ay — - VF = 5 Gr tty Ue tay—2)+ ay 4m) B+a+2=0 a+5=0 a= -5 | Example 22.18. Show that, F F = yeit 2xj + yk is irrotational. | Solution : Given : F = yzi'taxj +xyk [AU NID 20 | To prove: Vx F=0w-2 eo] 2.16. Find the constants a, bye so that By — 2) ) + (4x + cy + 22) k is irrotational. =0 [AU M/J 2009] Rk [A.U A/M 2017 R-13) [=o tau am 2008 R47) ac toy +2 Het Ni 4-4) + - 2) = 07-07 +08 =0 b-2=0 aa | 2 a=4 =b=2 a7, Prove that P= (x+yi+ (4y+a)j~ (62—a)k is gomPl “T, well as irrotational, Also, find the scalar potential of f al [A.U N/D 2016 R-8] Given f = @&ty2)i+ Gy ta)j-@-)k vf sotutiom # 4 a a Fete) + Fy +2) &—w) =2+4-6=0 i i k > a 1a 2 VK AS ah be ay az H Q+yz dytzr -6 tay = i@--jU-y)tke-2 = 0 «. Fis irrotational. Hence, jis solenoidal as well as irrotational. Now, to find @ such that f= Vo. Gt it ay tenj- Gy)Engineering Mathom Cty d 2.30 7 a ox 2 +yz .. (I) ae = ate Q az (6z ~ xy) _ Integrating (1), (2) and QQ partially wirlo a respectively, We gee dtayay 2 Pratt O» » @) 5) ey) = at +o7 the “ae POND = ax? + + fry .. 6) Combining (4), Os & (6), WE get PON) = tye qttoeth where & is an atbiteary 1 of f- ay alar potential «gis the s Example 2218 & ryid_ motion is given by veo epite tit e430 h fe Ole motion irrotational ang ryncompressible Mul? en han t an 6 Ry possible for 2 Au AM 2016 9. th Aeernreeryk Solution : Co ee yt vit = ayn tZeroraet oe ay met 2o0+0+0 ee é 2 ‘ j vx¥ =| ox ay OF ly +z z+x xty . Pp--sn- +e co The fluid motion is irrotational Od possitle for, an’ ince mpressible hig Since, yx%<0V.% = 0 Example 2.2.19. Prove that P= GP cosxt2)i+ Qysinx ~ 477 scalar potential. (Anna, May poe tai, e 96, ND irrotational and find its [A.U CBT J/J 2009] [A.U NPD 2016 p 1] Solution : Given = = (7 cosx +2) 73 : s xez yi "+ Qysinx -4)j +307 F = 5 cr ? VxFO = aOe a ‘ ax ay fe 2 2 yeosx +2? 2ysing-4 3x22.31 or ceil of op bok = 7 0. Hence, F is irrotutional ae = mow Fate 2 - a a sy aysns — 07482 = Pies 738 PSE equating “eprcients fF 77K, we got Pr 2d ap ei a O), GE = Bina = 4 2), a2 2 3x7. @) 3 2cosx +? (a pwrto we get P= VP sinx +x +f 0,2) 2 pwsto y we get = 2sinx (s| = 4y +h (ez) genie ie, @ = (sinx)y?—4y+fo (ez) (5) 3 gilt @ ponte 7) we get go = 3x (| +h Gy) {at x2 +fa@y) 6 u ai 0 02 OE e= y sing +225 — 4y +c, where ¢ being an arbitrary constant. sonple 2220 show that F = (xy + 2° Ni + Bx? — 2) 7 + Gx? —y)i is irrotational, vector and find the scalar potential function ¢ such that F = V9. [A.U. M/J. 2005][4.U. A/M 2015 R8] [A.U N/D 2016 R-8] Solution + > > + s (oy +2)2% GP —2)] + Gxz? — yk i i ke aoe aes eos ax ay oz oyt2 a-z aay : FD — (CD) 712 - 327] + Roe - 6] = 074 07-0 =T Hence, F is irrotational.Enginoerin 9 Math oman le ve To find @ + We know that, z)j + Ga? - yk +7 od =i oy +k a (oy +4746 jents of i, js & we Bet Equating the co-efl a ae _ x - a 88 ogy es 0h Fy 7 EO SE = set F 24 = Ea 3 we we get # = O[D|IFZX AL Gay Integrating (1) paw.r.to > ic, @ = BP x27 +f 0,2) 2 4 Integrating (2) piw.rto Of WerBet = Wyeth bz) ! 3 (5 Integrating (3) pawrto 2 we gt = 3X (| ~%+h&y) ie, @ = 2-2 +h Gy) 6 Combining (4), (5) & (), we Bet go = dry te ete and B are irrotational, then prove that Xx Bis (AU MA 2013 Rg, where ¢ being an arbitrary ¢o, stant Example 2.2.21. If x solenoidal. Given & ‘and B. are irrotational Solution + . and Vx B=0 ie, VX A _ We know that, V.(AB) = (7A) B-(vxB).A = 08-33 =0-0=0 Hence, A x B is solenoidal. Note: If V¢ and Vy are irrotational, then prove that V¢ x Vy is solenoidal. Solution : Given : V@ and Vy are irrotational ie, VXVG = Oand VXVy = = (Vx V9). Vy-(VXV¥).Vp oy We know that, V.(V¢ex V¥) = 0.vy-0.V¢ =0-0= Hence, V¢ x Vp is solenoidal.ae that div A= 0 A” oe wi ie ti wa | nel vector, then prove i 4 constant YeClOF we ! on! OM 9 then prove that curl Koo, pence 22. if Kiva constant vector, Let a j + Ask aifOP z ix o vue © az As A > ao 7 Fo —0) -i10 - 0) + 410-91 0 > Hence, curl A = 0 apie 22-24% ra is a constant vector then show that V. (ax 7) = 0. pa > 3 sotto" # Let @ = ital task, Pe xleyftek . 7 7 & axe = ja % a xy # 2 Tae - eli fot yx] +E ley - 224) a? a 3 ; x a= Lh fagz — 391 ~ Gy 7 2 eax) = axl? BV ~ By Ir? asx] + Zlay - 241 -0+0= aoas, WF = yi a ed pxample yit y'2j +2 xk, then find curl (curl 5. E Py ih yrepr Pak solution : Given = F= elles J I Seine wate lse ay 02 by ye a i Pj-Pk234 Curl (curl F) = Vx (VX F) = | ae -y az - = ijo + 22) 1-2 - 01 + K 10 + 29] = rib rxp tk = Weitz] + yk] Example 2.2.26, Show that rr is an irrotational vector for — but is solenoidal only if n= —3. [A.U N/D 2007, Np 20 Yale " Solution : Let F = PF [AU MJ 2015}14.U ary amy Pe = Rap = Piityjs tz) = xPityAjs sae . 7 7 ® 2 ja 2 a VxXF = lox ay az mx ry Pz S Bi [au 12— yn 13] r = Lipen®~?-yen? 4] = si [ or+oj+ok =0 2 : *. For all values of 1, F is irrotational. V.F = ren = 2 [P tme24] = > [Pr +ame-3] = EP +nr-22y = Psa pty ery = 3h tn? [oP = 24ye2} = 3 +n? = Btn)? when n = ~3, we getV.F = 0 +. ris solenoidal only if n = —34 Fe yor 322 prove that curl ro 4, = 0 “onl on - fone yj ek) een x sort vf Lore Ok \ i ir e a oc a. ox ay az ! xf eo WO FO e ‘|r ovo wo 2 xi ifr Crores 07 : > ele nny oot - x7@ sf PF o- =r | a _ girortok =o . : 2.28. Prove tat curl (PVP) = Ton Vx Vel = 0 228. ple + 2 ay ap ae ve oie ay ** az sa . (a ai (34) +i (+58 +k poo We nde = nail ax oy az vel : vx ae git oat £68) -bm)] 2e00 18 9 2e te.ad dyaz* ay dz “azay, dy 92 xV) a re Wai solution : Let F = Fit Rit Pe Pexityptzk rf ek roc: EL a Ba cats iv =| oo ax oy az lp a =? |pp2-F +} -7 |F a| ' r ! Boy 78 yay | rnd nal jim Pd + PLP ey Mere rd gyri) Py PA) 2F + Je w constant vector and ¥ = Kxample 2.2.20, 10 Thera ' ead + y go hivxV. vo ¥ = 0 and also prove that a 1 Solution : Let te ntenp tonks Fm ity eae Vv 3 yo e Fo Pope - erst 7 lt 8941 + Klony sy bee Vm Mtge ogg +P eae Orel +E leny ag a) TP ~ 2). PP pwp2-eayI4) lose - oy 2]40 +k ) [ Jo2z-@s [oyx - ay 48 1-054 nil} nz —@3Y XH3~ ZH, YO XW, = fo, +o) — J l-e2 — ea) + oe = do, 7+ ost ask = 28 [vx] (oO = vie Solenoidal : If the divergence of a vector is zero everywhere in a field, then te field is termed as solenoidal. = Note : The solenoidal ficld V can be expressed as the curl of anahy vector F. (div (curl F) = 0)t field is ie ; oe ha woator nero everywhere inn field, then thal adient of @ 2 ON onal 9 ye wat?” s gn ot jprotational ficld V can be expressed aS the gr r c 2 ee rn. VE VO + curt (grad #) = 83 (V 9)q1,2,3) (V.99)G,2.9) = 36, (Vx V9)G,29 ~ 0 [A.U N/D 2011, 2012) jee jroykis jrrotational. to a 2 B Zz and V x F of the vector point function eo Vem o2yit aye! k at (-1) . Zo age. FIG, ed ~ ~9, VXFg,-4) = 37+ 4k ae payee (ty) then prove that F. curl F=0. Fa Giny +27 + &cosy _nje@-ykis at the vector F 4 rotational so . : ) PO that F = i +2 at “. (Qayz — 2)& is irrotational. Hence find its scalar potential. [A.U N/D 2019 R-17] F = Qy- Pe (E+ BRT OF — 2x) that the vector ; jrotational d find its scalar potential. [Ans. x”y oe ™ - yztc) = - = [AU N/D 2012] sor da te wctar F = 4 ay? + P+ Gy ~ 3% - 37+ = find its scalar potential. a Tet -08] js notational and ae fans. + af tz fe +e tel anita eae : soy ern #x O22 Oo alt aren9 +298 [A.U, M/J 2012] [A.U D15/J16 R-08] 2 [Ans xy? +222? — yz +27 +c]Ft 2.08 \4 = Engineering Mat homay leg, 4 = ), Show thal the vector field A (4 wri +? +7 y)j and find the scalar potential [Au MIS 2016 E 4, No m1 i [Aw = 4 x Ry + tq 1. Prove that w-y pin +y)i "is irrotational and hence, I entia A a its scalar potential gy yp 2004 pag) fAne, ~ og fing +0 AU Np ao Ry 4] 12, Show that # = 2972 sje gs =) gxtyc2ke is itrotational, Fing s | nealar potential o such: Unat F = grad ¢ [AU NM 2017 a) (Ans. aay 13, Show (hat , pa sye — 29 Ft Giz + 207% Cy ~ — in both solenoidal and ’rrotationall ae 14, ai a constant Yoel then prove that Vv xh) oa Gy © (4m) = 20 15, Prove that V xiao 16 w= tet i 7+7- @+y)& then prove that F. curl. =0, 17, Find the constants 4B, 6 s° that the following vector is irrot ‘ational, @ F= (ay +b) 1+ BO — cz)j + G2? -i AU Noa 0 . [Ans. a =6, b= rh Die @-Deita-awk SI] Uns = g Gi) K = @y 18, Show that the following vectors are solenoidal @ Fa ITOH wite-wWke (ii) aah BT+ 00") - 7 xk (ii) @= @e- TF -y je Genk (iv) gaat yi 2-397 ER () 22 + 3y - 27+ (6x2 + 229) 7 + (ry — 2 + 22K [A.U April 2017 UD 19. Pi at ris irrotati rove that r is irrotational but not solenoidal. Hint : Prove that Vxr=0, V.r#0 {AU NID 2015 Ray Racates aa ee net) Cs [Scalar ditfere, ie differentiat Pperator| piace operator al nee scl point function, then div (grad *) = pie a (Ve) = veg is called the 1 capt Placian operator and is calle t, s dd the Laplacian of @. jp icealled the Laplace equation, vy can also oper : ate on a i F sat vector point function f= resulting in , ue of V? poole 1, Find the value ol ( caution ( ; —A_| - 32 @+y 42] “G@aysmp 2 ; 3 ety” Gaya (ty +2) Gtytey @tytae : ow fumple 2. Evaluate V? log mee 2 a 1 Wilogr = & [n@—9P4 Pear) nQa—2Qrt@ty +7) +3nr? 0 nQn—2Qr4 P43nr? = n@—2) 7? + an =n? in—-243] =nqty rr? = ()) Example 4. Prove that, J (e *) = n(nt3)"-?P, | Solution : We have, F Pexityj+zk [AU April 2016 UD Rag, ¥er)-352a oese- Pitan *, 7 ar . oe «(92 } +P 07s [ineayr ‘s)-7]} : fe Tareas 1% “| Ze [ePrints PH? Penin-~2P- 427] afifsitys + zh] t ne? [Myer] + nh Pama =P FP 4924 22) are 74 P74 302 tain — 2) PAZ 2 2 Pen(n-2)P 77 = nP 2715 +n-2) ae Jin +3] = n(n +3)? that, Vt () = 8" (ry + ( ae (n. pomple 5. Prove satin 70) = D S10 -l% fr © i 8 ech =z 2 bos] => az [ o-}] => fro [# #4 +r oMse oe | 1 2s [vorsteroreror] <-> [re ser opts op] Sys ey 2. “HOOP DAS OFF OZE +S +2) oe 1 POZA OOO -rott2rort'o = 0420Solution : le 6. Show that Vet) = 2 Wt te), 3 ~ 20+ ¥ abe we a tae r r Example 7. Prove that V.(V¢) = V?¢ Solution : Example 8, Find V2 (?) Solution : ree = (724772429) (Pad, > > ae (Rereee ( xt +e3 -7¢,%9 #4 at * at * ag” A VFO) = fa ax? => ox Pi] =» -Teeq-y2- a\ Mwy ed, r - é a x 2 [as] 24+24+2=6Se lu, oe ne INTEGRAL OVER A PLANE OUnVE ul (a) 4 al WF cetor etd in space amd Let AW AG A cue Hevesitid in th ee te & ye w B A . pinife ie aay yive AB into m clomonty dry dy. de > fr, be the values OF this Weetor at the junction joint eff Fit ap uw Typ AT an w ea sum fia 8 din 4 af 17 if C is a closed curve an conservative vector field also on Bist the line integral JF. dy depends not only on the path but n ie trminal points A and B iL the integral depends only on the end points but not on the path C, ten F is called a conservative vector field. Theorem : If @ vector point function F is expressible as the gradient of «scalar point function ¢, then F is conservative. » Fave = P2ab,pae, pas Proof: F=V@ Pye ti ete se 7ae , 7ad , Pa - * + arr Ua yin 92) Cadet] dy +k dey migeen goon tone ane + ay D+ ark = 46 Be. , B JF .dr= fap = 9(B)-e(a) a A me , jill.