Overview of the Banking and Financial Institutions
Bank/s
• Banking – Can be defined as the business activity of
accepting and safeguarding money owned by other
individuals and entities and then lending out this money to
earn profit.
• Financial System – A network of various institutions,
together with government agencies, laws and policies, which
generates, circulates and control money credits. A complex
structure and operation involving every individual and
business organization in a civilized society.
• Financial Institutions – are firms that connect borrowers
and lenders, provide savers and borrowers access to
financial instruments and markets.
• Financial Management – involves financial planning,
asset management and fund-raising decisions to enhance
the value of businesses.
Types of Financial Institution
1. Private Banking Institutions
A.)Commercial Banking Institutions – collects deposits
from individual and lend to businesses and individuals.
B.)Thrift Banks – primarily engaged in mobilizing the small
savings of people. They encourage the habit of thrift and
savings and provide loans at reasonable interest rates.
C.)Universal Banks – a bank that combines the three main
services of banking under one roof.
c.1. Retail banking – it services the members of the public
and small and medium size businesses.
c.2. Wholesale banking – involves borrowing and lending
money on a very large scale. It includes pension funds, giant
companies, governments and other financial institutions.
c.3. Investment Banking – it focuses on services for major
investors and companies. They specialize in the investment
requirements of pension funds.
2. Government Banking Institutions
A.)Philippine National Bank – a universal bank which
operates under the provision of Executive Order No. 80, the
1996 revised charter of PNB.
B.)Development Bank of the Philippines – provides
banking services principally to service the medium and long
term needs of agricultural and industrial enterprises,
particularly in the countryside and preferably for small and
medium enterprises.
C.)Landbank of the Philippines – created by the Agrarian
Reforms Code to finance the acquisition and distribution of
agricultural estates for division and resell these to small
landholders. It also financed the purchase of landholdings
by Agricultural lessees.
D.)Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the
Philippines – created for the purpose of promoting and
accelerating the socio-economic growth and development of
Mindanao.
3. Private Non-Bank Institutions
A.)Securities brokers – are agents of investors who match
buyers with sellers of securities.
B.)Securities dealers – link buyers and sellers by buying
and selling securities at stated price.
1.Building and Loan Association - corporations whose
capital stock is required to be paid in by the stockholders in
regular, equal periodical payments.
2.Lending Investors – They operate as money brokers.
3.Pawnshops – provide credit to small borrowers who are
not qualified to obtain small loans from other financial
institutions with the security of personal property.
4. Government Non-Bank Financial Institutions
1.)Service Insurance System – extends life insurance
coverage and benefits to government employees.
2.)Social Security System – provide benefits to
workers/employees in the private sector.
Banking Institutions, Classifications and Functions
–A financial institutions who lends and borrow money, bank
is an office or institution for keeping, lending, and
exchanging of money.
– bank is either derived from old Italian word banca or from
a French word Banque both mean a Bench or money
exchange table.
–Bank is a business institution that receives surplus funds
from individuals, trading or non-trading institution,
government or private institution as deposit and supply
money with assurance of repayment against security in
exchange of profit or interest to trading or non-trading
institution, government or private institution who has deficit
funds and demand for money and to facilitate this process,
create various credit instruments and give facility of
withdrawals of deposit as and when needed.
–Financial institution that gives loans to spenders which are
repayable with interest over a certain amount of time.
Role of Banks
1)Mobilization of Savings. It encourages saving habits
amongst people and thereby makes funds available for
productive use.
2.)Capital Formation. It acts as an intermediary between
people having surplus money to those requiring money for
various business activities.
3.)Reduces use of Currency. It facilitates business
transactions through receipts and payments by cheques
instead of currency.
4.)Services to Business. It provides loans and advances
to businessmen for short term and long term purposes.
5.)Development of Credit Policy. It also facilitates import
export transactions.
6.)Balanced Development of Economy. It helps in
national development by providing credit to farmers, small-
scale industries and self-employed people as well as to
large business houses which leads to balanced economic
development in the country.
7.)Increasing the standard of Living. It helps in raising
the standard of living of people in general by providing
loans for purchase of consumer durable goods, houses,
automobiles, etc.
Functions Of Banks
1.Accepting Deposits- The banks borrow in the form of
deposits. This function is important because banks mainly
depend on the funds deposited with them by the public.
a.)Demand Deposits or Current Account Deposits -If a
depositor deposits money in the bank in the current account
(i.e., demand deposits), he can withdraw it in part or in full
at any time he likes without notice.
b.)Deposits or Time Deposits – These deposits are made
for a fixed period of time, which varies from fifteen days to a
few years.
c.)Savings Bank Deposits – In this case the depositor can
generally withdraw money usually once a week. Sometimes
there are also restrictions as to the total amount that can be
withdrawn at one time and the total amount that can be
placed in one deposit.
2.Accepting Loans – Banks give loans to businessmen
and firms usually for short periods only. This is so because
the bank must keep itself ready to meet the demands of the
people who have deposited money for short period only.
a.)By allowing an overdraft – Those people who keep
current account with the banks are sometimes given the
right to overdraw their accounts.
b.)Cash-Credit Loan – Under the cash-credit system,
borrower is sanctioned a credit limit up to which he can
borrow from the bank. c.)Demand Loan – Demand loans
granted by a bank are those loans which can be recalled on
demand by the bank any time.
3. Bills of Exchange or Hundies – A very important
3. Bills of Exchange or Hundies – A very important function of a
modern bank is to discount bills or hundies of businessmen.
4.Transfer of Money – Banks transfer money from one place to
another for their customers.
5.Miscellaneous Functions – A bank now-a-days serves its
customers in various other ways. It has lockers or ‘safe deposit
vaults. They are meant to keep the valuables of customers in safe
custody.
Classification of Banks
1.Banking Institution or Depository Institutions - as used in this
part shall be construed to mean any bank, trust company, bank and
trust company, stock savings bank, or mutual savings bank, which
is now or may hereafter be organized under the laws of this state.
2.Non-Banking Institution or Non-Depository Institution - A
non-banking financial institution (NBFI) is a financial institution that
does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a
national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFIs facilitate
bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling,
contractual savings, and market brokering.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM
Obras Pias – A charity foundation by layman used for charity works
and religious activities. It became a banking institution run by the
friars.
Rodriguez Bank – One of the first banks to emerge in the 19th
century. It was more of a loan association than a modern bank.
Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II – It was the first state bank
established in the Philippines. The first bank that issued the paper
notes.
Monte de Piedad – It was the bank and a pawnshop.
Philippine National Bank – First agricultural bank. It has also
functioned as the de facto Central Bank of the Philippines until
1949. It was given the special power to issue circulating notes The
first universal bank in the Philippines (1980).
BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS Objectives:
The BSP’s main primary objective is to maintain price stability
conducive to balanced and sustainable economic growth. The BSP
also aims to promote and preserve monetary stability and the
convertibility of the national currency.
Responsibilities: The BSP provides policy directions in the areas
of money, banking and credit. It supervises operations of banks
and exercises regulatory powers over non-bank financial
institutions with quasibanking functions.
Mission: To promote and maintain price stability, a strong financial
system, and a safe and efficient payments and settlements system
conducive to a sustainable and inclusive growth of the economy.
Vision: The BSP aims to be recognized globally as the monetary
authority and primary financial system supervisor that supports a
strong economy and promotes a high quality of life for all Filipino.
The BSP Seal
The new BSP logo is a perfect round shape in blue that features
three gold stars and a stylized Philippine eagle rendered in white
strokes. These main elements are framed on the left side with the
text inscription “Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas” underscored by a gold
line drawn in half circle. The right side remains open, signifying
freedom, openness, and readiness of the BSP, as represented by
the Philippine eagle, to soar and fly toward its goal. Putting all
these elements together is a solid blue background to signify
stability.
Principal Elements:
1. The Philippine Eagle, our national bird, is the world’s
largest eagle and is a symbol of strength, clear vision and
freedom, the qualities we aspire for as a central bank.
2. The three stars represent the three pillars of central
banking: price stability, stable banking system, and a safe
and reliable payment system. It may also be interpreted as
a geographical representation of BSP’s equal concern for
the impact of its policies and programs on all Filipinos,
whether they are in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao.
Colors
1. The blue background signifies stability.
2. The stars are rendered in gold to symbolize wisdom,
wealth, idealism, and high quality.
3. The white color of the eagle and the text for BSP
represents purity, neutrality, and mental clarity.
Font or Type Face non-serif, bold for “BANGKO SENTRAL NG
Font or Type Face non-serif, bold for “BANGKO SENTRAL NG
PILIPINAS” to suggest solidity, strength, and stability. The use of non-
serif fonts characterized by clean lines portrays the no-nonsense
professional manner of doing business at the BSP.
Shape: Round shape to symbolize the continuing and unending quest
to become an excellent monetary authority committed to improve the
quality of life of Filipinos. This round shape is also evocative of our
coins, the basic units of our currency
BSP Security Plant Complex – is responsible for the production of the
Philippine currency. Its establishment enables the BSP to have control
of the supply, security and quality of the Philippine currency.
Core Values of BSP
1.Excellence 2.Patriotism 3.Integrity 4.Solidarity 5.Accountability
FUNCTIONS OF BSP
- Under the New Central Bank Act of 1993, the BSP
performs the following functions, all of which relate to its status as the
Republic’s central monetary authority.
1.Liquidity Management – The BSP formulates and implements
monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply consistent with its
primary objective to maintain price stability.
2.Currency Issue – The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the
national currency. All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully
guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all
private and public debts.
3.Lender of last Resort – The BSP extends discounts, loans, and
advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes.
4.Determination of Exchange Rate POLICY – The BSP determines the
exchange rate policy of the Philippines. Currently, the BSP adheres to
a market-oriented foreign exchange rate policy such that the role of
BSP is principally to ensure orderly conditions in the market.
ORGANIZATION of the BANGKO SENTRAL
The basic structure of the Bangko Sentral includes:
1.The Monetary Board which exercises the powers and functions of the
BSP, such as conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the
financial system. The policy-making body of the bank. It is headed by
the Governor who is concurrently the Chairman of the Board with five
full-time members from the private sector and one member from the
cabinet.
2.The Monetary Stability Sector which takes charge of the formulation
and implementation of the BSP’s monetary policy, including serving the
banking needs of all banks through accepting deposits, servicing
withdrawals, and extending credit through the rediscounting facility.
3.The Supervision and examination Sector which enforces and
monitors compliance to banking laws to promote a sound and healthy
banking system, and
4.The Resource Management Sector which serves as the human,
financial and physical resource needs of the BSP
Three Pillars of Central Banking
1.Price Stability – BSP manage inflation and price fluctuations for
conducive balanced and sustainable growth of the economy.
2.Financial Stability – BSP ensures banks compliance with prudential
rules and regulations. It ensures that banks conduct business in a safe
and sound manner.
3.Efficient Payment and Settlement System – this enables people to
make safe, timely and accurate settlements of financial transactions.
• Special Security paper – use to print the bank notes. It has security
fibers with different watermark and security threads specific to
denominations. •
• Offset Printing – a printing process wherein there is 15 to 20 colors
are printed in one pass.
• Intaglio Printing – it is also called direct plate printing. It gives the
details in the money an embossed effect.
• 10 months – number of months in producing the Philippine bank
notes from ordering of materials to shipping to the volt of BSP.
FINANCIAL INNOVATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE
BANKING INDUSTRY - It is the act of creating new financial
instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions, and
markets.
3 categories of innovation : Institutional, Product, Process
PHYSICAL EDUCATION FITT 3
REASONS FOR DANCING
•To passed the course subject
•To have fun or entertain others
•For passion/ provides a release of tension in our body
•To treat emotionally disturbed people/ To help treat physically
handicapped
•Worship
DANCE – it involves a successive group of bodily
movements and steps rhythmically perform and timed to music.
- Is an expression of an intensified sense of life, arising from an
inner perception that stimulates both mind and body. It is man s
natural and primitive means of expression.
> The rhythmical movement of the body usually with music.
- to express an idea or emotions.
- to narrate a story
- to enjoy and take pleasure in the movement itself. > The most
direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its
medium.
- it springs from man s love for expressive gestures,
release of tension through rhythmic movement.
> It heightens the pleasure of being at the same time mirrors the
life of society.
> It involves a successive group of bodily motions and steps
rhythmically perform and timed to music.
> It is both an art and a form of recreation.
• ART – it may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion
• FORM OF RECREATION - it provides fun, relaxation,
companionship.
RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES – These are rhythmic movements
using the body as means of expressing a communication.
It can either be through fundamental rhythms using locomotors or
axial movements or in higher forms of dance.
MOVEMENT – Defined is a change of position in space. It is
governed with mechanical principles that limit the ability of
individuals to move effectively and efficiently.
RHYTHM – Is a measured motion or flow, characterized basically
by recurrence of elements or features as beats, sounds or accents.
- “everybody can follow”; represents the beat(music); pulse
(beat); one part of the body that coordinates with all body
parts; how fast or slow the music is(tempo); how long/short
the notes.
Incorporated in Dance
- Tempo (1st one to consider in rhythm)
- Accent > stress, emphasis in the notes, 121212
- Time Signature > meter (²/⁴, ¾, ⁴/⁴)
- Phrasing
- Beat > indefinite/definite – no instrument/pulse of music; what
holds everything together.
MOVEMENT+RHYTHM=DANCE
The word dance comes from the Greek word danson which
means to drag, to stretch. Thus, simple analysis of term sayaw
which easily lead to one, that it must have derived from the word
saya which means happy.
Brief History of Dance
Dance – communication and bonding, celebration, ceremony and
rituals, healing, way of expression
Req. of Dance: music, movements, steps, energy
1. Pre-Historic of Dance (Origins of Antiquity)
- A form of religious ritual and social expression within primitive
cultures, “man danced originally to supplicate the Gods on all
important occasions of life.” Kraus and Gaufman (1981).
• gesture to communicate
• expressing and reinforcing tribal unity and strength
• courtship and mating
• appease the forces of nature
• celebrations of the wine God Dionysus
• pleasure, seduction, and entertainment
2. Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Civilization
- belly dancing (women, sensual reputation)
- Real knowledge of dance come out
• to gain more deep knowledge about dancing.
3. Ancient Egypt – It is reflected in their wall paintings, relief, and
in the literacy records of hieroglyphs.
• medium of religious expression.
4. Ancient Greek – Greeks believed that dance was closely linked
4. Ancient Greek – Greeks believed that dance was closely linked
with other kinds of experiences.
• taught as an aid to military education among the boys in Athens
and Sparta. (Peloponnesian War)
• it was not just for religious and military training but also a form of
entertainment and discipline.
5. Ancient Rome – erotic, sensual; fall of Rome transformed the
history of Dance.
- they gave lesser value to the arts as the nation grew wealthy amd
power.
6. Early Renaissance (Dark Ages) – 14th Century
- Medieval Period (Reign of Pope Gregory I)
- start of literature, music, dance, art, entertainment
- the church were divided; uses lute and tambourine
7. Baroque – Opera singing and Ballet dances
Baroque -> Classical -> Romantic -> Contem. (ballet)
8. Romantic – war, people became emotional, changes in Music,
Arts, and Dance [formal History]
9. America – conservatory (univ. for music and arts)
- part of worship, entertainment, communication
- Africa (made movements accompanied by drums)
10. Northern Philippines – dance > harvest, worship
- interlacking -> communication
11. Southern Philippines – traditional and culture
13. India
Adaptations through the history of Dance
• communication and bonding
• celebration
• ceremonies and rituals
• healing
• way of expressing the emotions and feelings
Elements of Dance
1. Body – who dances, parts of the body.
2. Action – what does the dancers do(movements).
> Non locomotor > Locomotor > gestures, facial expressions
3. Space – area of space occupied by the dancer’s body.
• Direction- which way a dancer faces or moves?
• Size – a magnitude of a body shape or a movement; from small to
large movement.
• Pathways – a pattern made as a dancer moves through the air or
on the floor such as curved/straight, zigzag, and random.
• Levels – the vertical distance from the floor (high, low, med)
• Shapes – strongest visual of dance (open/close)
- the form created by the body’s position in space.
4. Time – amount of time exert, timing; relationship of one
movement to another.
• Pulse – regular, compels motion.
• Tempo – fast(excitement – upbeat),
Med(steadiness – calm-flow),
Slow(elegant – soft-feeling)
• Duration – fast tempo (shorter D) = fast transition
• Syncopation – temporary accenting(waltz) splitting
5. Energy – effort, how a dancer moves
• Dynamics – slow then fast
• Flow – continuity of a movement, fluidity
• Weight – light to heavy dancers
Significance of Dance Education
1. Social Aspects
> teamwork and cooperation (group) – one goal; done easily,
smooth practice, execution.
> acceptance of different culture (univ. language) – Tinikling,
Curacha, Int’l : [Tango, Salsa, Breakdance]
> Respect – to partner, member, self, choreographer
- goal is to build mentality to ensure each.
> Relationship – dance is a way of communication.
2. Emotional Aspect
> It can eliminate depression.
> Reduces stress – way to be relaxed.
> Having a sharper mind – memorization
> Teaches healthy self-expression – emotion, gesture
> It builds empathy – empathize or feel what is it.
3. Cognitive Aspect
> Increase memory, order, and sequencing skills.
> Creativity – artistic, understand contemporary context,
contribution, culture, costumes creation.
> Communication – expresses emotion, coordination
> Critical thinking – mental alertness, attention, observance, how
you interpret the dance.
4. Physical Aspect
> Helps develop muscles (pasa doble, strength)
> Tone the body – weight loss, burn fats and calories
> Improves circulation – heart, more oxygen
> Improves posture
> Balance – more aware of center gravity
> Coordination and promote greater flexibility
DANCE FORMS
1.CLASSICAL DANCE – Dances with standardized rules and
restrictions. It can be religious related dance or for court and royal
entertainment.
2.MODERN CONTEMPORARY BALLET – Contemporary ballet is
a form of dance which incorporates elements of both classical
ballet and modern dance. It takes its technique and use of point
work from classical ballet, although it permits a greater range of
movement that may not adhere to the strict body lines set forth by
schools of ballet technique. Many of its concepts come from the
ideas and innovations of 20th century modern dance, including floor
work, balletic movements and turn-in of the leg
- Classical Ballet is a dance of supreme standards learned from an
academe. This originated from Italy from the word ballo meaning to
dance and flourished in the royal court of France.
3.FOLKDANCE – A cultural art form handed down from generation
to generations. It can communicates the customs, beliefs and
rituals occupation of a region or country.
• FRANCISCA REYES AQUINO – she was considered as the
Mother of Philippine Folk Dances for her untiring efforts in
collecting, compiling, and propagating folk dances, and for her
outstanding contribution to the advancement of Filipino culture in
the field of dance In 1973, President Marcos gave Dr. Reyes
Aquino the National Artist for Dance Award.
4.ETHNIC AND TRIBAL DANCE – A dance particularly found in a
group of people living together in a locality with common beliefs
and customs.
5.NATIONAL DANCE – Refers to the type of folkdance found most
widely done through a specific country. Good examples are
Tinikling or Cariñosa from Philippines.
6.NATURAL DANCING – refers to the type of dance, which makes
use of the basic movement, the locomotors movement and the
axial movement; no dance steps/ freestyle, non-choreographed.
7.CREATIVE DANCE – The highest form of dance for the purpose
of entertainment.
8.SOCIAL AND BALLROOM DANCE – Dance set in a social
gathering with more formal atmosphere than the simple and
informal parties in which the recreational dances are the usual
forms.
9.RECREATIONAL DANCE – Includes dance mixer, square
dancing and round and round and couple dances.
10. POPULAR DANCE – Highly recognized as a dance form in
television and other dance centers like disco houses and social
gatherings.
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITION AND STEPS
Characteristics
#1 – Feet are closed and parallel touching toes at 45º.
- Arms are encircled in front chest level, relaxed fingers
slightly apart.
#2 – Feet are open parallel stride sideward.
- Arms then raised sideway a little below should level.
#3 – Feet are closed-crossed, heel in-step touching knees locked.
- One arm encircle overhead other raised sideways.
#4 – Feet are open-crossed.
- One arm encircle overhead other arm on first position.
#5 – Feet are close-crossed, heel-toe touching knees locked.
- Both arms are encircled overhead, fingers apart.
What is Science?
1. Science is an empirical field.
- “empeirikos”, Greek word means experienced; uses senses and
experiences.
2. Science is a systematic field; systematized body of knowledge
covering general truths and facts.
- uses scientific methods (observation, question, hypothesis, plan, collect
data, analyze, conclusion, and communicate.
3. Science is our most effective way of understanding the natural world;
covers general truths and facts.
- proper allocation of the scientific method, observe
4. Science is a total societal enterprise
- achieves social impact alongside a financial return. (Impact Investing)
• Traditional Charity (social value); for free, charitable
• Traditional Business (financial value); for profit.
What is Technology?
.1 Technology is an applied Science.
- scientific progress
2. Technology is a body of knowledge and skills by which we can control
and modify the world.
- collection of variable information about a certain phenomenon.
3. Technology is a total societal enterprise.
- social welfare or benefit of the community.
SOCIETY – a group of people with common interests, traditions, purpose,
and/or activity.
SCIENCE (brain)
Seeks to improve / \ informs
/ \
Demands more / \ demands more
/ \
(nation/ SOCIETY ---- > < --- TECHNOLOGY (skills)
Community) benefits makes life
from easier
STS Triad:
Science aims to improve Society, as the Society improves it’ll crave for
further improvement and so demands more from Science. Society also
benefits from Technology because Technology makes life easier for
Society. As new technology is created, Society will enjoy benefits from it,
but as some problems arises, some Technology will need to be improved
and so Technology will knock to Science to demand because Science
informs Technology. There are also some other facts that come into play.
The influence of government, the capitalists, and other sectors in the
Society makes it complicated.
EMERGENCE OF STS:
- interwar period continued til the start of Cold War.
- best-known product of this interest: Thomas Kuhn (1962, The Structure
of Scientific Revolution)
- UP Diliman, then 2013 CHED enlisted STS.
- it tracks the history of disciplines, the dynamics of Science as a social
Institution and the philosophical basis for scientific knowledge.
STS: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF THE WORLD
The Human Condition Before Common Era
- Technology can be discovered by chance.
- Discover/ Technological Advancement doesn’t always spring from
Science.
- 2.5 mya – 1200 BC.; Homo erectus have been using fire to cook.
- instinct to survive allowed them to create things
“ The primal need to survive paved way for the invention of several
developments.
“It is difficult to pinpoint where technology is said to have started.”
3 Archeological Period
1. Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3000 BC)
- marked hy the inventions and use of stones
- practically difficult for our ancestors to live because resources are not
abundant; living in the wild.
- little to no written accounts making it hard to contemplate
- cave drawings, unearthed artifacts
A.) Paleolithic Period – paleo (old) lithic (lithos-rock)
- no permanent houses (pit houses), The Venus (Ivory), fur clothing,
ornaments, hunting tools.
B.) Mesolithic Period – End of the Last Ice Age
- extinction of large mammals, sea level rises.
- microliths (small stones)
C.) Neolithic Period – ancient human switches from hunters to food
production.
2. Bronze Age (2.5 mya – 3000 BC)
- ores (naturally occurring minerals)
- birth of smelting (Sumerians and Mesopotamia)
- 88% Copper, 12% alloy (ex. Ox-drawn plow, wheel)
- organized government, law, religion (Pyramids are created)
3. Iron Age (1500 BC – 500 BC) – more precious than gold.
- first smelted in ore in South Caucasus.

2.Middle Ages (Dark Ages) 1000 yrs. – 1450
- Medieval Period, Fall of Roman Empire)
- Feudalism – Lord and peasants
Different Inventions from Different Countries:
• EUROPE – horse collar, clock, magnetic compass, watermill
• CHINA – gunpowder, magnetic compass, wheel barrow,
seismoscope, movable type printing, chinese paper (invented in
140 BC – widely known in 105 AD), acupuncture, cannon
• INDIA – calendar (12 months in a year), square root, linear
equations, Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine (good health)
• Christopher Columbus – Italian master navigator, completed four
voyages across Atlantic Ocean.
• First civilizations in America – Meso-American region including
Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador: Maya, Aztec, Inca
A.) Maya – pottery, agriculture, hieroglyphs, Math, calendar;
- Pymarids made up of limestones; artistic
- Cocoa beans as monetary unit
- Mayan Solar Calendar (end of the world, 2012)
B.) Aztec – astronomical observations in stones
- farming (cutting trees and burning fields)
- human sacrifices, use of obsidian blades
C.) Inca – more advanced farming method (terraces)
- animal’s skin for clothing
3. Scientific Revolution
- drastic changes in scientific thought; use of philosophical than
empirical.
- dominated Science in 20,000 years ago.
- printing machine; publishing works to spread info.
Science
Produce / \ Benefits
/ \
Humans - Society
• Benefit individual human
Creativity --- Science Ideas
Curiosity --- Scientists --- Science Discoveries
Critical Thinking -- | Technology
• Passion to know
• Passion to discover
Nicolaus Copernicus
• Geocentrism – Alexandria (Earth is the center)
• Copernican Heliocentrism – Sun is the center
Johannes Kepler
• Law of Planetary Motion – Earth revolves around the Sun in
elliptical and not circular.
Isaac Newton (Physics)
• 3 laws of motion
A.) Law of Interaction – for everyone there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
B.) Law of Inertia – object at rest will remain at rest or in motion
unless acted upon by force.
C.) Law of Acceleration – acceleration is produced when force acts
upon on a mass.
Charles Darwin (Biology)
- Theory of Evolution : Book (On the Origin of Species)
- group of animals evolve from one or few ancestors.
Sigmund Freud
- Structural Theory of Personality (id – desire, ego – mediates,
superego – what is right/wrong)
4. Industrial Revolution
- started in Great Britain, 18th century
- transform rural to industrialized and urbanized
Information – knowledge from investigation/observation
• Gutenberg Revolution
- 1st European successfully used movable type printing
(Johannes Gutenberg), first book: Gutenberg’s Bible (1456),
press era called Incunabula (cradle or birthplace)
• Post-Gutenberg Revolution
- use of internet, Worldwide web (www), ease and convenience
5. Information Age
- began 1970’s until today
- Digital, New Media, Computer Age
Rise of the Digital Age
- born of computer out of urgent necessity after 2nd World War to
face challenges of Nazism through innovation.
- Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine (1830) 1st computer
STS: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1.) Pre-Colonial Period
A.)Culture and Traditions
- Animism is the belief that various things possess distinctive spiritual
qualities; diwata, Bathala, Bathaluman.
- Superstitions are related to natural phenomenon like rain.
B.)Writing System
- Baybayin was the early Filipino script that they used.
C.)Social Organization
- Barangays are a number of geographically scattered, self-sufficient,
autonomous communities present all over the Archipelago long before the
Spaniards came.
D.)Craftsmanship
- For about 40,000 years, they made simple tools or weapons of stone
flakes, stone tools, pottery, weapons
- Settlements in Sulu, Mindanao (Zamboanga, and Davao), Negros,
Samar, And Luzon (Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan)
-Adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs. Metal tools
and implements – copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron.
- Excavation, Ore smelting and refining.
E.)Transportation
- Build boats, Spanish: refined warship (caracoa).
F.)Agriculture
- Crops such as rice, cotton, and other vegetables. They were also able to
domesticate swine, goats, and fowls. Cultivated fields to terraces.
G.)Settlement
- Coastal areas settlements: foreign trade and cultural contacts, such as
Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Southern Mindanao and Sulu, seemed to have
attained a more sophisticated technology.
- Interior and mountain settlements: hunters.
H.)Tools and Products
- Filipinos were raising swine, goats and fowls, making wine, vinegar and
salt, weaving cloth, producing beeswax, honey, and growing rice,
vegetables and cotton.
- The Filipinos were also mining gold in such places as Panay, Mindoro
and Bicol.
-Some tools found were copper (for table display), porcelain jars (for
storage of food and other materials), iron (used in warfare called
Lantaka), and handwoven blankets, in Raja Sulayman’s house.
2.) Spanish Regime
- Christianity
A.) Education
- formal education
- schools established by missionaries and churches for religious orders;
limited for elites.
- Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595) in Cebu, Manila: Colegio de San
Ignacio (1595), Colegio de San Jose (1601), Ateneo de Manila (1859);
Jesuits
- The Dominicans: Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1640) in Manila.
- Studying abroad like Jose Rizal (optalmology-Madrid), Juan Luna
(engineering-Belgium), Graciano Apacible (medicine-Madrid), Jose
Alejandrino (pharmacy-Madrid) to study medicinal courses.
B.) Reduccion System
- A strategy in which far-flung, scattered barangays were grouped into
fewer but larger and more compact towns within the area of church bells.
- re-organized barangays; cabeza de barangay (datus)
- From among their ranks, the head of the town, the Gobernadorcillo or
Capitan Municipal, was elected. Furthermore, only the members of their
class could elect the Gobernadorcillo.
C.) Agriculture
- Manila School of Agriculture (1887)
- Little development in agriculture and mining, it was totally neglected
during the Galleon Trade (Manila-Acapulco) leading to the decline of
native handicrafts and industries in the Philippines.
3.) American Regime
- Thomasites
A.) Agriculture
- remained an exporter to U.S.
- marked the rapid advancement of science and technology in the Phil.
B.) Education
- scholarship, higher ed. In Science and Engineering, researches, all have
given the right to education.
- Philippine Normal University and other private schools, demand for
professional education increased in UP
- Private School Act (Act No. 2076) was established, recognizing the
increasing number of private schools as educational and not commercial
institutions.
- Likewise, for promotion of scientific research in the country, the
Americans established the NRCP or the National Research Council of the
Philippine Islands in 1933.
• Education was one of the main tools the Americans primarily utilized to
establish the development of science and technology in the Philippines.
B.) Economy
- Progressive economy; our country is endowed with abundant natural
resources, only to be traded free of tax to the United States during this
time. This halted our country’s industrialization.
4. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
- start of political independence
- independent nation, but the goal in achieving the economic self-
reliance isn’t achieved because Americans are in control this time and
Japanese troops came to cause chaos.
- several government departments: National Economic Council or the
now National Economic and Development Authority, National Power
Corporation, and National Abaca and other Fibers corporation, the now
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority.
5. PERIOD SINCE INDEPENDENCE
- Gave birth on DepEd and DOST
DOST intervention’s main goals are as follows:
• To meet the increasing demands for intervention of science and
technology in national development.
• Pursuing the local capability for technological self-reliance
• Encouraging greater private sector participation in S & T Development.
Existing Programs Supported by the Philippine Government
- scholarship
- K-12 programs
- Balik Scientist Program
- Science schools
- researches
Science Revolution
> Internal Influences – survival, culture, economic, activities
> External Influences – foreign colonizers, trades w/ foreign countries,
int’l economic demands
Agencies Responsible for the Implementation of the Harmonized
R&D Agenda 2017-2022: DOST, NCRP, PCHRP, DOST-PCIEERD,
PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, DOAT-PCAARRD
Government Policies Pertaining to Science and Technology:
1. Republic Act 10055 – known as the Philippine Technology
Transfer Act of 2009 which aims to provide a framework and support
system for the ownership, management, use and commercialization
of intellectual property resulting from research and development
funded by the government.
2. Republic Act 2067 – known as Science Act of 1958 which focuses
on the integration, coordination, and intensification of scientific and
technological research and development and fostering inventions, to
provide funds and for other purposes.
STS: SELECTED INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES
• Indigenous science is a product of indigenous knowledge
perfected by people through life experiences. It is the use of science
process skills guided by community culture and values composed of
traditional/indigenous; food preservation, transforming soils.
• Indigenous knowledge is one that is embedded in the cultural
traditions of regional, indigenous, or local communities. This
knowledge system is passed on orally and is evident in their stories,
poems, and songs. These includes superstitious beliefs and
practices which may be a product of human imagination.
• Indigenous technologies are processes or products resulting from
studying.
Indigenous science. It is designed and fabricated based on the
culture, tradition and needs of people and which is adopted for use in
the environment of those people. While some indigenous sciences
and technologies are already obsolete, their importance lies in that
they helped early communities in understanding the natural
environment and in coping with their everyday lives.
Philippine Indigenous Technologies

1.) Yoyo by Pedro Flores – popularized 1920’s and reproduced in

STS: THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA AND
November 1928.
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS PHIL. GOVERNMENT S&T AGENDA
2.) Medical Incubator – bamboo incubator in 1941 by Dr. Fe del
1.)National Integrated Basic Research Agenda Mundo
A.) Water Security – TUBIG (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan) Program
B.) Food and Nutrition – SAPAT (Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat) 3.) Erythromycin (antibiotic) by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar in 1949 (Iloilo
Program backyard) for bacterial infections, skin and respiratory tract. 1952
C.)Health Sufficiency – LIKAS (Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan) Program launched, Eli Lily Co. took credit.
D.)Clean Energy – ALERT (Alternative Energy Research Trends)
Program 4.) Fish sauce by Ruperta David (1940). 1949 launched Tentay Food
E.)Sustainable Energy – SAKLAW (Saklolo sa Lawa) Program and Sauces Inc.
F.)Inclusive Nation-building – ATIN (Ang Tinig Natin) Program
5.) Banana Catsup by food tech Maria Orosa y Ylagan, calamanai
2.)Health Research and Development Agenda Diagnostics
juice, Soyalac and Darak.
A.)Drug Discovery & Dev.
B.)Functional Foods 6.) Anti-cancer cream and mole remover (carcinoma) by Rolando
C.)Hospital Equipment dela Cruz – “DeBcc” cream.
D.)Health InfoTech
E.)Dengue 7.) 16-bit microchip by Diosdado Banatao to make computers faster.
F.)Nutrition (1981 – 10-bit microchip)
G.)Disaster Risk Reduction
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – LIQUIDITY DECISIONS
H.)Climate Change Adapt.
I.)Omic Technologies
LIQUIDITY
3.)Agriculture Aquatic and Natural Resources
• Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be
A.)Crops R&D Agenda
quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset’s price.
B.)Livestock R&D Agenda
In simpler terms, it is how quickly you can get cash in your hand
C )Aquatic R&D Agenda
whenever you need it.
D.)Forestry R&D Agenda
E.)Natural Resources and Environment
LIQUIDITY DECISION
F.)Climate Change
• Liquidity decisions is concerned with the management of current
G.)Technology Transfer
assets, which is a pre-requisite to long term success of any business
H.)Socio-economic and Policies
firm. This is also called as working capital decision.
4.)Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology - The Phil.
Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and
WORKING CAPITAL
Development is responsible for the implementation of research priorities
• It is a measure of the company’s efficiency and short-term financial
of this agenda.
health. It is part of the company’s capital, which is required for financing
A.)Food Security
short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors
B.)Countryside Development
and inventories.
C.)Competitive Industry
D.)Delivery of Social Services
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
E.)Intelligent Transportation Solutions
• It refers to all the strategies adopted by the company to manage the
F.)Renewable Energy
relationship between its short-term assets and short-term liabilities with
G.)Security
the objective to ensure that it continues with its operations and meet its
5.)Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
debt obligations when they fall due. Efficient management of working
A.)Observation and monitoring networks
capital is a fundamental part of the overall corporate strategy.
B.)Technology Development
• The primary purpose of working capital management is to make sure
C.)Risk Assessments
the company always maintains sufficient cash flow to meet its short-term
D.)Climate Change Mitigation
operating costs and short-term debt obligations. It is also to ensure the
E.)Modeling and Simulation
liquidity of the company. The key objective is profitability. Hence, a
F.)Warning and Risk Communication
company with a high level of working capital may fail to achieve the
G.)Disaster Risk Management
return on capital employed expected by its investors.
H.)Policy Research
. NEEDS FOR FINANCING OF CURRENT ASSETS
CONCEPTS OF WORKING CAPITAL
• Gross working capital – is the capital invested in total current assets of
the enterprise. Examples of current assets are: cash in hand and bank
balances, Bills Receivable, Short term loans and advances, prepaid
expenses, Accrued Incomes etc. The gross working capital is financial
or going concern concept.
• Net working capital – is the excess of Current Assets over Current
liabilities.
Net Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
CURRENT ASSETS
• The word ‘current’ means circulating, and the word ‘assets’ means
valuables. These are assets or valuables of a business which keep
circulating in a year. Its components include cash, accounts
receivable/debtors and inventories. The key features are: quickly
convertible into cash, it has short-lived existence and the decisions are
quick. The current asset is also known as working capital in financial
analyst’s perspective.
• CASH – is the most liquid assets a company can own. It is also used
to exchange goods, debt and services
• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE – which include an allowance for bad
debts to determine their collection value
• INVENTORIES – raw materials, goods in progress, or finished goods
NATURE OF CURRENT ASSETS
Permanent Current Assets and Temporary Current Assets
• Short-term debt (maturities in less than 12 months) is always used to
finance current assets.
Temporary or Variable Current Assets
Temporary current assets are an increase in current assets due to a
temporary event or seasonal or cyclical demand. Example, unexpected
increase in sales or Christmas season.
Permanent or Fixed Current Assets
The amount of current assets required to meet a firm’s long-term
minimum needs. Non-current assets and permanent current assets
should be financed long-term and temporary current assets should be
financed short-term.
Working Capital requirements are for a short period of time as
Current Assets are self-liquidating:
1. Inventory purchased on credit. Accounts Payable
2. Inventory stocked in the Warehouse. Merchandise Inventory
3. Goods are sold on credit. Accounts Receivable.
4. Cash is collected. Cash
CALCULATING THE ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF CURRENT
ASSETS
• Liquidity ratios are measurements used to examine the ability of
an organization to pay off its short-term obligations. Liquidity ratios
are commonly used by prospective creditors and lenders to decide
whether to extend credit or debt, respectively, to companies.
These ratios compare various combinations of relatively liquid
assets to the amount of current liabilities stated on an
organization’s most recent balance sheet. The higher the ratio, the
better the ability of a firm of pay off its obligations in a timely
manner. Examples of liquidity ratios are:
• Current ratio. This ratio compares current assets to current
liabilities. Its main flaw is that it includes inventory as a current
asset. Inventory may not be that easy to convert into cash, and so
may not be a good indicator of liquidity. It helps investors and
creditors understand the liquidity of a company and how easily that
company will be able to pay off its current liabilities. It is also known
as “working capital ratio”
Current Ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities
• Quick ratio. This is the same as the current ratio, but excludes
inventory. Consequently, most remaining assets should be readily
convertible into cash within a short period of time. It measures the
liquidity of a company by showing its ability to pay off its current
liabilities with liabilities.

IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES OF ADEQUATE WORKING

CAPITAL - working capital is the life blood and nerve center of a QR = Cash + Cash Equivalents + Short-term Investments +
business. It is very essential to maintain smooth running of a business. Current Receivables
1.) Solvency of the Business – Adequate working capital helps in
maintaining solvency of business by providing uninterrupted flow of = Total Current Assets – Inventory – Prepaid Expenses/
production. Current Liabilities
2.) Goodwill – Sufficient working capital enables a business concern to
make prompt payments and hence helps in creating and maintaining • Cash ratio. This ratio compares just cash and readily convertible
goodwill. investments to current liabilities. As such, it is the most
3.) Easy Loans – A concern having adequate working capital, high conservative of all the liquidity ratios, and so is useful in situations
solvency and good credit standing can arrange loans from banks and where current liabilities are coming due for payment in the very
others on easy and favorable terms. short term.
4.) Cash Discounts – Adequate working capital also enables a concern Cash Ratio = Cash + Cash Equivalents/ Current Liabilities
to avail cash discounts on purchases and hence it reduces cost.
5.) Regular Supply of Raw Material – Sufficient working capital ensure
regular supply of raw materials and continuous production.
6.) Regular payment of salaries, wages and other day-to-day
commitments – A company which has ample working capital can make
regular payment of salaries, wages and other day to day commitments
which raises morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces
costs and wastages.
7.) Ability to face crisis – Adequate working capital enables a concern to
face business crisis in emergencies such as depression.
8.) Quick and regular return on investments – Every investor wants a
quick and regular return on his investments. Sufficiency of working
capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular dividends to is
investor as there may not be much pressure to plough back profits
which gains the confidence of investors and creates a favorable market
to raise additional funds in future.

Summary: Levels of Current Asset

WORKING CAPITAL APPROACHES
• Conservative Approach – under this policy, the company holds a
relatively large proportion of its total assets in the form of current assets.
Because the rate of return on current assets is normally assumed to be
less than the rate of return on fixed assets, this policy results in a lower
expected profitability as measured by the rate of return on the
company’s total assets. Assuming that current liabilities remain
constant, this type of policy also increases the company’s net working
capital position, resulting in a lower risk that the firm will encounter
financial difficulties.
• Aggressive Approach – under this policy, the company holds a
relatively small proportion of its total assets in the form of lower-yielding
current assets and thus has relatively less net working capital. As a
result, this policy yields a higher expected profitability and a higher risk
that the company will encounter financial difficulties.
• Moderate Approach – with this policy, expected profitability and risk
levels fall between those conservative and aggressive approach.

Sex is …
❖ biological characteristics of being a female or male.
❖ Physical attributes pertaining to a person’s body contours,
features, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive
organs.
❖ generally permanent
❖ universal
❖ attributes are equally valued
Primary Sex Characteristics
- refers to the sexual and reproductive organs.
WOMEN
Uterus, ovary (estrogen and
progesterone), ovum,
fallopian tubes cervix,
vagina, clitoris, etc. Women
can become pregnant.
✔ development of the breast
✔ pelvic widens & hips
broaden
✔ voice deepens slightly
✔ hair grown under the
arms & in the pelvic region
✔ ovaries start to function
✔ regular menstruation
What is Sex Roles ?
MEN
Penis, testes (androgen and
testosterone), scrotum,
sperm, vas deferens, etc.
✔ the body become more
muscular
✔ shoulder & chest become
broader
✔ Adam’s apple grows
✔ vocal cord enlarge
✔underarm, pubic hair &
hair on the face, chest &
shoulders start to grow
✔ penis & testes enlarge
✔ testes begin to make
sperm
Verbal Appellation: Words used to boys and girls to tell them what they
are and what are expected of them.
Activity Exposure: Children are exposed to gender-appropriate tasks.
School: schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by
providing environments that promote within-gender similarity and
between-gender differences or the inverse. Encyclopedia of Early
Childhood Development.
Religion: religion is a powerful social institution shape the concept of
gender in society.
Mass Media: mass media projects social expectations and promotes
gender stereotypes.
Society: culture, traditions and even language shape expectations
among women and men as well as people’s gender Ideology.
Gender ideology affects the way people view gender. The end goal is
for people to reshape gender perspectives and realize that gender
norms may be transformed.
• What is expected of us?
• What is allowed of us?
• What is in us?
UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION - June 30, 2016
“Protection Against Violence and Discrimination among SOGIE” PH –
House Bill No. 4982 - “An Act Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of
Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression (SOGIE) and
Providing Penalties Thereof
SOGIESC - not only intended for LGBTQ+ people but for each
individual . It covers a spectrum of sexuality and orientation for each
human being.
What is SEX?
• Sex is biologically determined. It is “the physical structure of one’s
reproductive organs that is used to assign sex at birth.” To determine
sex one must assay the physical conditions: chromosomes, external
genitalia, internal gonads, secondary hormonal states and sex
characteristics.

A function in which a male or female assumes because of the SEX CHARACTERISTICS refers to a person’s inner reproductive
basic physiological or anatomical difference between the characteristics and outer sex and such as genitals, chromosomal and
sexes. hormonal structure, and other characteristics emerging from puberty.

Sex Roles Male - A person born with XY chromosomes and has male reproductive
and sex organs.
Female Male Female - A person with XX chromosomes and has female reproductive
and sex organs.
Intersex - A general term used for a variety of conditions in which a
■ Child-bearing ■ Produces spermatozoa person is born with a reproduction and sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit
■ Lactation which determine child’s sex the definitions of male and female.
■ Gestation
SEXUAL ORIENTATION - refers to each person’s capacity for profound
■ Ovum fertilization
emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual
What is gender?
SEXUAL
relationsORIENTATION
with individuals of a different gender or the same gender or
Gender refers to .. more than one gender.
• It is the expression of desire/attraction.
• assigned by culture and society to women and men. In Short, ‘kanino ka nahuhumaling bes!, “Sino ba bet mo?”
• differentiated roles, attitudes and values.
• expectation held about the characteristics, aptitudes, • GAY or LESBIAN - It refers to a person who is emotionally, physically,
• likely behaviors of both women and men. and sexually attracted to those of the same sex.
• BISEXUAL
Refers to each-person’s
It refers to a person
capacity for who is emotionally, physically , and
Gender is….. sexually attracted to the same or opposite sex/ gender.
• sociologically constructed. • PANSEXUAL – it refers to a person who is emotionally, physically and
• changing, time and place bound. sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their sex or gender identity.
Profound emotional, affectional and
• present in both women and men. • ASEXUAL – it refers to a person who is not physically and sexually
• categorize as feminine and masculine. attracted to anyone but has the same emotional needs as everybody.
• attributes are marked by inequality. • HETEROSEXUAL – it refers to a person who is emotionally, physically,
▪ it is a learned behaviors in a given society or community of Sexual attraction
and sexually to, andtointimate
attracted those ofand
the opposite sex.
social groups and,
▪ influenced by perceptions and expectations. What is Gender? (Notions on Gender)
• arising from cultural, economic, environmental, social and A.
What socially
is constructed
Gender? roles and relationships, personality traits,
Sexual relations with(Notions
individualson Gender)
of a
religious factors. attitudes, behaviors, values, relative
A. socially constructed roles and relationships, power and influence thattraits,
personality society
ascribes
attitudes,tobehaviors,
the two sexes values,on relative
a differential
powerbasis.
and influence that society
Women Men B.
ascribessocialtorelations,
the two sexesincluding
on apower relations,
differential basis.between women and men
Sex Roles Different
“gender gender
roles andor the
characteristics
same gender doornot exist inbetween
isolation,women
but areand
defined
B. social relations, including power relations, men
■ Cooking ■ Leader in relation to one another and through the relationships between women
WOMEN
■ Childcare MEN
■ Providing income for “gender roles and characteristics do not exist in isolation, but are defined
and men, girls
in relation and
to one boys.” and through the relationships between women
another
■ Housekeeping the family
•and Gender
men, definitions
girls and are learned, fluid and diverse. They are not
boys.”
More than one gender.
permanent. They canare
• Gender definitions and do change
learned, fluid over time. They
and diverse. Theyalsoarevary
notacross
■ Cooking ■ Leader cultures.
permanent. They can and do change over time. They also vary across
■ Childcare ■ Providing income for •Gender
cultures. can be transformed towards equality and women’s
■ Housekeeping the family Itempowerment.
is the expression of
•Gender can be transformed towards equality and women’s
•empowerment.
Gender definitions maybe based on stereotypes.
Institutions that Affect Gender Role Socialization • Gender definitions maybe based on stereotypes.
GENDER IDENTITY - refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and
Desire/attraction is your SEXUAL
Family: child-rearing as mechanism of gender role individual
GENDER experience
IDENTITY -ofrefers gender, which
to each may or deeply
person’s may notfelt
correspond
internal andwith
socialization.
Family School the sex assigned at birth, including the personal sense
individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with of the body
Manipulation: boys and girls are treated and handled (which
the sexmay be involve,
assigned at birth,if freely chosen,
including modification
the personal of of
sense bodily
the body
differently. appearance
ORIENTATION.
(which may be or involve,
function ifbyfreely
medical, surgical
chosen, or other of
modification means)
bodilyand other
Canalization: Children’s attention is focused on gender- expressions
appearance or of gender
functionincluding
by medical,dress, speech
surgical and mannerisms.
or other means) and other
Church Mass
appropriate Media
objects. •expressions
It refers to aofperson’s internal experiences and identification of gender,
gender including dress, speech and mannerisms.
which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at
• It refers to a person’s internal experiences and identification of gender, birth
which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at birth
 including the personal sense of the body (which may be involve, if
freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by
medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender
including dress, speech and mannerisms.
• It refers to a person’s internal experiences and identification of
gender, which may or may not corresponds to the sex assigned at
birth
~ How do you identity yourself?
~ Do you identify yourself as a male of female?
~ It’s only YOU who can identify your gender and no other person
can do that.
CISGENDER - who identifies herself/himself as the sex they were
born with, a person who was born with penis identifies himself as a
man is a (cisgender male), if a person was born with vagina and
identifies herself as a woman is a (cisgender female).
GENDER QUEER – it refers to a person who does not identify
themselves belong to conventional binary categories (Male or
Female).
TRANSGENDER (Transwomen, Transmen) are individuals that
identify themselves differently from the sex s/he was born with. For
example, a person who was born biologically as a male (has a
penis) and identifies himself as a female (TRANSWOMAN), a
person who was born biologically as a female (has a vagina) and
identifies herself as a male (TRANSMAN).
•Gender Identity cannot be seen by others. Some go through the
process of transitioning, it includes personal feelings regarding the
body which can also, if freely chosen, involve the modification of
bodily appearance or functions through medical means (such as
hormone therapy), surgery and other means.
•A transgender who has undergone sex change surgery (or is
going to and is in process of physical change) in order to match
their gender identity is called a TRANSEXUAL.
Gender Expression
Masculine - a person who has qualities and characteristics which
are traditionally associated with men.
Feminine - a person who has qualities and characteristics which
are traditionally associated with a woman.
Gender Neutral - A person whose qualities and characteristics
differ from those which are traditionally associated with a man or a
woman.
Androgynous - A person whose qualities and characteristics are a
combination of those traditionally associated with a man and a
woman Transgender will normally express herself/himself
according to their gender identity, not their biological sex.
Transgender will normally express herself/himself according to
their gender identity, not their biological sex. Hence it is more
respectful and acceptable to greet them based on their gender
identity and expression rather than their biological sex.
Key Words
❑ Sexual Orientation - To whom you are attracted with?
❑ Gender Identity - How do you identify yourself?
❑ Gender Expression - How do you express yourself to the world?
Terms Definitions:
MSM (men who have emphasizes sexual intercourse
sex w/ men) between two men
Asexual Refers to the lack of sexual attraction
or absence of arousal or desire for
sex.
Transvestite Is an individual who wears clothes of
the opposite gender for various
reasons and do not have any
intention of changing or making any
modifications to their bodies.
Transition Is the process of an individuals
gender presentation to match their
gender identity.
Heteronormative Refers to the social and cultural
practices when men and women are
made to believe that heterosexuality
is the only sexuality that may exist.
Nature of Gender Violence
• The term “gender violence” reflects the Idea that violence often serves
to maintain structural gender inequalities, and includes all types of
violence against men, women, children, adolescents, gay, transgender
people and gender non-conforming. This type of violence in some way
influences or is influenced by gender relations.
• These includes rape, sexual assault, intimate partner violence in
heterosexual and same sex partnerships, sexual harassment, stalking,
prostitution and sex trafficking.
• It highlights toxic masculinity patterned violence: a prevalent violence
motivated by aggression, revenge, competition, and entitlement, and
includes sexual and other violence against men, women, partners and
children.
Toxic Masculinity - is a term often used to describe the negative
aspects of exaggerated masculine traits. The term has evolved over
time and has a place both in academia and everyday speech. In
modern society, people often use the term toxic masculinity to describe
exaggerated masculine traits that many cultures have widely accepted
or glorified.
• This harmful concept of masculinity also places significant importance
on ‘manliness’ based on:
1. Strength 2. Lack of emotion 3. Self-sufficiency
4. Dominance 5. Sexual virility
According to traditional toxic masculine values, a male who does not
display enough of these traits may fall short of being a ‘real man.’
OVEREMPHASIS OF THESE TRAITS MAY LEAD TO HARMFUL
IMBALANCES IN SOMEONE TRYING TO LIVE UP TO THESE
EXPECTATIONS. SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE:
1.Aggression
2.Sexual aggression or control
3.Showing no emotion or suppressing emotions
4.Hyper-competitiveness
5.Needing to dominate or control others
6.A tendency towards or glorification of violence
7.Isolation
8.Low empathy
9.Entitlement
10.Chauvinism and sexism
SEXISM - is prejudice or discrimination based on one’s sex or gender.
Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It
has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles and may include the
belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.
HOSTILE SEXISM
• This refers to beliefs and behaviors that are openly hostile toward a
group of people based on their sex or gender. Misogyny, or the hatred
of women, is an example of hostile sexism. People who hold views that
are hostile and sexist may view women as:
1.Manipulative
2. Deceitful
3. Capable of using seduction to control men
4. Needing to be kept in their place
• Examples of hostile sexism include:
1.Using sexist language or insults
2.Making threatening or aggressive comments based on a person’s
gender or sex
3.Harassing or threatening someone for defying gender norms, online
or offline
4.Treating people as subordinates based on their sex or gender and
punishing them when they “step out of line”
5.Believing that some victims of sexual assault “ask for it”
due to their behavior or clothing.
6.Engaging in physical or sexual assault
BENEVOLENT SEXISM
• Benevolent sexism includes views and behaviors that frame
women as:
1.Innocent
2.Pure
3.Caring and nurturing
4.Fragile and in need of protection
5.Beautiful
In comparison to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism can be less
obvious. It is a more socially accepted form and is much more likely
to be endorsed by men and women. However, despite its name, this
type of sexism is not truly benevolent.
While benevolent sexism applies some positive traits to women and
femininity, it still frames one sex or gender as weaker than another.
These ideas can lead to policies and behaviors that limit a person’s
agency, or the ability of someone to make their own choices.
• For example, the 2020 study found that men who endorsed
benevolent sexism were more likely to support policies that limit the
freedoms of pregnant women. Benevolent sexism also undermines
girls’ confidence in themselves and their abilities.
Some examples of benevolent sexism include:
1.Basing a woman’s value on her role as a mother, wife, or girlfriend
2.Focusing attention and praise on someone’s appearance rather
than their other attributes.
3.Believing that people should not do things for themselves, such as
manage money or drive a car, because of their gender.
4.Assuming that a person is a nurse, assistant, or secretary — not a
doctor, executive, or manager — based on their gender.
5.Supporting policies that make it difficult for women to work, have
independence, or deviate from traditional gender roles
HOSTILE SEXISM
• Most women fail to appreciate fully all the men do for them.
• Women exaggerate problems they have at work.
• Men should be willing to sacrifice their own well-being in order to
provide financially for the women in their lives.
• Many women are actually seeking special favors, such as hiring
policies that favor them over men, under the guise of asking for
“equality”.
• When women lose to men in a fair competition, they typically
complain about being discriminated against.
• Women are too easily offended.
• Once a woman gets a man to commit to her, she usually tries to
put him on a tight leash.
• No matter how accomplished he is, a man is not try complete as a
person unless he has the love of a woman.
• Most women interpret innocent remarks or acts as being sexist.
• Women seek to gain power by getting control over men.
• There are actually very few women who get a kick out of teasing
men by seeming sexually available and then refusing male
advances.
• A good woman should be set on a pedestal by her man.
BENEVOLENT SEXISM
• Women, as compared to men, tend to have a more refined sense
of culture and good taste.

What is gender-based violence? is a phenomenon deeply rooted • Every man ought to have a woman whom he adores.
in gender inequality and continues to be one of the most notable
human rights violations within all societies. • Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess.
• It is violence dirrected against a person because of their gender.
• Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral
Both women and men experience gender-based violence but the
sensibility.
majority of victims are women and girls.
• Women should be cherished and protected by men at all times.
• Gender-based violence and violence against women are terms that
are often used interchangeably as it has been widely acknowledged
that most gender-based violence is inflicted on women and girls, by
men. NOT SEXISM

THE VULNERABLE • Doing household chores is a duty any person can and should do
no matter what gender they have.
• It is also important to recognize that gender-based violence reflects
the idea that violence often serves to maintain structural gender • Men are complete without women.
inequalities, and includes the victimization of women, girls, men,
boys, adolescents, and lesbian, gay, transgender, and gender non- • Feminists are not seeking for women to have more power than
conforming people. men.

FORMS OF VIOLENCE • People are often truly happy in life without being romantically
involved with a member of the other sex.
• Physical Violence – acts that include physical and bodily harm
bruises, cuts or broken bones

• Sexual Violence – use of sexual acts wherein the abuser forces or

coerces the woman to engage in sex or any sexual activity she finds
unacceptable.

• Economic Abuse- acts that make or attempt to make a woman

financially dependent, withdrawal of financial support, preventing
women from engaging in any legitimate profession.

• Psychological Abuses -acts or omission or causing or likely to

cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim but not limited to …
intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public
ridicule, or humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and marital infidelity.