CHERRAAN’S ARTS SCIENCE COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore)

Kangayam – 638701

DEAPRTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

III B.Sc., Electronics and Communication Systems

INDUSTRIAL AND POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

2020-2021

NAME : ______________________________________________

Reg. No : ______________________________________________
 CHERRAAN’S ARTS SCIENCE COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore)
Kangayam – 638701

DEAPRTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

INDUSTRIAL AND POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

Certified that thus is a Bonafide Record of Work done by

_________________________________ (Reg. No.__________________________)
of III B.Sc., Electronics and communication systems, Cherraan’s Arts Science
College, Kangayam during the academic year 2020-2021.

Staff In-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on ___________________ in

Department of Electronics and communication systems, Cherraan’s Arts Science
College, Kangayam.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

 INDEX
Page
Ex.No Date Name of the Experiment Remarks
No.
 1. Burglar Alarm

Aim:
To design and construct a burglar alarm circuit for verifying its operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 LDR 1
2 Resistor ¼ watts 1k, 470 2,1
3 555 timer IC 1
4 Capacitor disc 0.001uf, 10uf 1,1
5 Buzzer / speaker 5 volts 1

Circuit Diagram:

4
Procedure:

In a home security system, you aim the beam at the light sensor, across a
passageway in your house. When somebody walks between the light source and
the sensor, the path of the beam is blocked. The sensor registers a drop in light
levels and sends a signal to the control box.
More advanced security systems include passive infrared (PIR) motion
detectors or LDR. These sensors "see" the infrared/Light energy emitted by an
intruder's body heat. When an intruder walks into the field of view of the
detector, the sensor detects a sharp increase in infrared energy. Of course, there
will always be gradual fluctuation of heat energy in an area, so PIR/LDR
detectors are designed to trigger the alarm only when infrared energy levels
change very rapidly. All these motion detector designs can be combined in a
house to offer complete coverage. In a typical security system, the control box
will not sound the alarm immediately when the motion detectors are triggered.
An LDR or a photoresistor is a device that is made up of high resistance
semiconductor material. The construction of an LDR includes a light-sensitive
material that is placed on an insulating substrate like as ceramic. The material is
placed in a zigzag shape in order to get the required power rating and resistance.
The area of zigzag separates the metal placed areas into two regions. The
working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity, that is nothing but an optical
phenomenon.
When the light is absorbed by the material then the conductivity of the
material reduces. When the light falls on the LDR, then the electrons in the
valence band of the material are eager to the conduction band. But, the photons in
the incident light must have energy superior than the bandgap of the material to
make the electrons jump from one band to another band (valance to conduction).
when light having ample energy, more electrons are excited to the
conduction band which grades in a large number of charge carriers. When the
effect of this process and the flow of the current starts flowing more, the
resistance of the device decreases. The circuit of LDR is an electronic circuit
built with LDR, relay, Darlington pair, diode, & resistors shown in the below
circuit diagram. A voltage supply is given to the load.
The required DC voltage of the LDR circuit is supplied from a bridge
rectifier circuit or a battery. This circuit changes the AC supply into a DC. The
bridge rectifier circuit uses a step-down transformer to step-down the voltage
from 230v into 5v. The diodes are connected in the form of a bridge used to alter
the AC voltage into DC.

5
 The voltage regulator is used to change the 5v DC, and then, this DC
voltage is supplied to the entire circuit. A 230v AC supply for both the bridge
rectifier and the load is to be kept continuously for continuous operation of the
light sensor circuit.

Result:

6
 2. Power Inverter

Aim:
To design and construct a power inverter circuit for verifying its output
operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 Power Transistor 2N3055 NPN 2
2 Transformer 12-0-12 1
3 Resistor 5 Watts 68 ohms 1
4 Battery source 12 v /10A 1

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
Inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current
(DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and
frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific
device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source.
Power inverter converts a 12V input voltage from the car battery (rated at
12V/50A for maximum power output). The output will be 220V AV output, or
7
you may use 110V transformer if you want to achieve 110V AC output. The
power transistor 2N3055 should be mounted on heatsink, so the heat will be
spread over the heatsink and prevent the transistor from overheating.
The 2N3055 is a versatile NPN power transistor which can be effectively
applied for all medium power (current) delivering circuit. The few main of these
applications are in the field of inverters and power amplifiers. A simple inverter
circuit diagram using 2N3055 converts 12 Volts DC to 220 Volts AC - This
inverter circuit generates a power of 180 watts, it can be used to power electrical
devices as light as radio and TV sets that require power below 180 watts.
Power output will be greater if we use a battery that has a greater power,
and of course the number of transistors 2N3055 also should be doubled.
Transformer used must have a center tap because this circuit works according to
the system flip-flop. Transformer capacity determines the output current, use at
least a transformer with 5A powers in order to get a good and stable power.

Result:

8
 3. Automatic Street Light Controller
Aim:
To design and construct an automatic street light controller circuit for verify its
operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 IC 555 Timer 12 volts 1
2 LDR 1
3 Relay 12 V 1
4 Diode 1N4007 1
5 POT 1M 1
6 Resistance 220, 1k 1,1
7 Capacitor 0.01uf, 100uf 1,1
8 Transistor BC548 1
9 LED 1
10 Incandescent Bulb 40 Watts 1

Circuit Diagram:

9
Procedure:
555 Timer IC is the main part of the circuit that works as a comparator. All
the working of this circuit depends on the working of the 555 IC. To
know more about 555 times IC read this article Working of 555 Timer IC. In this
circuit pin, 3 produce output which has just two states high and low. Output goes
to high when trigger pin is at a lower level than the 1/3rd level of the power
supply voltage and output goes low when trigger pin 2 is at above then 1/3rd of
the power supply voltage.
In this circuit pin, 4,6 and 8 are connected to the power supply. Here we
use LDR to detect the presence of light which is formed a potential divider circuit
with the help of 1k ohms resistor. LDR is a special type of resistor whose value
depends on the light. Read this article to know How LDR Works. The output of
this divider circuit is given to trigger pin of the 555 timer IC.
In this circuit, we use a simple LED to
know how the whole circuit works. You can
also connect as much led as you want by using
the transistor or you can connect a Relay to
control high voltage electrical bulbs. You must
use caution while connecting Relay to this
circuit because it may be danger and as different
bulb have different wattage.

Result:

10
 4. Full Wave Rectifier using SCR controlling

Aim:
To design and construct a full wave rectifier circuit using SCR for verify its
operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 SCR 2P4M 2
2 Resistor (Pot) 1k 2
3 DSO 1
4 Transformer 12-0-12 1

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
In the fully-controlled rectifier configuration, the average DC load voltage
is controlled using two thyristors per half-cycle. For full-wave rectification two
11
SCRs are connected across the center taped secondary. The gates of both SCRs
are supplied from two gate control supply circuits. One SCR conducts during the
positive half cycle and the other during the negative half cycle and thus
unidirectional current flows in the load circuit. The main advantage of this circuit
over ordinary full-wave rectifier circuit is that the output voltage can be
controlled by adjusting the gate current.
Now if the supply voltage v = VMAX
average voltage output will be given by the expression

Vav = VMAX

That is, average voltage output of full-wave rectifier circuit is double of that of
half-wave rectifier circuit, which is obvious.

Iav = VMAX

Result:

12
 5. Triggering of SCR by R, C and DIAC

Aim:
To design and construct a triggering circuit using SCR to verify its operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 SCR 2P4m 1
2 Diode 1N4007 2
3 DIAC 1
4 Resistor 2.2k, 1k 1
5 Capacitor 0.1uf 1

Circuit Diagram:

13
Procedure:
It includes variable resistor, two diodes, SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier), Capacitor, Load resistor.

Resistance Firing Circuit

The resistance triggering of SCR where it is employed to drive the load
from the input AC supply. Resistance and diode combination circuit acts as a
gate control circuitry to switch the SCR in the desired condition. As the positive
voltage applied, the SCR is
current is more than minimum gate current of the SCR.
When the gate current is applied by varying the resistance R2 such that the
gate current should be more than the minimum value of gate current, the SCR is
turned ON. And hence the load current starts flowing through the SCR. The SCR
remains ON until the anode current is equal to the holding current of the SCR.
And it will switch OFF when the voltage applied is zero. So the load current is
zero as the SCR acts as open switch.
The diode protects the gate drive circuit from reverse gate voltage during
the negative half cycle of the input. And Resistance R1 limits the current flowing
through the gate terminal and its value is such that the gate current should not
exceed the maximum gate current. It is the simplest and economical type of
triggering but limited for few applications due to its disadvantages.
In this, the triggering angle is limited to 90 degrees only. Because the
applied voltage is maximum at 90 degrees so the gate current has to reach
minimum gate current value somewhere between zero to 90 degrees.
14
Resistance Capacitance (RC) Firing Circuit
R-C-Diode circuit giving full half-cycle control (180 electrical degrees).
On the positive half-cycle of SCR anode voltage the capacitor charges to the
trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by the RC time constant and the
rising anode voltage. The top plate of the capacitor charges to the peak of the
negative voltage cycle through diode D2 on the negative half-cycle, resetting it
for the next charging cycle.
During negative half cycle capacitor charges in reverse direction when the
supply voltage increases towards positive side the capacitor voltage also
recharges in opposite direction. When this capacitor voltage reaches threshold
voltage SCR will turn on and capacitor discharges through diode D2 and its
voltage become very small positive voltage. Firing angle can be varied from 0 to
180 degree. The limitation of resistance firing circuit can be overcome by the RC
triggering circuit which provides the firing angle control from 0 to 180 degrees.
By changing the phase and amplitude of the gate current, a large variation
of firing angle is obtained using this circuit. Below figure shows the RC
triggering circuit consisting of two diodes with an RC network connected to turn
the SCR. By varying the variable resistance, triggering or firing angle is
controlled in a full positive half cycle of the input signal.
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, capacitor charges with
lower plate positive through diode D2 up to the maximum supply voltage Vmax.
This voltage remains at -Vmax across the capacitor till supply voltage attains
zero crossing. During the positive half cycle of the input, the SCR becomes
forward biased and the capacitor starts charging through variable resistance to the
triggering voltage value of the SCR.
When the capacitor charging voltage is equal to the gate trigger voltage,
SCR is turned ON and the capacitor holds a small voltage. Therefore the
capacitor voltage is helpful for triggering the SCR even after 90 degrees of the
input waveform. In this, diode D1 prevents the negative voltage between the gate
and cathode during the negative half cycle of the input through diode D2.

Result:

15
 6. Speed Control of DC Motor using SCR and UJT

Aim:
To design and construct a speed control of DC motor using SCR and UJT circuit
for verifying its operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 UJT 2N2646 or 2N1671 or 2N2647 1
2 SCR 2P4M 1
3 Resistance 10k Pot, 100 1,2
4 Capacitor 10uf, 100uf 1,1
5 Motor 12 volt 1
6 Diode IN4007 1

16
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
The most common application of a unijunction transistor is as a triggering
TRIACs but other UJT applications include saw tooth
generators, simple oscillators, phase control, and timing circuits. The simplest of
all UJT circuits is the Relaxation Oscillator producing non-sinusoidal waveforms.
In a basic and typical UJT relaxation oscillator circuit, the Emitter terminal
of the unijunction transistor is connected to the junction of a series connected
resistor and capacitor, RC circuit. When a voltage (Vs) is firstly applied, the

begins to charge up exponentially through resistor R3.

17
 As the Emitter of the UJT is connected to the capacitor, when the charging
voltage Vc across the capacitor becomes greater than the diode volt drop value,
the p-n junction behaves as a normal diode and becomes forward biased

point the Emitter to B1 impedance collapses as the Emitter goes into a low
impedance saturated state with the flow of Emitter current through R1 taking
place.
The speed of a universal series motor (or whichever type of load we want,
heaters, lamps, etc) by regulating the current flowing through the SCR. To
control the motors speed, simply change the frequency of the sawtooth pulse,
which is achieved by varying the value of the potentiometer.

Result:

18
 7. TRIAC Flasher

Aim:
To design and construct a TRIAC flasher circuit for verifying its operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 IC LM555 1
2 Optocoupler MOC 3021 1
3 TRIAC BT134 / BT136/ BT139 1
4 Resistance 100 k 2
5 Resistance 220/270 ohms 2
6 Resistance 470 ohms 1
7 Ac bulb 60w/100 w/ 200 w / 500w 1
8 Capacitor 1 uf/ 25 v 1
9 Pot (VC) 1M 1

Circuit Diagram:

19
Procedure:
AC bulb flasher circuit that can blink a series of bulbs in a particular time
interval for decorative purposes. In this pro
Flasher circuit using NE 555. A lamp flasher is nothing but a lamp dimmer
circuit where the lamp is turned ON/OFF at set frequency or time intervals.
nts like
the NE/SE 555 IC.
This simple DIAC controlled flasher finds various industrial applications
as a high-voltage indicator or machine-
second to give a warning indication and is simple to design.
The circuit is very simple and easy. This is the application of the Astable
multivibrator of NE555 Timer IC. According to the configuration of the NE555
timer IC, two external resistors and one capacitor (discharged) should be used. In
the below part of the circuit, the resistance R1 (1M ohms) is connected from the
IC discharged pin 7 to VCC positive 9V.
Also, another resistance R5 (100K) which we used as a variable resistance
to control the output pulses, oscillator, and duty cycle & output frequency,
connected from IC pin 7 to IC pin 2&6.In this section of the circuit, we are
getting Generated output pulse from the IC Output pin 3 which is applied to an
L.E.D through a 470 ohms (R2) resistance, because of which the L.E.D gets
on/off or High/Low according to the output pulse/frequency of the oscillations
and the output pulse is also responsible for blinking or flashing of (dc side
indicator) L.E.D and AC 220V bulb at the same time.
This 470 ohms (R2) resistance is used just to resist the voltage for L.E.D or
L.E.D protection purposes. Also, the IC pulse output pin 3 is connected to MOC
3021 optocoupler VCC pin 1 through a 470 ohms (R3) resistance (optional). This
20
470 ohms resistance is used for protection of optocoupler internal IR L.E.D, This
MOC 3021 is a very advanced zero-crossing TRIAC driving Optocoupler which
internally consists of an IR L.E.D and a photosensor or photoactive TRIAC, to
understand the internal structure of optocoupler. In the above section of the
circuit, The T1 junction of the optocoupler (optocoupler pin 6) is connected with
one of the AC terminals, which might be Neutral or Phase Line from the AC
socket or outlets.
When the optocoupler internal IR L.E.D gets activated by receiving pulse
voltage (through the resistance R3), internal IR LED radiates infrared which is
sensed by the internal photosensitive TRIAC and allows conduction between T1
junction (optocoupler pin 6) and T2 junction (optocoupler pin 4).
From the optocoupler, T2 junction (optocoupler pin 4) voltage is applied to
the Gate pin or middle pin of BT136 TRIAC through a 270 ohms resistance for
TRIAC protection and the T1 terminal of BT136 connected with another AC
terminal and we are taking the output from T2 terminal of the BT136 TRIAC for
AC 220V Bulb or L.E.D chain Light.

Result:

21
 8. Fan Regulator using TRIAC

Aim:
To design and construct a fan regulator circuit using TRIAC for verifying its
operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 TRIAC BT136 1
2 DIAC 1
3 Capacitor 104k 1
4 Resistor 500k pot, 22k 1,1
5 Light / Fan 1

Circuit Diagram:

22
Procedure:
In this circuit, A DIAC is connected with the gate terminal of TRIAC. One
side of the Variable resistor connected with to TRIAC terminal through 22k
resistor and another side of VR connected with a capacitor is connected with
DIAC. When the voltage across DIAC is cross the level of VBO Then it gets
triggered and it turned on. For DB3 The VBO is 32v (+/-4v). Means When the
voltage across DB3 reaches 32v then it turn on and current will flow through it.
DIAC is made by the combination of two diodes in an alternative direction, Two
diodes are combined in opposite to each.
DIAC provides the gate signal of TRIAC and according to the gate signal,
it passes the supply from MT2 to MT1.Resistor and Capacitor make an R-C
circuit to provide timing delay and timing constant for DIAC input and then by
the timing constant pulses it is able to create Limited voltage through TRIAC and
Load gets regulated input supply. DIAC gives fully DC output for both negative
and positive cycle, this is used for the triggering of TRIAC.

220v AC Fan regulator circuit

At first, when supply is on, TRIAC is in Off state, the capacitor gets a
signal voltage through the Fan and resistor and this capacitor charged. When the
capacitor is fully charged, the capacitor stored power and DIAC get turned On
and TRIAC also turn on and supply passed through TRIAC.
As TRIAC turn ON Capacitor Discharged. Again Capacitor gets current
through resistor bypassing the Load and input line and Charged. Capacitor
Discharged by giving the power to DIAC and therefore again TRIAC turns on
because DIAC gives a signal to the gate terminal.
This Charging and Discharging of capacitor randomly occur and TRIAC
turn ON-OFF Randomly also. The Timing Rate of charging of the capacitor is

23
increased by the increase of the resistor value. So, the Combination of Resistor
and capacitor in this circuit makes a timing delay.
A Protection circuit can be included for TRIAC protection by the adding of
the resistor and a capacitor in series with the parallel of TRIAC. This is called the
Snubber circuit, this is required only in inductive load like motor/fan. not for
resistive load.

Result:

24
 9. Snubber Circuit

Aim:
To design and construct a snubber circuit for verifying its operation.

Apparatus required:
S/N Components Range Quantity
1 SCR 2P4M 1
2 Diode IN4001 1
3 Capacitor 0.1uf 1
4 Resistor 1k Pot 1
5 FG 1
6 Load 1

Circuit Diagram:
RC Snubber Circuit RCD Snubber Circuit

RCD Snubber Circuit

25
 Waveform (with and without Snubber circuit)

Procedure:
The Snubber circuit is one type of dv/dt protection circuit of the thyristor.
With the help of snubber circuit, the false turn-on of a thyristor due to large dv/dt
can be prevented.
This type of snubber circuit consists of a series combination of resistance
R and Capacitance C in parallel with a SCR. When a reverse voltage is applied,
commutation process is initiated and the forward current flow through SCR
approaches zero. Due to the inductance, current continuous to flow due to
sweeping of charge carries at the external junctions. When it reaches a peak value
it cannot be further supported by the charge carriers and falls very quickly to
zero. This causes a voltage spike with the value of L (di/dt).
Also when the supply is closed to the circuit, sudden voltage appears
across SCR. Now, as the thyristor current is zero it can be considered as an open
switch. At this moment, the capacitor C behaves like a short- circuit and therefore
voltage across the SCR is zero. With the passage of time capacitor C gets charged
at a slow rate such that dv/dt across the capacitor and therefore across SCR is less
than the specified maximum dv/dt rating of the device. Thus the capacitor
protects the SCR against high voltages and high dv/dt.
Based on the above discussion we can say that simply a Capacitor C is
sufficient to protect the SCR against dv/dt false triggering. In the RC snubber
circuit, the resistance R limits the discharge current of capacitor at the instant of
firing of SCR. Before SCR is fired, capacitor C charges to full voltage V. If SCR
is fired, when the capacitor voltage is maximum, it discharges through the local
path formed by capacitor C, Resistance R and SCR.
During this time, if the resistance R is not included in the circuit, the
discharge current will be high and consequently may damage the SCR due to
26
large di/dt. Thus the Resistance R in the snubber circuit reduces the discharge
current of the capacitor C and thus protect the SCR against large di/dt. In actual
practice, R, C and the load current parameters should be such that dv/dt across C
during its charging is less than the specified dv/dt rating of the SCR. Discharge
current at the turn ON of the SCR is within reasonable limits.
Normally R, S and load circuit parameters form an undamped circuit so
that dv/dt is limited to acceptable values. In some RC snubber circuits, a diode D
used to connect in parallel with the resistor R. It is used for the purpose of bypass
and thus giving improved dv/dt protection.

Result:

27
Particulars should bring to LAB
1. Record note
2. Letter from parents
3. Bread board
4. Multi meter
5. Wires
6. Cutter, etc.,

28