Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Embryology DR - Najeeb
Embryology DR - Najeeb
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Regards
Hasan Bajwa
Nishtar Medical University, Multan
Session 2018-2023 (N68)
EMBRYOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY NOTES HASAN BAJWA
N68
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 CELL CYCLE AND GENES---------------------------------------------------- 01
2 GAMETOGENESIS------------------------------------------------------------05
4 FERTILIZATION----------------------------------------------------------------17
7 CNS DEVELOPMENT---------------------------------------------------------35
8 CVS DEVELOPMENT---------------------------------------------------------42
EMBRYOLOGY
CELL CYCLE & GENES HASAN BAJWA
N68
• Role of these genes in cancer Cell is getting ready to divide its duplicated DNA
into 2 daughter nuclei.
development
1.1.4 M Phase
Genetic material is divided and nuclear
1 WHAT IS CELL CYCLE
membrane is eventually dissolved and genetic
How a cell passes through different phases to material is moved to both sides of cell to go to
divide into 2 daughter cells. Sequence of all these new daughter nuclei.
changes through which a cell eventually divides 2 That phase in which nuclear duplicated material of
cells is called CELL CYCLE. one nucleus id under process of division for 2
It has 2 parts: 1-Interphase 2-Mitosis daughter nuclei is called Mitotic stage/M-phase.
After M-phase eventually cell has divided into:
1.1 INTERPHASE
1-2 cells
When cell gets a stimulus to divide, it will:
2-In some cells, it may enter next cell cycle.
1- Duplicate genetic material.
3-In some cells it may take rest by entering G0
2- Pass through mitosis.
phase (out of proliferative cycle.
3-increase its cytoplasm, proteins and organelles.
If proper stimulus given, cell may enter
First of all cell duplicates its DNA. It does not start proliferative phase again.
replicating DNA directly. It has to produce a lot of
proteins, enzymes, increase cytoplasm, increase 1.1.4.1 Labile Cells
organelles and replicating enzymes to be Some tissues in which cells are multiplying
produced. continuously, do not enter G0 phase.
e.g- Skin cells, GIT cells, Bone marrow
1.1.1 S Phase
hematopoietic cells.
This is phase of DNA synthesis. DNA is synthesized
in this phase. DNA has been replicated semi- 1.1.4.2 Stable Cells
conservatively. Every chromosome has become Some cells, if tissue does not require more cells,
double structured chromosome. 2n=4n. enter G0 phase. Now it is housekeeping function
n=23 chromosome haploid set. by housekeeping genes. With stimulus these can
proliferate again by exiting G0.
1.1.2 G1 Phase
E.g- Liver cells (if you cut liver, cells start dividing
Phase before DNA synthesis is called
and regenerate that part), Kidney nephrons,
Presynaptic/G1/Growth phase 1. First cell enters
Pancreatic cells.
G1 and prepares itself at molecular and organelle
level to synthesize DNA. Then S phase will start.
Page 1 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CELL CYCLE & GENES HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 2 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CELL CYCLE & GENES HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 3 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CELL CYCLE & GENES HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 4 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
1 OVERVIEW
→Specialized process occurring in primordial
germ cells.
→It is process by which early germ cells undergo
process of meiosis and cytodifferentiation
eventually convert into mature gamete. 2.1 SPERMATOGENESIS / GAMETOGENESIS
→Meiosis is a special type of cell division occurs in →Germ cells undergo meiotic division.
2 stages (Meiosis1 & 2). ➔Full set of 23 chromosomes=1n
→Chromosome no. is halved in final daughter ➔N=Amount of DNA in a given cell
cells. So, it is also called Reduction Division.
➔n=Number of chromosomes
➔InMales→Spermatogenesis→Meiosis+Cytodiff
erentiation→Mature sperm. ➔1N=23 chromosomes (single structured)
Page 5 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
2.2.1 Synapsis
Page 6 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 7 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
3 OOGENESIS
3.1.3 Primordial Follicle
→Formation of mature ovum from oogonia.
One oogonia enlarges and rest degenerate and
→Starts in prenatal life→ before birth. now one oogonium and sheath of flat epithelial
cells (follicular cells). This is Primordial Follicle.
3.1 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT →Before Pri. Oocyte starts M1, DNA replicates.
→Most primitive germ cells→Primordial germ i.e=Duplicated 46 chromosomes.
cells. They appear in yolk sac around 4th week of
development. Keep dividing by mitosis to produce →Primary oocytes during prophase of M1 at
oogonia and at same time keep migrating to diplotene stage get arrested. Stop progression of
gonads of developing female. M1.
→Before birth, all oogonia are converted to pri.
3.1.1 Oogonia
Oocytes arrested at diplotene.
→Surrounded by flat epithelial cells derived from
epithelium on surface of ovary. →At birth, no Pri. Oogonia. Instead 2Million Pri.
Oocytes in diplotene.
→Oogonia also divide by mitosis to produce more
and more oogonia. →After birth, no new formation of pri. Oocytes.
3.1.2 Primary Oocyte ➔At birth, All pri. Oocytes are surrounded by flat
→Many oogonia enlarge in size, stop mitotic epithelial cells called Primordial follicle (flat
division, get ready for meiosis. These are pri. epithelial cells + Pri. Oocyte in it).
Oocytes.
Page 8 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
3.2 AFTER BIRTH UPTO PUBERTY 3.3.1 Ovarian / Primary /Pre-antral follicle
→Pri. Oocyte remains arrested. • Primary oocyte in diplotene stage.
• Some Connective tissue(c.t) cells
→Most of them degenerate.
start differentiation from ovarian
→Around puberty→40000 Primordial follicles stroma around cells layer.
(Pri-oocyte arrested in diplotene) present. • Oocyte secretes glycoprotein
outside. Follicular cells secrete
3.3 AT PUBERTY glycoprotein inside. This layer is
→Start of Menstrual cycle. zona pallucida between oocyte and
follicular cells.
→FSH stimulates Primordial follicles→Every
month 5 to 15 start growing but only one matures
into Graffian Follicle.
→Follicular cells become cuboidal (Growing
Follicle).
→then multi-layered (stratified cuboidal) called
Primary Follicle / Ovarian Follicle.
Page 9 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
GAMETOGENESIS HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 10 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 11 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔First day of menstrual bleeding is first day of →Best growing follicle will grow on its own and
cycle. less grown ones still dependent on FSH die. These
are Atretic Follicles. (Negative feedback).
➔Each month 5→15 primordial follicles start
growing automatically (stimulated by local factors) →Estrogen also suppresses LH. But at mid of cycle,
to form primary follicle. unexpectedly, under estrogen, Ant. Pituitary starts
producing more FSH(2 to 3x) and LH(10x). (Positive
➔In females Meiosis 1 starts before birth while in
Feedback). This is LH surge.
men after puberty. However, M1 is completed
when primordial follicle is converted to sec. ➔LH acts on graffian follicle causing:
follicle.
• Blood vessels to dilate.
➔5→15→all into primary follicle→some into sec. • Theca cells release destructive enzymes
follicle→suddenly ova complete M1 and start M2. (proteolytic & collagenases).
➔FSH acts on Primary follicles. Converts it to sec. Graffian follicle becomes so big that it produces
follicle and sec to graffian follicle. elevation on surface of ovary (2→2.5cm). Due to
pressure blood flow lessens here. Avascular area
→Zona pellucida allows only Human Male sperms
called Stigma.
to pass through. As soon as one sperm touches
ovum membrane, ovum releases substances that • Due to more blood flow fluid inside also
modify zona pellucida so that no more sperms can decreases.
penetrate. • Destructive enzymes (collagenases destroy
→If no FSH, Primary follicle degenerates. some collagen fibers so cover becomes
weak).
→Uterus has 3 layers: • LH has increased pressure inside follicle
• Endometrium→inner most layer and made cover weak. So, it will rupture
within a few hours. Ovum, zona pellucida
• Myometrium→middle smooth muscle
and corona radiata will come out.
layer
• Perimetrium→outside C.T ➔Due to high FSH and LH, after ovulation,
fallopian tubes (finger like processes) come near
→Theca and Granulosa cells produce estrogen
to ovary and start sweeping on ovary to find
and it prepares endometrium and thickens it. This
stigma and capture ovum.
is proliferative stage of endometrium. At this time
blood is at estrogen stage and ovary at follicular →Structure left behind collapses (contract). It has
stage (graffian or sec). theca and granulosa cells. LH works on these cells
as:
4 DAY 1→14 • Make them swell up
• SER becomes too much
Ovary→Follicular stage.
• Accumulate a lot of fat globules which
Blood levels of hormones→Estrogenic stage means a cholesterol derived hormone is
going to be made. This is Progesterone.
Endometrium→Proliferative stage
Estrogen is still produced but Progesterone
➔Estrogen also acts on hypothalamus to dec FSH in larger amounts.
secretion so FSH level decreases. • These cells look yellow colored. This is
Corpus Luteum. It is temporary endocrine
gland in female body. It’s total life is
10→12 days
Page 12 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 14 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE HASAN BAJWA
N68
Placenta is endocrine gland (starts producing its 6) Slough off and Menstruation.
own progesterone)→Estrogen progesterone inc.--
>baby independent→Corpus luteum degenerates
(3→4months).
During pregnancy, Estrogen and progesterone
7 FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES IN CYCLE
remains high. INDIVIDUALLY
➔Ovulation always occurs 14 days prior to start
of menstruation. First half of cycle is not fixed. 2nd 7.1 ESTROGEN
half is fixed. 1) From sec follicle→acts on uterus
endometrium and thickens it.
(proliferation)
5 1ST HALF SUMMARY 2) Acts on hypothalamus to dec FSH & LH.
1) FSH inc. 3) At mid cycle→ Inc FSH & LH.
2) Primary→secondary→graffian follicle. 4) At peak just before ovulation, causes
3) Estrogen inc. cervical glands to release thin mucus.
4) Endometrium→Proliferative stage.
5) First half is: ➔FSH dependent. ➔Follicular 7.2 FSH
stage of ovary. ➔Estrogenic stage 1) Pri follicle→Sec follicle→Graffian follicle
hormonally. ➔Proliferative stage of 2) After ovulation, causes fallopian tube
endometrium. processes sweeping action along with LH.
1) Ovum dies
2) Corpus luteum release progesterone for 7.5 HCG
10→12days. 1) To CNS→ causes Nausea
3) Prepare uterus 2) To blood→urine→Sign of pregnancy
4) No HCG→Corpus luteum degenerates 3) Supports corpus luteum and proliferates it.
5) Estrogen and Progesterone dec 4) Inc progesterone.
dramatically.
Page 15 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FERTILIZATION HASAN BAJWA
N68
Process of fusion of male and female gametes. 2.1.1 Mechanism of transport of ovum in Uterine
tube
Little peristaltic movements that transport ovum
1 DEFINITION through fallopian tube.
It is a coordinated sequence of molecular and
cellular processes which begins with contact of 2.2 TRANSPORT OF SPERM.
oocyte and sperm and ends with the intermingling ➔In one ejaculate, 200-500 million sperms.
of maternal and paternal chromosomes at (100million/ml according to Langman).
metaphase of first meiotic division of zygote.
➔Semen is usually 2-6ml. 10% of it are sperms
➔Zygote is a unicellular embryo. and 90% are fluids from glands.
➔Most common site of fertilization in humans in →Sperms are deposited in vagina. In semen, an
AMPULLA of Fallopian Tubes. enzyme is activated here that causes some part of
semen to coagulate and stick to cervix so it may
➔Infundibulum receives ovum. Fertilization
not drain out. This is released by seminal vesicles.
mostly in Ampulla. Fimbriae are processes.
Page 16 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FERTILIZATION HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 17 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FERTILIZATION HASAN BAJWA
N68
→Only capacitated sperms pass through corona ➔Enzymes are Acrosin/Trypsin like substances or
radiata. Hyaluronidases.
Following changes occur: ➔Zona pellucida has ZP3 protein. It binds sperm
to zona pellucida as well as induces acrosome
• Glycoproteins and seminal plasma proteins
reaction.
are washed off→Conditioning
• Cilia and enzymes of mucosa digest and ➔Ovum has integrins and sperm has disintegrins
clear this in uterine tube. on membrane. Membranes lockup due to
interaction of integrins and disintegrins. This
➔Hyaluronic acid b/w corona radiata cells keep
ensures sperms do not fall away.
cells together.
➔Capacitated sperms easily pass through corona
radiata.
Page 18 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FERTILIZATION HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 19 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
FERTILIZATION HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 20 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
ND
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 2 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔Around end of 3rd day→16 cell 1st half (Pre- Ovulation 2nd half (Post-
stage→resembles melburry→so called early Ovulation) (14th day) Ovulation)
morula stage. High FSH and FSH and LH Low FSH and
LH surge. LH
Uptill now ovum is in fallopian tube. Ovary: -- Ovary: Luteal
➔Around end of 3rd and start of 4th day→Morula Follicular stage
will fall into uterine cavity→Morula has outer and stage
inner cell mass→Central/inner cells come very
Page 21 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
ND
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 2 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
• Becomes polyhedral.
• Accumulate lot of
glycogen, lipids as
source of nutrition
and becomes
edematous.
• This change spreads
to all endometrium.
➔Powerful attachment of Blastocyst with
integrins and integrates into endometrium.
➔Fibronectins and leminins help it to migrate
within endometrium and attach to it respectively.
Page 22 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
ND
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 2 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
4.2 CYTO AND SYNCYTIO? 8TH DAY ➔Around 14th day→Cytotrophoblastic cells make
columns of cells moving into Syncytiotrophoblast.
4.2.1 Cytotrophoblast These are called Primary Villi.
Clearly defined cells.
Each having membrane.
4.3 EMBRYOBLAST
Each having one nucleus.
➔Cells of embryoblast facing cystic cavity make
4.2.2 Syncytiotrophoblast layer of cells. These cells make cuboidal cell layer
These are Mitotic figures. facing cavity. These are called HYPOBLAST.
New cells move outward from ➔Above, Cells make columnar cell layer called
cytotrophoblast→Loose membranes and EPIBLAST.
their protoplasm fuses (syncytium).
Nuclei present but cells not visible. ➔Some cells above it also. They develop fluid
Produces lot of digestive enzymes. filled cavities→Later fuse to form Amniotic cavity
Develops more on embryonic pole. and layer pushed up→Amnioblast. Columnar cells
facing newly developed cavity. Cuboidal cells
➔Around 9th day→Fluid filled cavities called facing Blastocystic cavity. Amniotic cavity is lined
Lacunae form on Syncytiotrophoblast. Lacunae get by Amnioblast and Epiblast.
connected around 10th and 11th day.
➔Hypoblast cells move down and enclose a cavity
➔While moving in, Syncytiotrophoblast may called Primary yolk sac. In b/w Primary yolk sac
digest dome of capillaries (sinusoids)→Blood may and amniotic cavity, we have Bilaminar germ disc
come into lacunae→Some lacunae connected to having Epiblast and Hypoblast.
venules so blood seeps in and out. This is
establishment of Uteroplacental ➔Downwards, Hypoblastic cells start secreting
th
circulation→Around 11 and 12 day.th Connective tissue between yolk sac and
cytotrophoblast. This connective tissue moves up
➔So, If around 13th day, area of digested as well between Amnioblast and Cytotrophoblast.
endometrium is not plugged, little blood may Since this C.T is outside embryo (Proper germ
drain. This is 27th day, Time of menstruation also. layer), this is called extraembryonic mesoderm.
It may result in wrong calculation of expected date
of delivery.
Page 23 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
ND
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 2 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 24 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
ND
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 2 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
Cytotrophoblast+Syncytiotrophoblast+Somatopl
euric layer=Chorionic Plate
➔Real baby comes out of 2 layers (Bilaminar disc).
➔Connected outside by Connecting Stalk which
develops into umbilical cord in future. Also
connected to chorionic cavity by same stalk.
➔Syncytiotrophoblast produces hCG.
➔Sec Yolk sac disappears lateron.
Page 25 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔From caudal to cephalic end, cells start ➔Once it is made, another generation of cells
proliferating along central axis and a longitudinal start migrating in the same way→Coming
streak (Line) appears. This is Primitive streak. Its down→spread to place in b/w epiblast and
anterior part is more wide→Primitive Node. Cells endoderm→this is Mesoderm. This is present
from center of Primitive streak and Primitive node everywhere b/w ecto and endoderm except 3
disappear. Line within primitive streak where cells places:
are deficient is called Primitive groove. Central
• Prechordal plate.
depression in primitive node is called Primitive pit.
• Posterior/caudal part of disc.
• Buccopharyngeal membrane.
Page 26 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
forward also, so, caudal end area around primitive ➔Notochordal tube is opening above into
streak is truly loosing cells and cephalic end area amniotic fluid. With passage of time, floor of tube
ahead of primitive streak truly gaining the fuses with endoderm and both disintegrate.
cells→Caudal end becomes narrow and Cephalic Temporarily, fluid of amniotic cavity gets
end becomes broad with the passage of time. connected with yolk sac. This is established
Initially almost round then longitudinal and then through Neuroenteric Canal.
like a sleeper.
Why this canal is called so?
➔From this circular pit cells will move in and
Because later on, area above→Nervous system
migrate down and forward because below is
develops from it. Area below→ GIT develops from
hypoblast. As they go down circularly, a tube like
it. Canal is from part of disc going to develop
arrangement is formed b/w epi and hypoblast.
nervous system to part of disc going to develop
➔These cells in tube arrangement move from GIT. Roof of tube in contact with Epiblast.
primitive node upto prechordal plate between
Transverse section (Figure ahead)
epiblast and endoderm. This tube is Notochordal
tube / canal. Derived from primitive pit. This tube After loosing floor, tube changes to plate
acts as central axis of body/ embryo. Vertebra will intercalated with endoderm (roof of yolk sac).
develop from it. Neuroenteric canal will disappear.
Longitudinal section as shown in 2nd row in above ➔Notochordal plate detaches endoderm and
figure. proliferates a lot and make solid mass of cells.
Page 27 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
2 IN THE END OF 3RD WEEK In the end of 3rd week and beginning of 4th week,
• A trilaminar disc formed. Gastrulation is Completed. When gastrulation is
• Has endoderm, mesoderm (except 3 completed, Primitive streak disappears.
places) and ectoderm.
Disc will roll up→Folds go laterally→Ends fuse.
Page 28 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 29 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔Alcohol→GIT→absorb→Dissolve
into blood→dissolve into biological barriers and
Female may be unaware of pregnancy or think
cross them to reach upto product of
that periods are delayed and not take precautions.
conception→Destroy cells of midline from
If she takes high doze of alcohol, it will damage
prechordal plate and anteriorly (to cephalic end)
trilaminar disc.
because these cells are very sensitive to high doses
By now, trilaminar disc is programmed about what of alcohol. They also destroy cells in notochordal
tissues will be made from three layers. tube area→ This area folds lateron and forms
front of head and neck. So, there can be:
➔2rd-8th week most dangerous time because
layers will start forming tissues and organ systems.
Upto 8th week, most of body tissues and organ
Page 30 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
• Eyes may be abnormal→Central/midline 1. Lower limbs ma not form properly and may
structures may underdevelop and eyes fuse. (Hypoplasia of lower limbs).
more near to each other→Hypotelorism. 2. Abnormal vertebral column (lumbar and
• Underdevelopment of forebrain specially Sacral region) →caudal intermediate
central area. In CNS there are ventricles mesoderm in this area also less so
(CSF produced). From lateral ventricle, structures from it also
fluid to central area (3rd vent.) and then a abnormal→Urogenital system (Many parts
duct and then into 4th vent. Central area of this system derived from intermediate
underdeveloped so, both laeral ventricles mesoderm.
more near→Fuse. 3. Renal agenesis
4. Genital abnormalities
WHOLE THIS COMPLICATION IS CALLED
5. Imperforate anus. The is no perforation of
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY.
anus.
Page 31 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔Endoderm is on visceral side. Here, viscera of Abnormal dilation of bronchial passages and full of
thorax and abdomen will form. infection→Bronchiactitis.
Cephalically→Heart, Respiratory system. ➔Sperms→ non motile→Male infertility.
Caudally → GIT along liver/Pancreas/Other Situs Inversus with all additional problems is called
structures in abdomen. Kartagener’s Syndrome.
➔Rarely, heart lies on left side called
dextrocardia. Normally heart on left along with
spleen and stomach. Liver on right side.
➔A patient may have all organs on opposite sides
in abdomen called Situs Inversus → Site of viscera
are transpositioned in thorax and abdomen.
Patient may have no problem.
Page 32 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
RD
DEVELOPMENT UPTO 3 WEEK HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 33 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
1 INTRODUCTION
➔Mid-cycle→ LH surge→ Ovulation→ ampulla→
Fertilization→ definitive/Fertilized ovum (cell
memb, zona pellucida and corona radiata)→
Meiosis-2 completed→ Zygote→ Blastula→
Morula→ Blastocyst→ Embryoblast and
Trophoblast→ villi at embryonic pole→Cyto and
cyncytiotrophoblast. • From center to cephalic & caudal→ some
➔Almost at 1 week→ villi→ destructive cells separate from tube→ neural crest
enzymes→ dissolve endometrium→ start cells
implantation→ uterus secretory/ luteal stage→ • Anterior & posterior neuropores close at
implants in superior and posterior wall mostly. 25th and 27th day respectively.
10→12 days life of corpus luteum→ hCG by • Notochord:
cytotrophoblast→ corpus luteum of pregnancy 1. Produces substances that develop
(also called Corpus luteum gravidarium)→ keeps neural tube.
endometrium secretory. 2. Major role in development of CNS.
3. Ramanant as Nucleus pulposus in
➔At 2nd week: intervertebral disc.
• hCG detectable in urine after 10 days.
• Bilaminar disc formation.
• Amniotic cavity and yolk sac.
• Epiblast and hypoblast tightly held at
prechordal plate. A site of future mouth
of baby.
➔3rd week
Page 34 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 35 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 36 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 37 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
4 RHOMBENCEPHALON
Going up→ spinal cord converts
into pons and medulla.
Arrangement throughout brainstem:
3.2 WHITE MATTER Motor grey matter→ center
➔From anterolateral sides→ Fibers come out
Sensory grey matter→ sides
from tails of cells→ motor fibers→ eventually in
motor nerves. ➔top of brain→ motor fibers coming down→
crossing the medulla→ major sensory fibers will
➔Neural crest cells proliferate→ dorsal root
cross at different levels in brainstem speccialyy
ganglion→ some connection to periphery and
medulla→ so motor and sensory horns
some to sensory side. Neurons in DRG initially
fragmented. These fragments→ nuclei (may be
bipolar→ fuse→ unipolar→ one central process to
motor or sensory).
center and one peripheral process to periphery.
➔Hypoglossal nucleus→ motor nucleus→ basal
➔some neural crest cells form cranial nerve
plate. Trigeminal sensory nucleus→ ALAR plate.
ganglia and peripheral spinal nerve ganglia.
➔Posterolateral side fibers:
Page 38 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 39 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOP. HASAN BAJWA
N68
• Skin/epidermis
• Hair
• Eyes
• Nose
• Ears
• Nails
• Teeth enamel
• Mammary glands
➔3 inside structures:
• CNS
• PNS
• Pituitary gland
5.2.2 Endoderm
➔in the NECK:
Page 40 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
2 ARTERIAL SYSTEM
1. Pharyngeal arches
2. Rest of body
Page 41 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
(Right & Left). Each has its own nerve and arterial this arterial system descends down, it pulls this
supply. nerve down. Larynx is up and nerve going down
which was originally straight. But still connected to
➔Heart developing in neck ventrally→ this is
larynx but course is reverse→ Recurrent laryngeal
Truncus Arteriosus. Distal part of truncus is called
nerve.
Aortic sac.
➔Dorsally→ 2 dorsal aortae. Aortic sac→ vessels
sprout to pharyngeal arches and fuse with dorsal
aorta of respective side. 5th pharyngeal arch→
vessel does not develop or regresses very rapidly.
➔Every arch having its own artery (Paired).
Ventrally→ Aortic sac. Dorsally→ Dorsal aorta.
These vessels as paired structures connecting
aortic sac with dorsal aorta are called Pharyngeal
or Aortic arches.
➢ First pharyngeal/ aortic arch ramanant→ ➔from 6th arch→ ductus arteriosus. So, after
Maxillary artery. birth→ ligamentum arteriosum. (left side). On
➢ 2nd→ stapedial artery (Stapes bone relation). right side→ 6th degenerates so nerve hooks
➢ 3rd→ carotid system (Common, internal and around 4th. From 4th→ right subclavian artery. So
external). recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around right
➢ 4th→ ➔Aorta of one side except its proximal subclavian artery on right side and ligamentum
part and proximal part of pulmonary artery arteriosum on left side.
(these are from truncus arteriosus).
➔Subclavian artery. ➔At T4 Dorsal aortae fuse and form dorsal aorta.
➢ 6th→ vessels related to lungs. (Pulmonary ➔Initially, dorsal aortae around respiratory and
artery) digestive system.
First make sexy steps then call for aortic arch and ➔Sometimes anomaly. Right side dorsal aorta
sleep with lungs does not regress and two aortic arches form.
➔Right side→ distal part of 6th arch degenerates. These enclose esophagus and trachea causing
Left side→ continue as left pulmonary artery and dysphagia and dyspnea.
ductus arteriosus.
➔Vagus nerve gives branch that is below and
behind 6th arch. Going to developing larynx. When
Page 42 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 43 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 45 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
➔Two vitelline veins coming from yolk sac→ go 3.2 UMBILICAL VEINS
near duodenum/ developing git and around ➔initially, 2 umbilical veins→ bringing blood to
duodenum→ Make a plexus. sinus venosus.
➔On the way to sinus venosus→ pass through ➔As liver enlarges→ right and left umbilical veins
septum transversum. (here liver bud comes and also have to connect to liver.
develops). Liver bud becomes so large that
vitelline vein has to pass through liver. Also break into sinusoids. So, microcirculation of
liver is derived from 2
➔While passing through liver→ break down into
smaller vessels→ sinusoids (wide bore capillaries). • Mainly, vitelline veins
Recollect and go out as hepatocardiac channels (R • Partly, umbilical veins
& L)→ carry from liver to heart. Recollect and mix with sinusoids of vitelline veins.
➔Modification starts→ left side→ degenerates or By 2nd month of pregnancy→ all right umbilical
fuses with right vitelline. So, left vitelline largens→ vein, except a little part of sinusoids, degenerates.
hepatic portal vein. ➔Left umbilical vein→ distal part going to sinus
Why Portal? venosus also degenerates. Its proximal part
making sinusoids is left. This part connects
3 derivatives of vitelline arteries come to GIT. placenta (oxygenated Blood) to liver.
Recollect into portal system. This again breaks up
into microcirculation. So, it is connecting two Proximal end→ sinus venosus end.
microcirculations→ portal. Distal end→ placenta end.
➔Inferior mesenteric vein→ splenic vein. WHY UMBILICAL VEINS GO TO LIVER?
Splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein→ hepatic Because their function is to provide nutrients to
portal vein→ breaks into 2 sinusoids derived from baby just like portal vein of git.
right and left vitelline veins.
➔Blood from mother in umbilical vein already
Actually, left sided Sinus Venosus regresses. Left processed. So, it does not need much processing.
hepatocardiac channel→ degenerate & its plexus
connects to right hepatocardiac channel. So RHCC Ductus venosus→ special channel connecting
enlarges. umbilical vein with Inferior vena cava.
Page 46 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 47 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 49 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 50 of 57
EMBRYOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEV HASAN BAJWA
N68
Page 51 of 57