il “OR” (PN a KAS Re eK ACAKB”, BERNA “AR ZB”. BH MU: A sentence with the verb “£” as its predicate is a “42” sentence. The affirmative form pf a “J” sentence is “A is B”, while its negative form “A is not B”. For instance:2 Kid, 4 th RRR MMR AM, I ME HH Hob i 2 fl — Bn OM Bh “tN”. BI When a pronoun or a noun is used as an attributive to show possession, the structural particle “ffJ” is offen inserted between the attributive and what it qulifies, e. 2. Khi dai tir hay danh tir 1am dinh ngit chi quan hé sé hitu, gidra dinh ngit va trung tam ngit duge tu sire thong thuong phai thém trg tir két cu “(19”. Vi du: GQ) B® i EM A (2) BE BW KK WAM eK ST A AR ial fe EH, OR OH HE hh HY i OR te Se mR MR JA fr mt, — MRA “HN” 2 ol tO: The structural particle “ff” may be omitted if the word modified by pronoun refers to one’s relatives or the place where one works, ¢. g. Khi dai tir nhén xung lam dinh ngét cho mt danh tir chi ngudi than thude, hay mét tap thé, don vi, thi cé thé luge bé trg tir “ff”.GQ RH (2) E Be 4 i A AR i EE ws tr et, — & A KR is, Mo BH Ke RE ti Wi Rte e “i” . Al tn: The structural particle “ffJ” may be omitted if the word modified by pronoun refers to one’s relatives or the place where one works, e. g. m6t tp thé, don vi, thi cé thé luge bé tro tir “I”. a AT Khi dai tir nhén xung lam dinh ngi cho mot danh tir chi ngudi than thude, haymot tap the, don vj, thi c6 thé luge bé tra tir “ff”. Vi du: Q) RW RH i Q) RF RE Ri mH * 3. “R St BW — FIL. ” Se Jue Al fe 3) il aH RR — KR OME MY Bh Of.ial “A” fw a Fm “ye” ye AR” me eR “RA”. BM, A sentence with “4i” as its predicate is called a “#1” sentence. The negative form of “Ai” is “I 4”, e.g. Cau c6 d6ng tir “i” lam thanh phan chi yéu cia vi ngit goi 1a cau chit A Hinh thite phi dinh cia “#7” 14 “2. Vi du: () & A — + 48 aH. (2) fh A we Be2.3% i] Measure words: Lugng tir BRKRBRKA- MARAE HS, i Bp RW. +S ZARA AH eR RR KR”, “HR” SO RW. NA Me Re a, OO OF oe A, % fe Fy % a. wm < — PP, <= ee, ere te Jes "63 “UW - RA KATO A HB, “g brat UK HR EMA. SVM ZALH EAR, “Ce wb” Fl % ial Z fal Way A 7S Ae tn: “JL” is usually used to ask a number under 10 while “4 />” is used for any number. A measure word is necessary betqeen “JL” and a noun, but is optional between “% />” and a noun, e. g.LAM MAD UHM TR, RR (— MAR A HD OW, HR RB (— MR MD Ee. Some verbs can take two objects: the indirect object (usually referring to a person) and the direct object (usually referring to an object or thing), with the former preceding the latter, €. g. C6 nhimg d6ng tir c6 thé mang hai tan ngtt, tn ngir gidn tiép ( thong thudng 1a chi ngudi) 6 trude, tan ngit truc tiép (thong thudng 1a chi vat) 6 sau. Vi du: (1) a & Wi MR A) WGK HR.1. St 3% Ki i: The preposition_object phrases: Doan ngit gidi tir: Oi “SE”. “RS RENN RAR RM, Ae oh il AY WY fe KR iB. Pl ‘The preposition, e.g “ZE” , “#8” , etcand their object form a preposistion- object phrase which is usully used in front of the predicate verb as and adverbial, e. g.24a" “BIS “=P ond “HR” “I” Al “Hi” Hh Rom “27K PHA. ER — RA ae a eS 7 Both “—” mean 2. But before a measure word, “7” is used instead of “=”. “Ba” va “=” déu cé nghia 1a 2 , nhung trude Iugng tir thuong ding “Pi” Khong ding “=”. Vidu: “FR 4+ 36 58” . “OR AR ia] JR”1.36 # if] 5% ©) Sentences with an adjectival predicate C4u vi ngit hinh dung tir CAAA OMRE REA ER EEAH BSH AAR” OK" EB. eB RRR E. WR Si] Bee, RA MF. Bn. The predicate of a sentence with an adjectival predicate is an adjective. In the affirmative form of such a sentence, the adjective often takes “{f2”, “AX” and other adverbs before it. In such cases, the adverb “/f2” has almost lost its function as an adverb of degree. Sentences that only have an adjective as the predicate are normally used to show comparison, e. g. C4u cé thanh phan chi yéu cia vi ngi 1a hinh dung tir (tinh tir) goi 1 cau vi ngit hinh dung tir. Trong hinh thirc khang dinh phia truéc hinh dung tir thudng ding phé tir “#82” hoac “A”. G day y nghia chi mire 46 cia “4” khOng r6 rang. Néu hinh dung tir don déc lam vi ngit thi thudng ding trong cau mang y nghia so sénh. Vi du:REAHE OM RRR RRA SM In BOR”. Hy in: The negative form of a sentence with an adjective predicate is made by putting the adverb “7S”, before the ajectiner, e. g, Hinh thire ph dinh cia céu vj ngit hinh dung tir 1a thém pho tir “78” vao truée hinh dung tir. Vi du: (3) BB AY HH BK. (4) i UR a EE2. IE & 5€ Fel 42): Read the following phrase: Cau héi chinh phan P LM PERK HARKAMD MHEBAABEBR HAR, BED LIE REA A). Bl tM: The affirmative-negativequestions are made by juxtaposing the affirmative form and the negative form of the main element (verb or adjectiveo) of the predicate, e.3.48 am Rid “GR. WB fe, % i a, When the denonstrative pronoun “iX” or “ZS” functions as an attributive, the noun as a rule takes a measure word before it, e.g ... Khi dai tir chi thj “ix , #8” lam dinh nei, truée danh tir phai ding luong tir. Vi du: (1) & AS BR (2) BH KK AK. G) BAA YK.LA, A RAR A. 1B & il Je on Bh ia] “ON” BT A “RO” B AAEM, WET BIRR ER. “WN” Oi ED FPEERM ED “E+BZ" HA, ZH EX. HO: 652, “ae” Re aR 7B EY HE, RGR” LB” | Op” ER, At BEAT eA“ — He” tn “#8” shows an indefinite quantity and is often Proceded by “ 0, AS", BR”, can only be combined with the numeral “—” which is often cmteds e.g. “a8” biéu thi sé Iuong bat dinh, thudng ding két hop voi “SX”, “HS” , “BB” , cling c6 lite noi: “— HE, Vidu: (1) & #4 i ik 2 IA HH. (2) Bee EAS ES. G3) BHA KRU ARK. (4) fh A _(—) #4 GR.3. “S" Rb” EEE AM, WM REE HI, Wel “OR SRW MAS PUB”, MH “hARS PR”. When used attributively to modify a noun, “%” and “/>” must take such adverbs as “{R” , etc. before them. It is wrong to say “fh @ % " 3 43”, which should be: “fh A 18 & FX 3”.1. 7% ti #1 (—) Position words(1) ewongupeIngay “WI. a. RW. Ha SRR LYS al OH fy wl. 7 aT fe ER, RE. HE CL AR RD wr AL HY, EA AO Ae ia] Za “0” th TO”, Bal dn: Position word are such nouns as “Af iW”. “Ja”. “RW”. “PH dete, which denote position. Position words can serve as the subject, object or attributive in a sentence. It can also be used together with an attributive (a noun or pronoun) to form a position phrase. The strutural particle “f)” may be inserted or omitted between the attributive and the position word, e. g. Nhiing danh tir biéu thi phuong huéng, vi tri nhu : “Ai iW", “FE > ,
ee, 42 BIE hh Am. Bl dO When the position word “4 i4” or “_ i#” is used together with a noun as position phrase, “ ” is often omitted. “i” in other pisition word, however, is seldom omitted except in written Chinese, e. g.