Nachbin's theorem

In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is
commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article provides a
brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth
rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems
about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular,
Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform,
given below.

Exponential type
A function defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist constants
and such that

in the limit of . Here, the complex variable was written as to emphasize that the limit
must hold in all directions . Letting stand for the infimum of all such , one then says that the function
is of exponential type .

For example, let . Then one says that is of exponential type , since is the
smallest number that bounds the growth of along the imaginary axis. So, for this example,
Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than .

Ψ type
Bounding may be defined for other functions besides the exponential function. In general, a function
is a comparison function if it has a series

with for all , and

Comparison functions are necessarily entire, which follows from the ratio test. If is such a comparison
function, one then says that is of -type if there exist constants and such that

as . If is the infimum of all such one says that is of -type .

Nachbin's theorem states that a function with the series

is of -type if and only if

Borel transform
Nachbin's theorem has immediate applications in Cauchy theorem-like situations, and for integral
transforms. For example, the generalized Borel transform is given by

If is of -type , then the exterior of the domain of convergence of , and all of its singular points,
are contained within the disk

Furthermore, one has

where the contour of integration γ encircles the disk . This generalizes the usual Borel transform
for exponential type, where . The integral form for the generalized Borel transform follows as
well. Let be a function whose first derivative is bounded on the interval , so that

where . Then the integral form of the generalized Borel transform is

The ordinary Borel transform is regained by setting . Note that the integral form of the Borel
transform is just the Laplace transform.

Nachbin resummation
Nachbin resummation (generalized Borel transform) can be used to sum divergent series that escape to the
usual Borel summation or even to solve (asymptotically) integral equations of the form:
where may or may not be of exponential growth and the kernel has a Mellin transform. The

solution can be obtained as with and is the Mellin

transform of . An example of this is the Gram series

in some cases as an extra condition we require to be finite for and

different from 0.

Fréchet space
Collections of functions of exponential type can form a complete uniform space, namely a Fréchet space,
by the topology induced by the countable family of norms

See also
Divergent series
Borel summation
Euler summation
Cesàro summation
Lambert summation
Mittag-Leffler summation
Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
Abelian and tauberian theorems
Van Wijngaarden transformation

References
L. Nachbin, "An extension of the notion of integral functions of the finite exponential type",
Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciencias. 16 (1944) 143–147.
Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions
(Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a statement and proof
of Nachbin's theorem, as well as a general review of this topic.)
A.F. Leont'ev (2001) [1994], "Function of exponential type" (https://www.encyclopediaofmath.
org/index.php?title=Function_of_exponential_type), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS
Press
A.F. Leont'ev (2001) [1994], "Borel transform" (https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.ph
p?title=Borel_transform), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press

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