The International Bill of Human Rights

The International Bill of Human Rights includes the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and The International Covenant of
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), as well as The International
Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

Basic Human Rights as outlined in the International

Bill of Rights:
1. The right to equality and freedom from discrimination
2. The right to life, liberty, and personal security
3. Freedom from torture and degrading treatment
4. The right to equality before the law
5. The right to a fair trial
6. The right to privacy
7. Freedom of belief and religion
8. Freedom of opinion
9. Right of peaceful assembly and association
10. The right to participate in government
11. The right to social security
12. The right to work
13. The right to an adequate standard of living
14. The right to education
15. The right to good health
16. The right to good food and housing

According to the Bill of Human Rights, Authorities are essentially

responsible for protecting and promoting Human Rights in their countries, but
good patriotic individual citizens and considerate private sectors and caring
institutions also have their share in protecting and promoting these rights.
When authorities ratify a Human Rights Treaty, they are responsible for
protecting and promoting this treaty. Countries should not deprive people of
a right or interfere with persons exercising their rights, as long as they express
themselves peacefully and do not impair the progress of their country. For
example, authorities in countries which signed treaties can create
constitutional guarantees of human rights. They are expected to provide ways
for people to express themselves peacefully and constructively. Authorities
should prevent private sectors' capitalists from violating the human rights of
employees.

Authorities will impeach perpetrators of human rights abuses, such as

crimes of domestic violence. They also will cooperate with the patriotic
national institutions to prevent crimes against humanity and other violations.
They will also take positive actions to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human
rights for the people. They can provide free, high-quality public education.
They also can create a public defender system so that every patriotic
individual has access to ask peacefully for his right. They will ensure that
everyone has access to food by funding public assistance programs for the
poor and the needy. They will try to secure health care for the people. They
will encourage people to express themselves through voting in elections.

International Human Rights Law

International Human Rights Law is one of the most important
achievements of the United Nations. It lays down the obligations of
authorities to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to
promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or
groups. It defines a broad range of internationally accepted rights including
civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The United Nations
established certain mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to
help states in carrying out their responsibilities.

The basics of this body of law are the charter of UN and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and
1948, respectively. In later stages the UN developed Human Rights Law to
encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities,
minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect
them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.

How do Rights of Humans Become

Law in the United Nations:
 When a UN body members draft a treaty, they invite representatives of
the countries interested. If they ratify this treaty it becomes binding to the
countries concerned. These countries become obligated to protect these
rights. Sometimes, non-governmental organizations are invited to participate
in these meetings to give suggestions and recommendations during the
process of drafting the treaty. After the negotiating countries and
organizations agree on a final text of the treaty, the treaty is opened for
ratification by countries that want to become parties to it.
Countries have different methods for acceding to or ratifying treaties.
Sometimes, they need the approval of the Parliament; sometimes they are not
required to take this step. Through ratification, a country agrees to be legally
bound by the terms of the treaty. Because of some cultural or religious
considerations, sometimes, some countries make reservations against some
provisions of a treaty. They will, then, be committed to the rest of the
provisions of the treaty.
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