Test Report: KTB Nr.

2003-28

Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2

for:
Kloben

Brand Name:
Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion

Responsible for Testing:

Dipl.-Ing. A. Schäfer

Date:
6th October 2003

Address:
Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Heidenhofstraße 2
D-79110 Freiburg
Tel.: +49-761-4588-5354; Fax.: +49-761-4588-9000
E-mail: arim.schaefer@ise.fhg.de
Test facility certified by DIN CERTCO
Contents

1 Summary 4
1.1 Boundary conditions for the efficiency curve . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Collector parameters determined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Incidence angle modifier - IAM (measured at the outdoor test
facility (tracker)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Pressure drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Effective thermal capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Summary statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Test Center 6

3 Orderer 6

4 Description of the Collector 6

4.1 Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Absorber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 Insulation and Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Kind of mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Picture of the collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 Collector efficiency curve 10

5.1 Test method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Description of the calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3 Instantaneous efficiency curve based on aperture and ab-
sorber area and mean temperature of heat transfer fluid . . . 11
5.4 Efficiency curve for the determined coefficients and for an as-
sumed irradiation of 800 W/m based on aperture area . . . 13

6 Incidence angle modifier IAM 14

7 Pressure drop 16

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 2 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
 8 Effective thermal capacity 17

9 Summary statement 18

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 3 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
1 Summary
This test report is also valid for the models Kloben SP 7 CPC Diffusion and
Kloben SP 21 CPC Diffusion. The difference is in the total dimensions. The
construction is the same like Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion .

1.1 Boundary conditions for the efficiency curve

Test method: outdoor, steady state

Latitude: 48.0


Longitude: 7.8



Collector tilt: tracked between 40 and 50
Collector azimuth: tracked

Test conditions:
Mean irradiation : 974 W/m
Mean wind speed: 3 m/s
Mean flow rate: 156 kg/h
Kind of fluid: water
Period: September 2003

1.2 Collector parameters determined

The following parameters are based on the aperture area of 2.202 m :
 = 0.632
0a
 = 0.936 W/m K
1a
 = 0.0076 W/m K
2a

The following parameters are based on the absorber area of 0.751 m

(projected area, according to EN 12975:2001):
 = 1.853
0A
 = 2.744 W/m K
1A
 = 0.0223 W/m K
2A

The following parameters are based on the absorber area of 2.359 m

(total area):
 = 0.590
0A
 = 0.874 W/m K
1A
 = 0.007 W/m K
2A

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 4 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
1.3 Incidence angle modifier - IAM (measured at the outdoor test facility (tracker))
Test method: outdoor, steady state


Latitude: 48.0


Longitude: 7.8
Collector tilt: tracked
Collector azimuth: tracked

transversal: longitudinal:


 

= 1.019 = 0.957

 20
50
= 0.985

 40

60 = 1.061

1.4 Pressure drop

The pressure drop in mbar can be approached by the following function of
the mass flow x in kg/h:
!#"$%&'

1.5 Effective thermal capacity

Effective thermal capacity:

87.8 kJ/K
The effective thermal capacity based on the aperture area 2.202 m :
39.9 kJ/K m

1.6 Summary statement

No problems or distinctive observations occured during the measurements.

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 5 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
2 Test Center
Test Center for Thermal Solar Systems of Fraunhofer ISE
Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
Tel.: +49-761-4588-5354 or -5141; Fax.: +49-761-4588-9000
E-mail: arim.schaefer@ise.fhg.de; rommel@ise.fhg.de
Internet: http://www.kollektortest.de

3 Orderer
Kloben
Francesco Fontana
Via Rizzotti 1, 37064 Povegliano Veronese , Verona, Italy
Tel: +39 045 7971966
Fax: +39 045 7971866

4 Description of the Collector

Manufacturer and Seller: Kloben

Via Rizzotti 1, 37064 Povegliano
Veronese
Verona, Italy
Tel: +39 045 7971966
Fax: +39 045 7971866
E-mail: info@kloben.it

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 6 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
4.1 Collector
Type:
Brand name:
Serial no.:
Year of construction:
Number of test collectors:
Collector reference no.:
Total area:
Aperture area:
Absorber area:
Material of the cover tube:
Outer diameter of the cover
tupe:
Thickness of the cover tube:
Outer diameter of the inner tupe
Thickness of the inner tube:
Distance between the tubes:
Number of tubes:
Weight empty:
Volume of the fluid:
Heat transfer fluid:
Mirror construction:
Material of the mirror:
KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2
Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
(MS) = Manufacturer Specification
All-glass evacuated tubular collector
with "U" copper pipes
Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
SP 14 2003-01
2003
1
2 KT 14 003 092003
1.605 m * 1.580 m = 2.536 m
1.430 m * 1.540 m = 2.202 m
0.037m*pi*1.45*14 = 2.359 m (Total
area of coated inner absorber tube
from 14 tubes)
0.037m*1.45m*14 = 0.751 m (pro-
jected area of absorber tube (accord-
ing to EN 12975:2001)
Borosilicate glass (MS)
47 mm (MS)
1.7 mm (MS)
37 mm (MS)
1.7 mm (MS)
110 mm
14 (HA)
45 kg
2.05 l (MS)
Antifreezing liquid or water (MS)
Moulded Aluminium (MS)
Bright finished Aluminium (MS)
Page 7 of 18
4.2 Absorber
Material of the absorber: Glass(MS)
Kind/Brand of selective coating: Graded Al-N/Al selective sur-
face (MS)
Absorptivity coefficient ( : > 90% (MS)
Emissivity coefficient ) : < 8% (MS)
Material of the header pipe: Copper (MS)
Outer diameter of the header pipe: 14 mm (MS)
Inner diameter of the header pipe: 12 mm(MS)
Function of the absorber: Contact sheets to the inner
glass tube, connected to U-
pipes
Material of the contact sheets: Aluminium
Thickness of the contact sheets: 0.3 mm
Material of the U-pipes: Copper
Outer U-pipe diameter: 7 mm
Inner U-pipe diameter: 6 mm

4.3 Insulation and Casing

Collector dimensions
Height, width, depth: 1.605 m; 1.580 m; 0.141 m
Medium between the inner and High vacuum
outer tubes of the vacuum flask:
Thickness of the insulation in the 27 mm
header:
Material: Mineral wool (MS)
Material of the casing: Electro-colored Aluminium (MS)

4.4 Limitations
Maximum pressure: 600 kPa (MS)
Operating pressure: 300 kPa(MS)
Maximum temperature: not measured
Flow range recommendation: 30 l/m h (MS)

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 8 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
4.5 Kind of mounting
Flat roof, mounted on the roof: yes (MS)
Flat roof, integrated: no (MS)
Tilted roof, mounted on the roof: yes (MS)
Tilted roof, integrated: no (MS)
Free mounting: yes (MS)

4.6 Picture of the collector

Figure 1: Picture of the collector Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 9 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
5 Collector efficiency curve
5.1 Test method
Outdoor, steady state according to EN 12975-2:
Thermal solar systems and components, solar collectors, test methods

5.2 Description of the calculation

The functional dependence of the collector efficiency on the meteorological
and system operation values can be represented by the following
mathematical equation:

8 8 :8 8

97
+*-,/.0*21 1   m a  m 79 a;
m 3 a 465 0 7 1a 7 2a (1)

(based on aperture area)

*1 1
< > 5
with: m = e in

where: ? = global irradiance on the collector area (W/m )

< in = collector inlet temperature ( C)


< e = collector outlet temperture ( C)


< a = ambient temperature ( C)

The coefficients @ 0 , A 1a und A 2a have the following meaning:

@ 0 : Efficiency without heat losses, which means that the mean collector
fluid temperature is equal to the ambient temperature:
B
< CE < e D
= <
in
a

The coefficients A 1a und A 2a describe the heat loss of the collector. The
temperature depedency of the collector heat loss is described by:

B
A 1a C A 2a F < m G < aD

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 10 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
5.3 Instantaneous efficiency curve based on aperture and absorber area and mean
temperature of heat transfer fluid

Boundary conditions:
Test method: outdoor, steady state


Latitude: 48.0


Longitude: 7.8



Collector tilt: tracked between 40 and 50
Collector azimuth: tracked

Test conditions:
Mean irradiation : 974 W/m
Mean wind speed: 3 m/s
Mean flow rate: 156 kg/h
Kind of fluid: water
Period: September 2003

B
? ? dH ? m < in < e <eG < in < m < a < m G < a < m G < aD H ? @ a





[W/m ] [-] [kg/h] [ C] [ C] [K] [ C] [ C] [K] [K m /W] [-]
990 0.11 155.1 19.16 26.82 7.66 22.99 22.76 0.23 0.0002 0.633
984 0.11 155.1 19.18 26.79 7.61 22.98 23.23 -0.25 -0.0003 0.633
979 0.11 155.2 19.21 26.77 7.56 22.99 23.45 -0.46 -0.0005 0.633
979 0.11 155.2 19.24 26.76 7.52 23.00 24.10 -1.10 -0.0011 0.629
1048 0.15 155.3 41.99 49.67 7.68 45.83 20.00 25.84 0.0246 0.600
971 0.13 155.0 41.99 49.20 7.21 45.60 19.85 25.74 0.0265 0.607
956 0.13 154.8 42.00 49.12 7.12 45.56 20.15 25.41 0.0266 0.608
946 0.13 155.0 42.01 49.05 7.04 45.53 20.12 25.40 0.0268 0.608
946 0.14 154.9 42.01 48.99 6.99 45.50 20.47 25.03 0.0264 0.603
959 0.11 156.6 66.77 73.33 6.56 70.05 24.04 46.02 0.0480 0.566
954 0.11 156.7 66.79 73.30 6.51 70.04 24.60 45.44 0.0476 0.564
942 0.11 156.6 66.82 73.30 6.47 70.06 24.58 45.48 0.0483 0.569
924 0.11 156.6 66.81 73.19 6.37 70.00 24.88 45.12 0.0488 0.571
917 0.11 156.3 66.82 73.13 6.31 69.98 24.10 45.87 0.0500 0.569
1017 0.12 155.9 91.92 98.35 6.43 95.13 19.99 75.15 0.0739 0.523
1022 0.11 156.1 91.98 98.44 6.47 95.21 21.11 74.10 0.0725 0.524
1025 0.11 156.1 91.97 98.46 6.49 95.21 21.60 73.61 0.0719 0.525

Table 1: Data of determined efficiency points

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 11 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
 1

0.9
Efficiency η (based on aperture area)

0.8

0.7

0.6

I 0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
2
∆T/G [K*m /W]

Figure 2: Efficiency curve with measurement points based on aperture area 2.202 mJ

Results:
based on aperture area based on absorber area
(2.202 m ): (2.359 m ):
@ 0a = 0.632 @ 0A = 0.590
A 1a = 0.936 W/m K A 1A = 0.874 W/m K
A 2a = 0.0076 W/m K A 2A = 0.007 W/m K

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 12 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
5.4 Efficiency curve for the determined coefficients and for an assumed irradiation
of 800 W/m based on aperture area

0.9
Efficiency η (based on aperture area)

0.8

0.7

0.6

I 0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
∆T/G [K*m2/W]

Figure 3: Efficiency curve scaled to 800 W/mJ based on aperture area 2.202 mJ

based on aperture area: based on absorber area:

 
0 K 05a = 0.570 0 K 05A = 0.532

@ 0 K 05 is the efficiency of the collector for the follwing conditons (for

example):


an irradiation of 800 W/m , an ambient temperature of 20 C and a mean


collector temperture of 60 C. These are typical conditions for solar
domestic hot water systems.

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 13 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
6 Incidence angle modifier IAM
The incidence angle modifier IAM was measured at the outdoor test facility
(tracker) of Fraunhofer ISE.
Test method: outdoor, steady state


Latitude: 48.0


Longitude: 7.8
Collector tilt: tracked
Collector azimuth: tracked
The Incidence Angle Modifier IAM (transversal to the pipes) was measured
for the angles:



= 1 (per definition)

 0

= 1.019

 20

= 0.985

 40

60 = 1.061
The Incidence Angle Modifier IAM (longitudinal to the pipes) was measured
for the angle:



50 = 0.957
Table 2 shows the determined efficiency points for the incidence angle
modifier IAM. For the calculation of the IAM, the efficiency value (last
B
column) was extrapolated to < m G < a D H ? = 0. To accomplish this, the heat
loss values of the collector A 1a = 0.936 W/m K and A 2a = 0.0076 W/m K
were used.

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 14 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
 B
? ? dH ? m < in < e <eG < in < m < a < m G < a < m G < aD H ? @ a





[W/m ] [-] [kg/h] [ C] [ C] [K] [ C] [ C] [K] [Km /W] [-]


0
990 0.11 155.1 19.16 26.82 7.66 22.99 22.76 0.23 0.0002 0.634
984 0.11 155.1 19.18 26.79 7.61 22.98 23.23 -0.25 -0.0003 0.632
979 0.11 155.2 19.21 26.77 7.56 22.99 23.45 -0.46 -0.0005 0.632
979 0.11 155.2 19.24 26.76 7.52 23.00 24.10 -1.10 -0.0011 0.628


20 transv.
970 0.09 159.5 20.09 27.48 7.39 23.78 20.37 3.42 0.0035 0.641
970 0.09 159.5 20.09 27.48 7.40 23.79 20.85 2.94 0.0030 0.641
970 0.09 159.5 20.10 27.48 7.38 23.79 20.99 2.80 0.0029 0.641
972 0.08 159.5 20.11 27.49 7.38 23.80 21.52 2.28 0.0023 0.639


40 transv.
759 0.11 159.4 20.12 25.73 5.61 22.93 22.07 0.86 0.0011 0.622
755 0.11 159.4 20.14 25.71 5.57 22.93 22.46 0.47 0.0006 0.620
753 0.11 159.4 20.15 25.70 5.55 22.93 22.49 0.43 0.0006 0.621
748 0.11 159.4 20.16 25.70 5.54 22.93 23.14 -0.21 -0.0003 0.622


60 transv.
345 0.15 158.9 19.19 21.99 2.81 20.59 23.29 -2.70 -0.0078 0.674
327 0.15 158.8 19.18 21.88 2.70 20.53 23.23 -2.70 -0.0083 0.685
458 0.17 153.5 14.12 17.80 3.68 15.96 16.26 -0.31 -0.0007 0.650
446 0.19 153.4 14.16 17.86 3.70 16.01 16.74 -0.73 -0.0016 0.671


50 long.
655 0.15 157.0 14.21 18.94 4.73 16.57 17.01 -0.43 -0.0007 0.600
536 0.13 158.7 19.24 23.16 3.92 21.20 23.36 -2.16 -0.0040 0.612
516 0.12 158.8 19.25 23.02 3.77 21.13 23.55 -2.42 -0.0047 0.612
509 0.12 158.7 19.27 22.96 3.69 21.11 23.82 -2.71 -0.0053 0.602

Table 2: Data of determined efficiency points for IAM

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 15 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
7 Pressure drop
The measurement of the pressure drop L'M was carried out with water as
fluid until a flow rate of 475 kg/h. The inlet temperature of the water was


20 C. The reason for the high number of measurement points at a low flow
rate is given by EN 12975-2. Five measurements of different flow rates in
the range of 18 kg/h m to 108 kg/h m are necessary. The measurements
were performed up to a much higher value to increase the accuracy of the
parameters. Also these flow rates are closer to flow rates occuring in
collector fields.

Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion

90

80

70
Pressure drop ∆p [mbar]

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Mass flow [kg/h]

Figure 4: Measured pressure drop of the collector Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion

The pressure drop in mbar can be approached to the follwing function of

the mass flow x in kg/h:
ESRST R
L'M =ONPQN FVUC NPQNSNSNXWYN FZU

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 16 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
 Example values from fitted curve:

Mass flow Pressure drop L'M

[kg/h] [mbar]
0 0.0
50 2.1
100 5.6
150 10.7
200 17.4
250 25.5
300 35.2
350 46.4
400 59.1
450 73.4
500 89.2

Table 3: Example values for []\

8 Effective thermal capacity

The effective thermal capacity was determined out of the step response.
Therefore the collector was shaded and a stepwise change to the full sun
was proceeded. The calculation was done according to EN 12975-2,
Annex J3:

87.8 kJ/K
The effective thermal capacity based on the aperture area 2.202 m is:
39.9 kJ/K m

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 17 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg
9 Summary statement
The measurements were carried out in September 2003.
No problems or distinctive observations occured during the measurements.

Test report: KTB Nr. 2003-28

Freiburg, 6th October 2003

Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

Dipl.-Ing. A. Schäfer Dipl.-Phys. M. Rommel

Responsible for Testing Head of the Test Center for
Thermal Solar Systems

KTB Nr. 2003-28 : Efficiency test according to EN 12975-2 Page 18 of 18

Kloben , Kloben SP14 CPC Diffusion
6th October 2003, Fraunhofer-ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg