COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL

SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

Course Title: Volleyball SpSc 2111

By
Mandefro. A

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Chapter one
1. The History of Volleyball
The origin of volleyball was uncertain. Similar games were played hundreds of years ago in
Central and South America and possibly South-east Asia.
William G. Morgan 1870, who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as
the inventor of the game of Volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the
YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had
invented basketball.
After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during
the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became
Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop and
direct a vast programme of exercises and sport classes for male adults. His leadership was
enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realize that he needed a
certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, a sport

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that was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less
violent and less intense alternative for the older members. The sport of volleyball was invented
by William G.Morgan at Holyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.A. in 1895, as a recreational activity for
business men gave the name "Mintonette". At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to
Volleyball which could guide him; he developed it from his own sports training methods and his
practical experience in the YMCA gymnasium.
Describing his first experiments he said, "In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to
me, but this required rackets, balls, net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of
a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet(1.98 metre) from the ground,
just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried were a
basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball itself,
which was too big and too heavy. In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding& Bros. to
make a ball, which they did at their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The result was
satisfactory the ball was leather-covered, with a rubber inner tube its circumference was not less
than 63.5 cm and not more than 68.6 cm and its weight not less than 252 g and not more than
336g.
The first rules, written by Morgan himself, called for a net high (1.98 meter)and a court 8.25
meter by 16.5 meter. Any number of players could participate in the game, and a match was
composed of nine innings, with three serves for each team each inning. A year later, after seeing
a demonstration given at the YMCA in nearby Springfield, Massachusetts, a businessman named
Dr. Halstead suggested the name be changed 1896 to "Volleyball" because the basic idea of the
game was to volley the ball back and forth over the net.The Y.M.C.A. was instrumental in
spreading this new sport throughout the United States.

1.1. Characteristics of volleyball game

Volleyball is a team sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. The object of
the game is for each team to send the ball regularly over the net to ground it on the opponents’
court and to prevent the ball from being grounded on its own court.
The ball is put into play by the right back-row player who serves the ball over the net to the
opponents’ court. A team is entitled to hit the ball three times (in addition to the block contact) in
returning it to the opponents’ court. A player is not allowed to hit the ball twice consecutively
(except when blocking). The rally continues until the ball touches the ground or goes ‘out’, or a
team fails to return it properly.
In 1999 the rules were changed, in that a point is scored by the team winning the rally, regardless
of whether they served or not. When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains the right to serve
(also scoring a point) and its players rotate one position clockwise. Traditionally, volleyball is
played with six players in each team.
The unique characteristics of volleyball determine the benefits it offers all levels, from the school
P.E. curriculum to the Olympics. Firstly, volleyball is a rebound sport. In many sports, players
can control the ball by retaining possession and moving with it.

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In volleyball, however, it is forbidden to catch or hold the ball; every contact must be a rebound
action. Because of this rule, it is essential for the player to be in the right place at the right time if
the ball is to be played in a controlled manner. Therefore, good anticipation and movement skills
should be taught to participants.
The rules of volleyball involve a series of rotations.
Players must be able to play at the net in attack and in the back court in defense. Each of these
different roles makes different demands on the players, all of which should be addressed when
teaching the game. At the net, the player needs to be able to jump to smash and block the ball.
Hence, the training and development of power in the legs, core and upper body is important. In
defense, agility, coordination and speed are needed in order to cover the court and to dive and
roll to recover the ball.
Volleyball makes anaerobic demands on the body, when smashing or blocking for instance, and
due to the length of matches (maybe up to two hours), there is also a need for a good underlying
aerobic base.
It can therefore be appreciated that training for and playing volleyball helps the development of
very many different physical components; as such, it is an ideal sport for young people. While
volleyball can be described as a divided territory sport, the court nevertheless provides a
congested playing area, and the flow of the game needs to be considered carefully. In volleyball,
young players learn that cooperation and teamwork are vital to success.
Volleyball is a fast, exciting sport which can be played indoors and outside; it requires relatively
little expensive equipment. It can provide vigorous exercise for both male and female players of
all ages and abilities, and has a strong cooperative team component. It can be adapted to cater for
a large class in a relatively small space.

1.2. Present and future development of volleyball

Volleyball spread quickly throughout the world, and in 1900 Canada became the first country
outside the United States to adopt it. In the same year, volleyball was introduced to India, and in
the following ten years it spread to countries in the Caribbean, South America and Asia (China,
Japan and the Philippines). Europe was exposed to volleyball by the U.S. Army during the First
World War and it quickly became established in countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Egypt, Italy and France.
 Formation of F.I.V.B.
In 1928, the first steps were taken to establish an international organization for volleyball, but it
was not until after the Second World War in 1947 that the International Volleyball Federation
(F.I.V.B.) was established in Paris with fourteen founder countries (Belgium, Brazil,
Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Uruguay,
the U.S.A. and Yugoslavia).
One of its first tasks was to unify and standardize the rules of the game, and in 1948 the first
European Championships for men was held in Rome.
The following year, the first World Championships for men and the first European
Championships for women were held in Prague, with the Soviet Union winning both titles.
1.3. Volleyball as an Olympic Sport
In the 1950s and 1960s volleyball spread quickly throughout all five continents. In 1964,
volleyball was the first team sport for men and women to be admitted to the Olympic Games,
where the Soviet Union won the men’s title and Japan took the women’s title.

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At the time of the F.I.V.B. Congress in Tokyo in 1964, over ninety countries were affiliated to the
international body. Volleyball has been played at every Olympic Games since 1964 and twelve
men’s and women’s teams will qualify for the right to compete in Sydney, Australia for the title
of Olympic Volleyball Champions 2000.
In 1996 Beach Volleyball was played in the Olympics for the first time and Amanda Glover and
Audrey Cooper, representing Great Britain, finished 9th.
1.4. Volleyball in the World Today
In 1999, there are two hundred and seventeen countries affiliated to the F.I.V.B. with an
estimated eight hundred million active players throughout the world. This makes volleyball one
of the largest sports in the world, alongside soccer and basket ball. In addition to the Olympic
Games, the major volleyball championships are:
1. World Champion ships for men and women at senior, junior and youth levels. These are
played every four years – 1998, 2002, 2006 etc.
2. The World League for men is an annual event for the best twelve countries in the world
and was first held in 1990 with four million U.S. dollars in prize money.
3. World Beach Volleyball Series for men and women culminates each year with the world
finals held on Copacobana beach in Brazil. In beach volleyball, there are only two players
in each team and some rules are slightly modified from the indoor game.
4. European Champion ships are held every two years (1997, 1999, 2001etc.) and there are
forty countries who take part in the championships. In 1997 Italy won the men’s title
from Holland, and Yugoslavia was third. The women’s title was won by the Netherlands,
who beat the Croatian team with the Russians in third position.

Chapter two
2. Rules and Regulations of the volleyball game
2.1. The court
Volleyball is played in a rectangular court, divided into two equal halves across the
length by a net tightly stretched between two poles, fixed at either sides of the court.
A standard international volleyball court is an indoor, rectangular in shape whose sides
are 18 meters and the ends are 9 meters. The surface of the court is neither slippery nor rough, to
avoid injuries. International courts have wooden or synthetic flooring. The court is divided
into two similar squares of 9 X 9 meters by a center line, one for each team.
The court is further divided into the following zones:
Free zone – The playing surface is surrounded by a free zone up to 3 meters on all
sides. The free zone in international courts is 5 m from the longer sides and 8 meter
from the shorter sides.

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Front zone – The front zone in each half extends from the center line to the attack line. It is
drawn 3 meters away from the center line on both sides of the court.
Back zone- extends from Attack lineback 6 meter.
Back zone is between the attack line and the end line or betweenFront zoneandService zone.
Service zone – This zone is used for servicing the ball to the opponent court behind the end lines
and has a width of 9 meters. The player has to be in the service zone while jumping or serving.
Substitution zone – The substitution zone lies between the scorer’s table and the attack
line.
Libero replacement zone – The Libero replacement zone is a part of the free zone
beside team benches and between the extended attack line and the end line. Volleyball is a
simple game which doesn’t require any equipment other than a ball, a net and a flat court. Even
two players can play and have fun with volleyball.
Attack lineis a line 3 meters from and parallel to the net in each team court which is considered
the "attack line." This "3 meter" line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas.
These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1,"
which is the position of the serving player:
After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise
direction, with the player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player
from area "1" moving to area "6".

Court Design
2.2. Net
Net is one meter long and 9.5 to 10 meter
wide. It is tied vertically above the center line
of the court to posts fixed at either sides of
the court, at a distance of one meter from
the sidelines. The center of the net should

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lie 2.43 meter above the ground for men and 2.24 meter for women. At the sides the net
may be higher by a maximum of 2 cm, however it should be tied at the same height at both the
posts.
The court width is marked on the net with a tape and a flexible antennae of one meter extends
from the tape marker on both sides of the net. These markings help the referee determine
when the ball goes outside the court.

Net antennas are attached to the net in line with the outside edge of the sideline. Antennas extend upward
at least 1.8m and half feet but no more than 80cm above the net.

2.3. Ball
Volley ball a spherical ball of 65-67cm circumference. It is made of leather or any synthetic
material and weighs 260-280 g.
Volleyballs are available in various colors, however for international tournaments, FIVB
approved balls should only be used.Playing the ball:-

– Each team is entitled to a maximum of 3 strikes on the ball.

– A ball contacting a block does not count as one of the three.
--One player cannot hit the ball twice in succession except a block
– The ball may not come to rest (held ball; fault)
– Ball may be hit by any body part.
– Cannot touch the ball if it is not on your side of the net.
– Backline players cannot touch the ball above the level of the net when they are in the attack
zone.
-Rally scoring – A point is awarded to whichever team wins the rally.

Other Equipment
Players of a team are uniformly dressed in jerseys, shorts, socks and sport shoes. Jerseys
of each team has a different color.
2.4. Game play
Each team consists of six players. To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A
player from the serving team (the server) throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball
so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve).
The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to
return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the bump
or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of
the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that
the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker

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can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and
hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the
ball over the net.
The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on
offense. The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their
court players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net
in order to block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the
defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a
fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.
The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court
within the boundaries or until an error is made.
Errors and faults
 The ball lands out of the court, in the same court as the team that touched it last, under
the net to the opposing team's court, or the ball touches the net "antennas." The ball also
may not pass over or outside the antennas even if it lands in the opponents' court.
 The ball is touched more than three times before being returned to the other team's court.
 The same player touches the ball twice in succession3.
 A player "lifts" or "carries" the ball (the ball remains in contact with the player's body for
too long).
 A player touches the net with any part of his or her body or clothing while making a play
on the ball (with the exception of the hair).
 The players of one team do not manage to touch the ball before the ball lands in their half
of the court.
 A back-row player spikes the ball while it is completely above the top of the net, unless
he or she jumped from behind the attack line (the player is, however, allowed to land in
front of the attack line).
 A back-row player participates in a completed block of the opposing team's attack
(completed means at least one blocker touched the ball).
 The libero, a defensive player who can only play in the back row, attempts a block or
makes an "attacking hit," defined as any shot struck while the ball is entirely above the
top of the net.
 A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is
coming from an overhand finger pass (set) by a libero in the front zone.
 A player is not in the correct position at the moment of serve, or serves out of turn.
 When hitting, a player makes contact with the ball in the space above the opponent's
court (in blocking an attack hit, this is allowed).
 A player touches the opponent's court with any part of his or her body except the feet or
hands.
 When serving, a player steps on the court or the end line before making contact with the
ball.
 A player takes more than 8 seconds to serve.
 At the moment of serve, one or more players jump, raise their arms or stand together at
the net in an attempt to block the sight of the ball from the opponent (screening).
2.5. Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that
did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not. The team that won

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the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the
same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the
players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues,
with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are
best-of-five sets and the fifth set (if necessary) is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs
between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 30; in
thegames are played best-of-five to 30.)
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring) and all
sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being
compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as rally point system),
primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more
spectator- and television-friendly.
2.6. The Libero
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally, the term meaning free in Italian; the
NCAA introduced the libero in 2002. The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the
libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack
the ball when it is entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace
any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count
against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced

only by the player whom they replaced. The libero may function as a setter only under certain
restrictions. If she/he makes an overhand set, she/he must be standing behind (and not stepping
on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter
line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.
The libero is the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a libero tracking sheet,
where the referees or officiating team must keep track of who the libero subs in and out for.
There may only be one libero per set (game), although there may be a different libero in the
beginning of any new set (game).
2.7. Recent rule changes
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include the introduction of the let serve which allows play to
continue even if a served ball touches the net as long as it continues into the opponents' court.
Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line
but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up
calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single
player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact. From 2006 there are plans for trying new rule
changes, such as having a second serve option when failing the first (as in tennis) or a second
alternative libero in the team.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. Basic techniques of volleyball game
Volleyball requires excellent fitness and excellent technique. A team that is weak defensively
will never win. A team that is poor at passing would not be able to set its hitters. Serving,
passing, setting, hitting, digging, blocking and emergency techniques (rolling and diving) are all
skills that players must learn and continually improve. Tough serving puts pressure on the
opponent immediately. Good blocking challenges the hitter and makes back court defense easy.
The best teams and players have good basic skills.
Competitive teams master six basic skills: passing, setting, attacking, blocking, dig and serve.
Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over
the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.

3.1. passing
Passing also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's
serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching
the court, but also making it reaches the position where the setter is standing quickly and
precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentallydepend on the height of the ball two specific
techniques: underarm pass, or bump/forearm, and Overhand pass,
3.1.1. Underhand Passing

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Underhand passing is sometimes called “bumping” and forearm passing. This technique involves
manipulating the ball with the use of the player’s forearms. If the ball is coming below the waist
from opponent team or your teammate use forearm pass techniques.

Forearm pass involves hitting the ball in a controlled manner the ball's trajectory is aimed
towards to your teammate/setter.

This skill is primarily used to receive a serve. It is called digging when receiving a hard driven
ball.
Forearm pass technique
This technique involves manipulating the ball with the use of the player’s forearms. This skill is
primarily used to receive a serve. The athlete should stand ready position assume:-

- Face the direction the ball,

- Feet shoulder width apart and slightly staggered
- Knees bent and upper body slightly leaning forward,
- Hands held loosely in front of the body.
From the ready position the passer must step to where the ball may be intercepted before hitting
the court.
The movement to the ball can be made with shuttle moves or running, depending on the speed of
the ball. The passer should move with the arms apart, not already formed for underhand passing.
Keeping the hands locked together while moving will hinder the passer from getting to the ball
quickly.

This minimizes how much the arms will be swung. There are a variety of ways to put the
forearms together. All of these variations on technique require the shoulders to be rolled forward
to maximize the effort of putting the elbows, forearms and wrists together as a single unit. With
straight arms, the hands are linked by either putting one fist in the other hand, or putting the back
of one hand’s fingers in the fingers of the second hand and hooking the thumb of the hand below
with the middle finger of the hand on top.
A good underhand passing depend on :-
1.The arms in position, the passer should contact the ball on the forearms, above the wrist
bones and below the elbows. The velocity of the ball will dictate how much the passer must use
his or her legs. Should the ball come slowly to the passer, then the legs are used to give the ball
momentum.
2. The angle of the arms is changed according to where the passer wants to pass the ball. The
arms create a platform parallel to the bent legs. Ideally, the shoulders and hips face the target.
3. The legs extend towards the target as well.
4. The contact of the ball on the arms should be above the wrist bones and on the lower half of
the forearms. The passer should watch the ball contact the platform simultaneously, keeping the
head steady to insure balance and maintain the desired degrees of deflection.

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5. Follow through towards the target.

3.1.2. Overhand pass

Overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. If the ball is
coming above the waist from opponent team or a teammate use Overhand pass techniques. Overhand
passing is used in serve receive for the first contact to pass the ball to the setter.

While the technique for overhand passing is similar to setting, the pass is allowed to be sloppier
than a set. Overhand passing is used in serve receive for the first contact to the ball's trajectory is aimed
towards pass the ball to the setter.

IMPORTANT KEYS FOR OVERHAND PASSING INCLUDE:

• Passers should anticipate early with their feet.
•Hands should be up and ready as early as possible.
• Passer should try to get his/her hips and shoulders behind the ball.
• Follow-through should be towards the target.

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 3.2. Setting
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. Second of the set by the setter
so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot an attacker can hit it. The main goal of setting is to
put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.

The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately
decides which player will actually attack the ball.
Types of setting an overhand and a forearm set. Since the former allows for more control over
the speed and direction of the ball, the forearm is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be
properly handled with finger tips.
Styles of setting arefront setthe ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing,back set, the
ball is passed in the direction the setter is facingbehind andjump set that is used when the ball is
too close to the net. In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to
avoid going into the net. The setter usually stands about two thirds of the way from the left to the
right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can see).
Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to
play it directly onto the opponent's court. This movement is called a "dump".The most common

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dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4. More
experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.

Two Set - Set two to four feet above the net and is also quick. Again, this ball is usually for the
middle hitter.
Three Set - Also set low and fast (about 4 - 6 feet above the net and delivered midway between
the setter and the sideline). This ball is for either the middle or outside hitter.
Four Set - A low set (1 - 2 feet above the net) for the outside hitter that is delivered near the
sideline and over the net. Sometimes called a “Shoot Set.”
Five Set - A high Backset near the sideline.
Six Set - (fist hand signal) A high outside set to either sideline.
Finally, there is a time when the setter gets to try and score. This is called a “setter dump”, and is
executed when the setter comes to the net but instead of setting, pushes the ball over the net in a
“tip” play.
TECHNIQUE
From the ready position the setter anticipates and moves to where the pass is going. The setter
should get to that place before the ball does, as he does not want to be running as he sets. Once
the ball has arrived, the player should be stationary with his body weight balanced so that he can
use his legs and arms to direct the set.
The setter should be positioned as follows:
Feet– The setter’s feet should be spread apart almost as far as his or her shoulders, parallel to
each other and pointed directly towards the target of the set. The setter’s right foot should be
slightly ahead of the left foot.
Legs– A setter gets his/her power from his/her legs so he/she should have them slightly bent so
he/she can push off.

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Hands and Arms– A setter needs to contact the ball above her forehead. She brings his hands
above the forehead with both hands open wide. The setter’s fingers should be spread and flexed,
but not stiff.

3.3. ATTACKING
Spiking is also called hitting or attacking. It is one of the most exciting and challenging parts of
the game of volleyball.
It requires the hitter timing his/her jump and arm swing with the ball flying through the air. Jump
serving is just spiking from the end line but the server tosses the set. The attack or spike is
usually the third contact a team makes with the ball.
The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be
defended.
A player makes a series of steps. These steps are approach run, takeoff/jumps, flight of in air
swings at the ball, contact with the ball and landing.
RULES
The three frontcourt players may attack the ball from anywhere on the court. The back row
players must jump from behind the 3-meter line. Spikers are not allowed to touch the net during
the play and must be careful under the net.
The hitter must cleanly hit the ball. It is not allowed to come to rest in the hitter’s hand, nor may
the hitter hit it with two hands unevenly. The hitter may only attack a ball on his/her side of the
net. Either team can play a ball directly above the net.
It is not allowed to the hitter hit it with two hands unevenly.
Techniques of Attacking
 Standing away from the net,
 Thehitter should be standing upright with the weight on the toes ready to move
forward.
 Once the setter has released the ball and the hitter sees that the set is planned for him,
 Thenthe hitter must decide when to begin the approach to the ball.
 When the ball is going to be hit, the spiker should plant his feet behind the ball.
There are two types of volleyball attacking techniques. These are standing Attack and jump
Attack.
Volleyball approach
The goal of the volleyball approach is to get in the best position to attack the ball.
Last 2 Steps approach
Spike, concentrate on just these last two steps and work on timing the hit.
For a right handed hitter, the last 2 steps are right foot then left foot.
For a left handed hitter, the last 2 steps are left foot then right foot.
Last 3 step approach
 For a right handed hitter, the 3 step approach is left foot, right foot, and then left foot.
 . For a left handed hitter, the 3 step approach is right foot, left foot, then right foot.

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A number of Variation volleyball attacking techniques:
 Backcourt (or back row) attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The player
must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may
land in front of the 3-meter line.
 Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory
parallel to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with
a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut
shot.
 Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so that it
touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court.
 Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and
jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only
slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving
the setter's hands.

KEY WORDS FOR THE SPIKER

Feet to the Ball (The hitter should get his/her feet to where the ball is falling, not jump to that
place.)
Lower the Hips (As the next to last step is planted, the hitter should bend that leg’s knee to lower
the hips to jump.)
Swing the Arms (The arms should create a pendulum action beginning from the back swing to
them flying up above the hitter’s head.)
Elbow High (The hitter should have the hitting arm’s elbow up above the ear and back behind
the shoulder.)
Hand Back (The hitting hand should be behind the head and then swing forward to the ball. The
elbow leads the hand to the ball.)
Snap (The wrist must snap on the ball to make the ball have forward spin.)
Wait!!!(The hitter must wait to see the set before beginning his/her approach.)

An attack in progress
3.4. BLOCK
Blocking can be one of the most frustrating skills in volleyball.

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 • It is defined as the attempt by a player or players to stop the ball before or as it crosses
the net.
• A blocker’s job is to protect an area of the court.
• A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the
opponent's court, is called offensive.
• A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with
one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area.
• The jump should be timed.
• Palms are held deflected downward about 45-60 degrees toward the interior of the
opponent's court.
• Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, are single,
double, and triple block.

A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the
opponent's court, is called offensive.
Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, are single, double,
and triple block.
Blocking is an advanced skill that requires physical height, jumping ability and good
judgment to time the jump against the attacker.

TECHNIQUE
Starting Position
 Stand with your hips and shoulders square to the net.
 Your feet should be slightly wider than shoulder-width apart.
 Bend your knees slightly so you can move quickly in either direction.
 Hold your arms up, elbows out, palms facing the net at about eye level.
 The blocker should step in front of the spiker and jump straight up, shooting his/her
hands over the net.

Footwork
To accomplish blocking, there are two footwork patterns to choose
1. Side step
2. Crossover step.
Side Step:-If the hitter is within 3-5 feet of you, use a side step to put yourself in position
directly in front of hitting shoulder.
Take one step with the foot closest to the hitter and then bring your other foot over so they are
once again about shoulder-width apart. As you move, keep your hips and shoulders square to the
net.
It may take you more than one side step to get yourself in front of the hitter.
Crossover Step:-To cover more ground, use a crossover step.
Take one big side step with the leg closest to the hitter.
Your hips will momentarily be angled toward the hitter. Plant your feet in front of the hitter and
jump straight up

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One man blocker team
Advantages
1. This is the simplest defense and therefore the easiest to teach.
2. The blocker does not have to coordinate his timing with another player.
3. The one-blocker system is effective against any team that tips and hits off-speed.
4. It is also easier to transition to offense.
Disadvantages
1. There will be more area to cover on the court because a single blocker does not protect a
large zone on the net.
Two man blockers
Advantages
1. This system is strong against a good passing and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to quick plays.
3. Front row player can get the tips as well as any backcourt player who reads the play.
Three man blockers

1. This system is used to the team have very strong players and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to very quick plays
Disadvantage
When the opponent team very strong and have a strong hitter three players cannot more area
cover on the courts.
Three man blockers
Advantages
1. This system is used to the team have very strong players and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to very quick plays
Disadvantage
When the opponent team very strong and have a strong hitter three players can not more
area cover on the courts.

Three players performing a block

3.5. DIG
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike, particularly a
ball that is nearly touching the ground.
It's a common form of defense and sets up a lot of the offense.
When preparing to dig, keep your feet wide enough apart so you are able to react and move
quickly in any direction.
Preparing to dig
1. Feet are wide with the knees bent and out over your toes
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 2. Shoulders are forward and relaxed
3. Arms are bent and the waist to a leaning forward position.

KEYWORDS
Read (Watch what the attack is doing with the approach, etc.)
Stop Lateral Motion (Stop moving sideways and change to forward momentum.)
Weight Forward (Keep the body weight leaning forward, on the balls of the feet.)
Two Hands (Try to play the ball with two arms, not just one arm or hand.)
Up, not Over (Dig the ball up on your side of the court, not over to the opponent’s. This may
mean adjusting the angle of the arms.)

3.5.1. Overhand Digging

Overhand digging is used for any hard driven ball shoulder height or higher. Indoors an overhand
dig can be with one or two hands. If two hands are used, they must be connected in some fashion
otherwise; the referee may call the digger for a “double contact.”

3.5.2.Underhand digging
Underhand digging described above, the athlete should be in ready position with the hand in the
peripheral vision. The arms and hands drop low or rise high depending on the height the ball is
traveling. Ideally, the ball is played in the middle of the body. For the overhand dig, it may be
chest height or higher.

Woman going for a dig

3.6. Serving
Serving begins play in volleyball and is the only time a player may actually hold the ball. It is the
one skill that is completely within the control of the individual player.
Serving begins play in volleyball and is the only time a player may actually hold the ball. There
are two main types of serves in volleyball: The underhand serve and the overhand serve
All types of serves can be broken down into three main components:-
1. Serving posture: The athlete’s body position correct weight distribution and ideal arm and
foot placement before the actual serve.
2. The toss: Throwing of the ball into the air before contact is made.
3. Contact point: The position of the hand upon the moment of contact.

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Successful serves can force opponents into a difficult attack position, reducing attack options and
enabling the serving team to react more effectively in setting up the defense. A “let” serve is
legal as long as it hits only the net, not the antenna, and travels between the antennae.
A server must use his or her body weight to give momentum to the ball. The transfer of body
weight from one foot to the other adds power to the serve.
We will cover the underhand serve, overhand serve and jump serve, which are the three most
used in volleyball.
RULES
The server must contact the ball before stepping on or into the court. The server may serve from
any place behind the end line. Once the referee has signaled for the server to serve, the server has
eight seconds to serve the ball. The server must hit his or her toss. Here the rules vary for high
school and club. The server also has the option of catching the toss and re tossing it, as long as he
or she does so in the eight seconds.
THE SERVICE
The serve is used to start every rally. It is the only skill in volleyball over which the player has
complete control (closed skill). Initially it is necessary to develop a serve which is consistently
safe, i.e. over thenet and into court, so that the team has an opportunity to score points. As the
standard of play improves, it is necessary to try to create some pressure on the opponents by
powerful or tactical serving.

Types of Serve
There are many different serves:
• Underarm
• Overarm float
• Overarm topspin
• Roundhouse
• Jump
Underhand and Overhand Serve: refers to whether the player strikes the ball from below, at waist
level, or first tosses the ball in the air and then hits it above shoulder level. Underhand serve is
considered very easy to receive and is rarely employed in high-level competitions.
Sky Ball Serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, where
the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was invented and

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employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered
outdated.
Line and Cross-Court Serve: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the
side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle.
Top Spin: an overhand serve where the ball gains topspin through wrist snapping.
Floater: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes
unpredictable. This type of serve can be administered while jumping or standing. This is akin to
a knuckleball in baseball.
Jump Serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player
makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball. There is usually much topspin
imparted on the ball. This is the most popular serve amongst college and professional teams.
Jump Float: This is a serve like the jump serve and the floater. The ball is tossed lower than a
topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air.
Round-House Serve: the player stands with one shoulder facing the net, tosses the ball high and
hits it with a fast circular movement of the arm. The ball is hit with the palm of the hand,
creating a lot of topspin.
Hybrid Serve: An overhand serve delivered similarly to a top spin serve; however, it has more
pace than a floater, but has a similar unpredictable path.

3.6.1. Underhand Serve

The underhand serve is the simplest and easiest to learn, so it is good for young players and for
those just beginning their involvement in volleyball. It is also a good starting point for teaching
other serves because it teaches the concept of comfortable contact and familiarizes the player
with how much force is required to get the ball over the net.
TECHNIQUE
-The underhand serve begins by standing with the server’s hips perpendicular to the end line.
- The server’s weight should be on the back foot.
-The ball is held in the non serving hand.
-The server draws the serving hand back behind his or her body with a straight arm.
-The ball is held in front and to the serving arm’s side.
-As the server steps forward, the serving arm begins to swing forward.
-Just as the ball is about to be contacted, the hand holding the ball gives a low toss
-The ball is then contacted with the palm side of the serving hand.
- Make sure the elbow is straight.
-The bodyweight, arm and hand should all finish in the direction of the target.

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 3.6.2. Overhand Serve
Overhand serving is much more commonly used after the beginner stage of volleyball. It can be
used to create a “floater” or topspin serve. The floater is designed to allow conditions in the gym,
as humidity and temperature to change the path the serve travels. A serve with topspin travels
much more directly to a spot on the opposition’s side of the court.

TECHNIQUE
-The server should start by facing the area of the court he or she is aiming at.
-The ball is held in the non-serving hand, in front of the body.
- The serving arm should have the elbow raised above and behind the shoulder, and the hand up
and behind the head.
-The bodyweight should be on the same side as the serving hand.
-The server then tosses the ball in front of his or her serving shoulder about 1/2 meter high in
front of his or her shoulder, at a height of 1 meter.
-The server steps with the foot opposite of the serving hand and then contacts the ball with a firm
hand.
- All parts of the server’s body should move towards the target.
- The follow-through and finish should be directly at the target.
Floater– The contact with the ball should be made 2/3 through the serving arm swing. The
stopping of the hand quickly after contact with the ball, combined with a flat contact on the ball,
will cause the ball to float or fly like a knuckle ball.
Topspin– A topspin serve would require a wrist snap at the contact point, to create a forward
spin on the ball.

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3.6.3. JUMP SERVE
The jump serve is a difficult serve to master, although many players try. The differences between
it and an overhand serve are the server tosses the ball higher and with the same hand as he or she
is going to hit the ball. (Some serves need to use to hands for a consistent toss.)
The server needs to stand three steps behind the point of contact as he or she will take those steps
as he or she is tossing the ball up in the air, and then will jump up to meet the toss.
The key to this serve is a good toss that leads the server.

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 Chapter four
Advanced skills in volleyball game
4. Defensive and Attacking techniques
4.1. Defensive volleyball techniques in a team

All teamwork, either in attack or defense, is based on the ability of two players to work in a
coordinated way. As more players are added to the team, the task of ensuring that everyone is
fulfilling their specified role. Defenders need to have an individual understanding of base
positions (where it is best to start from), readiness posture and movement skills, together with an
ability to read the attacker and judge the ball flight. When playing with a team mate, they also
need to know how to divide the court up between them. Each player is responsible for a ball
played directly to them or to their side of the court.
the principles are the same, therefore, describes how two players can be taught to work together
to control the court in defense and to link together and to create space in attack; when players
understand how to work with one other team-mate the successful development of a three, four or
six-a-side team is possible.
There are two types of defensive formation 2-1-3 and 2-4
The first taught to beginners is the 2-1-3. In this formation, each player is responsible for
handling only one type of attack.
In the 2-1-3, the two blockers/attackers and the setter hold their net positions anticipating a
block. The middle back player remains in the middle of the court, and the two remaining players
move about 7 meter from the net and close to their respective sidelines.

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Second 2-4 defensiveformation, the two blockers/attackers and the setter hold their net
positions anticipating a block and the center back remains deep in the back court. The left and
right backs move halfway to the attack line, but stay 1-2 meter from their respective sideline.
Middle back means he or she will step back and cover hits to the back court. The left and right
backs are either concerned with covering balls hit down their respective lines or balls hit through
the block.

4.2. Individual defense

Dig is also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined
arms.Digging is when a hard driven ball (usually a spike) is played up. It can be done with any
part of the body but is best controlled with two arms playing the ball up in an underhand passing
fashion.

LIBERO
The biggest way to impact the game is through accurate serve receive. Therefore, if the libero is
a good passer he/she should be positioned to receive the most balls, which in a three-player pass
formation is in the middle whenever the rotation permits it.
For defense the libero usually plays left back which allows the outside attacker to play middle
back and hit out of the back row from the middle of the court.

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 system of team attack
The fundamental approach to offense is the ability to pass, set and hit the ball.
The basic “W” serves reception formation where five players, excluding the setter, line-up
without overlapping to receive their opponents serve. The setter does not get involved in with the
first contact during serve reception. The setter stands with his/her back to the net waiting for the
pass. It is the responsibility of the back players to try and get to as many first balls as possible
and to back up front line players who are forced to take first balls.

Four-Two Offense. This formation places both setters in the middle court positions and the best
hitter in the left front position. The next best hitter starts in the right back position. This
alignment gives a team good balance regardless of who is serving.
A 4-2 offense has four hitters and two setters. In this offense there are two hitters and one setter
in the front court at all times. Because of its simplicity, this offense is often used with beginning
players.

A 6-2 offense includes six hitters and two setters, allowing the setters to hit when in the front
row. This is made possible by the setter coming from the back row. Having three front-row
hitters allows the team to have a more complex offense, including front and back sets.
Six-Two Offense, a team that can field six hitters when two are also capable setters. See
Diagram 4

- A setter comes from the right back line to set any of the front line hitters. See
Diagram 5

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 - Show setter movement from mid back the court positions. See Diagram 6
- Show setter movement from mid back the court positions. See Diagram 7

The Five-One Offense is the way most Olympic teams play. See Diagram (5). In this offense,
the setter switches to and plays in the right back position except when in the front row. When in
the front row, a Four-Two concept is usually employed with the setter playing right front

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONDITIONING METHODS OF VOLLEYBALL TRAINING
Volleyball is a complex and demanding game requiring sophisticated training. Players must have
good aerobic fitness, speed, strength, technical skills and understanding of basic volleyball
strategies. To create a training program that addresses the multiple demands of the game, you
must become familiar with the different methods of training for the sport of volleyball. Those
methods fall into three general categories: fitness training, technique development, and strategy
and tactics.
Your training program must include physical conditioning, skill development, and technical and
tactical instruction for players of all positions. In order to get the most out of the time you spend
in the gym with your athletes, you need to combine the different methods of training. Note:
Many volleyball coaches refer to the term methods of training as methods of coaching. While the
latter term is certainly acceptable, we find methods of training to be a more accurate description.
Methods of training describe those activities (physical drills and exercises) athletes and coaches
use to train for volleyball. Strictly speaking, methods of coaching refers to ways in which
coaches set up their team, run their offense and defense, communicate and teach the game of
volleyball to their athletes.

5.1. FITNESS TRAINING

Fitness training can be divided into three categories: general physical/cardiovascular
conditioning (aerobic conditioning), speed training, strength and power training. Any good
volleyball training program will incorporate these three types of training.

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 General Endurance
General endurance or cardiovascular conditioning is established through aerobic exercise.
Aerobic conditioning is low intensity activity that raises the heart rate while still allowing the
body to meet its oxygen needs.
Speed
Speed can be defined several different ways. Several types of speed are demonstrated in
volleyball. There are three different types of volleyball speed: first-step quickness, transition
quickness, and technical speed.
• First-step quickness is the ability to react and move with a quick first step to the ball. Reaction
training can greatly improve an athlete’s reaction time and first-step quickness. Great
improvements in this type of speed can occur with lots of repetitions and improved technique.
• Transition quickness is the ability to move along and to the net, move forward or backward to
the ball while staying low to the ground, change directions, if necessary, or be explosive to the
ball. It also refers to the ability to change from being on offense to defense.
• Technical speed is the combination of physical speed with volleyball skills. It is the speed with
which a player is able to swing at the ball, make decisions, take advantage of defensive
situations, and create offensive opportunities. Players with good technical speed are able to play
balls traveling at varying heights, angles and velocity.
Strength and Power
Strength and power often make the difference when it comes to hitting and serving with power
and authority, as well as jumping and being low on defense. At the end of matches, those players
with a good strength base will still be able to play well. More importantly, balanced muscular
strength optimizes performance and prevents injury. Strength can be developed through weight
training and calisthenics. Power uses basic muscular strength. It is developed through plyometric
exercises.
Mobility and Flexibility

Many volleyball coaches and players pay insufficient attention to processes of warm¬ing up,
cooling down, and training to increase flexibility. Players and coaches often do not approach
these elements of training and competition seriously or systemati¬cally. Ignoring these elements
predisposes your athletes to injury and reduces their effectiveness in training and competition.
The warm-up process includes general and specific portions. The general warm-up usually
consists of jogging or easy running, volleyball-related footwork and stretching. Begin with easy
activity, and gradually increase intensity. Follow this with stretching and mobility exercises.
Progress to part¬ner ball control drills such as shuttle passing and setting drills, pepper, etc. By
now your players should have broken a sweat and are loose. Begin group drills such as figure
eight passing/digging. Keep in mind that body temperature returns to normal about 15 minutes
after activity is stopped. Make sure your athletes who come off of the bench during matches stay
warmed up and ready to play. This will decrease their risk of injury and help them to play better
when they go in the match.

Circuit Training
Circuit training is generally set up in gyms to provide a workout to specific muscles in a specific
order.

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Generally, the exercises are done quickly without a great deal of rest in between sets. One set is
performed on a machine and followed by a set of different exercises on the next machine. When
all the machines in the circuit have been used the round is completed again from the start until
three complete sets have been executed
Circuit training was described as continuous exercise with moderate weights using 10 - 15
repetitions with 15 - 30 second rest periods.
5.2.TECHNIQUE TRAINING
The development of volleyball technique requires a tremendous amount of practice. Players must
learn to pass, set, serve with accuracy, attack with power and block effectively. When developing
technique, it is important that players encounter a variety of situations in which they must play
the ball. Drills that emphasize technique can be broken down into two categories: fundamental
skills drills and game situation drills.
Fundamental Drills
Fundamental drills are the most basic skills. They are done with minimal movement.
Fundamental drills are used to teach and improve basic skills techniques. Teach by the whole-
part-whole method. When teaching new technique skills, first demonstrate the entire skill. This
lets athletes create an accurate visual picture of what they are trying to accomplish. Then, break
the skill into parts. Use drills to teach the components of a skill. When your athletes have
mastered the drills sufficiently, have them integrate the drill components into a game-like
situation using the technique.
Game Situation Drills
Introduce game situation drills after players have developed a feel for the skill. Use this type of
drill to add complexity to the skill you are working on. Show how what they have learn relates to
the game. Give them the opportunity to be successful in game situation drills. Apply artificial
pressure to the team. Set the situation (match point for example) and have the team practice
under the “pressure” of this situation. This type of drilling will carry over to their actual games
and matches.

CHAPTER SIX
6. ATTACKING AND BLOCK TECHNIQUES
6.1. Attacking techniques
The attack (or spike, the slang term) is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The
object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be
defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.
Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:
 Backcourt (or back row) attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The player
must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may
land in front of the 3-meter line.
 Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel
to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with a very
pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut shot.
 Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so that it
touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court.

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  Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump
begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only
slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving
the setter's hands.
6.2. Blocking techniques
Blocking volleyball is one of the least taught however most important skills in volleyball.
It is defense against attacks from the opposing team and creates less court for the back defense to
cover.
It is a strategy used to gain points and keep the ball from landing on your side of the court. The
volleyball block is a skill that looks simple. You just jump straight up with arms outstretched in
front of the hitter.
Your job is to position yourself so that you block it back onto the hitter’s side or take the heat off
the attack creating an easy play for your team
Starting Position
Stand with your hips and shoulders square to the net.
Your feet should be slightly wider than shoulder-width apart.
Bend your knees slightly so you can move quickly in either direction.
Hold your arms up, elbows out, palms facing the net at about eye level.
Footwork
To accomplish blocking, there are two footwork patterns to choose
1. Side step
2. Crossover step.
Side Step:-If the hitter is within 3-5 feet of you, use a side step to put yourself in position
directly in front of hitting shoulder.
Take one step with the foot closest to the hitter and then bring your other foot over so they are
once again about shoulder-width apart. As you move, keep your hips and shoulders square to the
net.
It may take you more than one side step to get yourself in front of the hitter.
Crossover Step:-To cover more ground, use a crossover step.
Take one big side step with the leg closest to the hitter.
Your hips will momentarily be angled toward the hitter. Plant your feet in front of the hitter and
jump straight up
One man blocker team
Advantages
1. This is the simplest defense and therefore the easiest to teach.
2. The blocker does not have to coordinate his timing with another player.
3. The one-blocker system is effective against any team that tips and hits off-speed.
4. It is also easier to transition to offense.
Disadvantages
There will be more area to cover on the court because a single blocker does not protect a large
zone on the net.
Two man blockers
Advantages
1. This system is strong against a good passing and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to quick plays.
3. Front row player can get the tips as well as any backcourt player who reads the play.

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 Three man blockers
1. This system is used to the team have very strong players and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to very quick plays
Disadvantage
When the opponent team very strong and have a strong hitter three players cannot more area
cover on the courts.
Three man blockers
Advantages
1. This system is used to the team have very strong players and strong hitting team.
2. It allows for transition to very quick plays
Disadvantage
• when the opponent team very strong and have a strong hitter three players can not
more area cover on the courts.
Chapter seven
7.Tactics of attack and defend
Strategy is a plan for accomplishing goals. Most often, strategy refers to a plan devised for a
game. In other words, how do you plan to win? Tactics, on the other hand, are the tools by which
a strategy is executed. Game strategy and tactics are affected by your team’s strengths and
weaknesses and your opponent’s strengths and weaknesses. There are two levels at which tactics
are applied: individual and team.
7.1. Individual Tactics
The teaching of individual tactics is intended to develop a player’s ability to attack or defend
when faced with a one versus one situation. Part of your game strategy might be to stop a hitter
on the opponent’s team. You may set up your lineup so that your best blocker is lined up on the
opponent’s best hitter. In reverse, you might want one of your hitters lined up on the opponent’s
smallest blocker.
7.2.Team Tactics
When teaching team tactics focus on team defense and offense. Players must be taught the
responsibilities of the positions they play and understand how their roles change when on offense
or defense.
Coach players to always keep an eye on the ball and the whereabouts of teammates and
opponents. Team tactical drills will help isolate specific areas of team play that need
improvement.

Notes
1. ↑[1]. olympics.org. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
2. ↑Chronological Highlights. FIVBaccessdate 2007-01-30 quote- 1924: The Olympic
Games in Paris. The program included a demonstration of "American" sports, and
Volleyball was among these.
3. ↑ Official Volleyball Rules 2005. [2]. (PDF) accessdate 2006-10-02 FIVB Section 1.1.
quote - The playing court is […] surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m
wide on all sides. Retrieved October 19, 2009.

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