5A ae Electromag” Introduction In the previous chapter we learned Maxwell's eqastont for fume varying fiekts. These equations form the basis to aly the basic principles of eloccomagnesc wave propermion Is ‘his chapter we are not going to deal with bow eaves == Feocrated but we shall see how the wave savells fom Se source, ‘This chapter is roughly divided into five parts @ Weve propagation in a loseless mode (pecfect Gielectic), For this media : = 0, HEHB, md awe <1 Gi) Wave propagation in fee space. For this media : =O, ESE, HEH, Gil) Wave propagation in lossy dielectric. For this media: #0, € =€,€,H= 4, (iv) Wave propagation in good conductor (idea conductor) For this media : C=, C =e, Wap, H, and Give >>1 (W) Electromagnetic waves in two differeat media which result in reflection and refraction. Here each notation has the usual meaning, where, o = Conductively ‘wave in two different media. Syllabus Topic : Perfect Dielectrics 5.2 Wave Propagation in Lossless Media (Perfect Dielectric) | This is perfect dielectric with the property, 0 = OE =c,eM= HH ~The term o represents Joss. For ¢ = 0, means no loss, coergy of the wave when propagates remain constant We will prove it mathematically. This requires wave equations be decived. | Scanned with CamScannermw gS May 10 May 11, May 12, Dee. 12, “BS ERM ye Gave te ‘ rue LSA arn 4 ovo RIN WHET Sang re xenon ene ne cn ba ng HE SES SE 2.28)) | nal gyno sa eB CORES EN SW ae eT cos" Resnsetensa ms 0 eae ee one soc fee mau meas SgasIOR HAL SC. 521) we pene be wave eqattOn fe sa fe gow pat 2 oem Bie une Eand H PSST gpg munis of 4 ene Be physi! pbecomema is coum she Seong cones mutematial expressions wave equations These are ceived is is section, < seime ve deme corplex wave equation for genent case, let 3 ate sopk ene qqucke fr Sec oni semsinng ao charges end no condtardon comesss. To derive sor suns ib Gekecis ve samt wid Mareell’s spans fr Geios 0 @ Be Avil) 0) Weegee ‘There are io pes of wave equations, wave equatioes for electric eld : To derive wave equatica for eect Beld we stan with Equation () Wave equtioes for magnets fied : To derive wave equation foe mangretc fied we sot with Bquation (il) Scanned with CamScannerBoth electric and m: ‘and magnetic wave equatio Forms, “ . 5.2.1(A) Wave Equation for Electric Flold D> (MU-Dee. 14 }O-52.8 Derive wave equations for time harmonia fold (Ref. Secs 5.2.1(A), 5.2.1(8), 5.2.8(A) and] 5.2.8(8)) Starting with Equation (i): Vx. Taking curl of both sides, VXVXE = -VxBe-vx(uil) -from (vi) = -nxi=-10) «ftom (vil) = -H(E)=-peE ofA) Using vector identity = VxUxE = VV-E)-VE wu) bu, V-B = 0 from (i) then equation (x) reduces to, VxVxE = -VE 3) ‘Comparing equation (A) and (B), ie -VE = -ueb o «VE = web (52.1) ‘This is called as wave equation for electric field for lossless media. 5.2.1(B) Wave Equation for Magnetic Fleld > (MU -Dec. 14 ing with Fsquation Taking curl of both sides we get, VxVxil = VxD = Vx (eh) vofom iy = c(Vxi=e(-B) tomy = eC wH)=-peHl “@ Using vector identity, VKVKH = V(V-H)-V'H (i) But V-H = 0 fo yy ‘Then equation (xi) reduces to, vxvxi = =v [ Comparing equations (C) and (D) we get -Vit = -peii o Vil = pelt (522) ~ This equation is called as wave equation for magnetic fag for lossless media, 5.2.1(C) Wave Equations for Free Space ~ Noticing the difference in properties of dielectric and fee space, just by replacing Hand € by jt and © by Hy and e, wave equations for free space can be obtained, ‘Wave equatlons for lossless media Pace! fet VE suck Vi aueit | vA =edtt J2.52.9 Derive wave equations for time’ harmonic fields, (Ref. Secs. 5.2.1(A), 5.2.1(8), 5.2.8(A),. and] 5.2.8(8)) : ~ Using these wave equations we can study propagation fel for lossless media. Scanned with CamScanneroc Engineering (MU-Sem & Ee, Tonks) 5.4 pe Waves IN LOSSIOSS Magjq f useful type of wave at nd OY type of wave that Serves as g 1A in FO OFCOM ae ig oe aod magnetic Hd tat ae perpendicular e ipowecaecion of propagation of wave, o ford uniform in planes perpendicular to the, directo mH : n : co ese NAVE A AO0¥N frm pane ae pis wave 4065 not exis in practice because 9 0 we » eT gins in exent would Be reat 0 create it ang ou oes a always finite in extent 0 cach, r gee orf cH FO Sue, be wae +B pad 08H) PONE OO het nd wt rin of SUC OF it phere iver siya eben te piles of BUding of elctomageec : aves 0, tansmission lines and waveguides and pts of many ober wave phenomena ca be said | ala terms of uniform plane waves, | janine very important that we understand the principles af wif plane wave propagation. Plane wave and a | rape waveis ined a below |r panewave - Welectic and magnetic field lies in a plane perpendicular to te drection of wave travel, the wave is called as plane me, | §22(8) Uniform Plane Waves D (MU- May 10,Dec.11,May 12,May 13 8210 What Is a uniform plane wave ?. Stating Maxwell equation derive wave equation {or free “space. (Ret. Secs. 82.11 Yat te unto plane wave 7 Derive Intrinsic} Impedance. A unter plane wave at requane Of 300 Mie raves in vacuum along *y 3190 “The elect tld of tho wave at some natant Given by E = 3a, +453, . Find the phase constant of th wave and also the vector magnetic field. (Rol. Secs. 5.2.2(8) and 5.2.5(B), Example 53.18) pare |9-5:2:42 Define uniform plane wave (Ret, S00. 5.22(6)) the field has the same direction and magnitude at every Point in any plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel, the wave i called as uniform plane wave. Tis is shown in Fig. 521 Direction of wave propagation Fig. 521 : Uniform plane wave 5.2.3 Solution of Wave Equations (Uniform Plane Wave Propagation) D> (MU -Dec. 10, May 11,Dec.12) (2. 5.2.13. Explain lossless propagation. "et, Sec, 5.2.3) 1Q.5.2.14 Derive the uniform plane. wave. equation, | (Rel. Sec. 5.2.9). TRACES In this article we will see how the wave propagates in perfect Gielectic and what isthe velocity of it ? We stat the analysis bby wave equations derived inthe last article. ‘The wave equations for electric and magnetic fields are : (i) Scanned with CamScannerj ‘As the form of Equations (i) and (i) is same, once we make he analysis of one equation, the result can be applied to other ‘quation diretl. ~ Let the electric and magnetic field intensities are defined in (Cartesian system as Ee BABA +BR a = HaHa +R E ‘Starting with Equations () = This wave equation gives rise to thre scalar wave equation. Putting value of E in this equation gives: A a VET Ea +V Ea = He [2s Bs Sy] = Two vectors are equal when x,y and z components of vectors ae identical, comparing two sides, 2 VE, = ls a and VE, = The solution of these three diferent equations can be obtain on similar lines, Let's conser for the sake of simplicity thatthe time varying electric field intensity is a function of x ony, so that ally and 8 concer with B are zero. The value of Vis also simplified as shown below v a & & > = The above thee equstions containing V'E,, VE, and VE, canbe writen using edued expression for Vas or ty ve ee ae a ea Notice that equations (ii), (iv) and (¥) are seat equations. According to Maxwel's eqn for yo” media, we have veD=0 thn V-E = 0 (Ded) xpnding div wing expression oF Bin Cartesian yg weget Inthe above equation differentiation of Es 2r0 mean i ther constant or zero, But if we accept that E, is cons then we are not sticking with the condition that Bis avai. cof x. Thus, we ae forced to conclude that B= 0 (523) ‘The above equation shows thatthe electric field inteny varying war x does not have the x component. So thatthe lectric field vector which we initially assumed in tems of E,,E,and B, becomes, cere ae) ‘Also equation is totally vanished. Now consider ‘equations (v) and (¥), which are the differential equation fx , and B having same form, By solving equation (i) we gt electric field Ey. The form of equations (iv) and (vis sae therefore once we obtain solution for E, the solution for, can very easly be obtained. The general solution of Equator (Gv) canbe specified as B= f6-%) a Scanned with CamScannerL He De ane "or sin (x # Itmay be soy of i Fonction, Ei amihing equation ro ww wet Vue 1524) orbs of simply asume B= tine) 4625) this fonction w. : we pet at diferent timings, we get gt=0. E=sinx tet 420 Ey=sin tx) where x,=¥9t, ately WhO, Basin (x) where avy et. ‘i dese sinusoidal fonctions ae ploted in Fig. 5.22 below, Fig-52.2 : Showing propagation of wave By observing variation of B, wart x at different timings we can conclude that at time t= O, the sinusoidal postive sans atx =O. AUL= the sinusoidal positive going stars at r= 4, = ¥oty Similarly at time ty sinusoid starts at x = % 2% we consider any point on the waveform at t= 0,8. Ay itis at posiion. Then a= ty i a at ty is posion changes to Xyy Here we observe that as time progresses, poi A moves forward in x direction, This is tue for al eit on the fist wavefonn orn gener the phenomenon of ‘aration of Bis propaguing in x rection. = Wehave x= vo where x is measured in meters while tis measured in seccnds, then the unit of vp is ms. THUS Vo represents a velocity of wave. mags Engineering (MU-Som oe Electronics) 5.6 oo waves, ection may Day Faction of . Fe mate or etn (7 = The similar type of analysis <2? jon of wr ale consis 8 ave show tha the vara heave aay etn concn at ES? function of x only, Reo ~ Variation of constiutes a wave traveling eiretion. = Vuon of consis a wave trveling in IPO cn te inl ine it we make aayss of Equation =D we can write for H varying asa focton of «onl H= 0 = Nataton of H costes a wave traveling in x22 Vain of conse a wave traveling =-ieion 5.2.4 Phase Velocity ‘waveform. or example i i the velo of pia Ain the Fi: $22. ‘This point cover a dite fom Xyq 0X in fie t= 10 br ht means it has some velocity, we cal its phase velocity. Now we have 1 =¥ot 422 Voy and eon, In general x = 2m nd o vy = Eo REE i itisa velocity. From Bquation (52.4) Scanned with CamScannerEloctroma Sar a (OF eS 5,2.5(B) Intrinsic Impedance (or Characte ~ BY nssuming that E and H Is a function of only x, WO have mado the wave travol In x-direction. wo want the wave travel In yor direct ‘xsumption should ba, E and H vary only Wat, OF 2 respectively. For a wave in y-direction, wo can prove that & = leo ‘and, &,, E,, H,, Hy constitutes a wave In direction, ‘Similarly, for a wave in z-direction. & © Hed and, &,,E,, He Hy constitutes a wave in 2-dlraction.. Al field components travel with a velocity, : aaa 5.2.5 Intrinsic Impendence or Characteristic Impedance of Non-Conducting Medium (Lossless Media) > (MU-Dec. 15) 1Q. 5.2.15 Whatis intrinsic impedance of free space? (Ret. Sec. 5.2.5) DEne 5.2.5(A) Significance of Intrinsic Impedance We have the unit of electric and magnetic field as(V/m) and (Alm) respectively. If we take the ratio. Bg Yin Bs Fim = V/A, whichis a unit of impedance, = At some point on the circuit board, having the knowledge of voltage and current at that point, the impedance at that point ccan be determined simply by taking the ratio of them, this, idea can be extended funher. ‘The wave in a media is associated with the electric and ‘magnetic field with it. At some point in the media, by taking the ratio of E and H, the impedance of media at that point can be obtained. This impedance is called as intrinsic impedance Impedance) of the Losslogs Meg, ly D (MU-May 10, Dee. 44 la. 6.2.16 What is intrinsic Impedance of (Rot. Socs. 5.2.5(8) and §.2.5(C)) 52.17 What is uniform plano Wave ? Dori y Pry, Impodance. A uniform plane wave at 300 MHz travels In vacuum along 4y ot Tho electric flold of tho Wave at some jn. given by E = 33, +53). Find ho phasg 8 of tha wave and also the vector magngs. (Rot, Secs, 5.2.2(8) and §.2.5(8), Example 6.3.18). hy tis the ratio ofthe magnitudes of E and H fora plan ‘wave in an unbounded medium. Mathematically, Oy Magnitude of ‘= Intrinsic impedance ="sfaenetads of H = Fora wave propagating in x-direction we have and ay = az=0 ‘Then electric and magnetic fields are given by, = Ba +k 0 He Wat og = Using Maxwell's equation, Vx E Hit wege eee VxE= | ax 0 0] =~ HG (Ha, +H) 0 8 Bi Solving determinant in above equation we get - - ‘OH, - B53 - of Bi] Similarly, using Maxwell's equation for Vx H=D= ¢E ve eet is defined as, Scanned with CamScanner(@ an ©) 8 AE folowing el elation ee conse of Eand components of H a mo oe a (iii) em & x 6) %. “7h sav) Gano me OF cod vss ion FFA fe §(x-vg)- Thea differentiation w.rt x gives gs, _ Heo) | Bw) = Bu) cy mee e Bevo) 3H, _gxpseasion fs wy = fe eausert Hp= -) ft ii) ening Ett BS, Meow) | Ax—v) m7 B(x-ve) anil +f) By asomingexpetion fo 1 # B= (a-W) and giving the similar treatment as for B, We ) Combining equation ix) and (3) ve Bet and Using equation () Ee Barba =nKa 1 “Taking mod of bth sides ie WBr= avite ie Wl = nl! A « one ft HL (5.2.6) = Ag Bie messued in Volt and H is measured in Ample. then the uit of willbe volts Amp, $ and tis called as intrinsic impedance of the media. 5.2.5(C) Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space > (MU-May 10) Scanned with CamScannerElectromagnetic Engineering (MU-Sem S.Electronics) 6:9 $< aargrote Using equations (c) and (d) we get By puting intrinsic impedance offre space ea fo [2 - age y ve aia aeay = 120237710) : “changing. lectic Tield ‘ean ‘produce changing fee versa. The relation between n> 1 indicates thatthe electric field is always greater than magnetic field. In free space itis 377 times greater than H. That is E always dominates H. Because ofthis most of the relation in electromagnetics are expressed in terms of E. mis real indicates that E and H are in phase Assuming electromagnetic wave propagating in x direction, we can write electric and magnetic fed vector a, m = BE+Ea (0) ad H = Ha +H,3, ob) ‘The relation between the field components is, wl) ic.B, = -nk, @) ‘The dot product of E and H results in = B+ Ba, B-H = nH,H,- nH,H,=0 ‘The zero dot product signifies that E and y ta perpendicular to each ober. EH, EH) a, ERP NowB xH = aay 0 gE on H, ‘Again using equations (c) and (4), we get Bh te = (nH, +14,) a,=nlH 3, ie, the vector Bx H is having dincton 3, ig magnitude equal to n times square of magnetic felg ‘Since the direction of propagation is assumed to be ., = B x ishaving the same direction. 5,2.5(D) TEM Wave Relation between E and H for Different Directions 5.2.6 Inthe previous article we observed that 7 ForawaveIn+x direction = FILE ps =le S Sree OP Scanned with CamScannerond =~, se find aE 8 90k led Wid H, but i petty NE hi Breaue B and 1 8 Dementia 0 exch 2 it PIMC ee wi, aft soos we find MeRaLive Sign in the relation between B » SF jeonorets: Tit Reeause Bx tn be in the ont sen Letus discuss this in deta, é ent Th components of Band then ox mr = BA, and = na rings prot of and Hw ge, EXH = Baxna -RH,@) persis as expected in +3, direction, yw consider only, and H, components then EB = Ba and, Hs a ‘aking cross product, we get BxH = BaxH,3, =EH,Ca) = The negative sign in the result was not expected. We need ‘positive sign because the wave is in +x direction. This can be dove ether by changing sign of E, or H,, not both. Now if we take te ratio of B, and H, it must be negative, since one of this component is negative. + Ferother directions of propagation the ratios are as follows : 7 Forawave in + x direction x H, 0 hey are rete Components present art E,. Fy. H, an Hy g 2 -fen 7, i, ‘7 For awavain sy direction B= 120 Components present are EE H, 496 H, Tey ae related PF gz Ee he een ‘ For awavein +z direction B= H,=0 = Components present are Ey. Ey Hand Hy They ae relate by a a eo #* = For the waves traveling in negative directions, the signs are reversed, > Forawavein-x direction B= H,=0 aa = fen © For awave in-y direction B= Hy=0 and = - =n © Fora wave in-z direction Be Hed ad Hee Gen 5.2.7 Maxwell's Equations for Harmonically Varying Flelds We have Maxwell's equations for harmonically varying fields in lossless media (F= 0 and p, = 0). Using these we derive Helmholtz equations. Scanned with CamScannerHelmholtz Equation 5.2.8(A) Helmholtz Equation for Electric Field > (MU- Dec, 13, Dec.14) 1Q.5.2.19 Derive wave equations for ime harmonic fields. (Ref, Sec. 5.2.8(A) and 5.2.8(8)) Taking cur of Equation (), VxUxXE = Vx(-joul)= -jou(Vxi) Putting value of V x H from Equation (i), VxVXE = -jop Gueb)= -joueE ie, VxVxE = oeE (2j=-D-.0) From vector identity we have, VxVxE = V(V-D-VE But fom Equi i), V- = Othe above equation ues to, i) VxVxE = -VE ‘Comparing Equations (v) and (vi), ie. (527) ‘This is the Helmholtz equation for electric field. 5.2.8(B) Helmholtz Equation for Magnetic Field > (MU - Dec. 13, Dec. 14) a. 5220 “Derive wave equations for ime harmonic lds, (fet B60. 520(0) and 5.2.80) ‘Ea Taking cur of Equation i), VxV xi. = Vx (jue) jue (V xB) f= (joni, vx0xH Foal) =~ 3.3 = sats vx0xH = Open ie ty From vector ideatity 8 Rave vxVxH = But from Equation (iw), 0-H redoces to vx0xi Camping Egon) wt asin (5, vxUxi ~opeli ie Vii = “This isthe Helmboltz equation for megastic il. Equations (52.7) and (528) == 280 Ged a ay ‘equations in frequency domain for lossless media Significance of Helmboltz equations is Gscassed i Se me section Solution of Helmholtz Equations fo, Lossless Media 5.2.9 In the section 522 we leeroed uniform ple ene propagation in lossless media, for which free spar isa special case In this medium the conduction cureat is siaoe absent in comparison with the displacement cureat Sack medium may be treated as a perfect Gieleceic or loxisa ‘medium (¢ = 0). In all previous sections we made analysis in spece domis and in time domain, Instead of working in time doxzin fe work in frequency domain the analysis is more simpltet FFor this purpose we start the analysis by using Heinilt equations. Scanned with CamScannerF ifr plane WOVE URVEling ip neds af tic field intensitie the 6 gd age Feld iMenstes re ayn ‘ cg jelmhol equations as, "x only, wet ae iz 2 -oneE=-BE 8 ofl) i -otyeH =-6'H Gar ano v only x dieton th wssion } Helmhotes equations ca fe ; by using yo fii) : H,=0 ada 3 22g B ez pete deste eld intensity we gt, 2 Be, iii) 7. pe oe coasting vation of y component only % » BB 0) sgson (18a Second onder diferetal equation whose pion cn be assumed having the form 5 Bee™ ‘his equation gives us how B, is varying wrt x, The comsponding sinusoidal time varying field is obtained by sabipying E,(x) by © and then taking its real part or {agin part. The time variation is obtained as, i) Ett) = Bye * xe = Ey xe PY (vii) variation if obtained by taking the real part of E(t) = RP.ABG, 1) = Bycos (ot- Bx) = The plot of B,(x,) for different timings is as shown in Fig 5.2.2. 5.2.9(A) Velocity of a Wave rection. 1% Figure shows that the wave is travelling in *% ort eae fix our attention on a particular point (# eee Phase) on the wave, we set cos (utr) = constant or wt=Bx = constant ~ Then the differentiation of it w.rt time BiveS: de ao Ai) o-B a = (0 org = B it tiation with ~ Since x represents a distance, then its differentiation time represents a velocity. Thus, 529) Fig. $23 : Showing propagation of plane wave in x-direction. ~ This velocity of some point in the sinusoidal waveform is called the phase velocity. Potting value of B as Jue we eet (6.2.10) 5.2.9(B) Phase Constant and Wavelength = The constant B is called the phase shift constant and is a measure of the phase shift in radians per unit length. Another important quantity observed with wave is wavelength 2, Scanned with CamScanner4 the distance over which the anurokdal waveform ‘astea through a full eycle of 2n rubins, Thus, we can waite PK = on or hm Insp S211) Using the value off from equation (5.2.9) and « # 2 f, we eet dew 2h 2 "ow "ont or he wih 05.212) In general we can conclude that for the sinusoidal time variation, variation w.r4 space i also sinusoidal. 5.2.9(C) Intrinsic Impedance or Wave Impedance ~The expression for intrinsic impedance remain same as ; n= Vue Before we start solving some more examples on wave ropapation in free space, remember the following forms of a uniform plane wave : Ey 00s (cot — iz) or B, sin («ot ~ Bz) Ber (5.2.13) Eysin (2—vt) ~All these forms represent wave traveling in +2 direction. ‘When negative sign is changed by positive sign, the wave travels in -z direction. When z is replaced by x, wave travels in x direction and s0 on, tion ing (MU-Som 6-Electronics)_6-13. Electroma, (0. Summary of Wave Propagating jp, Dielectric Media 6.2. (1) Wave equation are : Vie eh md Vitepelt 2) Fora wave in x-direction: B= H,=0 tod By By Hy Hy ones & UVENg wae direction (G) Velocity of a wave = “* ue (4) Intrinsic impedance : © ExH = in the direction of propagation (6) Relation between field components travelling in +x direction SE Bie ee () Helmboltz equations : VE ae -o'yeE and Vt = -ope ii (8) The properties of wave : Phase constant, = anfpe Phase velocity, » STS Wave length, = a x Scanned with CamScannergE by €, and by H, We obtain the results for 7 ye ‘wave propagation in dielectric media (Refer 28 nee ge ye.Eand Vi =ye,f 2 peveninsti a= HO | gah Bp Ho Hy H, constitutes a traveling wave in + x wit. -Sabtiuting values of and € 1 | . : =3x 10 (ws | \* Nieto" xi07Gon 1° 8) | | + Thisis nothing but velocity of light. Thus waves travel in free ‘pice witha velocity of light, denoted by C. C=3x 10" (avs). eetociy i 0 to comgarethe ta velar. fn dielectric. The velocity i dietetic SE, = Almost forall dietectrion. Hy = 1 Cc uN ’ is than one, means The number &, for any dilectic is seater is always fess than C. (4) Intrinsic impedance : hfe 7 \E 107 136% 120n =377 (9) waves, (©) Simitaro dielectric, waves in fee space are TEM Bei = 0 and Ex = in the direction of propagation. ay (6) Relation between field components traveling in +% dizect ze #71207 (7) Hemholtz equations: VE = -ope,Band VH=-0'p, eH (8) The properties of wave : Phise constant,B = orf, € Phase velocity, v ‘Wavelength, 0. (9) Attenuation : Free space also have 6 = 0 giving attenuation a= 0. Scanned with CamScannerFind the volocty of a plane wave in lossless medum having a relative Permittivity of 5 and relative permeability of, Solution ; Given: ens ower For losses medium, the velocity of plane wave i given by, ve sh 1 Vue “Yormiere) 1 ve Peele Rx 1 x2x3e— x5) ¥ = 0.9487 10" ms = Exam ple 5.3.2 In free space, E (z, 1) = 10° sin (et ~ Bz) (V/ m). Obtain Het). Solution : Given: E(z,1)= 10" sin (wt 2) a Ea, (Ot — Bz) indicates that wave is ‘travelling in + z-direction (negative sign in — Bx refers to positive direction of propagation while z refers t the direction of propagation). For-+zdirection wehave, Bt = HS CHS" ie, = mH, and = -nH, ‘Since given electric field has B, component, it wil result in H, =-A em ee _pemecmy Taam sin (at Bz) = ~2.65 sin (wt~ Bz) (A/mm) an lace fd E In foo sco 18 Gen as, = (10'= Py) em) : rind) fr WH) OIP(O2, 28,04) 9459 solution : iren: B= 1000e08(10"t- P= By. 9 = 1000 cos (10't- By) . ner © = 10'(nds) eye v= e=3x 10m) yy n= 120n(Q) ) TofindB 2.13 ¢aak p= Seg a=1/3 (dm ln y= = 1885 (a) Si 1wocos (10-39) Rane E- Sowe write iit) To find H Given expesion for E bas only E, component, traveling iy direction. The electric and magnetic field components fr wag y direction are related by, Scanned with CamScannerF 10" x 10% 10°* ae 72.65 c08 ( 107 ease : 26581-08395, 0265 on O46 g (1167 in the brmcket i in adnns, Conve ng in wo" ra 180 = 9 seq 8 gibt = 9.568" and a ie 2.65 ¢05 (9-568") & = 2.61 & (A/my e534 om vqninanen magnet medum has a “egos (10't+ 22) 8, (Vim) 0 retin of Propagation gp ntender at ont es! pe gen cxpsion epesents component of he wave pone ines that the component is travelling in goin 0d O= ads), B=2 (rade). “ 5 tot direction ‘of propagation sin (10't+ 22) a= Ey sin (10'+22) ap. ssa above tbe wave is propagating in ~2directin i, 4 ‘Ans. 4 To6nd?, fand €, o2 10'=2nf w = 0.1592x 10" = 15.92 MHz (rad). Temengbiscaeutedas,2 = ovne Texspesion for Bis, x8.854x10 €, x17) Scuncing beth sides 4 = 10" (4 x 10" x 8854 Ans. * €, = 96.95 4) Tofna it This second method to obtain H ‘The intrinsic pendence, Tn [sg = 62.83 Te Ver VY 35.95 «8.854% 10 ‘The expression for H. can be written 38, He = Hysin(10't+22) oy wher, = B Ans. Ey oe ads 0796 ay is obtained using a, . a ie ay = ay wns. Hi = 0796sin(10'+22) a, (Am) ee Example 5.3.5 An electromagnetic wave propagates in free space. Is fields are given as follows : Ex a0n0llt+ 2 &, (vim); Fic, ol(t0"t+B2) & (aim Find Hg and p. Solution : We know the standard expression for E for a wave in = irection is, Jone B= Bye) 5, (Win) Scanned with CamScannerBloctoen lectromagnatic Enginooring (MU-Som 5-Eloctronics) 6:17 pare related wn Comparing it withthe expression piven, we get Eo = 30m = 94.25 (V/m) nnd we 10" rad / 0c. : He" " For free space, n= 120 x () Since E, component is given it wll rsultin H, as, = 308, 25 cas ee npg ame ‘This Hyo is nothing but H,. In free space, velocity of wave is v=3x10' ms a for Bin terms of w and v 38 p=? Sera = 0.33 dim a Example 5.3.6 Ans. 'na homogeneous region where p= 1 and €,= 50, E=20n6-™ 5 (vim), BenHnel* a Find @ and H, if the wavelength is 1.78 m. Solution : ‘We have, 120m _ 120m _ BEE een 20 Saar = 18 (Alm) The velocity of a wave is, pe 3x10 Vue Vinee, Ve, = 42.43x 10° (avs) From given wavelength we calculate fa, B= 22 2353 (nam ‘The veloc ve 2 6 ype (snasy Wx 359 NS ten, o oF a Example 63.7 Ine nomagansaue nonc2ni hars, pat, find ¢,and of sonel "3, ond Faro0t-t, Solution : Webave, Eft t9% z en [He a? ve Sere, B= 30nd H=10 30n _ 120m 1 le, a Ve=4 or €, = 16 ong, el - 2a Also, Y= 8 ue * Vioueve, Vane NE 5 Be 9.5.10 (is 3 0.75 x10" From given field expressions, = 4/3 (rad/m), then = (015% 10) xB = (078% 10h) = 1x 108 (ath eh nha Scanned with CamScanner_ cos (at=2)& +055 sin (wt—2) 3, . fit =, 20.1 608 (02) 8, =H, cos (wt—2) i, ae a - = =, gSsin @t-2) ay =H, sin (@t-z) a i? ae given expression it 18 clear that the wave is irection, and phase constant B = 1, For the ose oe 5 ranula velocity js given by, | ypore ie ys 1 1 c Y= Sue Ven) V4 ae Ve B o = vB=15x10°x1=15x 10" (rad/s) Tofind wave impedance ‘om impedance or intrinsic impedance is, _ fi. [x@_ 1208 ae ve \eq@™ ya 7 1) To find wave components of F Let the electric field be Be isi, where, By = B, cos (wt 2) der B= Bysin(ot-2) ia EB, and B, are obtained using, ne and & yy ne Fo Bani, =607 059220 Bent =: ‘= 200 x 10° rad/m 6 B= oVad =200nx 10a, = IE Scanned with CamScannerLe consider expression for E ks BO = BL, cox (or fix) 01% 107? ens (otf) ACU 0-9, ()= 0.1 10°? cos (=f) = 0.1 x10 eos) w= caxioea( 3) nis Gr Eh minum of 8 Thais E, (0) a2 = 178 must be 0.1 x 10", Patng te valve of 1) 201 x10°cos(#) E,@) = 01% 10" eos ( + 01x10" ‘Thos Equation (i) requires modification. Let E,() = 0.1% 10"? cos (wt-Bz+8) ‘We find © by using the fact that for B, (0) to be maximum cosine function should have 1 value. For this the bracketed term must be zero or 2n ete. 0s (wt-B2+8) = 1+ wt-B2+0=0 Putting the values of t= 0, B and 2, 1 xgte= 0 30= om So the expression for Eis in 8,0) =01 x10" cor (2001081248) =, (49 For a wave in z-direction E and H are related using 1200 z ene fs ae VE, =60n() B, oxi? H, @.0= 96 = Gon or cos (200 2x 10't—*E2+0) ‘To find the position where B, is positive maximum at t= 10 ns, set tha cocine term eau to 1. Solution : ‘The — fz term in the given expression for Eshoy wave is traveling in + z-direction. & ‘The ratio of E and H component is E i “he given electric field has only B, term, therefor, te mapa, field consist of only H, component, given by H, =— (Em) > cs Given: 1=Hy € =9 €o- The intrinsic impedance is clue i» [m1 fe \e: se A [Bd xnorssng as 2 = -& cosavt-p9 ali = ~Leosco't-p)a, wm) From the given expression, @ = 10° (rad/see) ot 1 on 2) Scanned with CamScanneron me sow tt vey is obianed by, a 2 ee Ee x10' ey v= Yue ~ Vint. 3x10" = = F= Fox 10" 30% 10° (em) wel 2nx 10x10" Pax 10% = 0.209 10" (rad / m) inisiimposance is obsined by, Boy [A a= [E(B 2mm jos sume thatthe wave is travelling in +z direction, so that & Fa ‘eexaponeat of Hin’, direction is, = Fe 226.53 maim) go), 120 Late pce, ye ce3xi0) on 120m (Q) Given: pe 4 The wave is n+ x direction v= ym avxpeax ind B = 12x 108 (rad/s) ted to is rel! The given electric field has B, component. It ‘magnetic field using =n oe oom 120% ole = sonnet #,3, =0027¢ He Solution ‘The given medium constants are representing free space- From the given expression, @ = 10° (radis) EB = Ba, represents awave in +z direction. ae H =~ 2H = = Be sin gta 9954 sin tot) H = H,a,=-0.054 sin (10° t-Bz) a, . = 2210 -0:333 (rads) Also, B 3x10 Scanned with CamScanner5-Electronics) Example 5.17 (URIROROLI Determine y and 9 at 100 MHz for 8 medium In wich = 1, €,= 10, 0=0, At what velocity will an EM wave travel in this ‘medium 2 Solution: ¢ = 0 indicates a dielectric media, for which a=0 Beoyae = 2xx100x 10" fenx10 10x (10 736A) = 6.62 (rad/m) Y= a+ jB= 56.62 (perm) ‘A unorm plane wave at frequency of 200 ic avd vacuum along +y direction. The electric field of the wave ‘some instant is given by E=33, +5a,; i Find the phase constant of the wave and also the vector ® > pao = 2 10° «10° =2n(rad) Direction of electric field is given as Bo 33,453, Complete expression for the electric field travelling in y direction is By = (39,455) e%=8 a, +88, = Tus HO) = i . ore HO) = Tow Bae Am) Dample 53.19 TEARS Foramediumin wich awave wit a freenoy t= 3 is propagating, determine the propagation conciarg 5 irons npdese ole mon weno = eng a Boe Solution: Given: y= Vionerioe =joVne = jx data eoe,= i885) a=0 B = 18.85 (rad/m) n= fimo ‘Example 5.9.20 [ETE ROMO ‘The lect fed Intensty associated wih a plane wen 0 ing ae cite ec awn a = 10.cos (2nx 10't-| )-A rex) Vin. What velocity of propagation 7 Given : E,(z, 1) = 10 cos (2m x 10" t- 0.1 mz) = Eg cos (a - Ba) a Scanned with CamScanners o one toECe “EVE xg olexaxidl |, oe Ee ext Th & 15 os 2 ok Doig oe Ge De R : BE xtocos ae 10-011 m2) = pe £00398 cos (22 x 10"t-0.1 nz) Giga Tope: Wave Equations Solution on peti ny conduction Media (Lossy Dielectric) iy Wave Propagation In Lossy Dielectric ‘ps oni is characterized by (0# 0, € = €, €, H= Hy Hs pacts 52 and 53 we have studied wave propagation in sues ona Doe to 2270 loss (6 = 0), the amplitude of these ‘ecrmass constant (does not decrease). Then it is very obvious save wave caves in lossy media (G # 0), the energy of the ‘eeshuld continuously decrease, causing amplitude of the wave savcuetimously. Except the amplitude, all other properties of feeve cumely v2. B are same as that for lossless media. To mate rls mathematically first obtain wave equations for Sada Elnctromas Wave Equations tor Losey Dielectric (Partintly Conducting) 28.4.1 Derive gonoral wave equations for E and H-fold QWv0ohion to we wave equation In parlec ‘olocte for a wave traveling in z-rection. whieh ~ hin only x-componont of E-field. (Ret. 800, 6.4.1 and Example 5.3.11) 9.8.42. Dative te wave equation for froo space and {oF Conducting modium, (Ref, Secs. 6.2.1 and 64.1) a 84a: _ Dore ‘wave equations for time harmonic folds. elseecs) 8.4.1 and 6.4.2) | wave equations for E and H fields. {6 the ‘wave equation In perfect lelectric for a wave traveling In z-direction which] Scnly x-cémponent of Efeld,® « (Ret, $00.5.4.1 and Example 52: at) TOE Starting with Maxwell's equations, vxii = T+D x0) Vxi = -3 we VD = 0 ie V-E=0 Gi) VB = 0 ie Vii=0 iv) Abo Beech x Deed we) B= ui eo (vi) - of «+ (vill) Scanned with CamScanner(A) Wave Equation tor Electric Wet, 9 VX E = Taking cur! of both sides we pet, VxVxE = -0xB =-Tx(uH) ~w(Vxi)=-n(+D) ~H(oE +E) = Using vector identity : VxVxE = V(V-E) Bot V-E = 0 ~ Then vector identity reduces to UxVxE = -VE Field (a) -0E ® ‘Comparing equation (2) with equation (2) we get VE u(oE+ed) G41) = Tis is called as general wave equation for electric field in ey ned, 5.4.1(B) Wave Equation for Magnetic Field Wetave Vxii = 145 = Taking cr of bot sides VeVi © vxd4d [Wx (GE) + 19x 8)} (x3) +(Vxb) from (v) and (ii) O(VxE) +e (VxE)=0(-B)+e-8) ~hoH - en =wioH +eH) + from (vi) 0. Using vector identity {0x7 XH = Vp. Bu Vi = 0 = Then vector identity reduces to vxvxi = 0H = Comping easton (©) with eon) ep VH = wWolseiy “Gay = This scaled as general wave equation for ma fay, lossy media. 5.4.2 Helmholtz Equations for Log, (Wave Equations In Phasor form ey Frequency Domain or Harmo, = Varying Fleld) Mica ~ For the sinusoidal ime varying fils the wave equi the conducting media canbe writen by repaint joas VE = pGoo+jo-juee ie VE = jon(o+joe)E ..g4 Similarly, we get, VH = jon(o+joe ji (64) Let’ = jo 1 (0 + joe), This term is a company runterd ‘under root of iis also complex. ie, 8=> complex number = a +jB Scanned with CamScannerof and i will Be Seen in the next any (53) and (5.4.4) are rewritien * ae . | not avE its sou co4i00) vit GAS) are called a the Helmboltz equations for = 0, the above equations reduce oe + -oueE =-BE va = -opeE=-B'H 4 : elmboletz equations for lossless media already se Cal og 52.80 (Equation (5.2.7)). jpseciot expression for a and B for Lossy 3 pjelectric > (Mu-May 12) soe P= jon(o+ je) qerjPh = jon(o+ jae) =jopo-oipe qaiog square bracket off +2jaB= jopo-w'pe A) + Equting real and imaginary parts we get, Bio! = oP pe oil) And 2aB = oo Now, a = wpol2B) adi) . fue, Oe - taking only postiveoot, BP = SES +2 . 548) wie) ~ Similarly, we can obtain expression for 0 25 in azo i i+-1) 2 5.4.4 Intrinsic Impedance for Los: Dielectric - Consider the electromagnetic wave is propagating it * direction, then B= Ba+Ba ad He = Hya+H 3 wi) — For sinusoidal time varying field, Maxwell’s equation are = vx = J +jod =(6+ja08 Gi) And VxE = -joB =—jonit Expanding equation (iv) and remembering that 3 = 2-0 and E, = 0 Scanned with CamScannerEloctrom, ect of COMP Ure of» ‘Comparing coefficients a SE > son And 2 a oo) ~ jou, wo (i) Equation (v) and (vi) are having same form, once we obtain ‘olution for one, we can easily write solution for other. Equation (vi) ism differential equation whose soltion can be ‘assumed as Bs Ben where y = Van (6 +06) (54.8) 0 (v) & but form i) S = ~18,=-jont, ie B . ie, Go Rt ecte ~ Similarly, we en prove that BG H, * ~Vo+joe ad ‘The quantity in the radical is denoted by 1. ‘Thus EB, = —nH,and B= nH, Squaring and ang, we get E24 E? =r? +H, ie BP = WH? = 7) Ht — This is called as intrinse impedance of the medium. Thus, for the sinusoidal time varying field the intrinsic impedance of media is given by, = Vos jae (2) (5.49) eft rien canbe expressed i magnitde a angi, " Be: ata =m Z0, vine, t= ea ad " (43) us be @oweneg ~ Inet ir the voltage (0 ad cat) ain aly when impedance is esisive IF tis each phase erence exit between V and I. Since B andy tated throagh 1, when i is complex then pase dif, 6; is present between two fields. So when E = By“ cos(at- Bx) ~ Then the magnetic field is H = Hye" cos(ot—Bx—0,) Whee Hy = 7 5.4.6 Wave Propagation in Lossy Media ~The Helmholtz equations fortis media are VB = jon (0+ jue) B=7E al And Vi = jou(o+ jue) nfl Scanned with CamScannervc Englnoering (MU-Som 5.4 2, jon(otjoo) y +54,10) oot sme At B i Hing wg pent of Eas Only then we 7 ana erential equation has : port 08 Poste solution ag fet anennted in he drecsion of PORES Fig. $4. w ‘ B= Bye™ (S41) m vonitfo™ " Ee Fig. SA: Wave propagation in losy delete egy 2 RE }=RP. of [Ege 50? “a satiny | The rate of attenuation is decided by a constant called a8 son (644), 7 bas real as well asi attenuation constant and sealed as pase st onsiane om ae Calla ecaue anenuaion and phase sit i assed,“ edo ese Y= 4B Me : ; ce propagtio, the ern (whieh consis of and B* o™ propagation constant. Jit sce h atemnion cer wave popes remain O° = SH) RP, of Ege same as forthe pure dielectric media [+ 00s (at Bx) a” ie pe aaa md vetha lB see tes for loses lect ern 525 5.4.7 The Termsy, cand B sesso i Re 008 (,-B,) 2 comping it wit equation () in this atc, we Bad an psoralen 6° in the expression for lossy det. n tare uation the amp of cosine tm it By Wh jx a constant, but for lossy dielectric it is By © ™ equation (¥) s e : - re wm is a postive constant (wl be proved in BS o Propagation constant (1) rice) and when wave propagates ia eee For the wave propagating in 1ssY media the solution of the ‘increases continuously. ‘wave equation is : re ruin rm decreases comin. mens B= Re" wll) wave travels in lossy media, the amplitude the wave since? iv acomplex suber so ORES =) decreases continuous! ‘or in other words the wave 7 me 7 ys aif 0) Scanned with CamScannerFF cectoma Inotic Enginaering (MU-Som 5-Electronics)_ 5-29 ‘Where a = attenuation constant (Np) B= phase constant rn) ‘Putting Equation (ii) in Equation (i) we get, Be Retem = Be" ‘This expression says that when the wave propagates in + X direction in a lossy media G) Te gets attenuated due to a Gi) Tts phase angle changes due to 8. (ii) Attenuation constant (a) ‘As seen in Equation (ii) above, when the wave is travelling in a lossy media it gets attenuated. The rate of attenuation is decided by a. Hence ois called an attenuation constant. More the value of c, more the atenuation i, It is measured in ip. For lossless media obviously a.=0, ‘The value of ois given by Equation (5.4.7). (Gi) Phase constant (6) From Equation ii) itis clear that when the wave propagates, in + x direction, ts phase angle continuously changes. Due to this the term i called as phase constant. It is measured in (rad/m), ‘The value of fis given by Equation (5.4.6). B= 0 se ( 8 fr+1) we ar significance of propagation constant tn gene 1 (2 + HP) SEBS a When yg in amplitude and ‘ propagates it gets attenuated in ampl the phase “a, the wave changes. a significance of attenuation constant Te non zero value of in a lossy media signify amplitude of wave decreases continuously as the wave, Por @ Significance of phase constant ‘When the wave is propagating its phase is rt, changing indicated by B. Mathematical Definition of the Dielectric Media and Conducting Media = In electromagnetics, materials are divided roughly ing 1, classes. 5.5 (1) conductorsand (2) dielectrics or insulators, The dividing line between the two classes is not sharp ay some media (the earth “for example) are considered ag conductors in one part of the radio frequency range, but x ielectric (with loss) in another part ofthe range. B+ joeE = InMaxwell’s first equation : Vx H = The fist term on the RHS is the conduction current deasiy and the second term is the displacement current density. If we take ratio of conduction current density to displacement current density we get, the ratio a, a uy x = oe Naturally For good conductor : &la pal For good dielectric: 2 <¢1 (5.5) rm oe Scanned with CamScannerog vanes of 8nd BFTOM the piven 4, oot os (546) Sefinitly iS Ge Coney 0 7 60 og send of A YOU Wl be yey . apy i re spill PEON for gang gn ata using can definitly be done prov Fain Provided that the igh isn good — Bood dielectrics, Now we wil oo on modifying equations (54.6) and (54. a5 wor dification of a, B, v and n for ra good Dielectric 4 wosifeation of and B for Goog electric une ition ven egUaon 551, a can be " gifieh 8 given below. str good diectic (lox) << 1, we can we the gion a ( AG + Sp) seo trecei Vie? (1) __ agtisin expression of we get ein fe ia 1) (56.1) (562) 5.62 Velocity in Good Dielectrl¢ Now the velocity of wave, 1 v= off= - a ‘Again using approximation forace las T eq 2-4) (5.63) 5.6.3 4 In Good Dielectric Taking joe common from denominator = 4/—— i 1= Viteerjon said Fora good dielectic, (6 / we) << 1, Then imnation. =: using approximation, Tq = 1—@ one vEbaed (5.64) Whenever a small amount of loss is present in the intrinsic impedance a small reactive component gets added. Syllabus Topic : Wave Propagation in Good Conductor 5.7 Wave Propagation In Good Conductor = In the previous articles we studied the propagation is good. ieletric, free space and lossy dielectric, Its time now study pagation in good conductor. Scanned with CamScanner‘or Rood dielectrics we have, (0 /tot)>> 1 5.7.1 To find aand for Good Conductor ‘Using expression for y as F = jon tos joc) =iono[ 1+] = jono as... (ofae)>>1 of) ie. Y= Vous =Youozo0 or y = Vous zas° ASTM) Now Y= a+jp sal) ‘Squaring Equation (b) and equating with Equation (a) Y= B+ 208 = jouo ‘comparing real parts a?~ f= ie. a= B and comparing imaginary terms 208 = ayo [ hen 2 = 2 wpe se as aoe (5.7.2) And: B=. nfs 1 so (8.73) aoa soe len 5.7.2 or mcctromagnetc Engineering (MU-Sem 5-Electronies)_ S31 Intrinsic Impedance for Goog 3 Conductor ow fora goo codocor (OIE) >> 1 then ema “ 1 becomes Ee tment _ afeew as Vy Wan E9556 aon ae Im(m) = Ve _ Note that 7 has phase angle 45°, which reflects on ty 4, phase difference between E and H ‘Then Re (n) E = Eye cos (wt- Bx) H= Fret cos (ot B24) While solving the problems on finding 0, B, ¥, 7 We can ue simplified expressions which saves the time as well a laboy, But be careful because these expressions are used only i¢ conditions for good conductor or good dilectic ar sis ((iiich are for good conductor “>> 1 and for pod ditectios << 1 a fits ‘The general expressions which we derived earlier as well simplified expressions foro, ,v and n are given below fer fast reference while solving the problems. Scanned with CamScanner= 00366 «10429 1 dn) Buty =a4j6 a= 00966 igi) and B= 14 a0 (od . mA Now, 3, =F e085 im) ve Fan = 56.95% 108 (nds) ney G+ jor [en IO aaa BRUTAL x BB 1G 425 TS56B LHP : 1 \Vossoi a9 95°= 75341 4002 7S3Al + 50.263 (2) aw 107, ‘elave propagation constant 1=on(o+ jae) A fied 1x 10 1024 107. Vites68 00" 0139 1044) xn 1x 108x25% Example 5.7.2 ‘An uniform plane wave in a medium having ¢ = 10°° Sit, © = 80 €, and u = yy is having a frequency cf 10 KHz. Calculate the different parameters of the wave. Solution : Given : Here let us calculate approximate a and @ using Table 5.7.1. o=10" Sim, €=806, pap, f=10kHe To take advantage of simplified expression for good conductor, check the ratio a. to AT >>I oe * TexlOxiP xox eass to en ATP & AAs value of ratio is greater than 1, at frequency of 10 Kitz, the medium is conducting medium, so use approximate expressions. 1) Propagation constant y= Vous 24s nn ~ Scanned with CamScannerYm BRB ION Zag? mr! Y= 62810774 6.280107" y= asi Comparing we pot © = 628% 10" Naim Phase constant B= 628% 107 md/m i) Intrinsic Impedance n= yf cas en EERE rg = 8.88126 245° fii) Wavelength a= Blake © 'B 628% 1977 = 100m W¥) Velocity _2nx 10x10 Y= Be G28x 1972 TON x10! mec, fetoree C05 (4 a Feiconcuinioacieas Solution : From the given expression the wave is travelling in x direction. For harmonic variation Bo B Tofinda: But Also IR Bla ole 1 7 = nr By=(200 230) x10 = 2000 230 = 20006" = RP. {2000e™xe™e™ (ay) = RP. {2000%exe OP ca) 200° &, pple'(e-*m)} | 2 cor(ar-$+2) & 5 avin) a= shat (pi 1 Be G25 =3.465 (m) Scanned with CamScanner* rople ‘Skin Etfect and coy ni Skin Depth cept ot pept of Penetration (Skin Depth i tt do me (MU - May 16, Dec.16) At low frequencies the cureat is uniformly distibuted ‘through the cross section of the conductor, But as the ‘frequency is increased it will have tendency to flow only near {0 the skin ofthe conductor. This effects called skin effect. From the expression of 8 in Equation (5.8.2) itis clear that : Atlow frequencies - 8 is large ‘Athigh frequencies -6 is small ‘When low frequency cuent is passed through conductor, amos total area ofthe conductor cases the cureat as shown inFig 58.2, But ifthe frequency is increased due to 8 is small, the curent will flow through the conductor in a region near to the conductor surface (which is the skin of the conductor) 35, shown in Fig. 582(b). Area for ‘conduction, 4, F 1 ) © Fig. 582 Fig. 58.2 : (a) Low frequency (b) High frequency current ‘through conductor Example 5.8.1 Calculate the skin depth for a medium with conductivity 400 mho/m, relative permeability 2, relative permitivity 3, at 50 Hz, 1 MHz and 1 GHz. Electroma, Ye Mi Solution rafal check wheter mail FL Condi yg. frequency, 100 Coa cer Dax 1X10 G3 2s oe = 0>>1 ‘Ths, mses god contutor, Using te erp for good conductor 4 =z .. Z 8 = \Jouo *\V2txanxt” OR 3561 if 561 @. Atsor, 5 eon 35.61 AIM, 6 = Fg 380mm 3561 @) ano, $= TAF hsmm Solution : Given: o=40mS/m, y,=1,f=2 MHz Initially check that Aluminium isa good conductor = BR na xitoso1 Bret) 36m, ‘This aluminium isa good conductor, fr which Vous 24s" = WORK TEXT 4x mx IO x EX 3B2XI0) LA = VaRaxI 245° = 21,967 x 10° 245° Scanned with CamScannerye asip aga imaginary terms we ge, © ISASKIO NF B= 1845% 10° agin 1 is given by aun is given by, et rs : i 1 © 1545 x10" 6473 pm gwave propagation i given by, w @ If _2ex 16x 108 YE BB 15.45 x 19 = 651.53 mv <0 = 3 MSIm. A what fequoncy yt zs ae J2_ of 2 tn B= Vane" \V2nixpxo™ fro) : 5° Yatpo Brine 1 « * Uxnyo a We 1 ———_— —_!—__. (1x10) x x4 10773 x 108 = MAkH trample 5.8.4 'N vhat frequency may earth be considered a perfect Gocco = 5 x 107° (Sim), fp = 1 and €, = 6, Cana be \usuned zero at these frequencies Salton: Ferdiclectric (0 / we) << 1. Te we assume << 1 means fess that Uniting valve, Ie oe 7 (001 8 ole °* doe ° € @ , 100 1005 x10" f= ag axe “2ex(I0 D6) *8 = 1.125% 10" (Hz) = 1.125 (GHz) Now for good dielectric we have fi. Sot [eax ioe C1077 36m) x8 = 0333Npim. ewADS. ‘Thus, a.can not be assumed zero. Example 5.8.5 For sea water with o = 5 mholm and €,= 80, = Hy find the distance a radio signal can be transmitted at 25 Keps and 25 Mops. If the range is taken to be the distance at which ‘90% of the wave amplitude is attenuated. Solution : ‘We know that the electric field intensity is given by B =Bet x ei — amplitude phase ‘As phase angle is not important, E= Ey Letx =x, be the distance at which E drops to 0.1 Ey 01 Ey Pig, : Illustrating Ex. 5.8.5 & Be = Oy = 01 Scanned with CamScannerEF lectroma 53 etic Engineering (MU-Sem 5-Electronics) 5:37 10 skin depth ipa a. tn0.1 5.96 a in good conductors. (Ret. Sec. 5.9) arzation of a wave Fes 1 the Lime varying ta ‘Now we shall check whethe sea, is Pols er Sea wate is a good conductor or | - ig 2 vector at some fixed ping tt Dot a the highest frequency. the electric fel strength Pittio ny, Ss = Latusconsiertbe we UWE 8 4 ig = 2m x 25x 10° x 80x 8.854 x 10 ithas B, and E, components as : Me ‘hich is not greater than one. So go for exact expression for a. ue eV Ele) B, = B,c0s(ot-B) E, cos (ut - B+ 8) For 25 Keps, puting the numerical values given, we get E, = amplitude of wave in x direction, esom sn 222mm | by = amplitude of wave in y direction, Sinilay, for 25 Meps 5 = Phase angle between E, and E, a= 26 am = Be stoem Ans ‘These field components are shown in Fig. 5.9.1, y 5.9 Polarization of Wave D (MU — Dec. 11, May 12, Dec.12, May 13, Deo.13, May 14, Dec.14, May 15, May 16, Dec.16, May 17, Dec.17) ae Direction of propagation 1Q. 5.9.1” What 1s polarization of electromagnetic wave 7] Explain Linear, Circular. and Eliptica polarization] | —¢ in detail (Ret. Sec. 5.9) So o Dec. 11, May 17.10 Marks y 2.5.9.2 Explain : Polarization of electromagnetic waves, (Ret. Sec. 5.9) 93 Define polarization of a wave. Explain the types of polarization. (Ret. Sec. 5.) Direction of May 13, May 14, May 15, May 16, Dec.16,10 Marks propagation 5.94 What is polarization of electromagnatic wave ?| x ‘ ob) Explain linear, circular and eliptcal polarization, | Fig 59,1; Showing in E, and E, components for the waves (Ref. Sec. 5.9) ‘z-direction 5.9.5 Write short note on : Polarization of waves : - Now we can explain polarization. There are three types CE A (Ret. Sec. 5:9) polarization Scanned with CamScannerog ia lainton ang i y Ciel polarization, i syllabus Topic : Linear Potarizan; a 4 Linear Polarization 3 psootarmei el inet olaed a i be te eld ver ta . ; int is alw the same straight i i - a MH Nne ater iatatetgae es Saar olan i Powe he ee field “ss eon Bld componet or ty ‘orthogonal ines inearly Phase oF 180° out of yoni fora wave only E components present ‘and E, =0, Fi 5920). 5 le B = Bycoworpayz, -_ Te waton of wave is shown in Fig. $910, wien g tied by observing he Fi, 5.8.24) from righ. We seg pst moving orzontaly. This variation cleat hos tat 2 isinear. y y E, x z x fang ct (out) o @ Fig. 59.2 : Showing linear polarization ~ I this case the wave is called as linearly polarized in x Aietion, ©) MEhas only E, component and B, = 0. (Fig. $.9.1()) ie B= Bycos(ot-Bz+5)a, Trev tion is shown in Fig. 5.9.1(b) obtained by observing Fi $92(b), from right. The wave is called as linearly Polcized in y direction. —_ tf both B, and, are present and are in phases tHE bee Slt Feld has lcin dependent on the relative Magnitude of B, and B,, The angle this direction made bY With the x axis is tan”! (E, / E,) and this angle is always Constant with time. This is shown in Fig. $9.2(). Fig. $.9.2(¢ : Showing linear polarization mall the above cass ic. (a), (0) and (c) the direction ofthe ‘sultant vector is constant with time and the wave is said to be linearly polarized Syllabus Topic : Elliptical Polarization 5.9.2 Elliptical Polarization ‘A wave is said to be ellptcally polarized if the tip of the Clectic field vector traces an elliptical locus in space. At Yarious instants of time the electric field vector changes continuously with time in such a manner as to describe an liptical locus, is right-hand elipticlly polarized if the electric field ‘Vector of the elipe rotates clockwise when viewed along the axis of propagation. is left-hand ellpsically polarized ifthe elect field vector ofthe ellipse rotates counterclockwise. Consider acase with E,#B, and 90° 120 tl t = T 3 2 % 2 Fig. 593 : Showing elliptical polarization Scanned with CamScannerat 2 = 0) Wei eee intoaes that : Y component leads the x Sv a wot a = Tsitve real oonstants, Now Bene waging fi Boo = aT Ra = Rela, +383) (osersj sind) Boveri, -Esceti, 5.8.3 Circular Polarization A save is sod m be cimatety poletzed if the up of he lest eld vector anes out a crcalar loses in spare, ‘At vasioes inci of tine, the elec fel intensity of soch a ave alsays bts the sme emplide end the orieatzton ia space of the elocaic fi vecor chinges contnuoasly with Serb ode mess ast debe scimalar booms Consider a case with E, = E,= A snd 5 =90° = & +H )atereo) Now the time varying field is Eqn = ReWAR +jaa)e) (% osar- 3 ona hs the xand y components of he Fld ary ws, the x B= Acotib, #A sinc For these components += 47 ‘Tris the equation of circle with radius A, wee 120 18 Tea Fig. 59.4: Showing circular polarization % = Whe the tip of he fel vector rates with tng, . etn 10 be hy clockwise sense as seen looking along the propagation of the wave, the wave is sai polarized. ~ When te cece vector Bas counter clock ta rention whe its wews slong he a of propagating the wave is said to be left polarized. Example 5. — Consider the instantaneous electric field is given by, E =, 005 (at~Bz + 6.) & + E, 008 (ot- Br +4,)3, Determine the polarization in 2 = 0 plane if @ &=0 a= 626 @ 6 =+72,0,=0 and Ey =Ep=A &=0, =F and E=Ep=B W) %&=422,¢=0 and E,=A:E=B Solution : We observe these fields at some z = constant pla, e¢-2=0plane. @ &=0 ‘The electric field for this case is E = Feor(aseya, ‘The locus of the insemtancous electric field vector will bea ‘Saight line, and will be always directed along the y-ats # o ‘nes 2s shown in Fig Ex. 59.1(@). Scanned with CamScannerig. (4) Mlostrating Fs arate Pete cet fel is given by, " yf a gos (ot 4) +E, c08 (Ot +9) a, aplinse of he electric field is © ge VERO DFE coro 2 VEtE contin) paisa line pedinoton of lect iis long the Kine that makes an i cis given by, gui ras give of -1(Ecost+g) ee sesh sw! @) spe eect field is thus linearly polasized slong a tine sexe wih ats as shown in Fig. Ex 5.8.1, and E\=Bj=A ‘instantaneous electric field is ant % Es cos or +8) a, + Acos (003, = ~Asin (on) a, +A.cos (wa, + Theamplitude of itis NC Asin oi + A cosan? =A E Mig. (b) ; Mlustrating Ex. 5.9.1 cc aisls angle we Which ie constant inespective of time, The a8 « (oh 1 woth 0 = ut (Ase) oun petal 20043 ‘Aaino jius A and it ‘of the field vector Iso circle of adi , 0 as The to Folater clockwise with an angular frequency . = ie Px. 8.9.1() Thon his va eft hand lela polat own in ) 600, G0 and faba ‘The instantaneous electri field Is given by - s 2) BL & Beos (at), +B cos (wt +2 © Beos (ot) a, Bin (0) 8, Fig. (c): Illustrating Ex. 5.9.1 ‘The amplitude is B= Y@esoy+CBsinad =B Which is constant irrespective of time, The angle Oo. .t.x axis is = tan tan (Od) = = ot ‘The locus of field vector Is circle of radius B and it rotates famticlockwise with an angular frequency w ag shown in Fig. Ex. 59.1(), Thos this is a left hand circular polarization, Scanned with CamScannerHig. (a): Mustrating Ex ©) Keewhgnd ant Bea ed ‘The instantaneous electric field is given by Be Acoso +) 3, +B cos 3, = ~Asin (oa, +B cos (ot) a, At different values of eat we can plot Bas shown below, FER SOIO. st at=0 ote3n2 E ‘snd s0 on. As time progresses B rotates clockwise, ‘Thos it is a elliptical polarization (right hand), Fig. (¢): Illustrating Ex. 5.9.1 at a2 a3 a4 as a7 2.8 a9 Derive wave oauaton fo" 09 shay yquation. (Roter Section 6.2.1) yy, Winat is @ uniform plane W0r0 ” Site equation doriva wave oquation for frog ag, Mar, (Refer Sections 6.2.1 and 6.2.2(6)) (49, ter, 4p Dorlva tho wave equation for tree soaey 4 conducting medium. “t, (eter Sections 6.21 and64.1) yyy » bey Derive wave equation for homogeneous source fre medium sang rom Msg a (Refer Section 6.2.1) Ma, (H-42, 042, thg,5 Derive the wave equation for source tog - Show thet @ uniform plane wave E gry i porpendicular. (Refer Section 6.2.1 and Example 6.2.4) (0-53, 10 ay Starting with Maxwell's equations derive the ‘equation for a wave propagating in free space (Refer Section 5.2.1) (4-17, 6 Maria) Derive wave equations for time varying ham, figld. (Refer Section 5.2.1) (047, 5 way Derive wave equations for time harmonic feds. (Refer Sections .2.1(A), 6.2.1(8), 5.2.8(A), and 6.2.8(B)) (0-44, 5 aia) What Is uniform plane wave ? Derive ints, Impedance. A uniform plane wave at frequency o 300 MHz travels In vacuum along +y direction. Te electric fold of the wave at some instant is given by E= 98, +58, Find the phase constant of the wa and also the vector magnetic field. (Refer Sections 5.2.2(B) and 6.2.5(8), Example 5.3.18) (0-41, 10 ars) Q.10 Define unitorm plane wave, (Refer Section 5.2.2(B)) (1-13, 10 Mats) Scanned with CamScanner