muzeumi

da
MUSEUM AND CULTURAL

kulturuli
HERITAGE

memkvidreoba
-
¯
 muzeumis
saerTaSoriso
dRisadmi
miZRvnili
samecniero
konferencia
muzeumi
da
kulturuli
memkvidreoba MUSEUM
AND
VI-VII CULTURAL
HERITAGE

2021
proeqti - samecniero konferencia
"muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba"

Project - Scientific Conference “Museum

and Cultural Heritage”

proeqtis idea da ganxorcieleba: pasuxismgebeli redaqtorebi: daviT lomitaSvili, ekaterine

irma doliZe, eka kaWarava TabukaSvili
Project Design and Implemantation: Responsible editors: Davit Lomitashvili, Ekaterine Tabukashvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava
qarTuli teqstis redaqtori: nino SiolaSvili
krebuli Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada: Text editor: Nino Shiolashvili
irma doliZe, eka kaWarava
The collection compiled and prepared for publishing by inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: TaTia TevdoraSvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava English Text editor: Tatia Tevdorashvili

publikaciis koncefcia: eka kaWarava fotoebi: Salva leJava, ivane yenia

Concept of Publication: Eka Kacharava Photos: Shalva Lejava, Ivane Khenia

dizaini: mariam uSxvani Targmani: Sps `lingvo~

Design: Mariam Ushkhvani Translated by: ~Lingvo” Ltd

© saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saredaqcio jgufi SesaZloa ar iziarebdes avtorTa zogierT
saagento, 2021 mosazrebas
© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, 2021

ISSN - 1512-0872
www. heritagesites.ge
 sarCevi CONTENT mcxeTis axali muzeumi – xedva
eka kaWarava
106

winaTqma 24 THE NEW MUSEUM OF MTSKHETA - CONCEPT 178

eka kaWarava Eka Kacharava

FOREWORD 30 art studio 194

Eka Kacharava mariam sosaniZe

mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis ART STUDIO 203

da istoriulad Camoyalibebuli garemos dacva 34 Mariam Sosanidze
marina TumaniSvili

Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da mcxeTis muzeumi 204

PROTECTION OF MTSKHETA CULTURAL HERITAGE TaTia TevdoraSvili, mariam uSxvani
AND HISTORICALLYFORMED ENVIRONMENT 41
Marina Tumanishvili
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND MTSKHETA MUSEUM 212
Tatia Tevdorashvili, Mariam Ushkhvani
mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali 42
irma doliZe
KOKO ARHITEKTID 217
MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE 66 MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE
Irma Dolidze DESIGN OF THE EXHIBITION CONCEPT
mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali
saeqspozicio koncefciis dizaini

_
kinoTeatri „karibWe“ mcxeTaSi – sabWoTa
modernizmis arqiteqturuli nimuSi 70
nato gengiuri

CINEMA HALL “KARIBCHE” IN MTSKHETA - SOVIET mcxeTa da mcxeTis Semogarenis

MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE 79 283
toponimia istoriul WrilSi
Nato Gengiuri

termin „qarTlis” arsisa da

mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumi warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis 288
kinoTeatridan muzeumamde 80
giorgi qavTaraZe
zaza iaSvili

FOR THE ESSENCE AND THE ORIGIN

mcxeTis muzeumis Senobis ganaxleba 84 OF THE TERM “KARTLI” 305
miroslav niJo Giorgi L. Kavtaradze

REVITALISATION OF THE EXISTING BUILDING 92

mcxeTis etimologia da qarTlis (iberiis)
Mirosław Nizio samefos uzenaesi xelisufali 308
valerian vaSakiZe

6 7
 ETYMOLOGY OF MTSKHETA AND SUPREME “GREAT MTSKHETA” AT THE TIME 371
AUTHORITY OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 313 OF BEING A CAPITAL CITY
Valerian Vashakidze Vakhtang Nikolaishvili

warmarTuli RvTaeba armazis mcxeTa, sadac `RmerTni

saxelis etimologiisaTvis 314 RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~ 372
Salva gabeskiria zaza aleqsiZe

FOR THE ETYMOLOGY OF MTSKHETA, WHERE „GODS

THE NAME OF PAGAN DEITY ARMAZI 323 RULE AND KINGS GOVERN“ 379
Shalva Gabeskiria Zaza Aleksidze

etimologiuri SeniSvnebi ebraelebi qarTlis samefos (iberiis)

mcxeTis regionis toponimikaze 326 teritoriaze (werilobiTi wyaroebisa
merab Cuxua da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT) 380
vaxtang nikolaiSvili

ETYMOLOGICAL REMARKS
FOR TOPONYMS OF MTSKHETA REGION 330 HEBREWS ON THE TERRITORY
Merab Chukhua OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 388
Vakhtang Nikolaishvili

toponim `sarkine“-s interpretaciisaTvis 332

nino RambaSiZe saqarTvelos ebraelTa da
qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis 390
givi RambaSiZe
FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF TOPONYM “SARKINE” 336
Nino Ghambashidze
FOR THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN
HEBREWS AND GEORGIAN-JEWISH RELATIONS 401
mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa Givi Gambashidze
da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis 338
giorgi qavTaraZe
gliptikuri Zeglebi didi mcxeTidan
(saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa da
FOR THE ISSUE OF ANCIENT LOCATION didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo
AND NAME OF MTSKHETA 354 muzeum-nakrZalSi daculi gliptikuri
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze masalis mixedviT - uZvelesi

_ droidan romaul xanamde)

qeTevan r. ramiSvili

GLYPTIC MONUMENTS FROM GREAT MTSKHETA

404

357 multikulturuli mcxeTa (ACCORDING TO GLYPTIC MATERIALS,

PRESERVED IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM
AND GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
mcxeTa da dasavluri politikuri orientiri STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli `didi mcxeTa” 358 TIME TO ROMAN PERIOD) 425
vaxtang nikolaiSvili Ketevan R. Ramishvili

8 9
 lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi 426 ENAMELED FIBULA FROM MTSKHETA 492
ana gabunia Nino Sulava

POLYHEDRONS OF BLUE GLASS 436 mcxeTa gvianromaul da sasanur

Ana Gabunia imperiaTa Soris
(gvianantikuri torevtika armazisxevidan) 494
kiti maCabeli
iberia antikuri oikumenis nawili
(mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Suqze) 440
marika mSvildaZe MTSKHETA BETWEEN LATE ROMAN
AND SASSANID EMPIRES
(LATE ANTIQUE TOREUTICS FROM ARMAZISKHEVI) 504
IBERIA - THE PART OF ANTIQUE OECUMENE Kitty Machabeli
(IN THE LIGHT OF ARTIFACTS,
DISCOVERED IN MTSKHETA) 450
Marika Mshvildadze sasanuri gliptikuri Zeglebi
didi mcxeTidan (saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumsa da didi mcxeTis
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeum- nakrZalSi daculi
muzeum-nakrZalSi daculi gvian gliptikuri masalis mixedviT) 506
antikuri xanis gliptikuri Zeglebi 452 qeTevan r. ramiSvili
marika mSvildaZe

SASSANID GLYPTIC MONUMENTS

GLYPTIC MONUMENTS OF LATE FROM GREAT MTSKHETA (ACCORDING TO
ANTIQUE PERIOD, GLYPTIC MATERIALS, PRESERVED
PRESERVED IN MTSKHETA IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM AND
MUSEUM-RESERVE GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
469
Marika Mshvildadze STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT
TIME TO ROMAN PERIOD) 525
Ketevan R. Ramishvili
mglis gamosaxulebiani romauli
denarebi samTavros samarovnidan 470
medea Serozia sasanuri beWdebis erTi jgufi
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalidan 526
ROMAN DENARII WITH THE WOLF qeTevan r. ramiSvili
IMAGE FROM SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD 479
Medea Sherozia
ONE GROUP OF SASSANID RINGS
FROM THE GREAT MTSKHETA
xoirebi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumidan 480 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM-RESERVE 533
qeTevan diRmelaSvili Ketevan R. Ramishvili

DIADEMS FROM MTSKHETA 487 saTamaSoebi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumidan 534

Ketevan Digmelashvili qeTevan diRmelaSvili

minanqriani fibula mcxeTidan 488 TOYS FROM MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 541
nino sulava Ketevan Digmelashvili

10 11
 _ _
545 ena damwerloba mwignobroba 613 religia saqarTveloSi

qarTulisa enisaTvis 546 brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi

mcxeTis muzeumidan 614
TaTia TevdoraSvili
qarTuli wignis istoria 550

ENGRAVED BRONZE WAISTBANDS

qarTuli damwerloba 552 FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM 622
aka morCilaZe Tatia Tevdorashvili

qarTuli anbanuri damwerloba 566 sartylis semiotikuri kodebis

lia sixaruliZe SeswavlisaTvis qarTul kulturul praqtikaSi 624
nino abakelia

qarTuli asomTavruli da nusxuri

kaligrafiuli saxeobebi Sua saukuneebis evropul FOR THE STUDY OF SEMIOTIC CODES
damwerlobebSi mimdinare tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT 572 OF WAISTBANDS IN GEORGIAN CULTURAL PRACTICE 635
daviT maisuraZe Nino Abakelia

GEORGIAN ASOMTAVRULI AND NUSKHURI warmarTuli iberiis RvTaebaTa arsisaTvis 636

CALLIGRAPHIC TYPES, WITH CONSIDERATION OF THE giorgi qavTaraZe
TRENDS OCCURRING IN MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN WRITINGS 589
David Maisuradze
FOR THE ESSENCE OF THE PAGAN IBERIAN DEITIES 653
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
saweri mowyobilobebi mcxeTidan
qeTevan diRmelaSvili

WRITING IMPLEMENTS FROM MTSKHETA

590

597
_
Ketevan Digmelashvili 655 w(mida)i ese dedaqalaqi

qarTuli xelnaweri wignis tradicia 598 mcxeTis sakraluroba qarTvelTa

esma mania rwmenasa da ritualebSi 658
nino RambaSiZe

THE TRADITION OF GEORGIAN HANDWRITTEN BOOK 607

Esma Mania SACRALITY OF MTSKHETA IN BELIEFS
AND RITUALS OF GEORGIANS 666
Nino Ghambashidze

sveticxoveli da sveti-cxoveli 668

qeTevan siraZe

12 13
 SVETITSKHOVELI AND SVETI-TSKHOVELI (“LIVING PILLAR”) 672 ABOUT MTSKHETA, SVETITSKHOVELI AND MTSKHETOBA
Ketevan Siradze ACCORDING TO NIKOLOZ GULABERISDZE,
ANTON NATROIEV AND GIORGI LEONIDZE 731
Ia Ghadua
mirian mefis samoTxe 674
iulon gagoSiZe
mcxeTis eparqia 732
mzia surgulaZe
THE PARADISE OF KING MIRIAN 680
Yulon Gagoshidze
MTSKHETA EPARCHY 735
Mzia Surguladze
"mcxeTa qalaqi didi" wminda ninos
moRvaweobis droisaTvis
(istoriul-arqeologiuri mimoxilva) 682 afazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)
guram yifiani sakaTalikosos istoria 736
Tamar qoriZe

“MTSKHETA – GREAT CITY” BY THE TIME

OF LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF SAINT NINO THE CATHOLICOSATE OF ABKHAZIA (WEST GEORGIA) 749
(HISTORICAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW) 693 Tamar Koridze
Guram Kipiani

samRvdelmTavro Sesamoselis rekonstruqcia

sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris karibWe 694 mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi 752
erik Tuno natalia CitiSvilis TanaavtorobiT eka berelaSvili

GATEWAY TO SVETITSKHOVELI CATHEDRAL 700 RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHPRIEST'S GARMENTS

Erik Thunø in collaboration with Natalia Chitishvili IN THE EXHIBITION SPACE OF MTSKHETA MUSEUM 770
Eka Berelashvili

sveticxovlis sazRvao Temebi

evropeizaciis procesebis WrilSi 708 qristianuli siZveleebi mcxeTidan Salva
manana gabaSvili amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi 772
nana burWulaZe

MARINE TOPICS OF SVETITSKHOVELI

IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEANISATION PROCESS 722 CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES FROM MTSKHETA IN
Manana Gabashvili SHALVA AMIRANASHVILI MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS 791
Nana Burtchuladze

"romeli-igi lamprad brwyinvaled da elvad

cecxlisad egzebis samaradisod..." qarTuli qristianuli kulturis wris Zeglebi
(mcxeTis, sveticxovlisa da mcxeTobis centralursa da aRmosavleT imierkavkasiaSi 792
dResaswaulis Sesaxeb nikoloz gulaberisZis, givi RambaSiZe
anton natroevisa da giorgi leoniZis mixedviT) 724
ia Radua
MONUMENTS OF GEORGIAN CHRISTIAN CULTURAL
CIRCLE IN CENTRAL AND NORTH-EAST CAUCASUS 802
Givi Gambashidze

14 15
 _ _
807 samefo xelisufleba 855 arqeologia

saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba – mefe mcxeTis arqeologiuri kvlevebis istoria 856

daviT IV aRmaSenebeli 808 vaxtang nikolaiSvili, nikoloz maisuraSvili
nino SiolaSvili

HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
GEORGIAN ROYAL GOVERNANCE – KING INVESTIGATIONS OF MTSKHETA 876
DAVID IV THE BUILDER 822 Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Nikoloz Maisurashvili
Nino Shiolashvili

sabeWdavebi, sawonebi da warwerebi grakliani goradan 878

samefo Sesamoselis rekonstruqcia vaxtang liCeli
mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi 824
guliko kvantiZe
STAMPS, WEIGHTS AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM GRAKLIANI HILL 893
Vakhtang Licheli
RECONSTRUCTION OF ROYAL GARMENTS
IN THE EXHIBITION SPACE OF MUSEUM OF MTSKHETA 834
Guliko Kvantidze mcxeTis municipaliteti sof. werovnis

_ teritoriaze mdebare adreSua saukuneebis

samarovnis gadarCeniTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi
zurab giorgaZe, Tamar niniaSvili
894

837 qarTuli samarTali RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS ON EARLY

MEDIEVAL GRAVEYARD LOCATED ON THE TERRITORY
OF VILLAGE TSEROVANI, IN MTSKHETA MUNICIPALITY 903
saxelmwifo da samarTali 838 Zurab Giorgadze, Tamar Niniashvili
mariam yufaraZe

THE STATE AND THE LAW

Mariam Kuparadze
845
_
905 samuzeumo koleqciebi
saistorio sabuTebi, rogorc
qarTuli samarTlis wyaro 846 mcxeTis masalebi uvarovas katalogis mixedviT 906
Tea qarTveliSvili nino CxartiSvili

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AS MTSKHETA MATERIALS ACCORDING TO

THE SOURCE OF GEORGIAN LAW 853 UVAROVA’S CATALOGUE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 913
Tea Kartvelishvili Nino Chkhartishvili

samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxebis inventari 914

qristine SavlayaZe

16 17
 IMPLEMENTS OF THE ROOF TILE GRAVES "saganZuri mcxeTis muzeumidan" - eqspoziciis
FROM SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD 924 momzadeba da Semdgomi rekomendaciebi 962
Kristine Shavlakadze nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe

samTavros fondSi daculi artefaqtebi 926 “TREASURY FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM” – PREPARATION
Tina kaxeliSvili OF EXHIBITION AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 972
Nino Kebuladze, Nino Kalandadze

ARTIFACTS PRESERVED IN THE SAMTAVRO FUND

Tina Kakhelishvili
931
_
qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebi samTavros 977 saqarTvelo - Rvinis samSoblo
samarovnidan saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
koleqciebi (interdisciplinuri kvleva) 932
mindia jalabaZe mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis rvaaTasi weli
saqarTveloSi, saeqspozicio koncefcia 978
iulon gagoSiZe
THE SAMPLES OF GEORGIAN GOLDMITHERY FROM
SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD GOLLECTIONS OF GEORGIAN
NATIONAL MUSEUM (INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY) 936 Rvinis Tematika qarTul xelovnebaSi 984
Dr. Mindia Jalabadze TaTia TevdoraSvili

_ WINE RELATED TOPICS IN GEORGIAN ART

Tatia Tevdorashvili
997

939
uZvelesi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi
xelovnebis nimuSebi mcxeTis muzeumidan
nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe
restavracia
vazisa da Rvinis kultura saqarTveloSi: 998
Rvinis erovnuli saagentos samecniero proeqti
d. maRraZe, l. mexuzla, a. koberiZe, i. mdinaraZe, d. lorTqifaniZe, m. jal-
940 abaZe, e. yvavaZe, n. rusiSvili, T. kezeli, l. ujmajuriZe, p. makgoverni, r.
baCilieri, o. faila, g. kola, l. mariani, s. batiuki, t. gilberti, l. bubi, a.
WeiSvili, e. boareto, n. uelsi, l. daviTaSvili

THE SAMPLES OF ANCIENT DECORATIVE-APPLIED

ART FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM
Nino Kebuladze, Nino Kalandadze
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis
eqsponatebis restavracia-konservacia
ani Serozia, ana dvali
RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF EXHIBITS OF THE
GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM-RESERVE
Ani Sherozia, Ana Dvali
948 VINE AND WINE CULTURE IN GEORGIA: 1023
SCIENTIFIC PROJECT OF NATIONAL WINE AGENCY
D. Maghradze, L. Mekhuzla, A. Koberidze, I. Mdinaradze, D. Lortkipanidze, M. Jalabadze, E.
Kvavadze, N. Rusishvili, T. Kezeli, L. Ujmajuridze, P.E. McGovern, R. Bacilieri, O. Failla, G.Co-
la, L. Mariani, S. Batiuk, T. Gilbert, L. Bouby, A. Cheishvili, E. Boaretto, N. Wales, L. Davitashvili
950
Rvinis uZvelesi zoomorfuli sasmisebi
dedoflis goridan 1024
iulon gagoSiZe, eliso yvavaZe, elena rova
960
TbilRvino – Rvino saqarTvelodan qarTuli 1032

18 19
 _ _
1039 gastronomiuli kultura 1105 musika da qoreologia

gastronomiuli kultura rogorc cocxali memkvidreobis interpretacia samuzeumo sivrceSi 1108

sistema da qveynis saimijo resursi 1044 salome xmiadaSvili
dali catava

INTERPRETATION OF LIVING HERITAGE IN MUSEUM SPACE 1117

GASTRONOMIC CULTURE AS A SYSTEM AND Salome Khmiadashvili
THE COUNTRY’S IMAGE RESOURCE 1055
Dali Tsatava
mcxeTis gaTxrebSi aRmoCenili gedis Zvlis salamuri
da qarTuli samusiko azrovnebis sistema 1118
qarTuli sufra 1056 malxaz erqvaniZe
nino mindaZe

SWAN BONE REEDPIPE DISCOVERED DURING MTSKHETA

GEORGIAN “SUPRA” 1073 EXCAVATIONS AND THE SYSTEM OF GEORGIAN MUSIC THINKING 1123
Nino Mindadze Malkhaz Erkvanidze

lurji sufra (mxatvruli Semoqmedebis qarTuli xalxuri cekva 1124

erTi nimuSi samuzeumo sivrcidan) 1076 mariam uSxvani
ekaterine TabukaSvili

GEORGIAN NATIONAL DANCE 1139

BLUE TABLECLOTH (SUPRA) (ONE SAMPLE Mariam Ushkhvani
OF ARTISTIC CREATIVE WORK FROM MUSEUM SPACE)
Ekaterine Tabukashvili
1080

_
barbare erisTavi-jorjaZe – pirveli
qarTuli kulinariuli wignis avtori 1082
1141 MEMORIA
ekaterine bulaSvili

Tamila mgalobliSvili 1142

BARBARE ERISTAVI-JORJADZE – AUTHOR eka kaWarava
OF THE FIRST GEORGIAN CULINARY BOOK 1091
Ekaterine Bulashvili
mcxeTa – qarTvelTa axali ierusalimi 1145
Tamila mgalobliSvili
ra dagvitova kneina barbare jorjaZem
gastronomiuli kulturis istoria 1092 MTSKHETA – NEW JERUSALEM OF GEORGIANS 1163
dali catava Tamila Mgaloblishvili

Tanamedrove qarTuli arqeologiis

patriarqi akademikosi andria afaqiZe 1164
vaxtang nikolaiSvili

20 21
22 23
 giorgi qavTaraZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,
Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofilebis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli
termin
"qarTlis"
arsisa da
warmomavlobis
sakiTxisaTvis
terminebis „qarTlisa“ da „qarTvelis“ mniSvnelo-
bisa da warmomavlobis sakiTxi imTaviTve qarTvel
mecnierTa kvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda. gamoiTqva
araerTi gonebamaxviluri da TiTqos sakmaod kar-
gad dasabuTebuli varaudi, romlebic erTmaneTis-
agan ZiriTadad sakvlevi sabaziso masalis Tavise-
burebiT gansxvavdebodnen. Tu zogierTi mkvlevari
upiratesad qarTvelur masalas iyenebs, sxvebi ka-
vkasiuri, axloaRmosavluri Tu sulac evraziuli
monacemebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
Zvel qarTvel swavlulTa da mwignobarTa didi naw-
ili endonim „qarTvels“ berZnul-romaul werilo-
biT wyaroebSi gamoyenebuli _ eqsonimis „iberis“
Sesatyvisad miiCnevdnen da am ukanasknels, imisda
miuxedavad Tu ra konteqstSi iyo igi gamoyenebuli,
rogorc wesi, „qarTvelad“ Targmnidnen xolme.
am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom il. abulaZis „Zveli
qarTuli enis leqsikonis“ ganmartebis mixedviT,
termini „qarTveli“, garda kavkasieli iberielisa,
aRniSnavs iberiis naxevarkunZulis (espaneTis) ibe-
rielsac1.
* naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda ,,istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromebSi“,
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
1 abulaZe il., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1973, gv. 451 (qarTvel-i).
Sesabamisad, ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba iseTi
ucnauri termini, rogoricaa „kelt-qarTvelni“, miRebuli berZnul-romauli teqstebis
eTnonimis _ „keltiberebis“ gadmoqarTulebis Sedegad. sainteresoa, rom qarTul
mwignobrul wreebSi ara mxolod „iberia“, aramed TviT qoronimi „espaneTi/spania“
uSualod „saqarTvelod“ iTargmneboda xolme, xolo qarTul enas pirenel iberTa anu
„spanTa“ enasTan aigivebdnen (ix. qavTaraZe g., arianqarTlis sakiTxisaTvis, istoriisa
288
Tu Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTve-
li“ Seesatyviseba berZnul-romaul terminebs „iberia“ da „iberieli“, ber-
Znul-romaul literaturaSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTveli“ ucnobia
da mxolod erTi miniSneba mogvepoveba, rom fonetikuri msgavsebis gamo
eTno-toponim „qarTl“-s ukavSirebdnen karTagenelebis saxelwodebas.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs usa pitiaxSis parizuli sabeWdavis warweraSi asax-
uli termini _ ΙΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΡΧΗΔΩΝ („karTagenel iberTa“), romelic garda
libielTa da dasavleTis iberielTa kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebis legend-
arul cnobasTan misi savaraudo kavSirisa, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs masSi
konkretuli geografiuli da, amave dros, garkveuli xanebidan politikuri
mniSvnelobis mqone cneba davinaxoT „mTa qarTlis“ (anu armazcixis) ibe-
riis saxiT2. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arcTu iSviaTad berZnul-ro-
maul samyarosaTvis ufro Cveul saxelebTan mimsgavsebisa Tu Targmnis
Sedegad iqmneboda xolme sxvadasxva mxareebis adgilobrivi saxelebis
berZnul-romauli variantebi.
termini „qarTli“ pirvelad gvxvdeba iakob xucesis ax.w. V saukunis hagi-
ografiul nawarmoebSi „SuSanikis martviloba“ („wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSan-
ikisi dedoflisaÁ“) da samive SemTxvevaSi _ rogorc qoronimi: „viTarca
moiwia igi sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, qveyanasa mas hereTisasa“3, „...da mieriTgan
ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa“4, „aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani“5;
xolo yvelaze adreuli ganmarteba topo-eTnonim „qarTlis“ warmomav-
lobisa, romlisganac, Tavis mxriv, warmodgeba eTnonimi „qarTveli“, moce-
mulia „mefeTa cxovrebaSi“: „da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa
mas, sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa
ewodebis armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda
saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli. da vidre aRm-
arTebamde mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, da mis gamo
ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde spe[gv. 51:]
risa... mokuda qarTlos da dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw
ewodebis armazi. da Semdgomad amissa colman misman aRaSena deda-cixe“6.
amrigad, „mefeTa cxovrebis“ monacemebis mixedviT, „qarTlosi“ qarTvelTa
eTnarq-eponimia.
toponimi „qarTli“ gvxvdeba juanSerTanac, rodesac vaxtang mefem
sparselebTan mosalodneli brZolis win Tavisi laSqari, mematianis
cnobiT, daabanaka „diRmiT vidre qarTlis karTamde“7. vinaidan Semdgom
juanSeri ixseniebs mogvTis xidsac, cxadia, „qarTlis karni“ mcxeTis siax-
da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. IX, Tb., 2009, gv. 35)
2 qavTaraZe g., kavkasia da „karTagenelebi“, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri da
adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli mkvlevari, #4, Tb., 2008, gv. 112-119
3 iakob xucesi, wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi, dedoflisai, istoriuli cnobebi, komentarebi,
ganmartebebi da leqsikoni daurTo n. RambaSiZem. seria _ qarTli literatura komen-
tarebiT 1, Tb., 2012, Tavi II
4 iqve, Tavi XI
5 iqve, Tavi XVII
6 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 8: 6-11,
18-19
7 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 179: 20
289
 loves, armazTan aris saZebari8.
arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturebulia, rom swored aq, mtkvris
marjvena napirze, sadac mTa qarTli, igive armaz/armazcixea9 lokalizebu-
li, isaxeba iberiis Zveli dedaqalaqis dedacixis rTuli safortifikacio
nagebobebis mTeli sistema; aqve unda yofiliyo samefo rezidencia da
odnav moSorebiT _ sapitiaxSoc10.
ganaTxari masalis monacemebis safuZvelze armazcixe/qarTlis uZvele-
si ganaSenianeba _ armazcixe I _ aqemenianTa xaniT aris daTariRebu-
li. aq mikvleulia persepolisSi arsebulis msgavsi, apadāna-s ti pis didi
svetebiani darbazi, texili zRudeebi, oTxkuTxa koSkebi da kontrforsebi,
qvaTlilebis (kvadrebis) sagangebo samagrebiT (xiT, rkiniT, e.w. uwyveti
„mercxlis boloebiT“ SeerTeba) da sxv. aqemenianTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
arqiteqturuli Taviseburebebi. Tumca Zeglis mkvlevari a. afaqiZe SeniS-
navs, rom adgilis SerCeva _ midamoze gabatonebuli mdebareoba, cixisaTvis
sagangebo saZirkvlis uqonloba, mSralad, uduRabod nawyob qvaTlilebze
amoyvanili didi zomis alizis kedlis wyobisa da Selesvis Taviseburebe-
bi, gamoyenebuli sazomi erTeulis _ e.w. qarTuli wyrTis sigrZis faqto-
brivi igiveoba urartul da winaaziur wyrTasTan armaz-mcxeTas damatebiT
urartuli cixe-simagreebis samSeneblo tradiciebTanac aaxloebs11.
texili zRudeebi, anu galavnis zigzagiseburi texili xazi, ufro postaqe-
meniduri xanis kuTvnilebaa da ZiriTadad elinisturi xanis cixesimagre-
bisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli12. rogorc Cans, urartuli cixesimagree-
bis aqemenidur da gansakuTrebiT elinistur xanaSi gamoyeneba farTod
gavrcelebuli movlenaa ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebSi, maT Soris
somxeTsa da iranSi. arinberdis (erebuni) urartuli cixesimagre mniS-
vnelovan rekonstruqcias daeqvemdebara aqemenidur xanaSi da Semdegac
intensiurad iyo gamoyenebuli elinistur xanaSi13.
8 kakabaZe s., qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, w. III, tf., 1928, gv. 6. xom ar
imaleba am saxelwodebaSi karsani an Tanamedrove RarTiskari, Tuki termin „qarTlSi“
mcxeTaarmazs erTianad moviazrebdiT?
9 Tu l. meliqseT-begi Tavdapirvelad toponim „bagineTs“ mcxeTis midamoebis
toponimikaSi arsebuli iranizmebis gamovlinebad miiCnevda (Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни,
Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и Кавказа, Вып. II, Тб., 1938, c. 43,
mogvianebiT manve gamoTqva mosazreba, rom karsnis magnituri sadguris aSenebis Semdeg
saxelwodeba „magniti“ mavanTa mier „bagniTad“ gadakeTdao (ix. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da
saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1963, gv. 169). marTalia, termini „bagineTi“,
savaraudod, warmomdgari qarTulSi nasesxebi da bomonis, kerpTa taZris aRmniSvneli
sityvidan „bagini“, TiTqos „zedgamoWriliviT“ Seesabameba armazcixes da mis religiur
daniSnulebas, magram Znelia angariSi ar gaewios mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis iseTi
brwyinvale mcodnis gancxadebas, rogoric leon meliqseT-begi iyo. amis gamo, Tavs
varideb naSromSi toponim „bagineTis“ gamoyenebas
10 afaqiZe a., armazcixis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis isto-
riis institutis Sromebi, tomi IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1958, gv. 96-97
11 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 41, 42, 78, 79
12 St. Kroll, Ancient Armenian sites in Armenia and north-western Iran: Hellenistic period, Archaeology of Armenia
in Regional Context, Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Insti-
tute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 15-17, 2009 in Yerevan. P. Avetisyan & A. Bobokhyan
(Eds) (Yerevan, 2012), pp. 219f
13 iqve
290
„mefeTa cxovrebis“ qvemoT moyvanili amonaridis Sinaarsis zegavlenis
Sedegad, sadac naTqvamia: „xolo aman azon moarRÂvna zRudeni qalaqsa
mcxeTas safuZvliTurT, da dautevna oTxni igi cixeni, romelni mosdgmides
pirsa qarTlisasa: Tavadi cixe, romel ars armazi, da erTi cixe dasas-
rulsa armazisa cxÂrisasa; da erTi Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa; meoTxe cixe,
dasavliT, mcxeTa mtkuarsa zeda“14, a. afaqiZe fiqrobda, rom „qarTli“ am
SemTxvevaSi did teritoriaze gaSlili Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli unda
yofiliyo, romlis nawilebsac Seadgendnen: „pirvel mcxeTa“, „Zueli mcx-
eTa“, „Zueli qalaqi“, „armazi“, „armazis cixe“, „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da
„muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“15. Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT TviT „qarTlis cx-
ovrebis“ teqstebs, SevamCnevT, rom sityva „qarTli“ aq zogjer „qalaqis“
mniSvnelobiTac aris gamoyenebuli. mag., „...da i pyra igi zurgad, qalaqi
xunani“, varianti: „...qarTli xunani“ 16; „...mefe iqmnes Svilni maTni: armazs
_ farsman da Sida qalaqsa _ kaos“, varianti: „...Sida qarTlsa _ kaos“
17
; „...moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi qarTli“, varianti: „...armazi qalaqi“18.
CvenTvis aq sainteresoa ara is, Tu am sityvaTagan romelia ama Tu im
nusxaSi marTebulad Casworebuli, aramed TviT faqti terminebis _ „qa-
rTli“ da „qalaqi“ urTierTmonacvleobisa. s. kakabaZec SeniSnavda, rom
Tu megrulad Tbiliss „qarTi“ ewodeboda, qarTlur kiloze mas martivad,
aqemenidur xanaSi sparsulidan qarTulsa da somxurSi Semosuli saxeli
„qalaqi“ erqva da orive es saxeli erTmaneTis sinonimi iyo; ufro adreul
xanebSi ki qalaqis aRmniSvnel saxelad, misi azriT, swored TbilisisaT-
vis megrulSi xmarebuli saxeli „qarTi“ unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli19.
misive dakvirvebiT, saxeli „qarTli“, rogorc fonetikurad, aseve semanti-
kurad, ueWvelad uaxlovdeba megrulsa da dasavleTqarTul dialeqtebSi
dadasturebul sityvebs _ „oqarTe“, „qarTas“, mniSvnelobiT: „SemozRuduli,
moRobili adgili saqonlis samwyvdevad anu baki“20. s. kakabaZe, mis mier
saerToqarTvelurad miCneul „qarTs“ ukavSirebda iranul „kerts“ (amave
14 leonti mroveli, 19: 3-6
15 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 163, 164. k. grigolias azriTac, termini „qarTli“ mcxeTasac
faravda da igi mTeli dedaqalaqis aRmniSvneli iyo (grigolia k., axali qarTlis
cxovreba, Tb., 1954, gv. 75
16 leonti mroveli, 31: 19
17 leonti mroveli, 44: 9, 10
18 juanSeri, 202: 19, 20; ix. yauxCiSvili s., qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 425. k.
grigolia Tvlis, rom juanSeris mier „armazi qarTlis“ xseneba unda mowmobdes, rom
avtorma jer kidev icis am ori toponimis sinonimuroba da maT marTebulad upirisp-
irebs mcxeTas (grigolia k., dasax. naSromi, gv. 74)
19 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, #10, Tb., 1958, gv. 99, 100
20 kakabaZe s., qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisis sakiTxebi, saistorio moambe, wigni
I. Tf., 1924, gv. 5; kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100. qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi
„saqonlis sadgomis“ mniSvnelobis mqone „qarTa“ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
dasturdeba sityva „qaltas“ formiTac (Rlonti al., qiziyis toponimia (toponimikuri
Ziebani, IV), Tb., 1982, gv. 6, Sen. 13), romelic uaxlovdeba eTno-toponims _ xaldi || qaldi.
es garemoeba mxolod lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT ar unda iyos saintereso, vfiqrobT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia misi mniSvneloba terminebis „qarTisa“ da „xaldis“ erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis mxriv (Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1985, gv. 47-48; ix., agreTve, Меликишвили Г. А., Наири-Урарту,
Тб., 1954, с. 411, прим. 3). albaT, „xald“ Zirs ukavSirdeba prokopi kesarielis mier
moxseniebuli „okeniti Wanebis“ winaparTa mier ZvelTaganve nagebi da im droisaTvis
ukve dangreuli, xolo Semdeg iustiniane keisris mcdelobiT aRdgenili cixesimagre
- xartoni (Chartôn, Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificis, III, 6, 15, p. 211), ufro gviandeli xanebis
- xarTi, trabzonis qedis samxreTiT da q. baiburTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT
291
 formiT sparsulidan somxurSi nasesxebsa da cnobils saSualo sauku-
neebis qarTulSi), slavur da rusul sityvebs „grad“, „gorod“ da a.S.21
a. afaqiZis azriTac, SedarebiT gviandeli da ucxouri warmomavlobis
termin „qalaqze“ uwinaresi adgilobrivi, galavniT SemozRuduli uZvele-
si dasaxlebis aRsaniSnavad qarTuli cixis aRmniSvneli termini „qarTi/
qarTli“ unda yofiliyo22.
toponimi „qarTli“ marTlac qalaqis, cixesimagris, galavniT Semovlebu-
li gamagrebuli adgilis _ akropolisis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo.
kasius dio armazs/qarTls sulac „akropoliss“ (Ἀκρόπολις) anu deda-cix-
es uwodebs23 da amiT TiTqos amarTlebs termin „qarTlis“ cixe-simagris
saxelwodebidan warmomavlobas. antikur xanaSi armazi/mcxeTa amierkavka-
siis centraluri safortifikacio kvanZi iyo, qveynis oTxive mxaris gza-
jvaredinis Camketi24. s. kakabaZe SeniSnavda, rom vinaidan kasius dio Sem-
degdroindel armazs „akropoliss“ anu zedaqalaqs uwodebs, anu im mTas,
romelsac erqva „qarTli“, „akropolisi“ unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi
saxelwodebis berZnuli Targmani da saxelwodeba „qarTli“ unda war-
moadgendes iseTi Ziris sityvas, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT amarTleb-
da kasius dios mier mocemul zeda-qalaqis saxelwodebas25.
g. meliqiSvili, iseve rogorc s. kakabaZe, termin „qarTls“ aaxloebs analo-
giuri mniSvnelobisa („zRude, galavani, Robe, SemoRobili adgili, meseri,
baki, gomi, wvrilfexa saqonlis gomuri“) da aseve indoevropuli warmo-
mavlobis masalasTan, oRond amjerad msgavsi JReradobisa da mniSvne-
lobis mqone litvur (gar~das, gardin~ys), germanul (garda) da albanur (garϑ)
sityvebTan26.
sxva mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, g. meliqiSvili termin „qarTlis“ warmo-
mavlobis sakiTxs metad farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi
ganixilavs da swored am metad vrcel CarCoebSi moqceviT ganpirobebu-
li arcTu mTlad mkafiod gamokveTili suraTis SeTavazebiT Semdgomi
kvleva-Ziebis mastimulirebel Tvalsazriss ayenebs. vinaidan analogiu-
ri Ziridan nawarmoebi da msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi farTod aris
gavrcelebuli indoevropul enebSi, g. meliqiSvili fiqrobda, rom es si-
tyva, mTel rig sxva qarTul-indoevropul leqsikur paralelebTan erTad,
qarTvelur enebSi dadasturebuli im ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevro-
puli leqsikis fenis kuTvnileba unda iyos, romelic qarTvelur enebSi
cnobili gzebiT (iranulidan, berZnulidan, somxuridan da sxv.) ar unda
moxvedriliyo27. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, sesxeba ufro adreul epoqaSia sa-
21 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100
22 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 160
23 Cary, Dio’s Roman History, with an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version of H. B. Foster, vol.
III. The Loeb Classical Library, London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969,; Dio, 37, 1, 4
24 ix. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 159-221
25 kakabaZe s., qarTuli..., gv. 5, 7
26 meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1965), gv. 237-240; g. meliqiSvili, qarTli (iberia) Zv.
w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi
I, Tb., 1970, gv. 427-429. ix., agreTve, anTelava i., saqarTvelos saistorio-wyaroTmcodneobiTi
Ziebani, Tb., 2002, gv. 492-501
27 ix. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos..., gv. 206-237, 239, 240
292
varaudebeli, vidre es zemomoxseniebuli saTanado kontaqtebis meSveobiT
unda yofiliyo mosalodneli da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxuli Cans sesxeba
im indoevropuli enebidan, romlebTanac qarTuls ukanaskneli 2000-2500
wlis manZilze intensiuri urTierToba hqonda. Tumca, igi verc im ufro
adreul indoevropul enebSi (Trakiul-frigiulSi, xeTur-luviurSi da
sxv.) xedavs sesxebis wyaros, romlebTanac SesaZloa hqonodaT kontaqti
qarTvelur enebs da SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan bevri am sityvaTagani sxva-
dasxva qarTvelur enebSi kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis dacviT aris
warmodgenili, isini qarTvelur enaTa diferenciamdel xanas ganekuTvne-
bodnen, ris gamoc aucilebeli xdeba zemoaRniSnuli masalis warmomav-
lobis Zieba kidev ufro adreul xanebSi28. g. meliqiSvilis TvalTaxedviT,
radgan es ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevropuli fena qarTvelur enebSi
ariuli, somxuri, Trakiul-frigiuli Tu xeTur-luviuri warmomavlobis
mqoned ver CaiTvleba, Cndeba varaudi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matare-
beli mosaxleobis indoevropuli kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg
enobrivad asimilirebuli iyo qarTvelur tomTa mier da romelTaTvi-
sac aRniSnulma indoevropulma mosaxleobam substratis roli Seasrula:
mZlavri gavlena moaxdina gamarjvebulTa enis struqturasa da leqsikaze29.
Tumca lingvistTa azriT, leqsikuri da struqturul-ti pologiuri Ta-
viseburebebis mxriv indoevropul da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebuli
saocari izomorfizmi, SesaZloa, aixsnas ara mxolod axlo kontaqtebiT
proto-indoevropulsa da proto-qarTvelurs Soris, aramed, safiqrebelia,
rom isini „proto-qarTvelur-proto-indoevropuli wina-proto enobrivi
erTobis“ Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgendnen da amdenad es msgavseba
ufro unda metyvelebdes maT saerTo warmomavlobaze30. specialistTa az-
riT, bevrad ufro advilia am or ojaxs Soris Zalze Soreuli genetikuri
kavSirebis mtkiceba, vidre ramenairi istoriuli saxis urTierTobebisa
proto-indoevropuli enis arsebobis periodis ganmavlobaSi31. Tu enaT-
mecnierTa am mosazrebebs gaviziarebT, gagviWirdeba sityva „qarTlis“ eti-
mologiis aseT farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi ganxilva
da misi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis indoevropuli
Tu proto-indoevropuli kuTvnilebiT axsna.
termin „qarTlis“ raobis garkvevis araerT sxva mcdelobasac hqonia adg-
ili, romelTac amjerad aRar SevexebiT. viTvaliswinebT mxolod, rom
arcTu iSviaTad, erTi SexedviT metad maxvilgonierad SeniSnulma srul-
ma an nawilobrivma damTxvevam zogjer SesaZloa savsebiT gansxvavebul
sivrcobriv Tu qronologiur ganzomilebebSi gadagviyvanos da kvlevis
28 iqve, gv. 241-243
29 iqve, gv. 244. d. musxeliSvilis azriT, eTnonim „qarTuelis“ arseboba „TrialeTuri
kulturis“ drodan aris savaraudo, romlis matarebeli tomebi, ZiriTadad, ukve qar-
Tis (qarTu) tomebi unda yofiliyvnen (musxeliSvili d., qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis
istoriisaTvis, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli ter-
minologia, Tb., 1993, gv. 349, 350
30 Gamkrelidze T., V., & Ivanov V., V., The Problem of the Original Homeland of the Speakers of Indo-Eropean
Languages, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 13, 1985, p. 177; D’iakonov I. M., On the Original Home of
the Speakers of IndoEuropean, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 118f., 154; D’iakonov (Dia-
konoff) I. M., Language Contacts in the Caucasus and the Near East, When Worlds Collide: the Indo-Europeans
and the Pre-Indo-Europeans. Linguistica Extranea Studia 19. T. L. Markey & J. A. C. Greppin (Eds), Ann Arbor,
1990, p. 61
31 Mallory J. P., In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Language, Archaeology and Myth, London, 1989, pp. 150f
293
 sagans dagvaSoros. sazogadod, lingvisturi Tu materialuri kulturis
calkeuli nimuSebis identuroba Tu siaxlove bevris arafris mTqmelia
im konteqstis gareSe, sadac esa Tu is fenomeni iCens Tavs. am mxriv ter-
min „qarTlTan“ mimarTebiT, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mkafiod ikveTeba sivrco-
brivi, qronologiuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konteqsti, romelsac,
vfiqrob, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos termin „qarTli/qarTis“
arsis warmomavlobis, gavrcelebisa da kuTvnilebis sakiTxTa garkvevisas.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs, faqtobrivad, Tanadroulad da ZiriTadad erTmaneTis
momijnave teritoriebze gavrcelebuli, Sinaarsobrivad da fonetikurad
erTmaneTTan TvalsaCinod dakavSirebuli toponimebis vrceli CamonaTva-
li, romlis raobis dadgenas XIX saukunis meore naxevris germanelma ori-
entalistebma avtoritetuli germanuli Jurnalis (“Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft“) furclebze xangrZlivi da produqtiuli di-
skusia miuZRvnes. am diskusiis Sedegebi dResac inarCuneben samecniero
mniSvnelobas da Tanac _ miesadagebian Cveni ganxilvis sagans. didi alba-
TobiT, s. kakabaZisa da g. meliqiSvilis varaudebi termin „qarTli/qarTis“
warmomavlobis Taobaze am diskusiis monacemebidan unda iRebdnen saTaves.
vinaidan yvela xalxisa da epoqis geografiul nomenklaturaSi SeiniSneba
mkafiod gamokveTili tendencia _ ucxouri enebidan nasesxebi idiomebiT
moxdes iseTi cnebebis Canacvleba, rogoricaa „qalaqi“, „cixesimagre“ da
sxv., garkveuli kulturuli Sinaarsis matarebeli sityvebis mimarT ga-
morCeuli midrekilebis gamo aseTi cnebebi sakmaod Sors vrceldebian
TavianTi pirveladi gavrcelebis keridan da gadaiqcevian xolme didi
sivrceebis momcvel, moxetiale, „modur“ terminebad. amis nimuSad miiCne-
va drosa da sivrceSi ukiduresad gawelili berZnuli πόλις-i, romelmac
aTasobiT wlebis Semdegac iCina Tavi rogorc braziliaSi (Petropolis), aseve
ruseTSi (Ставрополь, Симферополь da sxv.). cnobilia sxva SemTxvevebic, mag.,
elinisturi xanis sirielebis mier koSkis aRmniSvneli berZnuli _ πύργος-
idan nawarmoebi arabuli ‫ ربج‬da bizantiuri xanis TurqulSi Sesuli _
burghaz-i, romlebic cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel mraval arabul da Turqul
toponims daedo safuZvlad (Sdr. samxreTdasavlurqarTuli toponimebi _
`borCxa~, `borjomi“). romauli xanis laTinuri castrum-i (samxedro banaki),
arabuli formiT _‫ _ ﻗﺼﺮ‬asamde toponimis mawarmoeblad gadaiqca32.
Zvel samyaroSi aseTive didi sivrceebis momcveli, moxetiale, „moduri“
termini unda yofiliyo cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli karta da misgan, rogorc
Semadgeneli nawilisagan, nawarmoebi toponimebi. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom am
terminma egvi pteSic ki SeaRwia qartħă-s saxiT, xolo finikielTa meSveobiT
CrdiloeT afrikasa da iberiis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelda33.
cnobili germaneli orientalistisa da di plomatis - oto blaus (1828-
1879 ww.) gancxadebiT, ukve ori aTasi welia cdiloben termin - karta/kerta-s
mniSvnelobis dadgenas. msgavsZiriani terminebis arsebobis Sesaxeb uZve-
lesi berZnuli werilobiTi cnoba ganekuTvneba anaqsimeness34, romelsac
32 Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31,
Leipzig, 1877, SS. 497-498
33 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 498
34 Anaximenes, Frag. 191. ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495. anaqsimeness o. blau Zv. w. III sauku-
nis moRvawed Tvlis (iqve). Tumca aq adgili unda hqondes uneblie uzustobas, cxadia,
294
evstaTi Tesalonikeli miawers stefane bizantielis eTnogeografiuli
leqsikonis _ „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semonaxul informacias imis Taoba-
ze, rom persepolisis sparsuli saxelwodeba _ Πασσαργάδαι, anu berZnu-
lad: Περσῶν στρατόπεδον35, sparsul enaze niSnavda „sparsul banaks“36. Tumca
Πασαργάδαι, aqemenianTa pirveli dedaqalaqi, kiros II didis mier Tavisi
laSqris dasabanakeblad daaxl. Zv. w. 559-530 ww. daarsebuli, masTan Se-
darebiT ufro gviandeli persepolisisagan 87 km-iT aris Crdilo-aR-
mosavleTiT daSorebuli. am saxelwodebis „farsis baRebad“ (Πασαργάδαι,
sparsulad: ‫ _ ﭘﺎﺳﺎرﮔﺎد‬Pāsārgād) gaazreba ufro gviandel xanas unda ekuT-
vnodes. benzeleris berZnul-germanuli leqsikonis monacemebiT, sityva
Πᾰσαργάδαι-T sparselTa uZvelesi tomi aRiniSneboda, saidanac SeirCeoda
xolme molaSqreTa winamZRolebi, sardlebi37. anaqsimenesidan momdinare
cnobis marTebulobasa Tu mcdarobas Cveni kvlevis sagnisaTvis arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes; mniSvneloba aqvs da gasaTvaliswinebelia
Zv. w. IV saukunidan momdinare informacia sityva γάδαι Tu γάρδα-s berZnul
στρατόπεδον-Tan gaigivebis Taobaze.
toponim „fasargadis“ sawyiss formad o. blau Παρσα-γάρδα-s (Pârsakarta)
varaudobda38. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi iTvaliswinebda agreTve apianes
„miTridates omebsa“ da stefane bizantielTan SemorCenil asinius kvadra-
tusis „parTikis“ fragmentebSi dacul im cnobebs, saidanac irkveva, rom
tigran II-is dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba _ Τιγρανόκερτα _ sparsulad niSnavda
tigranis qalaqs _ Τιγρανόπολις39. ToTiusis laTinuri leqsikonis ganmarteb-
iTac, sityva ,,certa“ aRmosavlur enaze qalaqs niSnavs40. aseve, menandre
protiqtoris SuamdinareTSi mdebare Μονόκαρτον-s, romelsac stefane bizan-
tielTan Seesabameba Μαννάκαρτα, xolo „ravenis kosmografiaSi“ _Manacarta,
uraniusi (savaraudod, ax. w. I saukunis avtori siriuli apameidan, romlis
nawerTa fragmentebi stefane bizantielis „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semoinaxa)
Μάννεως χώρα-s saxiT Targmnis, rac „maneelTa alags, miwas, mxares“ niSnavs41.
-karta da -kerta toponimebis Sinaarsobrivi Tanxvedra eWvs ar iwvevs da
maTi nawilobrivi fonetikuri sxvaoba dialeqturi garemos zemoqmedebas
ar unda cildebodes. termin -karta-dan anda misi ganStoebebidan nawarmoeb
toponimebad miCneulia42:
rom aRniSnul pirovnebaSi sinamdvileSi igulisxmeba aleqsandre makedonelis maswav-
lebeli da misi Tanmxlebi aziur eqspediciaSi Zv. w. IV saukuneSi moRvawe anaqsimenesi
(Ἀναξιμένης) lampsakosidan (Zv. w. 380-320 ww.)
35 Bernhardy, Dionysius Periēgētes Graece et Latine cum vetustis commentariis et interpretationibus ex recensione
et cum annotatione Godofredi Bernhardy, Lipsiae/Leipzig, 1828, pp. 301, 302: 1069 (24-35, 1-17), 968: 1069,
14: ἒϑνικά k. Compara in his Steph. v. Πασσαργάδαι, unde fragmenti huius auctor Anaximenes cognoscitur;
Sdr. Steph. Byz. s. v. Πασσαργάδαι; A. Meineke, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, ex recensione
Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/Berlin, 1849, 509-510 (17, 1-8)
36 Blau 1877, 495. ZvelberZnuli _ στρατόπεδον, garda „banakisa“ niSnavs, agreTve, „TavdacviT
galavans“, „simagres“, ix. Benselers Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Bearbeitet von A. Kaegi, Leipzig,
1981, S. 732
37 iqve, gv. 608
38 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495; Sdr. J. Conder. Persia and China, London, 1830, pp. 67-68
39 Appian, Bell. Mithr., 57; Asinius Quadratus, Parthika, fr. 14; ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495
40 Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jacobus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Londini/London,
1828, p. 1146
41 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495, 496; H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen
Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968, gv. 1278-1292
42 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500-502
295
 1. babiloneTsa da dasavleT suzianaSi: 1. Vologesicerta; 2. Βατράχαρτα; 3. Destag-
erd; 4. Hormuzǵird; 5. Aristaǵird; 6. Wasagerd; 7. Susanǵird.
2. asureTsa da SuamdinareTSi: 1. Μονόκαρτον; 2. Μαννάκαρτα; 3. Minicerta; 4.
Χατράχαρτα; 5. Ζαριγάρδια.
3. armeniaSi: 1. Zikarta; 2. Τιγρανόκερτα; 3. Άρκαϑιόκερτα; 4. Άρταγίγαρτα; 5. Ήλεγέρδα;
6. Δαδόκερτα; 7. Καπνισκέρτι; 8. Σανόχαρτα; 9. Μάκαρτα/Μανάκαρτα; 10. Μαρτίκερτα/
Μερτίκερτα; 11. Μαντζικίερτ; 12. Manavazgerd; 13. Melazgerd; 14. Hatamagerd; 15. Haïg-
erd; 16. Henaragerd; 17. Tzolagerd; 18. Tzungerd; 19. Vagarshagerd; 20. Shemiramagerd; 21.
Nephrkert; 22. Vanakert; 23. Gilgerd; 24. Meshingerd; 25. Tawasgerd; 26. Alaschgerd.
4. midiaSi: 1. Γιλίγερδα; 2. Μαζίκερτον; 3. Maragerd; 4. Paguragerd; 5. Phaurǵird; 6. Ash-
nadǵird; 7. Dastaǵird; 8. Buzanaǵird; 9. Burûgird; 10. Walashgird.
5. hirkaniaSi: 1. Κάρτα; 2. Ζαδράκαρτα; 3. Phuzgird.
6. parTiasa da xorezmSi: 1. Πασακαρτία; 2. Bashgird; 3. Bulanǵird; 4. Bugagerd.
7. transsoqsianasa da xorasanSi: 1. Χαράχαρτα; 2. Chatracharta.
zemoCamoTvlilTa Soris SeimCneva SedarebiT gviandeli xanis saxelwode-
bebic. kerZod, somxur-sparsuli enebSi dadasturebul qalaqis aRmniSvnel
terminebSi SedarebiT ufro gviandel formebad miiCneven gird-ze da jird-ze
daboloebulebs. specialistTa azriT, es formebi Tavdapirvelad arse-
buli karta-sagan arian warmomdgari43. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilis
dasaxelebis _ Valâšgird/Balâšgird-is uZvelesi formaa Vologesocerta (rogorc
amas pliniusi iuwyeba), sityva gird-s h. hiubSmanic sazogadod kert/karta-dan
warmoqmnilad miiCnevs44.
ganxiluli toponimebis sivrcobriv ganfenasTan dakavSirebiT, o. blaus
azriT, adgili aqvs erT, aSkarad TvalSisacem, garemoebas, kerZod, imas, rom
aseTi saxelebis qseli mxolod semiturTan mosazRvre iranuli enobrivi
arealis dasavleT da CrdiloeT kideebze, Turanuli arealis SigniT iCens
Tavs, maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT maTi kvali ar SeiniSneba,
xolo samxreTisaken _ sporadulia. misive azriT,is areali,sadac toponime-
bi -kerta, -kerd gansakuTrebiT xSiria, verc teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT da
verc eTnografiul-lingvisturi TaviseburebebiT, erTiani saxelwodebis
qveS ver erTiandeba, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom es areali (transsoqsianidan
kaspiis zRvamde da Semdeg armeniis gavliT evfratamde) Turaneli tomebis
momTabareobis zonas warmoadgenda, romelTac parTelTa ZlevamosilebaSi
umTavresi wvlili hqondaT Setanili; Sesabamisad, am arealis toponimebis
interpretaciisas Turanuli warmomavlobis sityvebis ar gaTvaliswineba,
misi azriT, ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli45.
o. blaus sapirispirod, T. nioldeke SeniSnavda, rom, rogorc es ukve Tavad
o. blaum cxadyo, msgavsi saxelwodebebi yvelaze ufro xSiri armeniasa
da xorasanSia, Tumca, amave dros armeniis samxreTidan momijnave mxareebSi,
43 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500
44 Hübschmann H., Iranisch-armenische Namen auf karta, kert, gird, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft, Bd 30, 1876, S. 140
45 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 502-505.Omiuxedavad zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, o. blaus,
imave werilSi moyvanili aqvs angariSgasawevi argumentacia, metyveli termin _καρτα-s
SesaZlo arameuli warmomavlobis sasargeblod (ix., qvemoT)
296
eraySi, faqtobrivad, iranis mTel gayolebaze da transsoqsianaSic vrcel-
deba; aseve, gavrcelebulia iranis im mxareebSi, romlebic sakmaod daSo-
rebuli iyvnen TuranelTa zegavlenisagan, mag., farsSi, qermanSi, midielTa
calkeul olqebSi. amitom, misi azriT, aseTi saxelwodebebis formireba
iranuli enis gavrcelebis arealSi unda momxdariyo46. qronologiuri
Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, T. nioldeke SeniSnavs, rom transsoqsianaSi
gerd-elementis Semcveli saxelebi verc parTelebisa da verc sasanianTa
batonobis xanisad ver CaiTvleba da aqemenianTa xanis kuTvnilebas unda
warmoadgendes47. h. hiubSmanis azriTac, iranuli saxelwodebebi dariosis
dros iranis mTel teritoriaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli48.
o. blaus mosazrebis mimarT -karta da -kerta toponimebis parTuli anda
Turanuli warmomavlobis Taobaze kidev ufro mkacria a. d. mordtmani,
romelic SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan, Tavad o. blau acxadebs, rom igi ar aris
garkveuli parTelebis eTnografiul adgilmdebareobaSi, SegviZlia mas-
Tan diskusias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavi avaridoT49.
amave dros ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom bevrad ufro damajereblad ga-
moiyureba is masala, romelic o. blaus gansaxilveli toponimebis ar-
ameuli warmomavlobis saCveneblad aqvs moxmobili. o. blau aRiarebs,
rom rodesac axlo aRmosavleTSi -καρτα Semadgeneli nawilis Semcvel
saxelebis wyaros viZiebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom sity-
va karta, rogorc „qalaqis“ aRmniSvneli apelativi, imdenad xSiri iyo, rom
nebismieri adgilobrivi berZeni, somexi Tu ebraeli mis am mniSvnelobas
spontanurad xvdeboda; Sesabamisad, am terminis warmomqmneli erTaderTi
savaraudo enobrivi garemo mxolod Crdilosemituri da gansakuTrebiT
_ arameuli SeiZleba yofiliyo. misi azriT, metad macduria is mosazre-
ba, romlis Tanaxmadac termini -καρτα Tavidanve qalaqis aRmniSvneli iyo
da arameul-Zvelebrauli sityvidan _ ‫( קרתא‬krta) aris nasesxebi, vinaidan
aqemenianTa, arSakidebisa da sasanianTa epoqaSi arameuli enis zegavlena
mkafiod sagrZnobia im mxareebSi, sadac aseTi saxelwodebebi iCens Tavs.
es zegavlena aseve aisaxeba sazogadod adgilobriv xalxur metyvelebaSi,
Tumca, yvelaze ufro metad geografiul nomenklaturaSia SesamCnevi. o.
blaus azriT, gansakuTrebiT is swavlulebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT viwro
filologiuri cnobiereba da sagans farTo kulturul-istoriuli Tval-
Taxedvidan ganixilaven, advilad gaiziareben Sexedulebas am terminis ka-
vSiris Sesaxeb „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameuli warmomavlobis sityvasTan,
ufro ukeTesi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis uqonlobis gamo50.
b. dornis varaudiTac, romelic aseve XIX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSia
gamoTqmuli, hirkaniuli adgilis dasaxelebis _ Zadrakarta-s Semadgeneli
nawili -καρτα SesaZloa qalaqis aRmniSvnel arameul-fehlevur -‫קרתה‬-s (krth)
warmoadgendes51.
46 Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlän-
dischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879, SS. 148, 151, 152
47 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 153
48 Hübschmann H., dasax. naSromi, gv. 141
49 Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878, S. 725
50 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 497, 498
51 Dorn B., Caspia (St. Petersburg, 1875), Anm. 7
297
 mosazreba, rom termini κερτα/καρτα qalaqis aRmniSvneli ebraul-arameuli
sityvidan _ ‫קרתה‬, ‫ _קרתא‬aris nasesxebi, ar aRmoCnda yvelasTvis misaRebi:
T. nioldekes azriT, Tu davuSvebdiT semituri enebidan msgavsi sityvebis
sesxebis SesaZleblobas, maSin isini somxur-semitur anda semitur-iranul
sasazRvro zonebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyvnen, magram mis-
ive gancxadebiT, am teritoriaze sityva _‫קרתא‬-dan nawarmoebi arc sakuTriv
semituri toponimebi iCenen Tavs52.
termin κερτα/καρτα-s warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas,
albaT, saTanadod aris gasaTvaliswinebeli is kargad cnobili faqti, rom
jer kidev Zv. w. IX saukuneSi ‫( קרת חדשת‬Qart-Hadašt) (igive karTageni), anu
„axalqalaqi“, arameulis axlomonaTesave punikur/finikiur enaze daerqva
CrdiloeT afrikaSi axaldaarsebul savaWro kolonias.
rogorc ukve viciT, „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas _ ‫ קרתא‬war-
moadgenda, xolo arameuli ena erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo
aqemenianTa zegavlenis qveS myof armazcixis adreul binadarTaTvis da
Semdegac, ax. w. VII saukunemde, axlo aRmosavleTSi igi lingua franca-s war-
moadgenda53; amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebia, swored sityva _ ‫ קרתא‬dasdebo-
da safuZvlad termin qarT-l-s54. arameul termins kidev imis gamo unda
mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi simagris, aragvispirTan mdebare „beltis cixis“ saxelic
(amJamad cnobili bebris/beris cixed), romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis saerTo
safortifikacio sistemis nawils warmoadgenda da ketavda CrdiloeTis
Sesasvlels, warmomdgari iyos aseve „cixesimagris“ aRmniSvneli arameu-
li sityvidan _ „birta“55. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli
iyos, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobis, mtkvargamoRma (armazcixis, igive „mTa
qarTlis“) da mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa mefeebis, qarTamisa da bar-
tomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixesimagreebis aRmniSvnel arameul
sityvebTan _ karta da birta da, Sesabamisad, am sityvebiT moxseniebul maT
rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio nagebobebTan _ armazcix-
52 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 151
53 Greenfield J. C., Aramaic in the Achaemenian Empire, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. The Median
and Achaemenian periods. I. Gershevitch (Ed.) (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 698-713
54 t. futkaraZis azriT, termin „qarTlSi“ -l- determinant sufiqss warmoadgens. igi iT-
valiswinebs im garemoebas, rom warmomavlobis, Tvisebisa da mqoneblobis aRmniSvnel
-an-, -ur-, el- sufiqsebis ufro Zvel funqciur variants -l/r- sufiqsi warmoadgenda,
mag.: Tov-s _ Tov-l-i, mama _ mam-r-i, qarTi _ qarT-l-i da a. S. (piradi informacia).
damafiqrebelia q. arTvinis CrdilodasavleTiT, md. Woroxis marcxena napirTan mde-
bare soflisa da mTis saxeli _ „qarTla“, romelic dadasturebulia, agreTve, „kast-
las“ formiT (sixaruliZe i., nigali (livana). saistorio geografiis sakiTxebi, baTumi,
1985, gv. 44), Sdr., laT. castellum _ „cixesimagre, forti, gamagrebuli adgili, TavSesafari,
mTis samosaxlo“, rac, SesaZloa, kidev erTxel migvaniSnebdes „qarT/ard/arT“-Ziriani
saxelebis semantikur kavSirs cixesimagrisa Tu qalaqis aRmniSvnel sityvebTan da,
vin icis, iqneb laTinuri Porta („karibWe, Sesasvleli“) imalebodes xanZTis meore,
araqarTul saxelwodebaSi _ „forTa“. Tumca toponimi „xanZTa“ ufro arqauli Cans
da SesaZloa ganekuTvnebodes im „an“-Ziriani saxelebis wyebas, romlebic uxvadaa war-
modgenili samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis momijnave mxareebSi
55 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen: Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage,
Leipzig, 1962, S. 154*; Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi..., gv. 85, 173, Sen. 361. sayuradReboa,
rom karTagenSic gvxvdeba msgavsi JReradobis saxelwodeba _ birtha _ adgilobrivi
akropolisas aRmniSvnelad
298
esTan („mTa qarTli“) da mcxeTa-bebris („beltis“ Tu „berdis“) cixesTan56.
arameuli termini _ ‫קרתא‬, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli unda iyos cixeqalaqis
aRmniSvnel xuritul terminTan „ard-i/arte-ni“. am xurituli terminidan
Cans nawarmoebi qalaq musasiris urartuli saxelwodeba „ardini“; analo-
giuri saxelwodebebis qalaqebi cnobilia agreTve etiunis qveynidan da
rusaxinilis maxloblad57. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaro-
Si adreuli xanebidanve fexi hqonda mokidebuli cixe-qalaqis aRmniSvnel
am xuritul termins, romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis xanaSi
analogiuri mniSvnelobisa da JReradobis mqone da, SesaZloa, misganve
nawarmoebi arameuli sityvis _ ‫קרתא‬-s zegavleniT SeiZina anlautSi velar-
uli fonema. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze, albaT, unda migvaniSnebdes
qarTul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli araerTi cixesimagris aRmniSvneli
da „arT/art/ard“-Ziriani toponimi.
sainteresoa, rom klavdios ptolemaiosis „geografiuli saxelmZRvane-
los“ mixedviT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iberiuli dasaxleba yofila
_ Ἀρτάνισσ58, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari pliniusis Harmastis-Tan (igive
Μεστλῆτα-Harmozica-sTan anu armaz-mcxeTasTan) aigivebda (r. q. porTeri)59,
zogi _ q. artaanTan (p. ioseliani, s. kakabaZe), zogic _ artanujTan (v. to-
maSeki, n. lomouri)60. Tumca, rogorc viciT, pliniusis Harmastis/Harmastus-i61
(igive kasius dios Ἀκρόπολις-s), klaudios ptolemaios ara Ἀρτάνισσα-s, aramed
Ἀρμάκτικα-s formiT aqvs moxseniebuli62, rac strabonis Ἀρμοζική-s63 (anu „ar-
mazcixes“) Seesabameba.
marTalia, n. lomouri SeniSnavs, rom ptolemaiosis koordinatTa siste-
ma misTvis iseTi Soreuli qveynis aRwerisas, rogoric kavkasiaa, sruli-
ad gamouyenebelia64, magram, safiqrebelia, rom maT, zog SemTxvevaSi,
garkveuli SedarebiTi mniSvneloba mainc unda hqonodaT; kerZod, erTi
mxriv, kolxeTisaTvis da meore mxriv _ kavkasiis albaniisaTvis gamoy-
enebuli koordinatebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, xolo
maTgan ki _ gansxvavebulia iberiisaTvis gamoyenebuli koordinatebi.
56 qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis, is-
toriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. X-XI, Tb., 2010/2011, gv. 55. „mefeTa cxovre-
bis“ teqstis mixedviT: „xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad
erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi
mcxeTa da queyana mtkuarsa Sida qarTli, muxnariT kerZi qalaqi da yoveli qarTli
mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa da egrisisa - ese yove-
li misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi, mtkuarsa samxriT qarTli,
xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, da klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa.
da mokuda aderki“ (leonti mroveli, 43: 18-24)
57 Арутюнян Н. В., Корпус Урартских Клинообразных Надписей (Ереван, 2001), c. 496, 497
58 F. A. Nobbe (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
59 Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I, London, 1821, pp. 104, 110
60 lomouri n., klavdios ptolemaiosi, „geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo“, cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 34, 1955,
gv. 59, 60
61 Mayhoff K. F. T., (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley H.T. (Lipsiae,
1906); Plin., n.h., 6, 29
62 Nobbe K. F. A., dasax. naSromi; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
63 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
vol. V . The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961, gv. 221
64 lomouri n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 40
299
 Tu Cven klavdios ptolemaiosis koordinatebis SedarebiT mniSvnelo-
bas gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vivaraudoT Ἀρτάνισσα-s mdebareoba mcxeTis-
gan (ptolemaiosiseuli Μεστλῆτα) Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT65.
sainteresoa, rom am regionSi dadasturebulia „ard“-Ziriani saxelebi:
centraluri amierkavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi, kavkasionis mTavari qe-
dis mimdebare mxareebSi, mag. ardoti (cixesofeli piriqiT xevsureTSi,
md. andaqis marcxena napirze), iqneb arxotic (←ardxoti), arTxmo (ka-
vkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, stefanwmin-
didan 15 km), ardvisi (sof. eredvTan), ardisi (md. mejudis saTavesTan),
arTani/arTana (Telavidan 26 km-is daSorebiT, kavkasionis mTis kalTebis
samxreTiT), artani (TianeTidan 13 km manZilze, ivris marjvena napirze).
md. Tergis ukiduresi zemo welis mxares, Zveli somxuri wyaroebis, kerZod,
anania Sirakacis e. w. VII saukunis somxuri geografiis anu „aSxarhacuicis“
Tanaxmad, „ardozi“ ewodeboda da miCneulia, rom es toponimi nawarmoebi
unda iyos osuri oerduz-idan, mniSvnelobiT: tyiani mdelo, axo66. magram,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xuritul-urartuli warmomavlobis „ard“-Ziriani
saxelebis simravles amierkavkasiaSi, albaT, ar unda moi povebodes safuZ-
veli maTgan toponim „ardozis“ daSorebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, swored am
saxelwodebas _ „ardozi“ aigivebda movses xorenaci vaspurakanSi mdebare
adgilis saxelwodebasTan _ „artazi“67, rodesac SeniSnavda, rom „artazs“
es saxeli TiTqosda imis gamo ewoda, rom am adgilas somexTa mefes ar-
taSess dausaxlebia amave saxelwodebis mqone mxaridan wamosxmuli tyve
alanebi68.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi gvxvdeba cixes-
imagris aRmniSvneli mravali art/ard-fuZiani toponimi. zemoCamoTvlilebTan
erTad, savaraudod, aseTi toponimebi unda iyos: „aradeTi“, „ardasa“, „ardaSe-
ni“ „ardisubani/ardasubani“, „ardola“, „arTvini/arTvani/arTavanisi“, „arta-
65 aRsaniSnavia, rom Ἀρτάνισσα-sa da Μεστλῆτα-s koordinatebis nawili n. lomouris statiaSi
erTmaneTs emTxveva _ 75°40, „maSin rodesac mcxeTis monacemebia _ 74°40` (Sdr. lomouri
n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 46 da Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptolemy. Translated and Edited by
Edward Luther Stevenson, New York, 1932, p. 122). es cdomileba kargad Cans TviT n. lomouris
statiis rukaze: amierkavkasia ptolemaiosis koordinatebis mixedviT, sadac Ἀρτάνισσα
Μεστλῆτα-sTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ufro CrdiloeTiT aris lokalizebuli
(lomouri n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 62), rac gamoricxuli iqneboda, rukis Sedgenisas imave
statiaSi gamoyenebuli koordinatebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi
66 Hewsen R. H., The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhac´oyc´, The Long and the Short Recensions,
Introduction, Translation and Commentary by Robert H. Hewsen, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen
Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften; Nr. 77, Wiesbaden, 1992, pp. 55, 115, 116, nn. 61-64. aRniSnuli
etimologiis aradamajereblobis Sesaxeb ix.: Кузнецов В. А., Очерки истории алан (Владикавказ,
1992), ч. 1, гл. III, 1
67 Marquart J., Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac´i (Berlin, 1901), SS. 4, 5
68 movses xorenaci, II, 34, 52, 74; ix. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuridan
Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem, Tb., 1984), gv. 130, 143, 144,
160. xom ar xedavda movses xorenaci termin „ardoz/artazSi“ az/oz/osebis, igive al-
anebis „ard/art“-s, egeb, sulac, sparsulenovani terminis _ „darialis“ (anu ovsTakaris)
zegavlenis Sedegad?
300
an/ardahani“, „artanuji/artanuWi“, „kardanexi“69, „RarTiskari“70 da sxv. (maT
Soris anlautSi gansxvavebuli fonemebiTac)71. savaraudoa, rom mxedvelo-
baSi unda iyos misaRebi agreTve urartuli ʼA bgeris igiveobaaUUa-sTan72
da, Sesabamisad, imave ard-fuZis Zieba toponimebSi: „varcixe<vardcixe“73,
„varZia“ (<*vard-Zia), „vardis sofeli“ da sxv. gasaTvaliswinebelia, somxur
enaSi arsebuli „ard/arT“ da „vard/vardan“fuZiani toponimebic.
iqneb aqve unda gavixsenoT ardam erisTavis saxelic: „aman [fridon] war-
mogzavna erisTavi TÂsi spiTa didiTa, romelsa saxeli erqua ardam, Svili
nebroTis naTesavTa... aman ardam mohkida kiri-zRude cixesa armazisasa da
aqaT mtkuramdis, da wamozRuda cxÂiri armazisi vidre mtkuramde“74.
kasius dios informaciiT, „akropolisi“ agebuli iyo im mizniT, rom daecva
uviwroesi adgili, sadac erT mxares mtkvari (Cyrus) moedineba, xolo meo-
re mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli75. mcxeTa-armazis unikaluri TavdacviTi
SesaZleblobebis aRniSvnas verc bevrad ufro gviandeli xanis TviT-
mxilvelebi uvlidnen gverds76. vinaidan mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi
mdebare armazcixe/qarTli aramarto mniSvnelovan savaWro gzebs, aramed
kavkasionis ZiriTadi uReltexilis _ darialisaken mimaval gzasac akon-
trolebda (saidanac xdeboda CrdiloeTis momTabare tomebis mraval-
ricxovani talRebis Semosevebi da saidanac unda SeeRwiaT axlo aRmo-
savleTSi kimerielebsa da skviTebs)77. swored amis gamo, savaraudoa, rom
jer kidev aqemenianTa xanamde yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli qarTlis
(Semdegdroindeli armazcixis) uaRresad xelsayreli strategiuli mde-
bareoba; rig sxva niSnebTan erTad amazeve unda migvaniSnebdes urartul
samSeneblo tradiciebTan zemoT SeniSnuli siaxlove.
am, Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTad da uZveles ker-
asTan mimarTebiT, yuradRebas i pyrobs pliniusis SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom
iberiuli qalaqi harmastusi kavkasiis im karis pirdapir mdebareobda, ro-
melic „samyaros or nawilad ganyofda“78. es garemoeba miuTiTebs, imdroin-
deli iberiis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis funqciaze, gadaeketa gza Crdi-
69 rogorc irkveva, forma „kardanexi“ ufro Zvelia, vidre „kardenaxi“; amas mowmobs
„kardanexis“ moxsenieba giorgi aleqsandre mefis Zis mier 1455 w. vaCnaZeebis saxelze
gacemul sasisxlo sigelSi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas i pyrobs, imave sigelSi „kar-
danexis“ gverdiT, vejinisa da vejinis piris sofelTa Soris, „kardanucis“ moxsenieba
(kakabaZe s., sasisxlo sigelebis Sesaxeb (axlad mopovebul sasisxlo sigelebTan da-
kavSirebiT), saistorio moambe, wig. II, tf., 1924, gv. 40, 43
70 mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT, mSral xevTan aRmoCenili antikuri xanis safortifikacio
nagebobaTa kompleqsi warmoadgenda mcxeTis (=RarTis/arTis/qarTis?) CrdiloeTis
kars
71 maT gverdiT xom ar aris sagulvebeli cixesimagreebis aRmniSvneli da savaraudod
monaTesave Ziris Semcveli toponimebi: T-orT-omi, olT-isi da sxv.
72 ix. Арутюнян Н. В., dasax. naSromi, gv. 439, 479, 499
73 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa „vardcixis“ saxelwodeba, romelSic xuritul-urartul
„ard/uard/vard“-s axlavs qarTuli ganmarteba „cixis“ saxiT (Sdr., qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis..,
gv. 55)
74 leonti mroveli, 13: 5-6, 12-13
75 Cary E., dasax. naSromi; Dio, 37, 1, 4
76 Porter R. K, dasax. naSromi, gv. 109
77 Lang D. M., Armazi (or ARMAZ-TSIKHE), an important royal city of Georgia, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1st edi-
tion. E. Yarshater (Ed.), Volume II: Anamaka-Atar al-Wozara’, New York, 1999, p. 416
78 Mayhoff K. F. T., dasax. naSromi; Plin., n.h., 6, 30
301
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Zlevs ganvacxadoT, rom ara mxolod harmastus/armazcixe/qarTlis, aramed istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Ses-
saerTod iberiis samefos (centraluri amierkavkasiis yvelaze adreuli avali da SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsan-
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Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley
OF THE
H.T., Lipsiae, 1906 TERM
49. Meineke A., Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae su-
persunt, ex recensione Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/ ~KARTLI”
Berlin, 1849
50. Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird
The nature and the origin of the term “Kart- ta as a constituent part of them were covering
in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgen-
li” has been the subject of a research during a wide area of the old world from Central Asia
ländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878
long time. There are several well-founded as- up to the Iberian Peninsula as a “fashionable”
51. Nobbe (Ed.) K. F. A., Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei
sumptions that differ from each other mainly term with the meaning “town/fortress/military
Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845
by the character of the starting material used. camp”.
52. Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert
Some scholars used predominantly Georgian
und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen
material, others – Caucasian, Eurasian or Mid- In the opinion of some specialists the element
morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879
dle Eastern. Sometimes, at a first glance, rather karta, as an appellative denoting “city”, was
53. Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
shrewd explanations of the complete or partial so widespread that the only possible linguis-
Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I (London,
similarity detected among some terms in the tic environment of its origin may have been
1821)
field of toponymical studies can take us into the North Semitic and especially the Arama-
54. Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificis, ix.: penelo-
quite a different spatial and chronological con- ic. It’s assumed that the term karta from the
pe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/
text, far away from the object of our study. beginning meant a “town” and is borrowed
Buildings/home.html
from the Aramaic-Hebrew word with the
55. Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptol-
In general, the linguistic or cultural identity same meaning – ‫קרתא‬. It is sufficient to recall
emy. Translated and Edited by Edward Luther Ste-
or the proximity of individual cases are not of the name of Carthago ‫( קרת חדשת‬Qart-Ha-
venson, New York, 1932
very large value without taking into account dašt or “new city”) founded already in the
56. Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jaco-
the context in which this or that phenomenon 9th century B.C. by the Phoenicians, closely
bus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Lon-
occurs. In this regard, the term “Kartli/Karti” –
dini/London, 1828
the oldest designation of Armaztsikhe/Armazi related to the Arameans. Even in the Hyrcanian
57. H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realency-
of the most ancient capital of Georgians at the toponym Zadrakarta some scholars view the
clopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft,
confluence of the Kura with the Aragvi on the Aramaic-Pehlevi ‫ קרתה‬as its second component
Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968
opposite side of Mtskheta – quite clearly shows part. We should consider the fact that the in-
the spatial, chronological, cultural and linguis- fluence of the Aramaic language is especially
tic context in which it finds its true place. I frequent in pre-Achaemenian, Achaemenian,
mean, conceptually and phonetically clearly Hellenistic and Sasanian times and was used
related to each other toponyms, which exist- as a lingua franca in the areas where such top-
ed more or less simultaneously on the vast, onyms were widely distributed.
but neighbourly situated areas. In the time of
clearing up a question of the origin, nature and It’s a well-known fact that the Aramaic lan-
distribution of the term “karta”, this fact is of guage beside the Greek was an official language
crucial importance. It seems that this toponym of the Armaztsikhe/Armazi early inhabitants
or mainly toponyms having the element -kar- which were under the influence of the Achae-
305
 menians and whose supreme deity Armazi was ancient city, what was undoubtedly Armazi,
designated by the name derived from Old Per- as if justifying the origin of the name “Kart-
sian Ormazd (i. e. Ahura Mazda). Therefore, it li” from the name of a fortress. According to
is quite possible that the Aramaic word ‫ קרתא‬is the information of Cassius Dio, Acropolis was
the basis for the term “Kartli”. built in order to protect narrowest place where
the Kura flows on one side and the Caucasus
In which period did this term penetrate to cen- is erected on the other side… (Roman History,
tral Transcaucasia? Aramaic term, ‫ אתרק‬in turn, 37, 1, 4).
may be linked by its origin to the Hurrian word
for a city or a castle – “ard”. It seems that in the In antiquity Armazi/Kartli-Mtskheta, the forti-
Georgian linguistic area from early times were fied place of an extremely outstanding signifi-
distributed Hurrian toponyms with the word cance in the central Transcaucasia, was control-
“ard” which allegedly were acquired in the ing the crossroads that came from all four sides.
period of the Achaemenian dominance, under Most important of them was the northern direc-
the influence of Aramaic word with the same tion connected with the Dariali Pass which was
meaning and similar sound, a [gv. 63:] velar dividing Transcaucasia from Ciscaucasia. The
consonant as an initial sound of the word. The Armazi/Mtskheta and, generally, the Caucasian
possibility of such an assumption is confirmed Iberia which located right in the south of the
by the existence of many Georgian toponyms Caucasian Gates historically had the respon-
with “ard/art” element by which are designated sibility of protecting the Mediterranean-Near
mainly fortresses, castles and cities. Eastern oikoumene (οίκουμένη) - the civilized
world of common interests, from the numer-
Perhaps, we should remember also the name ous invasions of the northern nomadic tribes.
from “The History of the Kings of Kartli” – Ar- As the invasions of Cimmerians and Scythians
dam, of the person who undertook to build the fall in the days before the Achamenians, it is
wall of the castle of Armazi (Armaztsikhe, i. e. likely that a highly favorable strategic loca-
Kartli) and enclosed the projection of Armazi tion of Armazi/Mtskheta should already have
with a wall as far as the Kura river (13: 12-13). been taken into account in the Pre-Achamenian
times. It must be mentioned that beside the ex-
The fact that the term “Kartli/Karti” undoubted- istence of obvious architectural traits typical of
ly meant a fortress, a place enclosed by a wall, the Achaemenian period, the excavations of the
can be concluded on the basis of Cassius Dio’s Armaztsikhe revealed the signs of the Urartian
information. He calls Armazi/Kartli Acropolis building tradition, as well.
(‘Ακρόπολις) or the fortified upper part of an

jvris monasteri

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