Gondwana Research, V 6, No. 4, pp. 557-572.

0 2003 International Association f or Gondwana Research, Japan.

ISSN: 1342-937X
Calc-alkaline Arc I-type Granitoid Associated with S-type
Granite in the Pan-African Belt of Eastern Anti-Atlas (Saghro
and Ougnat, South Morocco)
M. El Baghdadil, A. El Boukhari2, A. J ouider3, A. Benyoucef4 and S. Nadem5
De'partement de Ge'ologie, Factilte' des Sciences et Techniques, B.P. 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco, E-mail: mbagdadi@fstbm.ac.ma
De'partement de Ge'ologie, Faculte' des Sciences Semlalia, BY. S15, Marralcech, Morocco
Division Technique, Prijiecture de la ville de Be'ni Mellal, Morocco
De'partement de Ge'ologie, Faculte' des Sciences et Techniques, B.P. 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
De'partement de Ge'ologie, Faculte' des Sciences et Techniques, B.P. 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
(Manuscript received September 25,2002; accepted January 20,2003)
Abstract
Thc Sidi Flah and Ougnat inlicrs arc located in the eastern Anti-Atlas antiform between the Anti-Atlas Major Fault
(AAMF) and South Atlas Fault (SAF). They consist of many granitoid intrusions cinplaced into Ncoproterozoic
inetasedimcntary rocks and surmountcd by upper Neoproterozoic A-type granites. Thc Sidi Flah (Saghro) and Ougnat
granitoids are part of thc Neoproterozoic magmatic activity related to northwards subduction of an oceanic plate
bcncath the Saghro contincntal margin. They are post-orogcnic I- and S-type granitoids relatcd to the ending of the
compressional deformation in this Pan-African belt. A petrographic, geochemical and zircon typology study leads US to
subdivide these rocks into three magmatic groups: (1) a medium- to high-K calc-alkaline group formed by quartz
diorites and amphibole granodiorites is found in both Sidi Flah and Ougnat inliers; (2) a high-K calc-alkalinc group is
present in Sidi Flah. These two groups have a (dccper and) hybrid mantlc-crust origin; (3) a peraluminous group in
Ougnat is linked to the post-collisional setting and has a shallow crustal sourcc. On a primitivc mantle-normalizcd
trace-clcinent diagram, almost all of these rocks show a significant Nb deplction relative to K and La, which is typical
of the calc-alkaline magmatisin fromthe subduction-zone environment. Absence of structural marks of thrusting upon
the West African craton (WAC) of this arc system and the ophiolitic suite in Bou-Azzer, and the presence of Imiter
muscovite-bearing granitc as part of Pan-African belt do not support the localization of northcrn limit of WAC at the
level of SAF.
.....
Key words: Saghro, Anti-Atlas Major Fault, zircon, I- and S-type granites, post-collision.
Introduction
The Saghro massif, considered as a Neoproterozoic
volcanic arc (Saquaque et al., 1992; Benziane and Yazidi,
1992) is located between the South Atlas fault (SAF) and
the Anti-Atlas Major fault (AAMF) (Fig. 1A). The
northward-dipping subduction along the AAMF in Bou-
Azzer and Siroua hills (Hefferan et al., 2000; Saquaque
et al., 1992) generated an arc system in Saghro. Significant
parts of Anti-Atlas consist of 2 Ga-recycled crust, while
others, particularly in the Northeast of the AAMF (Saghro
and Ougnat) contain young components. The Anti-Atlas
belt marks the northern boundary of the Eburnean West
African craton (WAC) and is subdivided into two main
domains by the Anti-Atlas Major fault (AAMF) delineated
by the Bou-Azzer Pan-African ophiolite (Leblanc and
Lancelot, 1980; Leblanc, 1981; Saquaque et al., 1992):
the southern domain interpreted as stable Eburnean
basement, and the northern domain considered as mobile
segment during Pan-african orogeny of which Saghro and
Ougnat hills form part. Ennih and Likgeois (2001) rejected
this subdivision and consider the SAF and not the AAMF,
as a northern boundary of the WAC. Many Pan-African
granitoids crop out southwestern and northeastern the
AAMF. In Saghro, this post-collisional activity is
characterised by the emplacement of diorites, quartz diorites,
amphibole granodiorites according to N130 direction in
Sidi Flah (Nerci, 1988; Ezzouhairi, 1989; El Baghdadi,
2002) and Boumalne-Dad& (Rjimati et al., 1992; El
Baghdadi, 2002). The late Pan-African stage is marked by
intrusion of biotite and garnet leucogranite in both Sidi
Flah and Ougnat terranes respectively.
The aim of this paper is to characterize granitoids of
two parts of Saghro: Sidi Flah and Ougnat. This
Gondw ana
, Research
GR
558 M. EL BAGHDAD1ET AL.
contribution integrates recent data on the granitoid rocks
with more detailed mapping and new petrographic and
geochemical data. We add to these investigations, the
Pupin's zircon typology method of (1980), which will be
applied to all granitoid facies in Sidi Flah and Ougnat.
Research goals were to establish a zircon crystallization
trend, determine the petrographic and geochemical
signature of the units, and establish the geotectonic setting.
This leads to comparative study of Sidi Flah and Ougnat
granitoids. A final goal is to understand better the late
Precambrian magmatic setting of eastern Anti-Atlas.
Geologic Setting
Neoproterozoic terranes of Sidi Flah are oriented
NW-SE (Fig. lB), and consist of volcanic and volcanoclastic
sequences deposited during Middle Neoproterozoic. The
major Pan-African event is characterized by NE-SW
structures (Saquaque, 1992; Rjimati et al., 1992). This
deformation stage is followed by the emplacement of
quartz diorite and amphibole granodiorite-oriented
according to NW-SE direction, which is interpreted as
having occurred in tensional mega-cracks (Ezzouhairi,
1989). Magmatic activity is reported to a calc-alkaline
tendency which have Pan-African age of 680 Ma(Rb/Sr;
Ezzouhairi, 1989). These intrusions are intruded by Sidi
Flah biotite leucogranite (SFBL) massif dated at 580t5Ma
(Rb/Sr; Mrini, 1993).
The Ougnat inlier represents the eastward prolongation
of Saghro massif with Neoproterozoic age 547 Ma
(Fig. 1C). This inlier displays a lower Neoproterozoic
volcano-sedimentary sequence that having a NNE-SSW
strip (Abia, 1991). This sequence is crosscut by small
quartz diorite and granodiorite massifs that are themselves
intruded by OGL, which appears only in this inlier of
Saghro massif. According to Abia (1991), Abia et al. (1995)
A
G H R O
SAF ' South Atlas Fault
AAMF Anti-Atlas Malor Faiilt
c
Fig. 1. Geological maps of the studied areas. (A) Location of the various
intrusions Saghro inliers in relation to the Anti-Atlas Major
Fault (AAMF) in Bou-Azzer El Graara and South Atlas Fault (SAF),
(B) Sidi Flah geological map. 1. Lower Neoproterozoic volcanic
and volcano-sedimentary series 2. Basic to intermediate volcanism
(andesite) 3. Quartz diorite 4. Amphibole granodiorite 5. Biotite
leucogranite 6. Skoura-Tamouzirhft intrusion 7. LqteNeoproterozoic
pyroclastic rocks 8. Pink microgranite 9. Bouskour rhyolite dykes,
(C) Ougnat geological map. 1. Lower Neoproterozoic volcano-
sedimentary series; 2. Quartz diorite and granodiorite; 3. Garnet
leucogranite; 4. Ougnat basic rocks; 5. Upper Neoproterozoic
volcanic covering; 6. Cambrian; 7. Faults; 8. Quaternary alluvium.
Gondwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT, SOUTH MOROCCO 559
and Chouhaidi et al. (1995), the Ougnat granitoids present
two distinct geochemical affinities that have the same
crustal origin (Mrini, 1993).
Petrography
Sidi Flah Granitoids
The quartz diorite outcrops as NW-SE oriented dykes
which cross cut the lower Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic
series. The rock has a dark-green color with coarse granular
texture. The groundmass is made up of plagioclase crystals
(50%) up to 3 mm, mostly euhedral and An30-40in
composition, and euhedral and twice hornblende (26%).
Quartz (11%), biotite (7%), rare crystals of K-feldspar (3%)
and accessory minerals represented by opaque minerals,
apatite, zircon and titanite are the most occurring minerals.
The amphibole granodiorite occurs in NW-SE and N-S
belt between 1,s and 3 km width. Like the quartz diorite,
the amphibole granodiorite produces a hornfels contact
metamorphic aureole in the lower Neoproterozoic
volcanoclastic serie. The granodiorite is generally medium-
to coarse-grained, except close to the contact with
metamorphic aureole and quartz diorite. Mineralogical
composition contains quartz (22%), plagioclase (49%,
An20-25), orthoclase (12%), amphibole (10%) and biotite
(5%). Both rocks are classified modally as quartz diorite
and granodiorite respectively (Fig. 2A).
Sidi Flah biotite leucogranite (SFBL), classified as
monzogranite (Fig. 2A), appears widely in NE and SW strips
which cut and postdate the granodiorite and quartz diorite.
The rock pattern is clear gray-coloured and shows coarse-
granular to porphyritic texture with K-feldspar (26%) and
oligoclase (36%) phenocrysts. Biotite (7%) is generally
1. Tholeitic serie
2 Medium-K Cab-alkaline serie
3 H8gh-K calc-alkaline s e w
4 Alkaline sene
5 Analexis granite
P
A
Fig. 2. Q-A-P diagram (Strekeisen, 1976) in which Sidi Flah (A) and
Ougnat (B) granitoid modal analyses are reported. Numbered
curves represent the magmatic series given by Lameyre and
Bowden (1982).
subhedral and contains inclusions of zircon, apatite and
ilmenite. Quartz (29%) occurs as anhedral, and accessory
minerals (1.2%) consist of zircon, magnetite, apatite and
titanite.
Ougnat Granitoids
The Ougnat granitoids are located to the north of the
hill (Fig. 1C) and occur as small scattered massifs not
exceeding 1 to 3 km2 compared with all intrusions in
Saghro. The quartz diorite forms the same outcrop with
granodiorite. The rock is dark green-coloured and contains
euhedral and twinned hornblende (45%). Quartz and K-
feldspar are typically anhedral . The plagioclase
phenocrysts (39%) are euhedral and zoned from
labradorite cores to andesine rims. Subhedral biotite
occurs only in small quantities. Additionally, apatite, zircon
and opaque minerals are found as accessory minerals.
The granodiorite outcrops in small bodies with 100 m
long and 50 m wide in the northeast and in the southeast
of Mellabs village and intrude the lower Neoproterozoic
volcanoclastic serie. The rock pattern is of dark grey and
contains zoned andesine-oligoclase (49?40), green
hornblende (19%), biotite (8%) and anhedral quartz
(16%). K-feldspar is rare. Zircon, apatite, hematite and
the titanite occur as accessory minerals. Near to the OGL,
the granodiorite becomes very rich in biotite (17%) with
many inclusions of zircon and on the other hand, the
amphibole becomes more rare, and sometimes is absent
(0-4 Yo). The granodiorite also contains some garnet
xenocrysts similar to those of the OGL.
The Ougnat garnet leucogranite (OGL) outcrops in a
small bodies in the southwest and northeast of Mellabs
village, and crosscut the quartz diorite and granodiorite
which are generally found as xenoliths with surrounding
meta-sedimentary country rocks into the leucogranite.
Aplite, pegmatite and quartz veins cut the massif and the
surrounding country rocks. The OGL is classified modally
as monzogranite (Fig. 2B) and have porphyric granular
texture with microcline phenocrysts. Late formed and
interstitial quartz (3 1%) is anhedral and sometimes forms
graphic intergrowths with K-feldspar. The late (36%)
occurs as phenocrysts with Carlsbad twins. Albite (28%)
shows lamellar twinning, sometimes altered to sericite and
epidote. Garnet (2%) occurs as subhedral, cracked and
resorbed xenocrysts, and contains inclusions of quartz. Biotite
is present in small quantities and common accessories are
zircon, titanite, apatite and some opaques minerals.
Geochemistry
Major and trace elements
Bulk rock samples for analysis were selected on the
Gondwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
560 M. EL BAGHDAD1ET AL.
200
rti l oo
basis of petrographic study. Major and trace element
concentrations were determined by X-Ray fluorescence
(XRF) at the Department of Geology, Universite Catholique
de Louvain in Belgium. Some Ougnat REE results are
annotated from Abia (1991). Chemical analyses data are
reported in table 1. The intrusive rocks in both massifs
cover an extensive silica range from 51.15 to 74.06 in
Sidi-Flah and from 52.72 to 78.22 in Ougnat. The main
compositional trends of the studied intrusive rocks are
shown on Harker variation diagrams (Fig. 3). The figure
shows that many elements do not have straight-line
variations (e.g., A1,0,, Fe,O,, CaO, Na,O, K,O, Ba, Sr, Zr).
This suggests two different compositional trends in Sidi
Flah (Fig. 3a) and Ougnat (Fig. 3b); one for quartz diorite
and granodiorite rocks and the other for SFBL and OGL.
The compositional trend of the dioritic rocks is
characterized by the decrease of Al,O,, Fe,O,, CaO and Sr
with increasing SiO,, whereas Na,O, K,O, Ba and Zr
increase with increasing SiO,. Leucogranites show
contrasted evolution with the former trend and also
between them. The SFBL shows decrease of A1,0,, Fe,O,,
CaO, Na,O, Ba and Zr and increase of K,O and Sr
with increasing 90,. OGL shows contrasted trend with
-
. ./ ?v+
the later on the behavior of Fe,O,, CaO, YO, Baand Sr.
The Na,O-CaO-YO diagram (Fig. 4) shows clearly the
presence of two trends in both massifs: Sidi Flah and
Ougnat. The first dark trend evolves toward alkaline
enrichment, but the second (clear trend) evolves to
K,Oenrichment. In Ougnat the sample AB-01 is taken
closely to the contact between biotite granodiorite and
OGL.
The Sidi Flah and Ougnat granitoids show calc-alkaline
affinity in terms of major and trace element chemistry. In
the YO vs. SiO, diagram quartz diorites and granodiorites
plot in the fields of medium-K and high-K calc-alkaline
suite, whereas the leucogranites show high &O content
and plot in the field of high-K calc-alkaline affinity.
In the ACF diagram (Fig. 5), the chemical composition
show that quartz diorites and granodiorites in both massifs
Sidi Flah and Ougnat are metaluminous to weakly
peraluminous and plot between the fields of S-type and
I-type according to Chappell and White (1974, 1992)
suggesting mantellic source 'mantle derived magma' which
is hybridized by crustal melt. Leucogranites have
peraluminous character suggesting high contribution of
the crust to the formation of the felsic terms in Sidi Flah
12, I
20
r I
I 0 --
SO 5 5 60 65 70 75 SO
s102
SO 55 60 65 70 75 80
SiOZ
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
SiOZ
I
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Si02
12 1 I 61 I
0 ~ " " ' ~
50 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
5102
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Si 02
50 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
5102
50 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
302
1400 I
isno
0 '/. n
d"'t 600 . / I
0 ' " " "
50 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
SiOZ
0 ' " " "
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
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0 ' " " '
so 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
SiOZ
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
SiO2
300 7
0'
100
0 -
50 5 5 60 65 70 75 80
Si 02
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
s102
50 55 6 0 , 65 70 75 80
Si02
Fig. 3a. Harker diagrams for major and tracc elements of Sidi Flah
granitoids rocks.
Fig. 3b. Harker diagrams for major and trace clements of Ougnat
granitoids rocks.
Gondwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
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9

GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT. SOUTH MOROCCO 561
Goiidwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
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6

Goiidwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
562 M. EL BAGHDAD1 ET AL.
GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT, SOUTH MOROCCO 563
,,w \\
NanO 50 50
Fig. 4. Na,O-CaO-K,O diagram of Sidi Flah and Ougnat granitoid,
which shows the chemical differences between the quartz
diorite/granodioritic trend and biotite and garnet leucogranites.
and Ougnat than the former terms. The composition of
OGL coincides with experimental liquids derived from the
partial melting of leucogranites (Bknard et al., 1985) or
pelites (Holtz and J ohannes, 1991). In terms of Ga/Al
and ZNCY (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) indices, almost all of Sidi Flah
and Ougnat rocks come from I-type granitoids as shown
by their low ZNCY, Ga/Al and A/CNK values (Condie
et al., 1999) (Table 1).
As demonstrated in the spider diagram (Fig. 6), Sidi
Flah and Ougnat granitoids originate from magmatism
related to island arc of subduction-related environment.
Nb shows a striking negative anomaly, and the SFBL shows
a negative Sr anomaly due to plagioclase fractionation,
while OGL shows P and Ti anomalies, which probably
reflect apatite and ilmenite and/or titanite fractionation.
The Nb anomaly is probably inherited from the magma
source, and clearly reflects a subduction-related
geochemical component in the source. The SFBL is more
enriched in Th and its Th/Rb ratio (= 0.1) is larger than
that of the granodiorite (0.04), while the Nb/Th ratio is
higher in the former (granodiorite: 2.26, granite: 0.58),
suggesting a larger contribution of a crustal component
in the genesis of the SFBL. These features suggest an
evolution of two different systems which can have same
origin or different previous history, firstly between diorite/
granodiorite and leucogranites and secondly between both
leucogranites, SFBL and OGL.
REE fractionation
Bulk rock REE analyses have been normalized to
chondrite abundances (Boynton, 1984). Almost identical
patterns are seen for quartz diorite and granodiorite of
Sidi Flah and Ougnat (Fig. 7). All patterns show a negative
europium anomaly (Eu/Eu*), which is commonly
attributed to the concentration of Eu2+in plagioclase,
except for AB-B2 granodiorite sample of Ougnat. This
sample of granodiorite contains only biotite as
ferromagnesian mineral and no fractionated amphibole.
Sidi Flah quartz diorite and granodiorite have
chondrite-normalized REE characterized by high LREE
contents with (La/Sm), ratios ranging from 2 to 11,
negative Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu from 0.29 to 0.75). Total
REE and Eu anomalies tend to decrease while silica
contents increase (Table 1). Ougnat quartz diorite and
granodiorite have low total REE, low LREE fractionation
((La/Sm), =3) than the former. They show less
pronounced Eu negative spike (0.61-0.97). Coherently
with modal composition, these patterns probably reflect
a strong amphibole control, except for AB-B2 sample.
Qualitatively, the Sidi Flah and Ougnat quartz diorite and
granodiorite features cited above suggest a magmatic
evolution mainly controlled by crystal fractionation of
amphibole and plagioclase.
The SFBL and OGL show different REE fractionation
patterns. The SFBL have high total REE contents (from
196 to 296), high HREE fractionation with (La/Sm), ratio
ranging from 4 to 13, low LREE fractionation ((Lu/Gd),
ratio =0.15-0.21), pronounced Eu negative anomaly (Eu/
Eu) =0.29-0.59, and a slight U-shaped profile from Gd
to Lu. This geochemical feature, different with typical
granite systems extreme differentiates (Miller and
Mittlefehldt, 1984; Rottura et al., 1998), is consistent with
fractionation processes dominated by feldspars and biotite.
OGL have different REE patterns with slightly flat LREE
pattern ((La/Sm),=2.1-2.77) and high HREE
fractionation patterns ((Lu/Gd), -- 0.15-0.21), with Eu
negative anomaly (Eu/Eu =I 0.38-0.63). The relative low
content of HREE in OGL (Figs. 7 and 8) can be related to
Fig. 5. ACF diagram showing the relationship between, chemistry and
mineralogy of I - and S-type granites, and source rock
compositions and derived granite compositions (Chappell and
White, 1992). Quartz diorites and granodiorites have I-type
granites signatures, while leucogranites show S-type granite
compositions. The fields 1 and 2 represent experimental melt
generated by partial melting of leucogranite rocks (BCnard et
al., 1985) and metapelites (Holtz and J ohannes, 1991)
respectively.
Gondzuana Research, V: 6, No. 4, 2003
564 M. EL BAGHDAD1 ET AL.
the separation of the liquid from a source in which garnet
remained restite. These different REE features between
SFBL and OGL suggest different source or different liquid
production processes.
Zircon Typology
The zircon typology method, described in several
previous works (Pupin and Turco, 1972; Pupin, 1980,
1997)) is based on the prismatic (T index) and pyramidal
(A index) crystals faces relative development. The method
application to the plutonic rocks tends to provide some
information on the petrogenesis, genetic relations and
origin of the considered terms (Pupin and Turco, 1981;
Schermaier et al., 1992). The anatectic leucogranites have
low A and T index; however, the mantle-derived granites
have high A and T index. The orogenic granites are hybrids
resulting from crust-mantle contributions. Recent
studies on the zircon geochemistry and internal structure
(Vavra et al., 1999, Pupin, 1997; Nasdala et al., 1999;
Hoskin, 2000, Hoskin et al., 2000; Caironi et al., 2000)
insist on the necessity to account for the crystal
growth from the first nucleation for the determination
- a Sidi Fl ah granitoids
c1
S
2 100
a,
>
.-
.y, l o
E
.-
L
a
0, l ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' '
Rb Ba Th K Nk La Ce SY P Zr Sm Ti Y
1000 L .
- a Ougnat grani t oi ds
c.
S
2 100
0
>
.-
.y, l o
E
X I
.-
L
a
-
0
Rb Ba K Nk La Ce 3 P Zr Sm Ti Y
Fig. 6. Primitive mantle-normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989)
trace-elements diagrams for Sidi Flah and Ougnat granitoids.
of the nuclei inherited from the initial magmatic stage
(Pupin, 1997).
Sidi Flah granitoids
Quartz diorite contains some generally subhedral, pale
yellow and clear zircon crystals without any overgrowth.
The existing inclusions are various. The crystals do not
show any aggregates or relic nuclei and are highly
fractured. They are slightly zoned and do not present a
growth rings and their average elongation of the
unfragmented crystals is 1.54. The mean zircon
populations from four samples are spread out with a
{100)-crystal face prism preferential development whereas
the (211) and (101) pyramids are almost equal. They
are concentrated around a high frequency core (statistic
maximum) S,,.,, (Fig. 9).
Amphibole granodiorite is very rich in euhedral
zircons, generally colourless with some brown crystals.
Crystallized inclusions are abundant. There are multiple
groups, involving several fan-shaped individuals. The
overgrowths are rare and the crystals, sometimes, show
vuggy or opaque cores with abundant gaps and growth
rings resulting in the crystals zonation. The average
elongation of the non-fractured crystals is 1.7. The zircon
populations from nine samples are highly variable with
the majority having enlarged cores S,,~,,~,8 (Fig. 9). This
distribution is similar to the quartz diorite zircon
population one.
SFBL zircon crystals are euhedral to subhedral, zoned
and with a highly developed and thick overgrowth, which
can be apical, unilateral or cover all the crystal. The
crystals are generally brown, sometimes dark, containing
various inclusions and vugs. The SFBL zircon crystals show
various grouping habits, prismatic, pyramidal and oblique.
The average elongation of non-fractured crystals is 1.93.
The typological distribution of zircon populations is slightly
widened with a concentration around a high frequency
core S,, (Fig. 9).
In the typological (A, T) diagram, Sidi Flah granitoids
occupy the calc-alkaline hybrid granites domain (Fig. 1 l a).
Ougnat granitoids
Quartz diorite shows subhedral (fragmented) to
euhedral zircons, slightly yellow brown coloured, zoned
and containing solid and crystallized inclusions. The zircon
grouping and zonal overgrowths are rare. The quartz
diorite zircon crystals show average elongation value equal
to 1.86 and the zircon populations cluster around the high
frequency core S,,, S,,.,9 (Fig. 10).
The amphibole granodiorite has euhedral zircon
crystals, colourless and without any relic cores. The outer
overgrowths are rare, and the crystals are zoned, poorly
fractured and concentric steps rich. The grouping habits
Gondwana Research, I? 6, No. 4, 2003
GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT, SOUTH MOROCCO 565
1000
)I: SFGd44: Gimodiorite
, v
-.
v) a2
3 10,
2 : 2
1 1
" " " " " " '
La Ce Sin Eu C, Dy Y b Lu La Ce Sin Eu C, Dy Y b Lu
Ougnat qz-diorite Ougnat garnet-bearing Ab-LG5
LHl : Qz-diorite
0 TOURGl
15 TOURG2
3 leucogranite
* .-
2 100 :
. Fig. 7. Chondri te-normal i zed
v) 10 i
REE patterns of Sidi Flah
and Ougnat granitoids.
Normalizing values from
Boynton (1984).
1
" " " " " " '
La Cc SIn Eu G Dy 1% Lu La Ce Sin Eu Cr Dy Y b Lu
are prismatic ones. The amphibole granodiorite zircon
crystals mean elongation is 1.90, and the zircon population
distribution is identical to the quartz diorite. It shows a
high frequency 'Ore s ~, - ~g with the appearance Of the
alkaline sub-types S,, and S,, (Fig. 10).
The biotite granodiorite zircon crystals (facies close
Discussion and Conclusion
Petrological and geochemical data that characterize the
Saghro granitoids in Sidi Flab and Ougnat, allows us to
discuss their emplacement and their related geotectonic
schemes. They intruded Proterozoic metasediments at ca.
to the OGL) show pronounced differences compared to
the amphibole granodiorite ones. They are euhedral,
slightly coloured and highly zoned, and the hyaline
inclusions are more abundant than in the previous rocks.
The zonal overgrowths are developed and can totally
include the mineral. The crystals show some two or three
individuals associations parallel to C axes. The relic nuclei
take elongated forms thus implying neogenic crystals with
higher elongation E =2.3 (Pupin, 1997). The facies zircon
populations show some nuclei S,.,, (Fig. 10).
OGL shows some colourless to pinkish zircon crystals,
weakly zoned and very rich in inclusions compared to the
zircons of the previous rocks. The prismatic groups, the
brown-yellow and with zonal structures overgrowths, the
elongated cores and the steps are abundant. The mean
elongation of seven zircon populations gives a value of
2.85. The typological distribution of the types and sub-
types show the appearance of the L, sub-type whereas
the S- type is largely dominant. The high frequency core
of the zircon populations in OGL is parted between the
S,, S, and S, sub-types (Fig. lo).
Quartz diorite and granodiorite plot in the calc-alkaline
hybrid granites domain in the typological (A, T) diagram
whereas OGL occupies the crustal granites domain (Fig. 1 lb).
"
so 60 70 so
1.L I I
2 0.4 t I
I
Garnet
leucogranite
O L
I
so 60 70 so
SOz (?!)
Fig. 8. (Lu/Gd), ratio vs. SO, for the studied rocks.
Goiidiuniin Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
566 M. EL BAGHDAD1 ET AL.
580-547 Ma and have major and trace elements signatures
consistent with continental arc environment origin.
The ACF pl ot (Fig. 5) was used al ong wi th
mineralogical, geochemical and geotectonic setting
criteria, to discriminate between I- and S-type dominant
granitoid melt sources. Most samples of Sidi Flah and
Ougnat quartz diorites and granodiorites plot as I-type
granitoids, whereas SFBL and OGL are placed in the field
of S-type granitoids. Quartz diorites and granodiorites,
containing hornblende and biotite, have A/CNK values
varying from 0.9 to 1.2 implying slightly peraluminous to
metaluminous character, and their ZNCY index does not
exceed 350 (127-307). In addition, if the Na,O/K,O ratio
is used as a discriminatory diagram (Chappell and White,
1984), almost all studied samples of quartz diorites and
granodiorites have their ratio greater than 3. Since these
rocks contai n non-xenocrysti c zircon, saturati on
temperatures of zircon can be estimated from the major
element compositions as described by Watson and
Fig. 9. Frequency di stri buti on of the different
subtypes in the zircon populations from
studi ed rocks of Sidi Flah. The ( A, T)
coordi natcs of the mean poi nt of each
popul ati on are i ndi cated below the
correspondi ng typol ogy di stri buti on
diagram. The number between brackets
represents the number of samples with an
estimation of 80 to 100 zircons analyzed per
sample.
Harrison (1 983). The calculated magma temperature
ranges from 850 to 961C. These values are lightly high
in relation to zircon typology temperatures calculated from
T index that range between 800 and 850C. For most of
the population, this is near the lower end temperature
range of the Navajo granitoids in southwestern United
States (7O0-95O0C, Anderson, 1996; Condie et al., 1999).
Quartz diorites and granodiorites have characteristics
of medium to high-K calc-alkaline trend. The quartz diorite
zircon populations cluster in the S,,.,, sub-types implying
a low A index (391) and a high T index (585). Amphibole
granodiorites show identical zircon populations spreading
to the quartz diorites populations with the appearance of
D, J,, P, and P, sub-types. This suggests an increase of the
A index whereas the T index does not vary much. The
migration towards a higher A index is marked from the
quartz diorites to the amphibole granodiorites by alkaline
enrichment of the environment (El Baghdadi et al., 2001a)
(Fig. 5). All samples of the quartz diorite and granodiorites
Goizdwmn Resrnrch, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
A index A index
GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT, SOUTH MOROCCO 567
fall in the field of hybrid or calc-alkaline granitoids
(Fig. 11), which regroup most I-type granitoids.
Geochemical evolution of SFBL represents distinctive
trend in relation to the quartz diorite and granodiorite,
which can be related to high-K calc-alkaline trend.
According to its A/CNK ratio (1.1-1.5), and its projection
in ACF diagram it can be classified among the S-type
granites, but several criteria do not consolidate this
proposal: (1) The outcrop of SFBL does not show any
form of melting of surrounding metasedimentary rocks
and the contact between these two units is sharp. (2) The
spread of zircon populations in the (A, T) diagram
(Fig. 9) shows maximum frequency around S,, sub-type
implying high A and T indices (520 and 620 respectively)
with clearly expressed P, D and J types and all average
points fall in the field of crust-mantle hybrid granites
(I-type granites) characterized by high A and T indices
contrary to crustal derived granites (S-type granites) that
show low indices A and T as we can see for the OGL.
However, the zircon crystallization of SFBL involves a more
A index
K,O-rich calc-alkaline trend than the previous one, and
its evolution is illustrated by a decrease of T index whereas
A index stays almost constant. (3) The absence of inherited
cores suggests that the temperature of zircon dissolution
in the silicate melt is higher than 850C (Watson, 1996).
Calculated zircon saturation temperature is around
797-880C (Table l), which is high to the crustal produced
melt temperature. (4) The distinctive isotopic signature
of the SFBL in relation to quartz diorite and granodiorite
is also consistent with the presence of two trends in Sidi
Flah (Mrini, 1993). Thus, the SFBL shows a relatively
low 143Nd/144Nd ratio and a higher s7Sr/86Sr ratio compared
to quartz diorite and granodiorite as shown below
(Table 2). The relatively higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio reflects the
important participation of the crustal material in the
genesis of the SFBL.
In the same way as the SFBL, OGL shows distinctive
trend to the quartz diorite and granodiorite, but in this
case, petrographic, mineralogical and chemical data
support formation of the OGL from a crustal source that
A index
Fig. 10. Frequency di stri buti on of the
different subtypes in the zircon
populations from studied rocks
of Ougnat. The (A, T) coordinates
of the mean point of each
population are indicated below the
corresponding typology distribution
diagram. The number between
brackets represents the number of
samples with an estimation of 80
to 100 zircons analyzed per sample.
Gondwaiin Resenrch, 1/: 6, No. 4, 2003
568 M. EL BAGHDAD1 ET AL.
A i n d a
0 100 200 300 400 5 0 0 GO0 700 800
0
100
200
p.: 300
3"
. : 400
b
500
600
700
so0
Fig. 11.
E'i oti te leucogrnnite
I Granodioriti
0 Qz-diorite
MG Mantle aranite
HG Hybnd Gantt,
CG Crustal ynnite
0
100
20 0
300
w
8
3 4 0 0
1 1
500
E
600
700
a00
A index
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 Garnet leucograiiite
Gruiodiodte
Qz-diorite
Sidi Flah (a) and Ougnat (b) granitoid zircon population mean (A, T) points projected in the diagram (IA, IT) according to the schcme
proposed by Pupin (1988). a- Arrows (1) and (2) show two Sidi Flah cvolution; quartz diorite/granodioritc and biotite granite rcspectivcly.
b- Lcucogranites arc clearly scparatcd from quartz dioritc/granodiorite trcnds.
still unknown. (1) Petrographic features of the OGL show
a low temperature melt paragenesis to which is added
melt residues like garnet and probably biotite. (2) OGL
shows zircon crystals with pyramidal (21 l} and prismatic
{1 l o} faces that lead to the development of the S, , S,, S,
and S, sub-types implying low A and T indices. Average
points (A, T) of analyzed populations plot in field of crustal
originating aluminous allochtone leucogranites in the
(A, T) diagram (Fig. 10) according to Pupin (1988)
nomenclature. (3) The OGL shows HREE depletion that
implies certainly a different origin from the intermediate
rocks and also from the SFBL. Compared to metapelites
of J ung et al. (1999, 2000), mctasedimentary xenoliths
of Borg and Clynne (1998) and to the average of the upper
continental crust of McLennan (2001) and Taylor and
McLennan (1985), the HREE of OGL are strongly
fractioned and are similar to the REE patterns of liquids
resulting from partial melting of crustal xenoliths (Borg
and Clynne, 1998). The HREE depletion can be connected
to their compatible character during partial melting owing
to the fact that they concentrate in preference in the
residual melt. Generally, S-type leucocratic granites
worldwide have low total REE contents with a flat pattern
and LREE concentrations below 100" chondritic and HREE
abundances below 5-10* chondritic. Additionally, they
have negative Eu anomalies with Eu/Eu* <0. 5 (Williamson
et al., 1996; J ung et al., 2001). These REE patterns have
been explained by fractional crystallization of accessory
phases and plagioclase. In OGL granite, the differentiation
can involve mainly zircon and apatite but not garnet
because it occurs as xenocrysts and is largely accumulated
in restitic metasedimentary rocks if they can be considered
like so. Geochemical data of the OGL are slightly similar
to these of S-type granites of Lachlan Fold Belt in Australia
(Chappell and White, 1974) and of Manaslu in the
Himalayas (Inger and Harris, 1992; Patin6-Douce and
Harris, 1998). They show low contents of Sr, CaO and
ferromagnesians (TiO, +FeOt +MgO +MnO <2%,
except for AB-LG149) and its A/CNK ratio translates the
peraluminous character. The Rb/Sr ratio coincides with
that of the anatectic granites associated with Damara Belt
migmatites (J ung et al., 1999, 2000). Furthermore, Nd
'Tablc 2. Gcochronological and isotopic data of Saghro and Ougnat granitoids.
%d'
Sidi Flah Quartz diorite 385 t 30Ma 0. 703 0. 51253a +1. 2
Massifs Rocks Age and method' 87Sr/86Sr1 147Nd/ll4Ndl
Granodioritc (Rb/Sr) * 0. 708 0. 512350 +0.5
SFBL 580t 5MA (U/Pb) 0.712 0. 5 121 93 - 2. 4
580t5Ma (U/Pb)
55025 Ma2
Ougnat Quartz diorite 547t 26 Ma "U/Pb) - 2. 8
OGL -4 5
Note: IMrini (1993); 2C1icilletz and Gasquet (2001); "age without geological significancc.
Gondzuaim Rest~arch, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
GRANITOIDS FROM PAN-AFRICAN BELT, SOUTH MOROCCO 569
1000
100
h
E
II
L1
10
8
1
1 10 100 1 OD0 1 10 100 1000
Fig. 12. Sidi Flah (a) and Ougnat (b) granitoids plot on Rb vs. (Nb+Y) gcotcctonic diagram of Pearce ct al. (1984) in the field of VAG. According
to rcccnt studies on post-collisional tectonic sccting, Saghro rocks have post-collisional signature (circlc). Syn-COLG- syn-collisional
granites; WPG-within-platc granitcs; VAG-volcanic arc granitcs; ORG-ocean ridge granites.
isotopic composition ( E ~ ~ ~ =-4.5; Mrini, 1993) support
the proposal idea, and weak Sr/Ba ratio (<0.3) suggests
that the production of OGL occurs near to H, Ounder-
saturated conditions starting from the biotite dehydration
reactions (Harris and Inger, 1992). Also, experimental data
indicate that restites resulting from vapor-absent melting
reactions of biotite in pelites should contain significant
amounts of garnet (Vielzeuf and Holloway, 1988; Le
Breton and Thompson, 1988; Patina-Douce and J ohnson,
1991; Vielzeuf and Montel, 1994). Abia (1991) concludes
that surrounding metasedimentary rocks in Ougnat
contain similar garnet to that of the leucogranite but there
is no more matter to consider these rocks as the source of
the OGL.
Low Zr concentrations in the OGL (61-98 ppm) suggest
relatively low temperatures of crystallization. As shown
by zircon typology, the majority of the zircon crystals
contain relic cores which are inherited from the source
due to the sluggishness of zircon dissolution in granitic
melt (Watson, 1996) and consequently, the Zr contents
of the minimum melt would be more weak. Nevertheless,
Table 3. Tcmperature cstiinatcs ("C) for Ougnat garnet-bearing
lcucogranitc using empirical cquations for clcment saturation
for Zr and LREE, and T indcx of zircon typology method.
Zr LREE T indcx
saturation saturation tcinpcrature
TOURGl 750C 649C 679C
TOURG2 736C 665C 65 1C
AB-LG5 688C 705C
AB-J 12 656C
AB-LG49 906C
at high temperature (>85O0C), almost all zircons may be
expected to go into solution (Watson, 1996) and the
presence of inherited cores in nearly all zircon, together
wi th low Zr concentrations, is strong evidence for
lcucogranite formation at low temperature ( <8OO0C).
Calculated temperatures from zircon saturation (Watson
and Harrison, 1983), REE saturation (Montel, 1993) and
zircon typology are presented in Table 3.
We conclude that OGL, as S-type granite, belongs to
peraluminous trend accompanied the medium to high-K
calc-alkaline post-collisional trend occurring in Saghro
inliers and is not related to a collisional event. This
proposal is supported by absence of migmatite series and
the coexistence of the leucogranite and the intermediate
rocks that may be the main heat source causing the melting
of until now unknown metasedimentary rocks.
Tectonic Setting
Almost all Saghro granitoids with age range between
580 to 547 Ma, plot in a post-collisional field in Pearce
et al. (1984) Rb vs. (Yt-Nb) diagram (Fig. 12) (El
Baghdadi, 2002). These plots, together with the Nb
negative anomaly in the spider diagram (Fig. 6), indicate
that Sidi Flah and Ougnat granitoids represent the
subduction-related I-type plutonic rocks. OGL represents
peraluminous magmatism that accompanies the post-
collisional magmatic phases (Likgeois et al., 1998).
Saquaque et al. (1989, 1992) proposed that the AAMF in
Bou-Azzer represents the northern limit of WAC, while
Saghro inlier (Fig. 1) has been interpreted as a Pan-African
continental arc and associated environments (Mokhtari
et al. 1995; El Baghdadi et al., 2001b). Recent works in
Goizdwnna Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003
570 M. EL BAGIHDADI ET AL.
the Zenaga inlier (Ennih, 2000; Ennih and Likgeois, 2001)
conclude that the northern limit of the WAC is represented
by the SAF and not the AAMF; and all, oceanic island
arc assemblage and late post-collisional Pan-African
(585-560 Ma) high-K calc-alkaline and alkaline granites
with associated volcanic rocks, are thrusted upon the WAC.
However, the major part of the Avalonian terranes has to
be searched as relics in the north of the AAMF as signaled
by Ennih and LiPgeois (2002). Among the observations
that Ennih and LiPgeois (2002) has based to corroborate
this proposal, is the existence of muscovite-bearing granite
in Imiter, which is attributed by Hindermeyer (1977) and
Choubert (1963) to the eburnean orogeny. Recent study
in Imiter granitoids (El Baghdadi, 2002) does not support
this idea because muscovite represents secondary mineral
and not primary as found in eburnean granitoids.
Furthermore, zircon typology of the muscovite-bearing
granite does not indicate a continental crust origin but a
hybrid source (El Baghdadi, 2002). In the same way, the
thrusting from North to South that affects all Saghro arc
and Bou-Azzer ophiolitic series does not show any
structural markers especially in granitoids and lower
Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks. Though AAMF or
SAF is the northern limit of WAC, Saghro granitoids record
a magmatic activity linked to the volcanic arcs setting,
and we can conclude that Sidi Flah and Ougnat granitoids
belong to three magmatic series taking place in a post-
collisional event:
Medium- to high-K calc-alkaline trend formed by quartz
diorites and granodiorites in Sidi Flah and Ougnat inliers.
High-K calc-alkaline trend occurred by SFBL in Sidi Flah.
Peraluminous trend represented by OGL in Ougnat,
which is linked to post-collisional and not collisional
setting.
These rocks were related to the north-dipping
subduction of an oceanic plate beneath Saghro continental
arc. They were post-orogenic I-type granitoids and related
to the ending of the compressional deformation and
beginning of extensional deformation leading to
emplacement of strong Isk n'Allah A-type plutons (El
Baghdadi, 2002). Thus, Saghro and Ougnat I-type granitic
rocks are probably related to a much deeper homogeneous
source in Saghro mainland while, Ougnat S-type granite
is related to a shallow source probably surrounding
metasedimentary rocks.
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