FABRICATION AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
OF COCONUT LEAF SHEATH FIBRE
REINFORCED NATURAL COMPOSITE LAMINA
Mikit Kharatmal(18175036) Chaitali Pawar(17171036)
Aeronautical Engineering Aeronautical Engineering
ADCET ADCET
Ashta,Sangli-Maharashtra- Ashta,Sangli-Maharashtra-
INDIA INDIA
416301 416301
Abstract— Natural fibres have a great advantage over
synthetic fibres. They are biodegradable, renewable, require less
energy consumption as well as have several social, environmental
and economic benefits. In this context coconut coir fibre is
reinforced with animal glue (natural resin). The coconut leaf
sheath fibre has a natural orientation of 45 degrees. Mat fibres
were soaked in sodium hydroxide for four days and dried in sun
for 24 hours. Animal glue is made from floating fish bladder. The
fish sac is dried to make glue. The composite sample is made by
placing it on the hand. In order to find out the mechanical
properties of the compound, a stress test was performed on the
sample. Testing and compression testing in ANSYS.
Keywords— coconut leaf sheath fibre, animal glue, natural
fibre
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Natural composite.
A composite fabric is made with the aid of using combining
or greater substances to present a completely unique mixture of
properties, one in every of that is made from stiff, lengthy fibers
and the other, a binder or 'matrix' which holds the fibers in place.
Natural fiber composites (NFC) are composites where at
least the reinforcing fibers come from renewable and neutral
carbon dioxide sources, as well as wood or plants, its benefits
include low cost, excessive strength to weight ratio and
recyclability. The combination of herbal fibers with glass
fiber also reduces fiberglass consumption In this study, the
fiber composites in the shell were made from coconut leaves
by hand. Lamination process.
The composite cloth has been used from centuries ago, and
all of it commenced with herbal fibers. Natural fibers have
emerge as critical objects withinside the economic system and
in fact, they have end up a widespread supply of jobs for
growing countries. Natural fibers may be effortlessly received in
lots of tropical and to be had for the duration of the world.
Today, those fibers are assessed as environmentally accurate
Sandesh Pawar(19176052)
Aeronautical Engineering
ADCET
Ashta,Sangli-Maharashtra-
INDIA
416301
substances because of their biodegradability and renewable
characteristics.
The fiber from the coconut leaf pod may be a product
obtained from coconut palm. In this project, our idea is to
maximize the use of waste. There are several advantages to
using coconut fiber because the raw material is very cheap.
Naturally woven by nature itself, there are many in number. We
can choose fiber orientation for different areas of coconut husk
fiber. These coconut mat fibers have an alternating orientation
of a first thick fiber layer, a second thin fiber layer, and a third
thick fiber layer. There are two types of aligned scaffolds in a
single sheet because these fibers grow from the inside to the
outside into a V shape.
1.2 Resin
Resins act as a glue to keep the fibers together, and defend
the fibers from mechanical and environmental damage. Animal
glues have an extended way of life of getting used as structural
adhesives, sizes and consolidants now no longer simplest in
furnishings making however additionally withinside the
coaching and conservation of the maximum various substances
which include the ones located in herbal records collections.
There are a variety of animal tails on the market, including skin
and bones, fish tails, fish tails, and jelly. Your employees want
to get the right understanding when deciding whether these tails
are suitable and which ones are suitable for a specific purpose.
Hausenblase is a refined herbal glue made from cooked sturgeon
bladder jelly. Its optical properties, including reversibility, aging
properties and strength, make it an excellent adhesive for many
preservatives.
Literature review
This information helps to obtain coconut fiber in India.
According to the data provided, coconuts were grown in more
than 90 countries and sandy areas in 2016, with a total output
of more than 59 million tons (table). Most of the production is
produced in tropical Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Together with India, it accounts for more than 72% of all land. specimen wishes to be aforesaid just so the employment of
(Kalidas. K. et.al 2019).[12] gelatin-based positively glue ought to as a consequence
sometimes be weighed up in competition to the benefits of
The table shows the data of coconut production in India in chance artificial adhesives (Nanke Schellmann,2009).[3]
the year 2016-2017
the fibers of various structural parts of coconut (cocos
nucifera, linn.) were tested to determine the size, density, S. no. Properties Value
resistivity, final penetration, microfibril angle, and cellulose
and lignin content of these fibers. and other functions. the
properties observed are related to the internal structure and 1 Fibre richness (%) 4.70
chemical composition of the fibers; some possible uses of
these fibers have already been mentioned: tensile strength,
initial modulus, and elongation. (Satyanarayana et al. 1982) 2 Fibre Yield (%) 3.284
SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA strategies are accustomed analyze
Chemical Properties
the inner fine fibers and outer coarse fibers of coconut fibers; the
amorphous hemicellulose is native and may be removed in
massive quantities by alkali treatment. The crystallinity of the 3 Cellulose 9
fiber treatment alkali becomes local and increases. Due to
thermal stability, renewable energy and environmental 4 Hemicellulose 5
friendliness, coconut husk fiber has been positioned as a suitable
reinforcement for inexperienced composite materials. (Obi 5 Lignin 79
Reddy K, et al, 2010).[4] Keep your text and graphic files
separate till once the text has been formatted and styled. don't
use exhausting tabs, and limit use of hard comes to only 1 return Physical Properties
at the tip of a paragraph. don't add any quite number anyplace
within the paper. don't number text heads-the example can try 6 Moisture (%) 13.33
this for you.
Chemical, FTIR, and SEM methods were used to analyze betel 7 Fibre density (g/cm3) 0.35
leaf, coconut, and coconut stem fibers; more types of
hemicellulose were found in the fibers of Cocos nucifera; On the 8 Fibre linear density (den) 4.897
other hand, it has been shown that betel catechu nut fibers have
better properties than coconut fibers. Made of α-cellulose. The
SEM image shows that the fibers of the coconut shell are more
fibrous than the alternatives. (Mohammad Asadulah Asad, et TABLE 1: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL AND
al, 2016).[7] PHYSIO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COCONUT LEAF
• SHEATH.
Uses of gelatin/animal glue for different purposes. Animal
glue has been in use since earliest period of civilization.
Preparation of animal glue in industries and the history of animal Fibre Length Diameter L/D ratio
glues is given in detailed information in this research paper.
(William.Q.Hull, et al.,1952)[1] Inner Mat Fine 47.5 0.014 3392
Considering that thick glues are a chemical by-product of fibre
collagen, they'll be capable of sometimes be thought of an
acceptable style of adhesive for skins and one in every of a sort Outer layer 47.5 0.099 478
collagen-based positively products, as they'll be ready to coarse fibre
increase well chemical adhesion to the substrate. Gelatin-based
definitely glues containing prolonged supermolecule chains
(i.e., having abnormal gel power which includes cowl glue or TABLE 2: AVERAGE DIMENSIONS OF THE OUTER LAYER
isinglass) what is more show terribly sturdy concord and should AND INNER MAT FIBRES OF COCONUT LEAF SHEATH
as a ending be the correct choice. Gelatin-based definitely glues
can also moreover below high-quality conditions be a suitable II. METHODOLOGY
sort of adhesive for the conservation of art specimen. In many
cases, however, their software system program in an solution
equally to their awe-inspiring sensitivity to wetness with stress 3.1. Preparation process of fibre
development in unsteady environmental conditions can also 1. Mat coconut fibre is chosen once it's a minimum of 3
what is more reason an array of unwanted interactions with the
specimen. Last but currently no longer least, their chemical months previous grown, from young tree.
affinity to pores and pores and skin textile and their practicality
to contaminate the particular deoxyribonucleic acid of the art
2. Then mat fibre are instantly swaybacked in hydroxide 3.3. Process for making Composite
answer that is diluted in water once it's cut freshly.
Parameters Value
3. The mat fibers are soaked for four days to remove
loose lignin, complex lignin, and hemicellulose. Density of Coconut mat fibre 350 kg/m3

4. once four days the loose polymer is then scraped Density of Animal Glue 1360 kg/m3
down by spatula conjointly the advanced lignin and
Resin Weight Ratio 36.1%
hemicellulose is dissolved within the hydrated oxide
solution. Fibre Weight 12.69%

5. Then mat fibers are completely washed with lots of Resin Volume 20.74%
water to get rid of excess remaining resolution from
Fibre Volume 79.26%
it.
6. Again, it's soaked in carboxylic acid for 0.5 or one Resin Weight 87.31%
hour to neutralize mat fibers
Composite Density 1.01 g/cm3
7. Hence, it is then sun dried to make practical use of it.

3.2. Preparation of Animal glue TABLE NO.3.COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITE

1. Obtained sacs, cleansed all blood, tissue, membrane,
and so on off of the bladders before drying.
2. Placed air bladders wherever they will all dry then store
till able to create glue.
3. Cut air bladders into little chunks then soak in water a
number of hours to rehydrate.
4. Place in kettle with water and simmer for four hours.
Strained all sac things from mixture and run through
home appliance to additional take away smaller items
then come back to kettle to simmer for an extra two
hours.
5. Strained glue mixture through fabric and/or filter so
still scale back mixture by simmering.
6. Once mixture began to urge thicker, we've a bent to
poured it into instrumentality and placed in heat home
appliance to extra reduce.
7. Once a number of hours off from oven and placed
ahead of fan to start out the drying process.
8. Once the highest of mixture started to extremely firm
up, flipped over onto another piece of wrapping and
remove strips.
1. Proportions should be followed exactly so that all the
components react for the maximum strength of the composite.
The proportions can be measure by weight or volume.
2. Volume method is feasible for measuring the proportions.
3. The mixing should be done slowly to remove the excess air
bubbles in the resin material
4. To avoid too much thick layer of resin less amount of resin
is preferred. We added estimated amount of resin needed.
5. The number one layer of fibre reinforcement turned into laid.
This layer turned into wetted with resin then softly ironed using
a broom or a roller.A 2d layer of fibre turned into facet and
unique care turned into taken to remove all air bubbles possible.
6. Curing process is carried out after this step.
7. After all processing is complete, the composite panel is
removed from the mold.

9. Placed strips on mesh and place before of fan until dry

and hard. keep in air tight instrumentality till prepared
for use.
 IV. COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 DIMENSIONS
Value X Y Z XY XZ YZ

Length 11 cm Maximu 7112. 7165. 223.4 299.1 212.5 212.5

m 7 9 8 2 2 2
Breadth 10 cm
Minimu 3002. 3195. - - - -
Thickness 3 mm
m 6 1 131.2 407.5 212.5 212.5
5 5 2 2

TABLE.4. GEOMETRY OF THE COMPOSITE

TABLE NO..5.2 TENSILE TEST RESULT FOR STRESS

4.2. MESH DETAILS (IN PA)

Square Mesh
NO OF NODES 81 node
NO OF ELEMENTS 64 elements X Y Z XY XZ YZ

4.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Maxi 1.24 1.36* - 2.75* 2.084 2.084

For Tensile test mum *10- 10-6 5.14* 10-7 *10-7 *10-7
Load applied – 10 N 6 10-7

For Compression test Mini 9.38* 1.038 - - - -

Load applied – 100 N mum 10-6 *10-6 1.27* 2.93* 2.084 2.084
FIXED SUPPORT 10-6 10-7 *10-7 *10-7
At breadth (10 cm ends) – fixed support
At length (11 cm ends) cm free end TABLE NO.5.3 TENSILE TEST RESULT FOR TENSILE
TEST RESULT FOR STRAIN

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 RESULTS OF TENSILE TEST 5.2 RESULTS OF COMPRESSION TEST
From the ANSYS simulation, we got the results of compression From the ANSYS simulation, we got the results of compression
test. In which we got deformation, stress and strain. test. In which we got deformation, stress and strain.

X Y Z X Y Z

Maximum -2.25*10-5 -2.30*10-5 8.92*10-5 Maximum 8.86*10-6 1.73*10-6 5.93*10-6

Minimum 6.71*10-5 1.76*10-5 -0.001 Minimum -8.86*10-6 -1.73*10-6 -5.93*10-6

TABLE NO.5.1 TENSILE TEST RESULT FOR TABLE NO.5.4 COMPRESSION TEST RESULT FOR
DEFORMATION (IN M) DEFORMATION (IN M)
 X Y Z XY XZ YZ We convey our sincere because of all the schools of natural
philosophy Engineering Department who have enlightened
Maxim 95976 96332 169 2.29*1 320 320. throughout our studies. The facilities and co-operation received
um 84 05 .9 09 from the technical and non-technical employees is fortunately
Minim - - - - - - acknowledged.
um 4.55*1 4.55*1 151 2.29*1 320 320. Last, however not least, we might wish to impart the authors of
05 05 02 05 .9 09 assorted analysis articles and books whose work has been
consulted, utilised and cited in our project work.
TABLE NO.5.5 COMPRESSION TEST RESULT FOR
STRESS (IN PA)

X Y Z XY XZ YZ REFERENCES
[1] 'Animal glue - a staff-industry collaborative report…’, Hull, W.Q.
Maxim 5.41* 5.42* 4.98* 0.000 320. 320. and Bangert, W.G., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 44 (10)
um 10-5 10-5 10-5 22 19 09 (1952) 2275-2284.

Minim 0 0 1.47* - - - [2] K. G. Satyanarayana, C. K. S. Pillai, K. Sukumaran, S. G. K.

Pillai, P. K. Rohatgi &Kalyani Vijayan ,‘Structure property studies
um 10-5 0.000 320. 320.
of fibres from various parts of the coconut tree’, Journal of
22 19 09 Materials Science volume 17, pages2453–2462 (1982)., 1982.
[3] ‘Animal Glues – their adhesive properties, longevity and suggested

TABLE NO.5.6 COMPRESSION TEST RESULT FOR
STRAIN
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we thank Almighty, in words for his blessings who
gave us the opportunity and strength to carry out this work.
We wish to express our profound sense of deepest gratitude and
sincere thanks to our honourable and esteemed guide Mr. L.
Oblisamy, Assistant Professor Department of Aeronautical
Engineering for his exemplary guidance, encouragement and
untiring support. His trust and support the most important
moments of making right decisions and we are glad to have
worked with him. He has been a great source of inspiration to
me and we thank him from the bottom of our heart. We
would like to thank Head of Aeronautical Engineering
Department for availing us all the necessary facilities for this
work.
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