Constitution:

- The Constitution is a system of fundamental laws for the governance and administration of a nation. It
is supreme, imperious, absolute, and unalterable except by the authority from which it emanates. It is
the fundamental and paramount law of the nation.

James Madison – Father of Constitution.

Purposes of Constitution:

►To prescribe permanent framework of a system of government;

►To assign to several departments their respective duties and responsibilities; and

►To establish certain first principles on which government is founded.

The main aim of the constitution especially 1987 constitution is to prevent anarchy and trinary.

Anarchy – absence of the government and laws.

Trinary – is the condition where the country or government is administered by only one person.

Classifications of Constitution:

▶Written or Unwritten;

►Enacted (Conventional) or Evolved (Cumulative);

▶ Rigid or flexible;

►Normative;

►Nominal; and

▶Semantic.

Divisions of a Constitutional Document:

►Constitution of government,

►Constitution of liberty; and

►Constitution of sovereignty.

Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy:

- Under the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, if a law or contract violates any norm of the
Constitution, that law or contract whether promulgated by the legislative or by the executive branch or
entered into by private persons for private purposes is null and void and without any force and effect.
Reyes Vs. Bagatsing

- The constitutional right of a citizen shall prevail over the generally accepted principle of international
law.

- Dito sa case na ito si merong dalawang law na prinivail dahil dun sa nagawang pagrarally nung mga
tao. Ito kasing mayor bagatsing is nag issued sya ng ordinance sa city of manila na pinagbabawal yung
mga nagrarallies na pumasok sa entrance ng foreign embassy within 500 ft, so itong ordinance na ito is
kinopya lang sa international law which is ito yung viena convention on diplomatic relations. Ngayon
itong mga nagrarally is umapak sila 500ft within sa entrance ng foreign embassy para magrally so yung
result is inaresto sila at yung basis daw ng pagkaka aresto nila is yung ordinance na inissued ni mayor
bagatsing, so kontra naman nung mga tao is paano yung right to speech and express nila sa constitution,
kaya dito sa case na ito is mas pinaburan ng batas yung ating constitution kesa dun sa international law
na inissued ni mayor batagsing.

Effect if a Law is Declared Unconstitutional:

▶Orthodox view; and

- If a law declared unconstitutional is not a law.

▶Modern view.

- If the law declared unconstitutional the rights that where previously given will be still respected.

Operative Fact Doctrine:

- Operative fact doctrine means that the declaration of unconstitutionality of a law, treaty, etc., is
prospective.

- If there’s a law treaty or ordinance that considered unconstitutional the effect is will be in the
future and not affect the past.

Philippine History and the Previous and Present Philippine Constitutions:

Malolos Constitution:

- It declared that sovereignty resides exclusively in the people;

- It enumerated basic civil rights;

- It separated the church and the State;

- It called for the creation of an Assembly of Representatives to act as the legislative body; and

- It called for a Presidential form of government with the president elected for a term of four years by a
majority of the Assembly.
1935 Constitution: (America)

 It was written with an aim to meet the approval of the United States Government as well, so as
to ensure that the said country would live up to its promise to grant the Philippine
independence:
 It provided for unicameral National Assembly; and
 It provided that the President will serve for a six-year term without re-election.
1940 Amendment.
- The congress became bicameral.
-Bicameral Congress
-Senate and House Representative
- The Term of president is 4 years but capable of re-election.

1943 Constitution: (Japan)

- Itong 1943 constitution ay hindi naging fully effective dito sa pilipinas, naging epektib lang ito sa
mga places na nasakop ng japan.

► It was intended to prepare the Philippines for independence;

►It provided for indirect, instead of direct, legislative elections; and

► It provided for a stronger Executive Branch.

1973 Constitution: (Controversial)

► It removed the presidential term limit,

► It provided that the legislative power is vested in the Batasang Pambansa;

► It was promulgated after Marcos' declaration of Martial Law; and

► It introduced a parliamentary - style government.

1976 Amendments to the 1973 Constitution:

- Itong constitution na ito is binigyan ng authority yung president para gumawa ng batas. Eto yung
mga tinatawag natin ngayon na mga Presidential Decree .

► The Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituted the Interim National Assembly;

► The President was authorized to legislate; and

► The President may issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of instructions, which shall form part
of the law of the land, in order to meet the exigency.

1980 Amendment to the 1973

Constitution: It extended the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary to seventy (70) years.
1981 Amendment to the 1973 Constitution:

 Binalik sa president yung executive power at binalik yung direct election sa president.

►The executive power was restored to the President;

►The direct election of the President was restored;

►The creation of an Executive Committee;

►The Prime Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet; and

►The institution of electoral reforms and the provision that a natural born citizen of the Philippines
who has lost his citizenship may be a transferee of private land to be used by him as his residence.

1987 Constitution:

- Aquino Administration, Dito nag umpisa yung patalsikin sa pilipinas yung pamilyang marcos dahil
dun sa ginawa ng mga tao nung Edsa 1.

► It establishes the Fifth Philippine Republic and restores the Presidential form of government;

- 1st Philippine Republic was proclaimed by the Malolos Constitutions. It survived for 2-3 years
because it ended when Emilio Aguinaldo captured in the Palanan, Isabela.
- 2nd Philippine Republic was introduced by Japan. It was establish way back 1943 by virtue of
1943 constitution and abolish in 1945. It ended because the Japan lost in the World war 2 and
go back in their country.
- 3rd Philippine Republic was given by US way back 1946. It dissolved by the proclamation of
Martial law.
- 4th Philippine Republic is established way back 1981. It was ended when Marcos removed in the
office.
- 5th Philippine Republic is the 1987 Constitution until present day.

►It establishes the Philippines as a "democratic and republican State", where "sovereignty resides in
the people and all government authority emanates from them consistent with the doctrine of
separation of powers;

►It provides that the President and the member of Congress are directly elected by the people while
the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list prepared by the Judicial
and Bar Council;

►It declares that the President has the constitutional duty to ensure the faithful execution of the laws
while the courts are expressly granted the power of judicial review including the power to nullify or
interpret laws:

►It recognizes the President as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces; and

►It establishes limited political autonomy to the local government units that act as the government for
provinces, cities, municipalities; and
►It instructs the Congress to enact a Local Government Code.

FREEDOM CONSTITUTION IS PROCLAMATION No. 3

- It adapted the some provisions of 1973 constitution intended to the for transition.
- The broad power to reorganize the government and remove the current officials from their
office.

PROCLAMATION No. 9

- Created the constitutional commission that will drop or create to the new SALIGANG BATAS.

CONSITUTIONAL COMMISION ALSO KNOWN AS CONCOM (50 members)

TEODOLO NATIVIDAD

- Former Congressman of Bulacan

- Father of Criminology in the Philippines
- Father of Probation
- Incorporated the provisions of the constitutions in relation of policing system.

1987 Constitution

Parts of 1987 Constitution:

 Article I - National Territory;

 Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies;
 Article III Bill of Rights; -
 Article IV - Citizenship;
 Article V-Suffrage;
 Article VI – Legislative Department;
 Article VII – Executive Department;
 Article VIII – Judicial Department;
 Article IX – Constitutional Commissions;
 Article X – Local Government;
 Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers;
 Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony;
 Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights;
 Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports;
 Article XV – The Family;
 Article XVI – General Provisions;
 Article XVII - Amendments or Revisions; and
 Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions.
Preamble

- (Not mandatory but It will assist as in interpreting the provisions)

- Preamble is an introduction or the foreword of the Constitution. It is derived from the Latin
"preambulare" which means to "to walk before."

National Territory of the Philippines:

►All the islands and waters embraced in the archipelago;

►All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction;

►The terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas; and

► The internal waters.

Internal Waters:

► This refers to the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless
of their breadth and dimensions.

► The term "internal waters" under the Constitution is also known as "archipelagic waters."

Archipelagic Doctrine or Archipelago Theory:

- it is applicable only in archipelago.

- The archipelagic doctrine or archipelago theory states that the waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines.

Regime of Islands:

►The Kalayaan Island Group as constituted under Presidential Decree 1596; and

►The Bajo de Masinloc, also known as Scarborough Shoal.

Convention of the Law on the Sea:

- This convention was signed in Jamaica on December 2, 1982 which fixes a twelve (12) - mile territorial
sea limit and establishes an economic zone of two hundred (200) miles from baselines.

Ex question : will you state the internal waters of the Philippines as the stated in the constitution?

Ans-the internal waters consisted of the waters around between and connecting the islands of the
archipelago regardless of their breadth and dimension

Territorial sea – is has a measurement of 12 miles from baseline.

Exclusive Economic Zone – has a measurement of 200 miles from baseline.

State Policies & Principles:

State (28 provisions)

- A State is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion
of territory, independent of external control and possessing a government to which a great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.

Ex question: what is the distinction between principles and state policies?

Ans: the principle are binding ibig sabihin ang principles ay kailangan nating sundin but policies are
only guidelines pweding sundin pwedi rin hindi sundin.

DISTINCTION:

PRINCIPLES – are binding ibig sabihin ay kailangan nating sundin

POLICIES – pwede nating sundin or pwede nating hindi sundin.

Elements of a State:

►People;

►Territory;

►Government; and

►Sovereignty.

People:

- People are the inhabitants of a State. There is no minimum number requirement of people within a
territory for them to be qualified to form a State but a people in a State must be sufficient in number to
be capable of maintaining its existence.

Territory:

- Territory is a fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the State. It may also
be defined as a geographical area that is owned and controlled by a government or country to exercise
its sovereignty.

Government:

- The government is the agency or the instrumentality through which the will of the State is formulated,
expressed, and realized.

Classifications of Government:

►De jure; and

 - It is a government that has a rightful control, walang tanong tanong sa kanyang legality kung
bakit sya andyan.

►De facto.

- Has a 3 classification.

De Facto Government:

►De facto proper;

- It is a government wherein it gets possession or control of or you search by the means of force
or the vote of majority.
- Yung pag establish ng government is ginagamitan ng force.
- Example is edsa revolution, tinanggal si Marcos at pinalit si Aquino.

►Government of paramount force; and

- Pag sinakop tayo ng ibang bansa at gusto nilang mag establish ng government sa pilipinas.

► Independent government established by the inhabitants of the country who rise in insurrection
against the parent State.

- Nung sakop pa tayo ng ibang bansa, at kinalaban natin sila at nanalo tayo, tapos pinatalsik natin
yung bansa nayon sa bansa natin, so mag establish tayo ng another government.

Functions of the Government:

Constituent (Mandatory); and

- Ito is kailangan nilang gawin, at iperform dahil nga ito ay mandatory hindi pwedeng hindi nila gawin.

- Constituent functions are compulsory because they are constitutive of every bonds of society.

Ministrant (Merely directory).

- Ministrant functions are not compulsory but they are undertaken to advance general interests of the
society.

BAKIT NATIN KAILANGAN ICLASSIFY ANG FUNCTION NG GOVERNMENT KAHIT ITO AY MANDATORY
OR MINISTRANT ?

- PAG YUNG GOVERNMENT IS NAGPEPERFORM NG MANDATORY FUNCTIONS AT KUNG

SAKALING MAY NASAKTAN OR MAY NADAMAGE HINDI LIABLE ANG GOVERNMENT,
- PERO KUNG ANG GOVERNMENT AY GINAGAWA NYA IS MINISTRANT FUNCTIONS AT KUNG
MAY NASAKTAN OR MAY NADAMAGE MANANAGOT ANG GOVERNMENT DITO.

Torio Vs. Fontanilla:

- The holding of municipal fiesta is only a ministrant function. Hence, in case accident happens, the
municipality is liable.

- Dito sa case na ito is merong municipal fiesta it was organized by municipal government, during ng
municipal fiesta is may naaksidente at namatay, ang issue ditto is mananagot ba ang local government
dun sa pagkamatay nung nadisgrasya? Meron po dahil ito ay ministrant dahil di naman mandatory yung
municipal fiesta, so may pananagutan dito ang local government nung municipality.

Sovereignty: (Kalayaan)

- before bago matawag na state yung isang state is dapat meron muna syang sovereignty or kalayaan.

- Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme and of independent authority over a geographic area,
such as a territory. It is the power to command and enforce obedience free from the interference of or
pressure from other States.

Aspects of Sovereignty:

►Internal sovereignty; and

►External sovereignty.

Internal Sovereignty:

- Supreme and Absolute power of the state to enforce its will on the people with its territory.
- Kaya ang government natin may kalayaan syang gawin ng lahat ng pwede nyang gawin sa lahat
ng kanyang nasasakupan.

- This is the supreme and absolute power of a State to enforce its will on the people within its territory.
It implies that the government must be strong enough to control and regulate the conduct and affairs of
its people within its borders.

External Sovereignty:

- Independence of the state from the other state

- Dapat hindi tayo kontrolado ng ibang state or easy to say kalayaan natin na wag makialam ang
ibang bansa.

- This is the independence of a State from the control of other states which implies that States must
enjoy equality among others.

People of the Philippines Vs. Gozon:

- The Philippine government has not abdicated its sovereignty over the bases as part of its territory so it
may still exercise power over it, like the act of requiring permit from the mayor before a house is
constructed therein.

- Nangyari ito noong 1980’s or 1990’s sa Olonggapo, Zambales during that time is may ilang parte ng
olonggapo is na occupy or pinagamit sa mga americans. So that time is may ordinance na nagsasabi bago
magapatayo ng bahay is kailangan may Mayor’s Permit galling sa municipal mayor, so itong si gozon
nagpapatayo sya ng bahay at hindi ito kumuha ng mayor’s permit, so ang sabi ngayon ng office of the
mayor is pwedeng sirain yung pinapatayo nyang bahay dahil nga wala itong mayor’s permit, Depensa
naman ni Gozon bakit pa kailangan pa ng mayor’s permit e etong olonggapo is naoccupy na ng mga
americans kaya hindi na dapat kailangan ang mayor’s permit. So sinasabi dito sa case ni Gozon is mali
sya dahil di porke pinagamit or na occupy lang mga americans is hindi na natin susundin yung mga
requirements or yung mga pinatupad na ordinance ng government.

War:

- War is the contention by force or the act of paralyzing the forces of an enemy.

Kinds of National War:

►Offensive war; and

►Defensive war.

Offensive war:

- Tayo ang mag uumpisa ng gyerra or gulo, ito yung pinagbabawal ng ating saligang batas.

- War is offensive on the part of that government which commits the first act of violence. This is the kind
of war that is renounced by the Philippines as contemplated under the Constitution.

Defensive war:

- Dito is dumepensa lang tayo dahil sinasakop na tayo or sinakop na tayo ng ibang bansa.

- War is defensive on the part of that government which receives such act of violence. This kind of war
cannot be renounced by the State because an act of involving in a defensive war is an act of self-defense
on the part of the State.

Doctrine of Incorporation:

- kung may international law at favorable naman sa pilipinas automatic is effective na ito sa pilipinas.

- The "doctrine of incorporation” states that the Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of
international law as part of the law of the land.

Mejoff Vs. Director of Prisons:

- According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights, no alien shall be detained for an unreasonable
length of time.

- Si mejoff ay isang Russian according sa japan sya ay japan, at dinala dito sa pilipinas at dito kinulong, at
nung umalis na yung mga japan sa pilipinas is nakakulong parin si mejoff dahil yung basis natin is spy sya
sabi ng mga japan, ngayon sinabi ng Philippine authority natin is habang walang Russian vessel
kumukuha kay mejoff sya ay ikukulong parin, kaya dito sa case na ito is may mali dahil sinabi dito sa
universal declaration of human rights is hindi pwedeng idetain ang isang alien ng unreasonable length of
time, kaya kailangan natin itong respetuhin, kung pwedeng pakawalan yung isang alien is kailangan
pakawalan . and dito pumapasok yung doctrine of incorporation yung international law is automatic na
part na ng ating law or batas.
Kuroda Vs. Jalandoni:

- The Hague and Geneva Conventions form part of and are wholly based on the generally accepted
principles of international law.

- sa case na ito si Kuroda is isa syang general ng Japan, nung sinakop nila yung pilipinas, nakapagviolate
sila ng mga international law sa mga non-combatants or yung mga sibilyan. Ngayon si Kuroda is
hinayaan nya yung mga tauhan nyang saktan yung mga sibilyan,so kinasuhan sya dito sa pilipinas, at ang
depensa ni kuroda ay hindi daw sya pwedeng kasuhan ng international law dahil yung pilipinas daw ay
hindi sya signatory sa international law, so pwede po bang depensa ito? Hindi po dahil under sa doctrine
of Incorporation ang international law na ito is automatic na batas dito sa pilipinas kaya mananagot
parin sya kahit anong mangyari.

Civilian Authority Over the Military:

- The civilian supremacy was already implied in Article VII, Section 10 (2) of the 1935 Constitution which
provides that "the President, as civilian, is the Commander - in Chief." The 1973 Constitution, however,
already made it explicit for the civilian authority to be supreme over the military.

- Ang civilian is kailangan mas mataas sa mga military at all times.

INTEGRATED BAR OF THE PHILIPPINES (IBP) Vs. Zamora:

- Even if the visibility patrol is a joint activity between the military and the law enforcement agencies,
the supremacy of civilian authority over the military is still ensured

- Way back 2000 meron mga pambobomba sa bandang metropolitan area so ginawa ng ating president
Estrada kinuha nya yung military sa Mindanao at dinala nya sa metro manila, kaya mga military na yung
mga nagcoconduct ng patrol, so according sa IBP ito ay violation ng constitution dahil nakalagay sa
constitution na dapat mas mataas yung civilian kesa sa mga military pero ano ginawa ng president, mga
military yung mga nagbantay sa mga sibilyan kaya violation ito sa ating saligang batas, so tama po ba
ang IBP ? according sa supreme court is no dahil, nung pinadala or dineploy sa metro manila yung mga
military is under sila ng pamamalakad ng PNP, alam naman natin na yung PNP is civilian in character sila
kaya nangangahulugan na walang violation na commit yung mga military. Kaya still yung civilian is mas
mataas parin kesa sa mga military.

People of the Philippines Vs. Lagman:

- The argument of Lagman and de Sosa that they do not want to join the armed forces because "he does
not want to kill or be killed" or that "he has no military inclination" is not acceptable because it is their
obligation of citizens to join the armed forces in connection with the "defense of the State" provision of
the Constitution.

- Nung nagkaroon ng gera lahat ng mga kalalakihan ay sinabihan na maging members ng military, at
yung iba is ayaw sumama, ayaw daw nilang pumatay at wala daw silang mga hilig sa pag mimilitary, so
dito sa case na ito pwede po bang pagbigyan yung mga tao na yon ? ang sabi ng supreme court is no,
dahil pag sinabi ng government natin na magserve sa military dapat lahat tayo is gagawin at walang
anomang palusot. all of us must we do it or all the able-bodied man must do it.
Separation of Church and State:

- The phrase "separation of church and state" is sometimes called the "wall of separation between
church and state." Separation of church and state means a State must not intervene in the affairs of the
church and the church must not intervene in the affairs of the State.

- hindi pwedeng diktahan ng church yung state at yung state naman ay hindi pwedeng diktahan yung
church pero it doesn’t mean na magkaaway na sila, kailangan is magtulangan sila for the common good.

Austria Vs. NATIONAL LABOR IN RELATION COMMISSION (NLRC):

- The dismissal of Pastor Austria from employment in this case does not, however, involve a mere
relationship between a church and its member. It involves a relationship between employer and
employee which is governed by the Labor Code. Hence, the Labor Arbiter has the jurisdiction to hear,
try, and decide the case.

- Si Austria ay isang pastor ng 7 th day Adventist, ngayon is nagswesweldo sya at empleyado sya, ngayon
is nagkaproblema sila sa collection, tanong sakanya bakit konti ang collection ngayon, ngayon is
inakusahan si pastor Austria na kinukupit nya or ninanakaw nya yung mga collection, so agad agad sya
ay tinanggal, at kagad naman itong nagcomplain, pumunta sya sa tanggapan ng labor at nagcomplain na
bakit ako dinismiss ng 7th day Adventist, sabi ng labor, illegal daw yung pagtanggal nila kay pastor
Austria, bwelta ngayon ng 7th day Adventist is hindi nyo pwedeng pakialaman ang church at kaming
church di kami makikialam sa estado, so dito sa case na ito is mali yung mga 7 th day Adventist dahil
according sa supreme court na tama hindi pwede pakelaman ng estado ang church pero kapag ang
church ay may nilabag sa batas, dito ay may karapatang makelam ang estado dahil may vinaolate ang
church.

Policy of Freedom from Nuclear Weapons

- The policy of freedom from nuclear weapons means that the Philippines is a nuclear free country. As
such, no portion of its territory shall be used for the purpose of storing or stockpiling nuclear weapons,
devices, or part thereof. This rule against nuclear weapon is not, however, absolute because the nuclear
energy which is advantageous to the people is not banned.

- Dapat is wala tayong nuclear weapon, pinagbabawal ang nuclear weapon dito sa ating bansa dahil kung
may aksidenteng nangyari patungkol sa weapon na ito, malamang sa malamang pwedeng mawala yung
pilipinas sa mapa. Ang pwedeng nuclear weapon lang sa atin is yung nakakapagbenifits yung mga tao
kagaya ng Bataan Nuclear Power Plant.

Life of the Unborn:

- Article II, Section 12 prohibits all forms of abortion except in "therapeutic abortion," that is, when the
life of the mother is in danger.

Roe Vs. Wade:

- The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that abortion may be done anytime during the first six
months of pregnancy provided it can be done without danger to the mother.
- dito sa case na ito sa US kasi ang abortion ay legal hanggang 6 months lang pwede ang abortion at it
can be done without danger to the mother so dito sa case na ito is pwede bang iadopt ng pilipinas ang
rule sa US, hindi, dahil napakalinaw sa ating saligang batas na shall give protection to the child from
conception kaya hindi pwedeng iadopt yung ganung batas sa pilipinas.

Oposa Vs. Factoran:

- The minors have the personality to sue in behalf of the succeeding generations can only be based on
the concept of intergenerational responsibility insofar as the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is
concerned.

- Dito sa case na sinasabi sa ating estado na dapat protektsyonan nya ang ating nature and environment,
so dito sa case na ito may mga minors na observe nila sa kanilang community na merong group of
people na namumutol ng mga puno, so ginawa ng mga minors is kinompronta nila yung mga
namumutol, bwelta naman ng mga namumutol is meron silang permit or timber permit at ang nagbigay
ng authority ay yung DENR, kaya ginawa ng minors is nagcomplain sila, bakit kung yung mga
nagpapatupad pa sa pangangalaga ng environment e sila pa yung nag iisue para magputol ng puno. At
merong karapatan yung mga minors na kwestiyunan yung mga pagsira sa environment lalo nat nakaka
apekto ito sa kanila.

Victoriano Vs. Elizalde Rope Workers Union:

- The right to religion prevails over contractual or legal rights. Aside from the right of religion, the court
must "protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare" under Section 18 of Article II of the
Constitution.

- sinasabi sa ating saligang batas na kailangan proteksyunan yung mga ating welfares or yung mga
benefits ng ating workers, so nangyari dito sa case na ito, si Benjamin victoriano isang member ng INC at
empleyado ng Elizadlde Rope, Elizalde Rope ay corporation kung saan sila naka employ at ang elizalde
rope workers union ay samahan ng lahat ng empleyado. Nangyari dito sa case na ito is bago ka maging
empleyado ng elzalde rope kailangan member ka ng union, kung hindi ka member ng union ikaw ay
papaltsikin, ngayon si victoriano ayaw nya maging member ng union kasi sa batas INC is dika pedeng
umanib or sumama sa ibang organization or union, ngayon tatanggalin si victoriano, at kagad naman
itong nagcomplain dahil ayaw nya lang maging mimyembro ng union is papaalisin nyo nako, sa case na
ito is tama si victoriano, dahil sabi ng saligang batas na kailangan mabigyan ng proteksyon ang welfare or
yung mga benefits ng ating mga worker at kung ayaw sumama sa mga union hindi nangangahulugan na
papatalsikin or tatanggalin nyo na sila.

Pamatong Vs. COMELEC:

- The privilege of equal access to opportunities to public office may be subjected to limitations and some
of the valid limitations are those found to be nuisance candidates under the Omnibus Election Code. As
long as the limitations apply to everybody equally without discrimination, the "equal access clause"
under the Constitution is not violated.

- DIto sa case na ito sinasabi sa Section 26 Article 2 of the constitution which provides na dapat equal
ang access natin sa opportunity natin sa public service. So dito sa case Si pamatong ay sikat na abugado
at gusto nya tumakbo ng president way back 2004 pero sinabi na nuisance candidate or yung pampagulo
lang na kandidato kaya nadisqualified sya kaya nagcomplain sya na isa syang topnatcher at isang lawyer
dinisqualified sya samantalang si FPJ ay isang actor lang at naqualified, ngayon ang sabi ng supreme
court na kailangan meron kang political party para maqualify sa candidacy, so si pamatong nagkataon na
wala syang political party kaya ito yung naging cause ng pagkadisqualified nya. At kung gusto naman
nyang maging independent ay kailangan dapat may sapat syang kakayahan para mangampanya
nationwide.