CHAPTER Introduetlon ctater2 on elecrostacs we observed tat the source of hot eld charge, But the sure of magnetic fd is eoreat ne stay of mages fel the caren came into pcre by a experiment performed by H.C. Oerted in 1820. He found ‘hat a magnetic needle was deflected by a curentin a wie, ‘Scents then realized that electric currents are also sources cf magic ls There ae olher sources lke permanent magnet snd elecie field changing with time, Immediately afer Oensted's disovey, Biot Savart experimentally formulated a equation to deemsine magnetic field at point produced by a cuet canyngcondoctr. Biot Sevart law we are accepting without roof fi We view BiotSavart law as magnetic equivalent of Coola’ lav. — This chapter is devoted tothe study of the steady magnetic fei. the magnetic fields produced by stay currents. We begin our discussion withthe Biot Savart law and u basc tool, eaeulate the magnetic field set up by any given Gsviboion of cureats. Different types of current istibtons ae discussed initially. 3.2__ Current Distributions ‘The source of magnetic field is cureat through conducting ‘din Different types of current distibutions possible are ‘apie below, Different types of current distributions {i Current density () (i Surface current density (R) ig. 3.21: Different types of current distribution > © Filamentary-current ‘The most common type of conductor-used in practice is circular in eros section of rai ‘st carts ttl curent I as shown in Fig 32.2 (a. Ihe rds of the conductors very small then itis own asa flanentay, Fig322 0). Fig322(0) shows a very small section of length dl of a filamentary conductor canying curet 1 in 3 direction, Then @ Aifereatial caret element fora filamentary conductors given by 14] , where dl = dia, QR) y Famer } Ye cone ee 6 0) (a) Circular conductor current I, (b) Filamentary conductor carrying arent Fig. 3.2.2 Scanned with CamScanner> Gd Currentdensity (J) ~ Fig. 32.3 (a) shows a rectangular slab of height h and width b. It caries a total curent of 1 in & direction which is Perpendicular to the cross sectional area (bh). The current density J is measured in Al given by T= ha Am G21) ‘and the total current if J is uniform is given by 1 = J(bh) B22) — For a nonuniform current density J, integration is necessary in te] eds +G.23) s pb} ourent Kb wT © (a) Conductor, rectangular in cross section (b) Current sheet Fig. 323 > Gi) Surface current density (K) = Fig. 323(0) shows a rectangular slab with height fh very small. Then curent I will flow on a surface called as surface ccurent and the surface current density measured in amperes ‘per meter width is designated by K . If we assume that width ‘bis measured perpendicular to the (MU- May 11, Dec. 11, May 16, Dec. 16, Dec. 17) la, 9.3.1 State and explain Biot-Savart's Law. = (Rat. Sec. 3.3) x ms (YSERA Dec. 17. 4 Mane 1.3.3.2 Explain Biot-Savart law. Determine. ‘magnetic fe “Intensity H for: the straight conductor. ‘anyind current for finite length. (Ret. Sec. 3.3 and a, also called as Ampere’s law for the This law is also as Ampere’s law for the cures clement. It gives differential magnetic field intensity, GH due 4 aa—aAa_—eewereveserrrowwrerees_weroo differential current element I dl. Consider a filament through mtfecestial coment) clement 1c which current of [amp is passing. We are interested in finding fielg intensity H at point P. 3.3.1 Statement of Blot Savart Law — Magnitude of dH at point P is proportional to product of current, differential length di, the sine of the angle betweea the filament and line connecting differential length to the point of interest P. — Its inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the filament to point P. The constant of proportionality is, Wan. 3.3.2 Mathematical Expression for Blot Savart Law Mathematically. Filament Fig. 33.1 : Biot-Savart law Scanned with CamScannerge 9 POI HOPMAN orm heey on ichig ies of FPR OF HEM ated ted fe 3 an sil 810 Iie Foe Feng Ma In ai Pd 141 = differential current element, R= distance of diferent curent element fom point P. elemens have no separate existence. All elements stop te complete curentflamentcontibute to and mast fe ‘Te summation leads tothe integral form ofthe Bit- rat BW 85, +833) ———— peeing arp lo cas tall current elements are included (the contour may close a) Aternate forms ofthe Biot-savart law in terms of distributed sues ike J and K are : - tixa, Jwxm Kasxa = GRE aa = aa TR +34) Integrating Equations (3.3.4) and (3.3.5) we get total H, He Jaa +@35) 34) Note tat, dHt inside the integral is from Equation le "hen the Integral is ingle integral, tipple integral or dou - ions Iara, which every lear from df, dv and ds in the express for an, 3.3.3 Magnetic Fiux Density (8) Similar to electric flux density, magnetic flux density is also Present in the medium. It is defined as magnetic flux per unit area. ‘lenoted by B. B is related with magnetic field intensity CH) by the ‘elation B36) Where, B= flux density T; B= permeability of medium, Him : = Magnetic field intensity, A/m. Direction of Band His same, Peace at eee Example 3.3.1 Given points A (1,2,4), B (-2-1,3) and C (3,1,-2) let a ditfrential curent element with |= 6A and I dl. = 10" m be located at A. The direction of dis from A to B. Find dH at C. Solution : ‘The direction of dis from A to B, thea Id = © U0 Gs) Hee AE = (2-na+c195+6-9m = 3435-5, ‘Then the unit vector ~ 35-5 ‘a * 2B" Toren cr ee 7 old 2 0033) Scanned with CamScannerpagneticEnginerng (MU-Sem &-Electones) The Steady Magne Electroms Engineering (MU: os) 3-4 stray 4 Magnetic Field Intensity Due To = ~04134, 0413-0138, (mA ‘The Biot-Savart Inw is Now AC = G-aR +0-DH+2-O% Fig. Mustrating Bx. : 33.1 FE. 25-5 -6%, we AE. fy? +(-1)"°+(-6) _ 28-5 ~ vai Ping in Biotsava ew 3 0413.5 -0.138, way 4-5-6, 2 3 (Ae 0 = te [ost é. : 10° seeay™ [0413 ods 0138) « = -0303x 10% (a, (-2.34)-a 2.754) + a (1.239) = +0.71 8, -0.83 a +0375 a, (uA/m) Infinite Long Stral > (mu - May 09, Dee: 10: © Derive formula: Infinite long st ‘saver’ law. (Ref. See: 34) Derive an expression for mei ing straight element. “ue to finite fo (Ret. Sec. 34) CRIB ‘Explain Blot-Savart law. Determine magnetic intensity H for the straight conductor Be “current for finite length. (Ret. Sec. @ Assumptions 4) Consider the infinite current filaments placed along z-axis, fi) Since zaxis is the axis ofthe cylinder in cylindrical sytem, use cylindrical coordinate system. iil) “Let the current of I Amp is passing through filament ig positive z-direction. iv) The point where the field is desired is in xy plane, te coordinates of itis p(t,.0)- * ¥) To apply Biot-savart law we should take differential current filament ({ df) on z-axis at a beight of ‘2’ from xy plane. The coordinates of differential current filaments is (0, 2). Fig. 34.1 : Set up for finding i produced by infinite current filament ee Scanned with CamScannercaent iment 8 n = dr w iy ere tent ment 0 pin 2 (r-008, +6- 084 0-25 21m ie . jay Ieee, TR “Snr 2) eave nession or diferent Fl duct, we Indz__= ai marery ae felines dv to ferential curet clement. Hace gest du 9 infinite long curent fiament is obtained pe fives ‘dif over the limits 2 ranging from — eo to +», piseersie ‘ooave integral moe = ten limitsz 4, 8-9/2 dz = rse’Odd — limitszy—=, O-9-n/2 soit a2) = (P+ 9 tan? 0? =P sec’ Puig these valves inthe above expression of H, we get — 2 rsec’0d0_ Ira "( cos0.d0 a = see ae Psec’0 d0~ an J r 1 = Bxo-en oan ion (341) 8 ‘The significance of each term i the ExPreASS follows vat where #7 xine distance of the point P here titans for the == jie. it ia the perpen desire field and the exrrent filament distance of point P form current filament (&) Magnetic eld is concentric circles- (@) Right hand role Fig 342 = The direction is obtained by sight hand rule. The rule S2Y8 grip the curent filament in your right hand with thumb in te lreation of current, then the direction of fingers around {Be current filament gives direction of H.. The unit vector ais perpendicular to the perpendicular from point P on the filament. In general for current filament in any arbit=ny Infinite line current = Imaricle 2.4), we have seen the magnetic Feld iggy to infinite curent filament is, so Ms 2nq where, ris the radius of circular path about z axis wig, con z-axis. At any point on this circular path, magnitude otf, constant (since ris constant). ~ Similarly when we take any section of cieuy me (Gi= 1 do a4), His tangential, to it (since direction oti, Gis same), Because H is tangential the ota Bauation G71) can be replaced by multiplying ‘magnitudes. Also as Ht is constant itcanbe taken cui integral signin Bquation (3.71). Then closed line inp y results in path length 2nr, in short $id = Hom According to Ampere's law this is equal to L HQ m) Since H has only ¢ component, I He = a ‘The above procedure can be applied to a single conductor og co-axial cable to find magnetic fields in different regions doe to current in the conductor or cable. i) A solid cylindrical conductor — A single circular conductor having radius Rand unifora current density is shown in Fig, 3.7.3. There are differest regions where we can find magnetic field intensities. The different regions are inside the conductor, and outside the ‘conductor. To find H in these regions consider circular pah with radius ~ Forr2R (ic. outside the wire) Since the current 1 is enclosed by the path as path is outside the wire, Scanned with CamScannereee Fe ooh fore CR. enclose par ofthe edie asc ether cs a ay r=1(R) salt single conductor es yg. 373: Showing a solid conductor spades biol By 0g te fst that cesT flows ~ 3 ova (Rf the area enclosed by the circular path The vation of H as «function of rats! tae (9 shown in Fig. 3.74 MN) Coaxial cable jon line carrying Consider an infinitely long co-axial transmiss rc A uniformly disibuted curent in he cetral conductor and = 1? the outer conductor. Consider cieular path with radian ¢ 2 dierent regions Foracr e:: This path will enclose two currents in opposite direction, therefore total current enclosed is zero. Hence, Hg 2nt)=0 or Hy=0 Scanned with CamScannerMultiplying HE ty jee pet trngnetic Mun density 1h in al roplons i no magethe Meld exlet ‘This gives « very Import ‘outside the couantal enble, The vatlation of HL versus distance ¢ U8 Wott in Mig 27.6 re abeO Fig. 27.6: Conxtal eable and Its fled Ampere's Law Applied to a Conducting Medium 3.7.2 ‘Suppose that the origin of the coontinats i situated inside a conducting medium of large extent. Let the current density in ‘the medium be J (A./ m?) in the positive y direction as shown in Fig. 37.7. z Fig. 3.7.7 : Rectangular area (A) In conducting medium. According to Ampere’s law, the line integral of H around the rectangular path enclosing the area A is equal to current enclosed. In this case, the current I enclosed by the path is given by the integral of the normal component of J over the surface A, or $a.d = Sfiase 12) aw now ean be expresed In J Thun Ampere’ ec $ TT = Nos * [ida ‘ Example 3.74 In tho tnglon 0 < ¢< 0.6 m, In cylindrical Coordinatgy S = 8 ana currant donalty 10, d= 4.5 0% @ (AF mm) ang Jey plaowhoro, Uso Ampore’s law to find H Solution : eenuse the current density Is syrametical about he orgy circular path may be used In Ampere's lav, With the ene current glven by. 1» [id ‘ For the clreular path shown in figure = nde d9, ant (45 e%A, )- (ede dda, ) 0 450% rdrde = 1125 x 2nx (1-0 = 200%) az Circular path Fig. : Mlustrating Example 3.7.1 From Ampere's law Hy(2mr) = 1.125 x20 x (1-e°* 2 re-*) Scanned with CamScannerre cen SY C2) 1 prep oy Hy i Pos an THE emclved UTE by yg " the regiem cular pth 0 2 Te HOWINE Inthe esting yp ih rr i a.) wie "own In the Xn (Igo 2¥08 pe 1125 2m x (I~ 9° 2m ~2X0Sxet0s) 0.5940 (A) yan = 0548 wn 397 je a Arm « 0 Magnetic Flux (Win) 4 magetic MX cTOSting. any surtace ig found by sn ot flux density with area of the Surface, e a Bis oral 10 the suc, IF makes some agi rete ‘ all G8.) em, Wu = Magnet oe, Wh B= Magnetic flux density Wo/m? or T Fig. 3.8.1 : Flux density not normal the area a ample 3.8.1 7, 2a9x10° Aradal fold H = ==" cos 6 @, (Am) exists in fro ‘pare, Find the magnetic flux crossing the surface defined W0spsm/and0szstm. field Magnetic fox density in tained. from magnetic Melty ting the relation. B= WH dn 101 22ND con 0, = Deng Fig, : Mlustrating Example 3.8.1 Magnetic flux crossing the given surface is obtained by $= [fia For the given surface @ and z are varying therefore the third ‘Co-ordinate is constant i.e. r = constant. Then, & = yay 1s Thos, 9 = J f (Peosea, (dp éza) 00 wit = 30xIx J cosgay o os = 3.0[sing] ° = 2.12 (Wb) 3.9 Ampere’s Law to Differential Elements Scanned with CamScannerLs consider a differential eurface in cartesian co-ordinate ‘28tem io ve plane ax shown ip Fig. 39.1 ‘The region in which this surface is placed having the Magnetic Field intensity Hs Ran S+H8 @ Also assume that the current density in a region is given by ai) bay Fig. 39.1 : Rectangle in yz plane used to find J, Let H along side AB equal H, and along side AD equal H, If the field is not uniform, the values of H along sides BC and o E:4 2H, ‘are given by H, +5) Ay and H, +5 hz Using Ampere's law, integral can be solved separately as, - Jason one 7 i) aati, = (Bay) 1 (ua) 5-45 ay ‘Adding all we ind some ofthe components BE cancelled To find RHS nus = Si-d s az Ay - - a atl J at 15 +38) Gh R oh ayy, oo Equating LHS and RHS, Ga Las = (5~ ie, =) AyAZ=RHS = ay ob Now by taking differential areas in xz plane and xy plans yy ‘can prove that, Bix in oe ~) and ti) {As the expression for current density in Equation (i) is To sha tha tha Pulting values of Jx, Jy and Jz from Equation (iv) (¥) and) we get, GS-9 GBs ‘The RS, of above equation is (V x H) a VxHe J G94) ‘This equation is called as point form of Ampere's aw. Scanned with CamScannerWe shat son chat thie tao in seed ae st fo cime vanyin, Gause's Law for Magn, " = mentt 1) Maxwoll's Equation” etle Fletg ; feta The int form of heaton apply drraee Soren tn shoe eaten $ ide = fov-ayareo past (39.0, the magnetic fag le vei pr) ‘Thin clled at Manvel’ eqn in pl fro Siro ve 2 Siieae 8 shi vet # OK, COSINE the open suc ji What happ, wen the surface i closed 7 Find the curentthrcugh a square arsa Zm cn a sa wi Foe know that_the_may ficld intensity 1 jg al ‘20988 coinciding with +x and +y axes and ona comer at the gin tr Due to ration between Banging | mt dH e deity ad eee fur ee | OH BPS, amy fei te Nox density and hence fx guint For the standard sou of mage, wy | Ste? () F aatya, amy ite curent fil : is ifiite lament, the Mux tines are as shown ia Using point form of Ampere's law 4392. ° 5 caret arent aoretown t Fi fates a 1 ies ‘cone Now, 12 fhe Pora given area ds =dx dy a, 3.9.2 : Showit ie ing magnetic. ae = [ : = when a closed 1 = ffesyay-xayay= Jf -ayacey 00 oo a ‘observe that number of ‘ps, teoming and outgoing flux lines are equal. = -16 Amp. trgcoming Nox is considered positive then the outgoing fax | = - (fs 4 4] Aste T= vxit= Will ke negative. This gives total fux crossing the closed | © a 2x2 0 6 3ryl | Ypres, Mathematically it is expressed as i = §Gx)-4, 6m) | ye ye Beds =0 -B9.2(@)) 22 jw a 1a fiw s 00 ~ This is called as Gauss’s law for magnetic, also called as Maxwell’ equation in integral form derived from Gauss's ‘aw for static field. In the chapter on time varying field. = OAmp Scanned with CamScannerElectromagnetic Enginooring (Mu-Som §-Eloctronis) 3-10 Example 3.9.1 ‘Atorigin (4 ‘AnH due toa current source Is given by Foe a - cs OS, Tie y cos (2x) a, (y + 6'}a,, Describe the current density at origin, eee Example 3.0.3 Wehave] = Vi it magnetic fiald Intensity In a region is In caresian co-ordinate system Fier’, +2y2a)+(-X)& 7 Eats Find the current density at point I) (2, 3,4) (i) (1,4 Weg « ~ {ss % J = Uxit =| ax aay ae (0,0,0). HH, Hy Solution : ‘We know that, point form of Ampere's law is So, =2y +208 (Alm) T = 08, -cos Oa, Current density Jat = §-§-3 (An) wudns, | @ Q34) 7 =-2x@H +24, ieT = 68, +45 Wm) whim, @ G-) = 2x +24, ‘An Fi dus to a current source is given by He y cos (2x) &, + (y + @'}a,- Describe the current density eee atorgin. = -28, +24, (Alm! Goktion:) Gii) $09) =-2xO)a +20)a, =0 WehaveT =VxH . . . 3.10 Stoke's Theorem In cartesian co-ordinae system n - Ram T= vxii=| ap any ae HOW, Hy ae 8 = | ax aay aloe yoos2x 0 y+e! But the point form of Ampere's law is V xH= J = 8, (1-8, (¢') +, (cos 2x) Putting this value of J in above equation, = a -e'8, ~cos 2c, ee Scanned with CamScanner :oqution is KROW WS SLKes theorem, a is ig it always 8h OU the curl in three oren of 8 ctl Of Th ectp eoy 1 ed bY Oat PAN” Exprestion fog Popes given below, Hy tH, rsin gH, --@.104) i yn find these thee equations dificuk to remember, you ca we mabod explained in chapter 1, while solving the ites of Stoke's theorem if solution involves solving LHS ix $1 - G, the tine integral shoud be solved by coaserng that direction when we travel on periphery, the enclosed area remain onthe lef hand sde, — Wea) Be Tiny Example 3.10.1 \ly Stoke's theorem forthe field sya, - 9y* a, and the rectangular path around the mjon,25x5,-1 Sy <1, 2 = 0, Let the positive direction lisboa, ‘elution : Not tat Has no H, component, also given H has no 2- ibletiea every a02=0 ‘The Stoke's theorem is, $i a» fovxin-& ‘ Tofind RHS ~ 1h as i, 21) «it = | as ary 0 | 2% (G7 ay H, Hy 0 = 0-61)=-6x8, y z=0 Plane V/ Wa. Fig: Mustrating Ex.3.10.1 Forte given plane ie, 2=0 plane, ds = dx dy a, sRHS = | (vxit-& 5 18 = J J-6xa, -acaya, “2 5 ae =-6 =) ), =-126(Amp). @), Ms Tofind LHS us = $i a B gp. AL = [ids fitais fivate fied A B fe D orAB: di = dxa,, ys-landz=0 Be: = ya, x=Sandz=0 ©: di = dea, y=landz=0 DA: Gi = aya, xe2andze! "Now each integral can be solved separately, Scanned with CamScannerHere, SS one eo = a . = é& . 2 2 Joranexen(®), n-63 J -s%ay i = & . @) SAMS = -63-2-63 420-126 (Amp). Fig. Illustrating Ex. 3.10.2 Stoke's theorem is $i +7 = [co xity 5 ‘ dT = dra, +1d0i, +rsinOdga, G = #sin0d0.463, L_| i a ramos, VxH = Ting | aaraao ame H, 0 rsinoH, Since 45 has only 4, we i, x ly a, component, me eageien Compares oy ‘Vx fl, The other dot products of Vx HT with ds are zero, ering,» a5 xa [Zrvinony] zs (18? sin’ 0 cos 6) 3, = Lg tieP 21nd conoxemesa, = 36. cos 0.cos oa, RHs = | (vxit)-ds 5 sa 1g = Jf f BeosBem 9%, 7 in Bd5%65 $=00=0 se 18° RHS = To find LHS LHS. = ForAB: 68-9 0to 18°, @ = O*andr=4 ‘Then, Ga 1e08 24005, ForBC: ¢—0to54°, + 8 = Wanders Then, GT = rein dpa, = 4sini8° dpa, Scanned with CamScannerya ov, a f - andr=4 ‘ {to finite tong our hdday i 19 straight element. ae" . (Refer Section 3.4) (010, 0-12, 10Mar) LHS can be solved fe as oa Po paraely, Cieular loop conductor caging a current of | A 's Ry B _ Placed in x.y Find expression dae [ corsinga + 18rsindcosg - ‘oi -y plana cantrad at origin. fit A %)-4dda, ‘at any point P on z-axis. i (Reter Section 34) (west, 10 Marks) . a6 Explain BiotSavart law, Determine magnet? field ws intensity H forthe straight conductor carving current fie# . {or finite length. - (Refer Sect . rks) 8 sasin 18°69, ne ons 9.3 and3.4) (0-11, 10 Ma ) se 5 .7-_ A currant flament of 5 Ain drection is paral! 10 J sersin@cos 64 sin 18° 9 axis atx = 2, 2-2, Find H atthe origin. 0 (Reter Example 3.4.3) (w-to, 6 Marks) 2 18x4 si’ 18° Gin o = 209 0.8 Prove that a static elect fed is iotaional and t° static magnetic field is solenoidal. ‘i geo eae (Reter Example 2.4.4) (M09, M12, D-12, 10 Mark) ¢ @:9 Derive the expression for magnetic flux density 8 07 us = 042.249 + 0 = 22.249 (Amp). Aus the axis of circular ring of radius ‘eat the distance s 2 oe {rom the plane ofthe ring. ra m Pack (Refer Section 3.5) (gMarks) university and Review Questions ) | @.10 Two circular colls are located at the z = 0 plane and z=5mplane, The first col ~ spool: losvat La plane, centered about the Z-axis. The frsto8 sy __ having a radius aft m cares a curent of 10 Amp. as sateand ‘explain Biot-Savart's Law. ‘The second coil having a radius of 0.5 ™ carries @ (reer Section 3.3) cunent of 20 Amp. Caleuiato the magnetic Hed (M11, MA16, D-16, D-17, 4 Marks) intensity H at (0,0, 2.5m) (Reter Example 3.5.2) (0-10, 10 Marks) a2 Bplin Biot-Savart law. Deter magnetic field ‘ensty H forthe straight conductor carrying current © syllabus Tople : Ampere’s Law forfirte length. (Refer Sections. 3.3 and 3.4) Q.11 State and explain Ampares circuital law. (0-11, 10 Marks) (Refer Section 3.7) (0-09, 5 Marks) 3 Derive formula to find Magnetic intensity due 10 | Q.12 Explain + Ampere’s circultal law. infinite long straight conductor on z-axis by Biot- (Refer: ‘Section. 3.7) (M12, 5 Marks) Savart's law. (Refer ‘Section 3.4) (M-09, 10 Marks) 0.13 Wit short ote on : Ampare's law. (Roter Section 3.7) (W-13, 5 Marks) Oe Scanned with CamScanner