Open Ended Lab Project

Course Name
Engineering Material

Submitted to

Sir Qaiser Mehmood

Submitted By

Hattam Khan 22-ME-106

Anas Sanaghar 22-ME-110
Abdul Raffay 22-ME-122
Muhammad Ahmed 22-ME-182

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TAXILA
July 2023
 Sample preparation for Creep test

Introduction
Creep test, also known as creep testing or creep analysis, is an important experimental technique
used in materials science and engineering to study the time-dependent deformation behavior of
materials under a constant load or stress. Creep refers to the phenomenon of gradual deformation
occurring in a material over time when subjected to a constant load or stress below its yield
strength.The creep test involves applying a constant load or stress to a specimen and measuring the
resulting deformation as a function of time. The test is typically performed at elevated temperatures,
as creep deformation is more prominent at higher temperatures due to increased atomic diffusion
and the activation of thermally-activated deformation mechanisms.

The primary objective of a creep test is to determine the creep properties of a material, including
creep strain (deformation) and creep rate (rate of deformation) under specific stress and temperature
conditions. These properties are essential for assessing the long-term structural integrity and
performance of materials, particularly those used in high-temperature applications such as power
plants, aerospace components, and gas turbines.

Creep Test machine 1

Background
The study of creep behavior in materials has its roots in the early 20th century when
engineers and scientists observed the time-dependent deformation of materials under constant
loads. Creep testing emerged as a systematic approach to understanding and characterizing
this phenomenon.The concept of creep can be traced back to the work of British engineer
Henry Tresca in the late 1800s. Tresca conducted experiments on lead and observed that
under sustained stress, the material continued to deform over time, even though the applied
stress was below its yield strength. He referred to this phenomenon as "plastic flow."In the
early 1900s, German scientist August Wöhler conducted extensive investigations on the time-
 dependent deformation of metals. He observed that materials subjected to constant loads
experienced a gradual increase in strain over time, eventually leading to failure. Wöhler's
work laid the foundation for understanding the phenomenon of creep and its implications for
engineering applications.
The systematic study of creep behavior gained significant momentum during World
War II when there was a pressing need to evaluate the long-term behavior of materials used
in high-temperature applications, such as jet engines and power plants. The understanding of
creep became crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and reliability of components
subjected to sustained loads and elevated temperatures.
During this period, several standardized testing methods and apparatuses were
developed to perform creep tests. These methods aimed to provide a quantitative assessment of
the creep properties of materials and enable the comparison of different alloys and materials
under similar testing conditions. The British Standards Institution (BSI) and the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were instrumental in developing and standardizing
creep testing procedures.
Over the years, creep testing techniques have evolved, incorporating advancements in
testing machines, sensors, and data analysis methods. High-temperature furnaces,
sophisticated load frames, and advanced extensometers are now used to conduct precise and
controlled creep tests.Creep testing has expanded beyond metallic materials and is now
applied to a wide range of materials, including ceramics, polymers, and composites. The
study of creep has led to a deeper understanding of the underlying deformation mechanisms
and microstructural changes that occur in materials during prolonged loading at elevated
temperatures.Today, creep testing continues to be an essential tool in materials science and
engineering, helping researchers and engineers design and evaluate materials for high-
temperature applications, improve the lifespan and reliability of components, and ensure the
safety of critical structures in industries such as aerospace, power generation, and oil and gas.
Properties of Sample used in creep test
In creep testing, the selection and preparation of an appropriate sample are crucial for
obtaining reliable and representative data on the material's creep behavior. The sample should
accurately represent the material's microstructure, geometry, and mechanical properties, while also
being compatible with the testing equipment and conditions.
Here are some key considerations when choosing a sample for creep testing:
Material Type: Creep testing can be performed on a wide range of materials, including metals,
alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The sample should be composed of the material of
interest, and its composition should be representative of the application or specific study being
conducted.
Geometry: The shape and size of the sample can vary depending on the testing requirements and
standards. Common geometries include cylindrical, rectangular, or disk-shaped specimens. The
choice of geometry depends on factors such as the material's form, testing equipment, and the desired
stress distribution within the sample.
Homogeneity: The sample should exhibit uniform composition and microstructure to ensure
consistent results. Inhomogeneities or defects in the material, such as cracks, voids, or impurities, can
significantly affect the creep behavior and lead to premature failure. Care must be taken to minimize
any potential sources of variability or defects.
Specimen Preparation: Proper specimen preparation is essential to ensure accurate and reliable
results. The sample should be carefully machined or fabricated to meet the required dimensions and
surface finish. Techniques such as cutting, grinding, polishing, or machining may be employed
depending on the material and its specific characteristics.
Sample Orientation: In some cases, the orientation of the sample with respect to the material's
microstructure or anisotropic properties may be important. For anisotropic materials, testing along
specific directions can provide insights into their directional creep behavior.

Creep Test Sample 1

Procedure
We Followed following procedure to prepare sample for creep test
1. Material Preparation
 We obtain aluminum rods of suitable dimensions for the creep test from lab.
 We ensure the rods are clean and free from any contaminants or surface defects.
2. Lathe machine setup:
 Set up the lathe machine and secure the aluminum rod in the chuck securely.
 Align the rod properly to ensure accurate machining.
3. Operations on Lathe
 We used turning,tapper turnimg & drilling operations on lathe machine to prepare the sample
for creep test according to dimensions provided.

sample preparation on lathe 1

4. Finishing & Inspection

 Once all the machining operations are complete, we remove the aluminum rod from the lathe
machine.
 We Inspect the sample visually to ensure it meets the required dimensions and surface finish.
Conclusion
In this project, the objective was to prepare samples for a creep test using aluminum rods on a
lathe machine. A total of five samples were successfully prepared using various lathe machine
operations, including turning, drilling, and taper turning.
The turning operation involved reducing the diameter of the aluminum rods uniformly along their
length. Multiple passes were made with gradually decreasing depths of cut until the desired diameter
was achieved. The drilling operation involved drilling a 6mm diameter hole at a specified location
along the length of each sample. Careful attention was given to aligning the drill bit accurately and
maintaining a consistent speed and feed rate. The taper turning operation was performed to create a
tapered shape along the length of the samples, with the angle and length determined according to the
project requirements.
After completing the machining operations, the samples were inspected for dimensional accuracy and
surface finish. Any necessary finishing operations, such as sanding or polishing, were performed to
achieve the desired surface quality. The samples were then ready for the subsequent creep test.
The knowledge and skills gained through this project, including machining techniques and quality
control, are valuable for future endeavors in materials testing and manufacturing processes.