ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 26: Amplifiers-2

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Amplifier Schematic

I1 I0
X
+ +
Vi V0
- -

I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V
V0
 I0y
Device Y +
Iiy
Y
+
Viy V0y
I0y
I0y - -
Viy3
I oy  0 for VOY  Vsat
Viy2
for VOY  Vsat
Viy Viy1
I oy  0 for Viy  V
V Vsat V0y
 g m  (Viy  V ) for Viy  V

Ideal Characteristics
I0 I0
Vi3
Vi Vi2
Vi1
V0
 How do we use device Y to make an amplifier?

Iiy I0y
Y
+ +
Viy V0y
I0y - - I0y
I oy  0 for VOY  Vsat Viy3
for VOY  Vsat Viy2
Viy
I oy  0 for Viy  V Viy1
V
 g m  (Viy  V ) for Viy  V
Vsat V0y
Will the earlier solution work?
The purpose of biasing network is to operate the device in a region which
resembles ideal transistor
I0y
I0y Viy3
Q-point
I0y2 Q-point Viy2
Viy1
Viy
V Viy2 Vsat V0y
VOy = -ve which is not possible
Revised Amplifier Schematic

I0
I0
Vi3
Q-point
I02 Q-point Vi2

Vi Vi1
V Vi2
Vsat V0
Can we Bias using one dc voltage source only?
Device Z IiZ
Z
I0Z
+ +
ViZ V0Z I0Z
I0Z - -
ViZ=1.03V

Very sharp I oz  0 for VOZ  0.2V

ViZ=1.02V
for VOZ  0.2
10mA ViZ=1.01V
ViZ I oz  0 for Viz  1V
V=1V  1 (Viz  1V ) for Viz  1V 0.2V 2V V0Z

Circuit is very sensitive to variations in

resistor values, power supply, device
parameters such as V

𝑉 = 5𝑉; 𝑅 = 1𝐾; 𝑅 = 3.95𝐾

⇒ 𝑉 = 1.01 ⇒ 𝐼 = 10𝑚𝐴

𝑉 = 5𝑉; 𝑅 = 0.99𝐾; 𝑅 = 3.95𝐾

⇒ 𝑉 = 1.002 ⇒ 𝐼 = 1.9𝑚𝐴

𝑉 = 5𝑉; 𝑅 = 0.98𝐾; 𝑅 = 3.95𝐾

⇒ 𝑉 = 0.994𝑉 ⇒ 𝐼 = 0
Solution

dc Analysis

Rt  R1 R2

𝑅
𝑉 =𝑉 ×
𝑅 +𝑅
 I0Z

+
gm(ViZ-V)
ViZ
ViZ
-
V=1V

Since IoZ vs. ViZ characteristics is very sharp, ViZ ~ V = 1V

If Vt changes by 1% due to variation in resistor values

then the change in output current is proportional.
Circuit is much less sensitive to variations in circuit
parameters
Ac analysis

General Model
+
gm(ViZ-V)
viZ
-

ac model
+
gmviz
viz
-
 ac model
+
gmviz
viz
-
 Circuit is very sensitive to variations in resistor
values, power supply, device parameters such
as V

Circuit is much less sensitive to variations in circuit

parameters

But gain is smaller

Simple Solution

For dc, Capacitor CS acts as open allowing RSO to reduce variations in current

For ac, Capacitor CS acts as a short circuit (1/jC ~0 ) allowing high voltage gain to
be obtained
Device NL:
I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vin Vi1

V Vsat V0

I o  K  (Vin  V ) 2 for Vin V

V  1.0V ; K  0.02

VB  1.5V
vs  0.3VSin(t )
Io vs. VIN VI vs. time

Io vs. time
 Vo vs. time

I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vin Vi1

V Vsat V0

Because of Non-linearity the output waveform is distorted !

 With ainput
Suppose smaller voltage
is reduced to v 
s of
0.1VVs
Sin=
(0.1V
t) sin t

Vo vs. time

Distortion is much smaller if we restrict input voltage

to a small value !
Building Amplifiers with non-linear devices

I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1

V Vsat V0

Amplifier will work properly (with small

distortion only if we restrict the amplitude
of input signal to small values.

How small depends on the nature of non-

linearity. The stronger the non-linearity the
lesser the signal amplitude.