Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4 pp.

265-278, 1994
Pergamon Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
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0899-5362(95)00022-4

Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Neoproterozoic Roan Supergroup from

Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia, in the central African copper-cobalt metallogenic
province

J. C A I L T E U X 1, P.L. B I N D A 2, W . M . K A T E K E S H A 1, A.B. K A M P U N Z U 3, M.M. I N T I O M A L E 1, D. K A P E N D A 3,

C. K A U N D A 4, K. N G O N G O 1, T. T S H I A U K A s a n d M. W E N D O R F F 6

1Bureau d ' E t u d e s G ~ o l o g i q u e s , G ~ c a m i n e s M i n i n g C o m p a n y , B.P.450, Likasi, Z a i r e

2Geology D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y of R e g i n a , R e g i n a , S a s k a t c h e w a n , C a n a d a , S 4 A O A 2
~D(,~partement d e G~ologie, U n i v e r s i t ~ d e L u b u m b a s h i , B.P.1825, L u b u m b a s h i , Z a i r e
4Technical Services, Z C C M M i n i n g C o m p a n y , K a l u l u s h i , Z a m b i a
S D ~ p a r t e m e n t d e GcSologie, S o d i m i z a M i n i n g C o m p a n y , B.P.3853, L u b u m b a s h i , Z a i r e
6Geology D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y of B o t s w a n a , G a b o r o n e , B o t s w a n a

( R e c e i v e d 13 M a r c h 1994 : a c c e p t e d 14 S e p t e m b e r 1994)

Abstract- New data on the lower Katangan sequences in Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia, collected during the 1989
and 1990 UNESCO-sponsored Geotraverses, reveal an important development on friction breccias throughout the
Zambian Copperbelt, which still remains poorly documented, and shows that the Zairean and Zambian fades of
the Roan Supergroup can be correlated in detail.
As in Zaire, the deformation of Katangan terranes during the Lufilian orogeny produced important friction brec-
cias in Zambia. Such breccias occur mostly between the upper part of the Lower Roan Supergroup and the
Mwashya Group (R-4): above the shale with grit (RL3) at Konkola and Mindola, or within the Upper Roan Dolo-
mite at Chambishi South, Muliaahi and Nchanga. At Mufulira, a typical fragment of Shahs Mines Group was ob-
served within a major heterogeneous tectonic breccia. This situation is similar to that reported at Kipapila (Kimpe)
and Lubembe in Zaire, both located on the same tectonic trend as Mufulira.
However, a continuous stratigraphical succession can be observed in Zambia from the basal unconformity to the
Mwashya Group. Strong lithological similarities were found, formation by formation, between the Roan sequences
of Zambia and Zaire. In particular, the complete Mines Group of Zaire (R-2) and the units from the RL6 to the RL4
in Zambia were deposited under comparable conditions of sedimentation and show a similar and correlatable
evolution of lithologies. Furthermore, the overlying Dipeta Group (R-3) of Zaire and the RL3, RU2/RU1 of Zambia,
are equally comparable. Above the Upper Roan Dolomite, Lower Mwashya dolomitic rocks, identical with the
ones of Shaba, have been noted to occur ill Zambia in stratigraphical continuity with the typical black shales of the
Upper Mwashya. The correlation between the coarse clastics of the Zambian footwall (RL7) and the red dolomitic
argtllites and sandstones of the Zairean I~A.T. (Roches Argillo Talqueuses: R-l) remains uncertain. However these
two sequences show some similarities suggesting a lateral facies change from high-energy siIiciclastic sedimenta-
tion in Zambia, to quieter, less clastic and more carbonate rich sedimentation in Zaire.
In agreement with the proposed lithostratigraphical correlation, volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, occurring both in
Zaire and Zambia in the Lower Mwashya, testify to a major period of igneous activity in the region. Intrusive rocks
found in the Zambian Roan Group and in the Zairean Dipeta Group can probably be attributed to the same epi-
sode of magmat~sm.
Finally it can be shown that several copper-cobalt orebodies are found at the same lithostratigraphical position in
Zambia and Zaire: the Zambian ore shale corresponds to the classical Shaba orebodies at the base of the Mines
Group (R-2), the Nchanga upper orebody to the lower R-2.3 mineralization and the Zambian RL3 anomalous cop-
per occurrences to those of the R-3.1.2 Dipeta unit.

R~sum~ - Les nouvelles donn&~s sur les s6quences du Katanguien inf~rieur au Shaba (Zaire) et en Zambie, qui
ont ~t~ acquises lots des G~traverses UNESCO de 1989 et 1990 r~v~lent:. (i) un d~veloppement important de
br~ches de friction partout dana la ceinture cuprif~re de Zambie qui sont encore pen document~es et que (ii) les
facies zairois et zambien du Supergroupe du Roan peuvent ~tre corral,sen d~tail.
Comme au Zaire, la d~formation des terrains katanguiens lots de l'orogen~se lufilienne a produit d'importantes
br~ches de friction en Zambie. De relies ~ e s se trouvent prindpalement entre la partie sui~rieure du Groupe
du 'Lower Roan' et le Groupe de Mwashya (R-4): au-dessns des 'shales with grit' (RL3)/~ Konkola et Mindola, ou
au sein de la dolomie de l"Upper Roan'/~ Chambishi Sud, Muliashi et Nchanga. A Mufulira, un fragment typique
du Groupe des Mines du Shaba a ~t(~observ~ au sein d'une broS,.hetectonique majeure. Cette situation est sinlilaire
/J celle relev~e/~ Kipapila (Kimpe) et Lubembe au ZaIre, gisements situ~s tous deux sttr la mLhne structure tec-
tonique que Mufulira.
Cependant, une succession stratigraphique continue peut ~tre observ~,e en Zambie depuis la discordance de base
jusqu'au Groupe de Mwashya. Des ressemblances lithologiques frappantes ont ~t~ trouv£,es, formation par forma-
tion, entre les s~luences du Roan en Zambie et au ZaIre. En particulier, le Groupe des Mines du Zaire (R-2) et les

265
2~r, 1. CAILFEUX et a;

unit~s du RL6 et RL4 en Zambie, se sont d~pos~s dans des conditions de s~dimentation comparables et poss~dent
des ~volutions lithologiques comparables et corr~lables. De surcroit, le Groupe de Dipeta (R-3) du Zaire et les RL3,
RU2/RU1 de Zambie sont 4galement comparables. Au-dessus de la dolomie de l"Upper Roan ~ de Zambie, des
roches dolomitiques du Mwashya inf~rieui identiques a celles du Shaba ont ~t~ relev~es en continuit~
stratigraphique avec les schistes noirs typiques du Mwashya sup~rieur. La correlation entre les roches clastiques
grenues du 'footwall' zambien (RL7) avec les gr~s et argilites dolomitiques des R.A.T. (R-l) reste incertaine. Cepen-
dant les similitudes entre les deux s&tuences sugg~rent u n changement lateral de facies entre une s~dimentation
siliciclastique de haute ~nergie en Zambie vers une s~dimentation plus calme, moins clastique et plus carbonat4e
a u ZalFe.
En accord avec les correlations lithostratigraphiques qui sont propos~es, des roches volcaniques et pyroclastiques
sont pr4sentes/~ la fois au Za~re et en Zambie dans le Mwashya inf4rieur ce qui indique u n ~pisode important d'ac-
tivit~ magmatique dans la r~gion. Les roches intrusives trouv~es dans le Groupe du Roan en Zambie et dans le
Groupe de Dipeta au Za~re pourraient ~tre attribu4es a c e m~me 4pisode magmatique.
Enfin, plusieurs min~ralisations cuivre-cobalt ont 4t~ trouv~es dans la m~me position lithostratigraptuque en
Zambie et au Zaire: le 'ore shale' de Zambie correspond aux couches min4ralis~s classiques d u Zaire, a la base du
Groupe des Mines; l"upper orebody' de Nchanga a la min~ralisation du R-2.3 inf~rieur; les occurrences de cuivre
du RL3 en Zambie/~ celles du R-3A.2 du Groupe de Dipeta.

INTRODUCTION units of the Katangan in both Zaire and Zambia could

The deposition of Katangan sediments took place
in a Neoproterozoic basin straddling the present-day
Zaire-Zambia border, approximately 1.1 to 0.6 Ga
ago. There is agreement that the Katangan rocks were
affected by three major orogenic cycles, namely the
Lomamian (ca 950 Ma), the Lusakan (ca 950-850 Ma),
and the Lufilian (ca 650-600 Ma) tectono-metamorphic
events. The Katangan can be subdivided into three
major stratigraphical units: the Roan Supergroup,
deposited before the onset of the Lomamian orogeny
and the Lower and Upper Kundelungu Supergroups,
deposited after the Lomamian events (Cahen et al.,
1984).
A generalized stratigraphical column of the
Katangan is shown in Table 1. In Zaire, the Kunde-
lungu is subdivided into two major units (Lower and
Upper Supergroups), each beginning with a glacial
diamictite. In Zambia, only the Lower Kundelungu
Supergroup has been recognized: the thick sequence
of shale and sandstone which overlies the Kakontwe
limestone "has been variously divided into the Up-
per, or Middle and Upper Kundelungu groups"
(Mendelsohn 1961). The Roan Supergroup uncon-
formably overlies the pre-Katangan basement com-
plex and displays different facies in the Zambian and
Shaba portions of the central African Copperbelt.
These facies differences, coupled with the complex
tectonics of Shaba and the lack of continuous outcrop
observations in the transition area between the two
facies, has engendered considerable disagreement in
correlation" schemes.
The central African Roan Supergroup contains the
world's greatest concentration of stratiform Cu-Co
mineralization. Combined peak production of copper
during the early 1970s from both countries amounted
to more than I million tons of metal. In addition, it is
estimated that the region contains more than half the
world's reserves of mineable cobalt.
Since the early days of regional mineral exploita-
tion, it was realized that the major stratigraphical
be correlated. In this context, Gray (1930) extended
the Shaba stratigraphical terms Kundelungu,
Mwashya (or Mwashia), and 'grand conglom4rat' to
include correlative units in Zambia. Conversely, the
term Roan (from the Roan Antelope mine at Luan-
shya, Zambia) became part of the Zaire stratigraphi-
cal nomenclature (see Franqois 1973).
However, this cross-border exchange of nomencla-
ture did cause some confusion. In Zaire, for example,
some geologists equated the term Roan with the
'Syst&me Schisto-Dolomitique' of Robert (1956) which
includes the Mwashya Group (Franqois 1973). Others
(Cahen 1954, 1974) applied the term Roan in the
Zambian sense, to the exclusion of the Mwashya (see
Mendelsohn 1961). An additional subdivision, which
is at further variance with both practices, appeared in
Cahen (1974). This was that only the dolomitic lower
portion of the Mwashya Group of Zaire was included
in the Roan Supergroup. Furthermore, in Zambia the
term Mines Series has been used to include the Roan
and Mwashya Groups (Mendelsohn 1961), whereas
in Zaire the term 'S~rie des Mines' (which became
later 'Groupe des Mines') is used to define that part of
the Roan Supergroup which contains the major min-
eral deposits (Table 1).
There are substantive problems of stratigraphical
correlation between Zambia and Zaire, including the
above discordant usage of stratigraphical terms to
describe rocks which are virtually identical and the
proliferation of local stratigraphical terminologies at
different mines within the Zambian district (see
Binda and Mulgrew 1974). Among these, the correla-
tion of the ore-bearing units is probably the one that
has generated the most controversies because of its
obvious economic implication. It is the resolving of
this problem which drew the attention of the
stratigraphical working group of the 1989 and 1990
Zaire-Zambia Geotraverses sponsored by UNESCO.
Other important points, which will form part of our
future investigations, include the definition of the
base of the Mwashya Group in Zambia and the iden
 Lithostratigraphicalcorrelationof the NeoproterozoicRoanSupergroupfrom Shaba (Zaire)and Zambia 267

Table 1. Lithostratigraphical subdivision of the Katangan in Shaba and Zambia. Compiled from Francois
(1973), Binda and Mulgrew (1974), Cahen et al. (1984) and Binda (1989, 1994)

Pleistocene
KAROO and KALAHARI
Upper
C rous

÷p-650Ma Superfroup Group Litholo~ies

Plateaux Shales and arkoses

Upper Kiubo Dolomitic shales, sandy

Kundelungu ~(s-2) shales or sandstones
Kalule Dolomitic shales or sandy
(Ks) 0 1) shales; pink limestones.
KATANGAN Diamictite (Ks-l.1)
Monwezi EMlomiticshales or
Lower ~Ki-2) siltstones
Kundelungu Likasi Dolomitic or sandy shales;
(Ki) (Kid) dolostones or limestones.
Zaire Zambia
+/-950Ma Supergroup Group Lithologies Lithologies Fon~ation[ Group
Mwashya Dolomitic shales (R-4.2) Black shales Mwashia
(R-4) Dolostones, jaspers and
pyroclastites ~R-4.1) Dolostones and interbedded Bancroft Upper
Dipeta Interbedded dolostones dolomitic shales (RU2-RU11 Roan
Proterozoic Roan (R-S) argillaceous and dolo- Shales with grit;
mitic siltstones dolostones; Kit~e
(R) iV~d~es Dolostones; dolomitic argillaceous dolostones; (RL3-RL6)
~R-2) shales and siltstones arenites and ar~llites
R.A.T. IArgillaceous dolomitic Conglomerates, Lower
(R-l) siltstones; sandstones coarse arkoses and Mindola Roan
and pelites argillaceous siltstones; (Foot~all)
quartzites; 0~L7)
base of the sequence-unknown pebble and cobble
conglomerates
+/-lo5o a basal conglomerate
!
-+2/ 0 5 0 M a i KIBARAN and PRE-KIBARAN

tification and correlation of the Katangan volcanic
events.
CORRELATION OF THE ORE-BEARING STRATA
In Zambia, the ore-bearing strata of the Lower
Roan Group 0V[Lxed Unit of Binda, 1989) occur in
structural basins separated by outcropping pre-
Katangan basement complex (Fig. 1). Within the
structural basins, the Lower Katangan is stratigraphi-
cally continuous and its basal beds rest with an angu-
lar unconformity on the mica schist, gneisses, quartz-
ites and granitoid rocks of the basement complex. By
contrast, the 'Groupe des Mines' of Shaba occurs as
either allochthonous sheets overlying younger rocks
of the Upper Kundelungu Supergroup, or intrudes
the faulted anticlines. It is only in the south-eastern
part of Shaba (as at Musoshi) where mineraliTed
Lower Roan rocks occur in Zambian-type strati-
graphical and tectonic setting. The correlation of typi-
cal Shaba (e.g. Kolwezi) and typical Zambian strata
has therefore always been controversial. The problem
is made more acute by the fact that the Shaba orebod-
ies occur in carbonate host rock, whereas the Zam-
bian orebodies occur predominantly (but not exclu-
sively) in siliciclastic rocks.
Previous Work
In the Zambian Copperbelt, stratigraphical corre-
lation of the Ore Shale Formation from the different
districts is perfect (Binda and Mulgrew 1974). Fur-
thermore, correlation between the ore shale and
Mufulira Ore Formation across the Kafue anticline is
suggested by Binda and Mulgrew (1974). In the ab-
208 I. CA1LTEUX et aa

•.-. ".'.' . ' . ' . : . . " 2 z ~.'. " : . . .'~/ : Feo ' 7~

11° t

~/÷ + +

+ +
~- ~ i~ Z AIRE
( SI.-O~,BA) +

+ ÷ 4- @

LUBUMBASHI ÷ 4-
+
÷ +

Z A M BIA ~
' ,

L----I 3 t- + +
+ + t"
2

0 i0 ~ 30 ~0 501(m
~ma==t.,,d:::=b~ ii + LUANSMYA
5° 2,?° r'.IIU' "
Kafu¢ Anticline " '+
Figure 1. Lufilian Arc in Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia. Location of the main deposits and geological sites. 1: pre-Katangan; 2: Roan Super-
group and related tectonic breccias; 3: Mwashya Group (R-4) and Kundelungu Supergroups; 4: Kalahari and recent alluvium; 5: Interna-
tional border. (For lithostratigraphy, see Table 1)

sence of time-stratigraphical markers, it is impossible
to be certain of the chronostratigraphical equivalence
of the two ore formations. Binda (1989, 1994) specu-
lated that the two units may be approximately time-
equivalent since they were both deposited by a swift
northward transgression of the Katangan basin, pos-
sibly as a result of a eustatic rise in sea-leveL over a
fiat depositional surface. Garlick (1989), on the other
hand, suggested that the marine transgression must
have been slower and reached the Kolwezi area
(Shaba) at a much later time. Therefore, in the Zam-
bian Copperbelt, the ore-bearing strata should be
younger at Mufulira than at Chambishi and the
Shaba 'Groupe des Mines' should be younger than the
Zambian ore shale.
The correlation with the Zairean 'Groupe des
Mines' is still more controversial. Cahen (1954, p.66-
67) equated this group (R-2) with the Orebody Group
of Musoshi and therefore, by extension, with the
Zambian ore shale. Francois (1974) favoured the same
interpretation but left open the possibility that the
'Groupe des Mines' (R-2) may in fact be correlated
with Zambian dolomitic units younger than the ore
formations.
Binda and Bridges (1975) in an unpublished com-
pany report on the Shaba copper district, noted the
remarkable similarity between stratigraphical se-
quences at Kamoto (Zaire) and Kitwe (Zambia),
which suggested at least a homotaxial correlation.
Caflteux (1976) correlated the ore-bearing Shaba
'Groupe des Mines' lower Formation (R-2.1) with the
ore shale of Musoshi, the S.D. (R-2.2) Formation with
the Pelito-arkosic Formation overlying the Ore Shale,
and the R-2.3 Formation with the dolostones at the
top of the sequence. He concluded that the Roan
strata were probably deposited in one basin and that
the 'Groupe des Mines' of Shaba should be consid-
ered as the carbonate facies-equivalent of the Zam-
 Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Neoproterozoic Roan Supergroup from Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia 269

Table 2. Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Roan Supergroup in the central African Copperbelt. Compiled
from Binda (1994), Binda and Mulgrew (1974), Cailteux (1994), Clemmey (1976), Franqois (1973), Mendelsohn
(1961), Tshiauka et al. (in prep.) and this paper

ZAMBIA AND MUSOSH1 DISTRICT (S. SHABA) SHABA

UNIT MEMBER FORMATION FORMATION GROUP
(Formation) (Mine term)
Mwashia Group Upper Mwashya Mwashya
(R-4.2) (R-4)
(Mwashia Fm) Lower Mwashya
(R-4.1)
Carbonate U. Kirilabombwe Kanwangungu Fm (R-3.4) Dipeta
(Upper Roan ss) Group . (RU 1-RU 2)
(Bancroft Dol.) (R-3.3)
Antelope Clastics Kibalongo Fm (R-3.2) (R-3)
(shale with grit) (RL3) (R-3.1)
Mixed Unit Chambishi Dolomite Musoshi Group Chingola Fm Kambove Dolomite
(cherty dolomite and (Chingola Dolo-
dolomitic argillite) mite or RL4 and
upper RLS)
(Kitwe Fm) Nchanga Quartzite Pelito-arkosic Fm Mines
(upper quartzite)
Rokana Evaporites (RLS) dolomitic shales (R- (R-2)
(hangingwall) 2.2.2, R-2.2.3)
Copperbelt orebody Ore Shale Fm S.D.B. (R-2.2.1)
(ore shale, grey- (RL6) Kamoto Dolomite (R-
wacke) 2.1)
Siliciclastic Unit Kafue Arenites ~L~ Mutonda Fm (R-1.3) R.A.T.
(footwall congl.) (R-1.2) (R-l)
'Footwall'
(Mindola Kafufya Fm
Clastics) Chimfunsi Fm
Unconformity
BASEMENT COMPLEX

bian siliciclastic metasediments. metasediments of more clastic Zambian-type facies,

Cailtenx and Lefebvre (1975), Lefebvre and Tshi-
auka (1986) and Tshiauka et al. (in prep.) recognized
rocks of the 'Groupe des Mines', that were equivalent
to the ore-bearing strata of Kolwezi, occurring as al-
lochthonous blocks within the tectonic breccias be-
tween the hangingwall quartzite equivalent in south-
ern Shaba and the Kibalongo Formation (Table 2).
Lefebvre and Tshiauka (1986) interpreted the
'Groupe des Mines' to be younger than the 'Musoshi
Group' and considered the typical Shaba series (from
the R.A.T. Group to the Dipeta Group) to be
stratigraphically intercalated between the Upper
Roan and the Mwashya Group (Table 2).
New Stratigraphical and Tectonic Data
Lithosfratigraphy of the Musoshi Copper District
(Zaire)
The Roan Supergroup in the Musoshi Copper
District (MCD) consists mainly of autochthonons
partly affected by tectonic disturbances, and of meta-
sediments of more dolomitic Shaba-type facies trans-
ported as allochthonous blocks within tectonic brec-
cias.
The Zambian-type metasediments in the MCD are
subdivided into four major units recognizable at the
district scale (Tshiauka et al., in prep.; see Table 2).
They are:
i) the Mindola Group (Siliciclastic Unit): including
the Chimfunsi, Kafufya and Mutonda Formations
i/) the Musoshi Group: including the Ore Shale,
Pelito-arkosic and Chingola Formations
iii) the Kirilabombwe Group: including the Kiba-
longo and Kanwangungu Formations
iv) the Mwashya Group.
They overly the pre-Katangan basement complex
with an angular unconformity. The lithostratigraphi-
cal correlation with equivalent Zambian units at
Konkola is excellent (Table 2).
27¢~ I. C A I L T E U X et a i
In the MCD, the three formations of the Siliciclas-
tic Group are in stratigraphical continuity. A minor
amount of shearing exists between the Mutonda and
the Ore Shale Formations. In contrast, the Pelito-
arkosic and Chingola Formations at Lubembe and the
Kibalongo and Kanwangungu Formations in the
whole MCD are more severely affected by the Lufil-
ian orogeny and have been partly modified into tec-
tonic frictional breccias. Fragments of Shaba-type
Roan sedimentary rocks (mainly R-2 or 'Groupe des
Mines ~, but also R-3 or 'Groupe de la Dipeta') are
found in these breccias, sandwiched between the
Chingola and Kibalongo Formations at Kipapila
(Kimpe), Kinsenda and within the Pelito-arkosic
Formation at Lubembe (Cailteux and Lefebvre 1975;
Lefebvre and Tshiauka 1986; Tshiauka et al., in prep.).
All are in a structural setting analogous to that which
is common throughout Shaba. The stratigraphical
continuities, particularly between the Chingola and
Kibalongo Formations, have been established in some
areas. A tectonic breccia separates the carbonates of
the Kanwangungu Formation from those of the overly-
ing Mwashya Group.
Zambian Copperbelt Breccias
The Zambian portion of the central African Cop-
perbelt appears to have been less severely affected by
the thrusting that characterizes neighbouring Shaba
copper deposits, where tectonic breccias occur sys-
tematically between the pre-Katangan basement and
the R.A.T. Group and between the successive Groups
of the Roan Supergroup (Demesmaeker et al., 1963;
Francois 1974). Nevertheless, Zambia friction breccias
do occur at several stratigraphical horizons as seen in
drillcores examined during the 1989 Geotraverse. The
following observations were made on core material
from Konkola, Nchanga, Chambishi South, Mindola,
Mufulira, Baluba and Muliashi.
Immediately below the ore shale at Baluba and
Muliashi (Boreholes B.207 and MO.227A) there is
evidence of some shearing similar to the one occur-
ring at the same stratigraphical position at Musoshi.
A tectonic breccia is observed between the RL3
(Kibalongo equivalent) and the Upper Roan in single
borehole samples at Konkola (KLB.112) and Mindola
(M.45). It should be noted, however, that in the ma-
jority of the drillcores examined (KLB.130 at Konkola
and the others at Chambishi South and Nchanga),
formational contacts from the RL7 (Siliciclastic Unit
of Binda 1994) to the Upper Roan (Carbonate Unit)
are stratigraphical, commonly transitional, and non-
tectonic
Thick tectonic breccias occur within the Upper
Roan at Chambishi South (holes NN.51 and NN.71),
Muliashi (hole MO.227A) and Nchanga (hole NE.112)
suggesting a major dislocation below the M w a s h y a
Group. The stratigraphical position of this dislocation
is variable, occurring either within red-brown dolos-
tones or within the underlying white dolostones. Ig-
neous rocks are commonly associated with the Upper
Roan breccias, as shown also by Binda (1994). At
Konkola and Chambishi South, Upper Roan dolos-
tones are overlain by typical Lower Mwashya dolos-
tones which are, in turn, overlain by Upper Mwashya
black shales. At both locahties, the stratigraphicat
continuity between the Upper Roan and the
Mwashya is clearly established. Furthermore, the
presence of typical silicified oolithic carbonates al-
lows the first identification of Lower Mwashya strata
in Zambia.
Mufulira, on the northern flank of the Kafue an-
ticline, lies along the same tectonic lineament as
Lubembe and Kipapfla (Kimpe) in Zaire. As at the
two Zairean localities, typical, well recognizable for-
mations of the Shaba-type 'Groupe des Mines' are ob-
served at Mufulira, transported into a major tectonic
heterogeneous macrobreccia, which is located be-
tween the upper part of the Lower Roan Group and
the Mwashya Group.
In drillhole 218 at Mufulira (Fig. 2), the following
R-2 ('Groupe des Mines'; see Table 2 and Fig. 2) suc-
cession have been recognized:
i) S.D.S.(R-2.2.2, R-2.2.3): bedded dolomitic shales
with dolostone layers
ii) S.D.B.(R-2.2.1.1): nodular laminated shales
iii) R.S.C.(R-2.1.3): massive stromatolitic or strati-
fied dolostone with anhydrite crystals and inter-
bedded dolomitic shales
iv) RS.F.(R-2.1.2.2): laminated dolostone with an-
hydrite and interbedded dolomitic, chloritic shales
v) D.Strat.(R-2.1.2.1): bedded cherty dolostone
vi) R.A.T. grises (R-2.1.1)" dolomitic, chloritic
brecciated siltstone.
Immediately under the 'R.A.T. grises', the hetero-
geneous breccia contains typical 'R.A.T. grises' and
Upper Roan (Kanwangungu) fragments. Above the
S.D.S., Upper Roan and shale with grit (Kibalongo)
lithologies constitute the main fragments. In driUhole
214, a typical Shaba R.G.S.-type (Dipeta Group)
breccia occurs above the S.D.S.
Garlick (1989) interesl~'lgly observed that the
anomalous 'Upper Roan' mineralization of Mufulira
(Fleischer et al., 1976) is overlain by a reef dolomite
comparable to the algal dolomite (R.S.C.) which sepa-
rates the upper and lower orebodies in Zaire.
Observations on the F o o t w a l l (RL 7)
In its typical Zambian facies, the footwall (RL7)
sequence is a siliciclastic unit (Binda 1989, 1994)
which, adopting the Musoshi stratigraphical sub-
divisions, may be subdivided into three formations
(Table 2), which from top to bottom are:
i) the Mutonda Formation (70 to 450 m): a coarse
clastic unit underlying the ore shale and consisting
 Lithostratigraphicalcorrelationof the NeoproterozoicRoanSupergroupfrom Shaba (Za~e) and Zambia 271

MUFUURA
D.H. 218

b~cc~
UPPER ROAN Fm ~ debsh~
(LOWER MWASHYA ~ shaleocddondtkshale

KANWANG~UFm) ~ grit(arkoseorc~glomara~}

i 0
lOOm

breccia I ~ Inch vilh KIgN.01Cs0-

andKJUedU~UmU-type

Shoba type
-

~per [XPETAsuccessk I)dutem, cdbl~ Inx~,

(R-33/R-3~) with ~ Irke~
samldmesiml green
or
KANWA~U Fm

breccia oM lUUN~StmSU-~/Iw
Locallyl O.R 2141,S t a l ~ Rr,.S.IR-3L1)Inccia

(clErip~ in the hn#)

KAMO~
Hdlmgm~s bnKciivi~ Shlhl-type'lMTglms"ind
breccia "RATrough"breccii~l ~'ipinfs mfhw,vifh IO~KelCd~iGU-
type frlgmms,iml ~ breccbsof shiles ml simms
CtINGCX.A F m ~
MUSOSHI ~ ~ q u m - a m ,
F~nlc-
Gp. ARKOSIC Fm shlies~1 minerdobsloms
~rtzites ind minorshales
Fool~lHGua¢.l~
BASEMENT Lufl~u Sch~'t

Figure 2. Schematiclog of the D.H.218 at Mufulira, compiled from logging of Krishnan in 1983
(RoanConsolidatedMinesLtd, MufuliraDivision)and from our observations.

mainly of conglomeratic lenses deposited in a braided
stream/alluvial fan environment
ii) the Kafufya Formation (up to 65 m): micaceous
quartzites and clean (aeolian ?) feldspathic quartzites
iii) the Chimfunsi Formation (up to 250 m): basal
(boulder) conglomerate, generally interpreted as a
scree deposit.
More detailed descriptions of the footwall strata are
given by Binda and Mulgrew (1974), Binda (1987),
Lefebvre (1989) and Tshiauka et al. (in prep.).
In the typical Shaba succession of the Kolwezi
district, a conglomerate, similar to the Chimfunsi
Formation, is known only from the N'zilo area where
a boulder and cobble conglomerate unconformably
overlie the Kibaran quartzites ('Conglom6rat de Base'
of Franqois 1973). However, no continuity of this unit
272 L CAILTEUX et at.

MUSONOI - fades
hole KTO. 213
K A M BOV E

20m

i
L O N G - facies
tO e.'/
r,i! hole U. 80
,rr
0
2.3.2.2

,2 !
w
11 I
0 2.3.2.1
I0 G 0
o

0 ,£.O.I.O --i'--

:::;::::: N

/ ,,,-'-- \ \
/// "'4 N
i
e¢
SD " \
3b N,
2.3.1.2 /

. um /
i.. ,, / SD
a /
¢1,-, / 30
/
2
2.3.1.1 .L /

!5 2.2.3
Or)
ICJ
2.2.3.1 ~

~b.c
,7--,
g.--
~r n. 2.2.2

o --2.2.1.2.--.~
"~ 2.2.1 2.2.1.1
SD8

8.-. 2.,.3 ,scl

0
X
,<
~SF
2.1.t

Figure 3. Schematic logs of the Shaba 'Groupe des Mines' compiled from Oosterbosch (m Francois
1973) for the Long- and Musonoi-facies and Cailteux (1983) for Kambove. 1: chloritic, dolomitic silt-
stone; 2: laminated dolomite; 3: stratified dolomite; 4: ma~ive dolomite; 5: a r ~ or talcose
strat~ied dolomite; 6: dolomitic shale; 7: dolomitic, feldal~tttic sandstone; 8: bed of chloritic, dolomitic
siltstone or sandstone; 9: bed of conglomerate; 10: stromatolite; 11: highly c(u'bonaceous; 12: slightly
carbonaceous; 13: nodules (ghosts of anhydrite blebs) shown by filled circles in the dolomitic shale.
 Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Neoproterozoic Roan Supergroup from Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia 273

MINOOLA LUBEMBE
(M.4SoM60) LBB.18)

SOUTH FLANK I NORTH FLANK I

BALUBA N K ANA
(0.207) (MinejNN.?l)

MUFULIRA
(dh.215)

KAFUE
ANTICLINE

[ Io,,,
o
~ 2 ~ s -.° 9

3 ~ 6 °o° 10

P7-17

Figure 4. Schematic logs of the Ore Shale Formation on the northern and southern flanks of the Kafue an-
tidine, compiled from our observations, ZCCM geologists logs, the Geological Guide (ZCCM unpub-
lished report of Nkana Division, Feb. 1983), the Geology of Baluba (ZCCM unpublished report of Luan-
shya Division, Jan. 1988), and Mendelsohn (1961). 1: massive argillite; 2: dolomitic shale; 3: siltstone,
greywacke, quartzite or arkose; 4: collapse breccia; 5: interbedded dolomite and shale; 6: stratified dolo-
mite; 7: massive dolomite; 8: algal structure; 9: siliceous dolomitic nodules or lenses; 10: anhydrite blebs,
lenses or veinlets; BSD: banded shale and dolomite; MDS: mudseam unit.

with the first known Shaba-type Roan sedimentary
rocks ('Groupe des R.A.T.') has been observed and
equivalents of the Kafufya and Mutonda Formations
are not known.
Because of tectonic disturbances, the R.A.T. strata,
which underlie the 'Groupe des Mines', are incom-
pletely documented. Their predominant Iithological
types, for the lower units studied (R-1.1, R-1.2), are
argillaceous siltstones ranging up to coarse sand=
stones with or without dolomitic cement. Chloritic
and dolomitic siltstones characterize the upper unit
R-1.3, which overlies a siIicified dolostone at the top
of the R-1.2 (Franqois 1973; Katekesha 1975). Except
for the R-1.2 sandstones, no obvious resemblance
between the R.A.T. and Mutonda Formations exists,
although several similarities have been noted:
i) both R.A.T. and Mutonda are detrital sequences,
predominantly coarser in the lower part and grading
up to finer lithofacies in the upper part
ii) they are enriched in hematite, evidence of an
oxidizing environment
iii) a low content of carbonate cement occurs in
the uppermost strata of the Mutonda Formation, no-
tably in the Lubembe area (Lefebvre and Tshiauka 1986)
iv) a major transgressive cycle marks the end of
both RL7 and R.A.T. sedimentation, which culminate
with sub-evaporitic conditions as shown at Musoshi
(Lefebvre 1989) and Kambove (Cailteux 1994).
All these similarities suggest a lateral facies
change from high energy clastic sedimentation in
Zambia to quieter, more dolomitic and less clastic
(probably fiat continental) sedimentation in Shaba, or
in that part of the basin in which the Shaba facies was
originally deposited.
Ore Shale Formation
There is a considerable similarity in fithologies
and lateral facies changes between the Zambian ore
shale (RL6) and the lower part of the Shaba 'Groupe
des Mines' R-2 (Figs. 3 and 4).
At Konkola (hole KLB.130) and Chambishi South
(holes NN.51 and NN.71), the ore shale is a silty-
sandy argillite. The shale at Nchanga (holes NOP.134
and NE.112), Mindola (hole M.45), Baluba (hole
B.207), and Nkana (underground), becomes dolomitic
and contains siliceous dolomitic nodules or lenses. It
is lithologically similar to shales of the Shaba upper
orebody S.D.B. At the last three localities, the shale
overlies a laminated dolostone with interbedded
shales and an occasional chloritic-biotitic dolostone,
which resemble, respectively, the Shaba R.S.F. and
the D.Strat. (the lower part of the Kamoto Dolomite;
274 ! CAILTEUX et ai
see Tables I and 2 and Fig. 2). The lithostratigraphical
successions at Baluba and Mindola appear to be more
complete and similar to the lower units of the Shaba
'Groupe des Mines' than other Zambian successions
examined during the Geotraverse. The thickness of
individual members of the succession is also in the
same range.
At Kitwe, a reef dolomite (Garlick 1989) overlies
the R.S.F.-type stratified dolomite as a lateral facies of
the upper part of the ore shale. As for the correlative
R.S.C of Shaba, this dolomite is either barren or
weakly mineralized.
At Lubembe (Zaire), among several recent drill-
holes, the LBB.18 borehole (Fig. 4) gives a complete
succession of the Ore Shale Formation. Argillaceous,
dolomitic siltstones and quartzites up to 13 m thick
mark the base of the Ore Shale Formation, which
contains well developed carbonate-quartz pseudo-
morphs of evaporites and traces of anhydrite in its
lower part. The siltstones and quartzites are overlain
by a 7 m thick, white, laminated or stratified poorly-
argillaceous dolomite, which includes collapse brec-
cias in the upper part. The Ore Shale Formation at
Lubembe is classically underlain, in stratigraphical
continuity, by the Mutonda Formation and overlain
by a regional marker quartzite (equivalent to the
hangingwall quartzite in Zambia). The siltstones of
Lubembe are similar to the wall arkose observed at
the top of the footwall at Nchanga (hole NOP.134),
and could be interpreted as a more detrital facies of
the Shaba 'R.A.T. grises'. This lithology represents a
transitional facies to the Shaba-type Mines .Group
succession, with similar facies already described at
Mabaya and Kinsenda (Cailteux 1976; Tshiauka et al.,
in prep.). A similar sequence occurs at Mufulira
(underground and hole D.H.218; Fig. 4) where a
white dolostone (Mudseam Unit, MDS) overlies a re-
duced mineralized footwall-type evaporitic quartzite
and is overlain by an evaporitic, dolomitic shale
(banded shale and dolomite, BSD); the last is in the
lithostratigraphical position of the classical Zambian-
type ore shale.
Zairean Dolomitic Shales Formation (R-2.2)
In Zambia, the ore shale is overlain by alternating
arenites and argillites of the lower part of the RL5
(Binda and Mulgrew 1974). Several arkosic or
quartzitic units (e.g. hangingwall quartzite) can be
used as local markers.
In Zaire, a similar succession can be observed in
the northern R-2 facies ('Musonoi', 'Kilamusembu'
and 'Long' facies of Frangois, 1974; see Fig. 3) in the
Kolwezi and Tenke areas. The dolomitic shales (S.D.
or R-2.2) overly the Kamoto Dolomite (R-2.1). At the
bottom, the S.D.B. unit shows similarities with the
Zambian ore shale and here includes at the top a gen-
erally mineralized, impure dolomite (B.O.M.Z., or
Black Ore Mineralized Zone). Above these units, the
dolomitic shales are characterized by a considerable
arenaceous fraction. Notably, a major (poorly feld-
spathic) dolomitic sandstone is found m place of the
usual S.D.2a carbonaceous shale (Franqois 1973) and
could correspond to the hangingwall quartzite m
Zambia. Similar sandstones persist in the overlying
S.D.2b+c of the 'Long' R-2 facies, interbedded with
shales and siliceous dolostones. It is worth noting that
a facies change, from predominantly siliciclastic in
the east to predominantly dolomitic in the west, oc-
curs in the Zambian RL5 in the Luanshya basin
(Binda and Mulgrew 1974)~
Kambove Dolomite Formation (R-2.3)
The Kambove Dolomite (R-2.3) of the type area
(Kambove, Zaire), consists mainly of stromatolitic,
massive, laminated, talcose or argillaceous dolomites.
These lithological features were recognized at many
places in Shaba (Cailteux 1977, 1983, 1994).
Drillcores of the Kambove Dolomite from the
Kamoto-Oliveira-Virgule (KOV) deposit at Kolwezi
(holes KOV.543 and 547) show remarkable lithologi-
cal similarities with RL4 and the upper part of the
RL5 of Zambia. Coarse, feldspathic arenites resem-
bling the Zambian Upper Quartzite occur at this lo-
cality at the base of the Kambove Dolomite (R-2.3.1.1;
see Fig. 3). At the top of the Kambove Dolomite there
is a typical white-pink, talcose dolostone (R-2.3.2.3)
which contains two major dolomitic shale beds. This
dolostone is of considerable lateral extent and can be
recognized at all localities in Shaba (Cailteux 1994).
This unit resembles the cherty dolomite of the Zam-
bian Copperbelt (Binda and Mulgrew 1974). Inter-
bedded dolostones and carbonaceous shales occur-
ring at Kolwezi between the feldspathic arenite and
the white dolostone suggest a similar mode of depo-
sition to the corresponding dolomitic argillite of
Zambia (upper part of RLS, Table 2). The correspond-
ing thickness of individual units in Shaba and Zam-
bia are similar and at both places there is the indica-
tion of a progressively restrictive sub-evaporitic
environment within the upper sequences.
Shale with Grit (RL3 or Kibalongo Formation) and
Upper Roan (RU1 or Kanwangungu Formation)
In Zambia, the RL3 (sensu Binda and Mulgrew
1974), which includes the RU2 of Mendelsohn (1961),
shows considerable facies variation. These range from
coarse arkoses and conglomerates (at Luanshya)
through to sandy, talc schists (at Chambishi), argil-
lites (at Chingola) and shale with grit (at Chili-
labombwe-Konkola). At Musoshi, this formation
comprises a succession of numerous sequences pro-
gressively evolving from predominantly detrital units
(shale with grit) at the base to prominent shallow-
water dolomite at the top (Lefebvre 1989; Tshiauka et
 Lithostratigraphicalcorrelationof the NeoproterozoicRoanSupergroupfromShaba (Zaire)and Zambia
al., in prep.).
The argillaceous siltstones of the lower part of the
Dipeta Group in Shaba (R.G.S. 'Roches Gr4seuses
Sul~rieures' ) and the shale with grit facies of Cham-
bishi, Chingola and Lubembe are similar in that the
units lack prominent sandy phases. However, at
Kolwezi (holes KOV.543 and 547), several thin beds
were observed containing coarser detritus (>1 mm in
diameter) which could indicate pulsations of sandy
material similar to, but quantitatively less than, the
ones of the typical Zambian shale with grit.
The Upper Roan unit of Zambia (the Carbonate
Unit of Binda 1994 or the Kanwangungu Formation at
Musoshi, Tshiauka et al., in prep.) is clearly similar to
the Dipeta units of Shaba (see Franqois 1987; Cailteux
1994). In both Zambia and Zaire, white to red-brown
dolostones, interbedded with purple-blue to green-
grey shales, have been observed. The dolostones are
predominant in the upper units of the two regional
sequences. Indications of evaporitic conditions are
well.developed in the Zairean Dipeta Group as is the
case in the Zambian Upper Roan unit.
Observations on the Lower M w a s h y a Formation (R-
4.1) in Zambia
The Mwashya Group of Shaba comprises two dis-
tinct Formations: the shaly Upper Mwashya (R-4.2),
and the dolomitic Lower Mwashya (R-4.1). The last is
up to 100 m thick and contains black, silicified ooliths
(Franqois 1973; Cailteux 1994). In Zambia, only the
black argillite of the Upper Mwashya was generally
recognized as to be Mwashya, although mention of a
dolomitic basal Mwashya was made in Mendelsohn
(1961). During the 1989 Zambia Geotraverse, silici-
fled, black ooliths in dolomitic beds, or as clasts in
some conglomeratic bed, underlying typical Upper
Mwashya argiUites in drillcores at Konkola, were ob-
served. Carbonates underlying the Upper Mwashya
black argiUites at Ndola and Chambishi also resemble
typical Shaba Lower Mwashya strata and are in
stratigraphical continuity with the underlying Kan-
wangungu Formation. Detailed work on the
stratigraphy and sedimentary petrology of the
dolomitic Lower Mwashya of Zambia is in progress.
IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
Several occurrences of igneous rocks have been
recorded within the Roan Supergroup in the Zambian
Copperbelt (see review in Mendelsohn 1961). They
are:
i) Sills, dykes and probably (small ?) intrusive
bodies within the Upper Roan dolomites (RU1).
These intrusive bodies include ultrabasic rocks in
places (as at Chibuluma). The ultramafic and basic
rocks are associated with (minor) granophyres. The
most common intrusive rock types are gabbros and
275
dolerites. Chilled margins were locally observed
during the Geotraverse and indicate that these plu-
tonic rocks were intrusive into the non-brecciated
RU1 dolomites.
ii) Microlithic to porphyritic basic rocks (basaltic
flows ?) intimately associated with rock correlated to
the top of the Kanwangungu or to the Lower
Mwashya (see above) were also observed.
In the Shaba sub-province, the most important
Roan igneous rocks occur in the same lithos-
tratigraphical position as in Zambia, in that:
i) Sills and dykes of dolerites and gabbros are in-
trusive into the upper units of the Dipeta Group
(equivalent of RU1 dolomites) as is the case at
Mwadingusha (Lefebvre 1975).
ii) Widespread mafic volcanics, including volcanic
ejecta, are documented at several places (Shituru,
Mulungwishi, Gombela, Kambove, etc.). These vol-
canics are generally associated with iron oxides and
jasper horizons, constituting a lithological association
typical of the Lower Mwashya (Lefebvre 1973, 1976,
1985; Cailteux 1983, 1994).
iii) Felsic volcanoclastic rocks, reported in the
Mwadingusha and Mulungwishi areas, are also in-
terstratified with the Lower Mwashya rocks
(Lefebvre 1976, 1985) and remain poorly docu-
mented.
In Shaba, apart from the important Upper Dipeta-
and Lower Mwashya-related igneous activities men-
tioned above, only some indication of pyroclastic
products have been observed in the 'R.A.T. grises',
mainly in the Lubumbashi area up to the Kambove
district (Lefebvre and Cailteux 1975; Cailteux 1983,
1994).
Basic intrusive rocks of the Zambian Copperbelt
have been subjected to greenschist facies metamor-
phism as characterized by such typical assemblages
as albite, actinolite, chlorite, biotite, epidote, calcite,
scapolite and Fe-Ti oxides (Munyanyiwa et al., 1993).
A lower grade zeolite-prehnite-pumpellyite facies of
metamorphism characterizes the volcanic rocks, in
the Zairean Shaba metallogenic sub-province. Index
minerals include pumpellyite, prehnite, +zeolite, mi-
crocline, calcite, chlorite and albite-oligoclase. Relics
of primary magmatic minerals such as clinopyroxene
and olivine were also observed.
The bulk chemistry of the Lower Mwashya-related
igneous rocks suggests that they were emplaced in an
extensional environment in both the Zambian and
Zairean sections of the Copperbelt (Kampunzu et al.,
in prep.). The basic rocks (SiO2 < 53 wt%) are charac-
terized by medium A1203 contents (generally < 16
wt%) and high Ti concentrations (> 1.5 wt% of ox-
ides). There are tholeiitic, transitional and alkaline
rocks constituting a typical magmatic association of
anorogenic and rift-like geotectonic settings
(Kampunzu and Mohr 1991). Similar conclusions
27~ !, CAILTEUXet a~'
have been reached from the mineralogical and geo-
chemical study of the Katangan rocks outside the
folded Shaba cupriferous arc (Kapenda et al., 1983;
Manteka et al., 1985; Kampunzu et al., 1991).
CONCLUSIONS
New observations made during the 1989 and 1990
Geotraverses in Zambia and Zaire has established the
following:
i) There is a complete, continuous sedimentary
succession between the basement complex and the
Mwashya Group in Zambia. Thus, the contention of
Lefebvre and Tshiauka (1986) that the Shaba 'R.A.T.',
'Mines' and 'Dipeta' Groups should be inserted
stratigraphically between the Zambian 'Upper Roan'
and the Mwashya Group appears to be unfounded.
ii) Friction breccias and shears clearly show that
the Zambian succession was affected by tectonic dis-
turbances not earlier recognized. In particular, the
anomalous mineralized 'Upper Roan' rocks of
Mufulira (Garhck 1989) were clearly identified as an
allochthonous block of Shaba-facies 'Groupe des
Mines' transported in a friction breccia.
iii) Remarkable similarities exist, at the formation
level, between the Roan successions of both Zambia
and Zaire, suggesting the stratigraphical correlation
shown in Table 2. In particular, the Ore Shale Forma-
tion should correspond to the Shaba classical orebod-
ies. Similarities are apparent, not only in the lithol-
ogy, but also in the sedimentary cycle succession.
iv) Probably as a result of the progressive widen-
ing of the Katangan rift basin, the similarities are
more evident at the top than at the base of the Roan
sequence.
v) The major Roan igneous rocks occur in the
Zambian Upper Roan and in the Shaba Dipeta Group
as intrusive and in the Lower Mwashya Formation as
extrusive.
It would be desirable, at this stage, to propose a
unified, stratigraphical, Katangan terminology for
Zambia and Zaire. However, the authors feel that
more work is required. This would include: the selec-
tion of type sections and the detailed lithological de-
scription of formations, the definition of the lithos-
tratigraphy of the Shaba facies between the basement
complex and R.A.T., a better definition of the
stratigraphy of the 'Dipeta Group' and of its bound-
ary with the 'Mwashya Group' and a detailed de-
scription of the 'Lower Mwashya' in Zambia.
The comparison of the 'Ore Shale' Formation litho-
facies shows that the rocks are carbonate-rich and
similar to the Shaba classical orebodies especially at
Lubembe, Mindola, Nkana/Chambishi South, Baluba
(see Figs. 1 and 4). The major lateral facies changes
are observed on the western flank of the Kafue anti-
cline (Musoshi, Konkola, Nchanga), south-east of the
Shaba metallogenic sub-province (Fig. 1). Conse-
quently, detailed studies on carbonate distribution
and granularity within the Ore Shale Formation, the
Mutonda Formation and the complete Mixed Unit in
Zambia and south-eastern Shaba districts are also re-
quired. This could lead to a better palaeogeographical
understanding of the sedimentary basin
The correlation proposed here has several major
economic implications:
i) Allochthonous blocks of mineralized Shaba-type
Groupe des Mines' may exist at several places along
the Etofle-Kimpe-Mufulira tectonic trend, perhaps as
far as Ndola.
ii) Footwall mineralizations, such as the ones
found at Kinsenda and Lubembe in the Mutonda
Formation (Lefebvre 1989), have long been known in
Zambia (Binda and Mulgrew 1974). They could per-
haps also exist in the lower part of the Shaba R.A.T.
Group a n d / o r in still unknown underlying strata.
iii) The main Cu-Co deposits in the central Afri-
can metallogenic province occurs at the same hthos-
tratigraphical position in Zambia (Ore Shale Forma-
tion) and in Zaire (R-2.1/R-2.2.1 Mines Group
classical orebodies).
iv) The Nchanga upper orebody copper and cobalt
mineralization occurring at, or above, the upper
quartzite in Zambia (Binda and Mulgrew 1974), and
the Shaba Cu-Co Lower R-2.3 mineralization
(Cailteux 1983, 1986, 1994) are stratigraphically
equivalent and located at the same position in the
stratigraphic sequence.
v) Anomalous copper values detected at places in
Zambia in the RL3 (Binda and Mulgrew 1974) can be
compared to similar anomalies at the base of the R-
3.1.2 Dipeta unit (Caflteux 1994).
Given the present state of knowledge, it may be
concluded that the successive mineralizing events,
during the Roan sedimentation, took place on a re-
gional scale. Each event was constrained by sedimen-
tological conditions, which are similar across the
whole metallogenic province (Sweeney et al., 1991;
Cailteux 1994; Sweeney and Binda 1994). No evi-
dence exists of an intimate link with magmatism or
the tectonic structures. These observations support
the hypotheses which consider that the metals were
precipitated only where favourable sedimentological
conditions prevailed. Nevertheless, dating and iso-
topic analyses are required in order to better con-.
strain the age and the origin of the different mineral-
izing events.
Acknowledgements
This research, initiated and sponsored by the
UNESCO Major Project "Geology for Economic De-
velopment" benefited from financial and material
support of the G6camines, Sodimiza and ZCCM
mining companies, the University of Lubumbashi
 Lithostratigraphicalcorrelationof the NeoproterozoicRoanSupergroupfromShaba (Zaire)and Zambia
(Zaire), the University of Zambia at Lusaka and the
University of Copperbelt at Kitwe (Zambia). This is a
contribution to IGCP 302.
The authors wish to express their gratitude par-
ticularly to the organizing committee of the Zambian
Geotraverse co-ordinated by F. Tembo, R. Schmid
and D. N-khuwa (University of Zambia), to G. Mwale
(Zambia Geological Survey), to J. Nanyaro and to the
geologists of the ZCCM mining company, especially
E. Naish, for discussion and comments.
Thanks are due to V. Daltry (University of Natal,
South Africa) for the English review of the manu-
script.
S. Mumba and M. Mahako (G~amines, Likasi,
Zaire) are acknowledged for drawing the line figures.
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