CURRENT ELECTRICITY IMPORTANT FORMULAE 10. 1. . Drift velocity, v, = ee where Fis electric field strength, vis relation time, ¢ is the charge on electron and m is the mass of electron. .. Relation between Current and Drift Velocity: T=-neAng where n= number of free electrons per m®, A = cross-sectional ares , Ohm's law V=RI Resistance Re # RA__m . Specific resistance | P= =e ‘ 1 . Current density z ty ia Electrical conductivity 6 = > E (alternative forms of Ohm's law) (i) Resistances in series Net resistance Rg= Ry + Ry + Ry Curront is the same in each resistance V= V, + V, + V, (ii) Resistances in parallel: Net resistance R,, is given by Gata RRR Voltage is the same across each resistance I=lt+h+h ‘Temperature dependence of resistance R= Ry (+ ads) where a is the temperature coeflicient of resistance or Ry=Ry [+a tet] Internal resistance of a cell r= & - si terminal p.d. across external resistance R. where Fis emf of cell, Current Electricity | 57Combination of Cells () When n-identieal cells are connected in series F, mt) Rw Current, For useful series combination, the condit (ii) When m-identical cells are connected in parallel Ena gE Trt hg” erm 1118 Rege >> Rog Condition of useful parallel combination is 2 < rim. Git) When N= mn, cells are connected in mixed grouping (m-rows in parallel, each row containing n eells in series) Current, j= “= at — em Meo Condition for useful mixed grouping is Ry, = Rigs ie, Ratt iv) When two cells of different emfs Ey and Ey and different internal resistances r, and ry are connected in parallel as shown in fig. then net emf of combination is 5 ie WeR 13. Electric Power PaVl Value of External Current ‘Terminal Resista from the Gell Powntial Difference 7 E Reo (Short circuit) Rr Open civeuit, 0 P=0 Ree 68 | Physics-Xil: Term-1MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. L 3. 5. 6. 7 Dimensions of a block are Lem x 1 cm x 100 em. If specific resistance of its material is 3 x 10°" Q m, then the resistance between the opposite rectangular faces is 3x00 @3xwta (3x0 3x 10% Taw som. In a Wheatstone bridge, all the four arms have equal resistance R. If resistance of the galvanometer arm is also R, then equivalent resistance of the combination is, @R WR © a a a A potentiometer is an accurate and versatile device to make electrical measurement of EMF because the method involves (© potential gradients () acondition of no current flow through the galvanometer (6) a combination of cells, galvanometer and resistance (@ cells Consider a current carrying wire (current I) in the shape of a circle. Note that as the current progresses along the wire, the direction of j (current density) changes in an ex while the current / remain unaffected. The agent that is essentially responsible fo INCERY Exemplar] (@ source ofemf, (0) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the surface of wire, (©) thecharges just behind a given segment of wire which push them justthe right way by repulsion. (@) the charges ahead. ‘wo batteries of emf o; and ey (cy > ,) and internal resistances r, and ry respectively are connected in parle at shown in Figure (NCERET Exemplar % rn aK OT * (@) The equivalent emf, of the two cells is between & and & 3, it 1% bg

SX a8 oc eo dE 21. ‘Two wires of same material have length Land 2/ and cross-sectional areas 44 and 4 respectively. ‘The ratio of their specific resistance would be (1:2 (8:1 1:8 @iil 22. A wire of non-uniform cross-section is carrying a steady current. Along the wire (@ current and current density are constant (@) only current is constant {) only current density is constant (@) neither current nor current density is constant Current Electricity | 6123. 24. 25. 26. 27. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. a4. 62 Aconducting wire of diameter 0.5 mm has a resistance of 8 ©. The resistance of a wire of same Jength and material having a diameter Lmm will be @ 920 @) 162 @4a 20 12 coulombs/minute can be written as @2a @) 028 (© 0.02.4 (a) 0.00.4 A wire of uniform area of cross-secti stance R is cut at the n le into n A, length I and ré two equal parts of length 12 each. Then the resistivity of each piece compared to that of the original becomes (@) halt (6) double {) unchanged (@) unpredictable Drift velocity of electrons in a conductor is of the order of (@) a few millimeters per second (Wa few meters per second (c) a few kilometers per second (@) 3x 10 cms A220 V-100 W bulb is connected (o a source of 180 V. The power consumed by it will be nearly (@) 100W @) 82W OW @ 67 W ‘Two bulbs one of 50 watts and another of 25 watts are connected in series to the mains, The ratio of the current through them is @ yise 2:2 Wi A 100 W, 200 Y bulb is being operated at 160 ¥, the power dissipation is @a2W ) GAW. (© 100 W (@ 160 A, Band C are voltmeters of resistance R, 1.5R and 3K respectively as shown in the figure. When some potential difference is applied between X and ¥, the voltmeter readings are V,Vp and V_ respectively. Then r® + © @ Wy="n4Ve Malye, © Vala=Vo ) Vyas = ‘The potential difference (V, ~ V3) between the points A and B in the given figure is ‘ 20 ay te ve -_ wwe is T=2a fe @-3V @) 43 @-lav (@) 413V Kirchhoff’s Il law for the electric network is based on @) law of conservation of change {@) law of conservation of energy (6) law of conservation of angular momentum. (d) law of conservation of mass ‘Three cells each of emf 1.5 V and terminal resistance 1 are connected in parallel, The combination will have an emf of @45V @3V 1sv @05V For a cell, the terminal potential difference is 3.6 V, when the circuit is open. If the potential difference reduces to 3 V; when cell is connected to a resistance of 5 M2, the internal resistance of cell is @ia @o2a jaa @sa Physies-XIl: Term—135. Kirchhoff’s I law for the electric junetion is based on {(@) law of conservation of charge (0) law of conservation of energy {¢) law of conservation of angular momentum (@) law of conservation of mass 36. A potentiometer wire is 100 em long and constant potential difference is maintained across it. Two cells are connected in series first to support one another and then in opposite direction. ‘The balance points are obtained at 50 em and 10 em from the positive end of the wire in the two cases. The ratio of emfs is (a3: (3:2 5:1 (5:4 37, ‘Two batteries, one of emf 18 V and internal resistance 2 {2 and the other of emf 12 V and internal resistance I 2, are connected as shown. ‘The voltmeter V will record a reading of sav Me 20 wav. o 1 (@) 30 () 18 @isy @iuv 38. cells each of emf E and internal resistance r send the same current through an external resistance R whether the cells are connected in series or parallel. Then (@) R= nr @R=r fo) rank (a) R=(nyr 39. A wire of length 100 cm is connected (o a cell of emf 2 V and negligible internal resistance. ‘The resistance of the wire is 3 92, ‘The additional resistance required to produce a potential drop of 1 millivolt per em is @ 609 @ a7 s7a @ 559 40. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a resistance of 102is (@) 089 109 @o2a (05.0 Al. Ifa copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, the percentage increase in resistance will be (@ 02 we 1 @or 42. According to Joule’s law, if potential difference across a conductor of material of resistivity p remains constant, then heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to @ * we wot oe 43. Two buths each marked 100 W, 220 V are connected in series across 220 V supply. The power consumed by the combination will be (a) 220 W () 100 W. © 50w (@) zero 44, Two bulbs each marked 100 W, 220 V are connected in parallel across 220 V supply. The power consumed by the combination will be (@) 200W (@) 100 W (© 50W (@ zero 45. A 5°C rise in temperature is observed in a conductor by passing a current. If the current is doubled, the rise in temperature of the conductor will be nearly (a) 10°C @) 20°C © 0G @ 29° Current Electricity | 6346. A student measures the terminal potential difference (F) of a cell of emf F and internal resistance r as a function of the current (f) flowing through it. The slope and intercept, of the graph between V and J, then respectively, equal <= a = (@) rand (®) rand—e (©) andy (@) eand—+ 47. See the electrical circuit shown in fig. Which one of the following is the correct equation for ie R Aiwa 1 c (@) = yy 5,-5.7, = 0 © Gy ADR + ig © GG Fir ein ) e~ Gy + i) Roig 48. The resistance of a mercury column (© 16R @ RA 49. A current is passed by a battery of constant voltage through the R germanium wire at room temperature. Now the temperature of germanium wire is decreased, The reading of ammeter will {a) increase aa (0) decrease {¢) remain unchanged (@) increase and decrease alternatively 50. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-secti quantities constant along the length of the conductor is/are (@) current, electric field and drift speed (@) current, current density and drift speed () drift speed only (@) current only a. The quantity) timet as T= 2t-+ 30, where Fis is BL. The electric current in a conductor varies wi mpere and f in seconds, Electric charge flowing through a section of the conductor during = 2s tot = 38 is @ 10 wae (336 uc 52. In the given circuit, with steady current, the potential drop across ve : the capacitor C must be 4 Se v @r ws @ Ol el tt iF v wv OF oF I D OR 64 | Physics-Xll: Term-158. Ina metre bridge experiment null point is obtained at 20 em from one end of the wire, when resistance X is balanced against another resistance ¥. If then where will be the new position of null point from the same end if one decides to balance a resistance of 4X against ¥? (@) 50cm (®) 80m (©) 400m @ 700m 54. ‘The length of a potentiometer wire is 100 cm and the emf of the standard cell is E volt, It is employed to measure the emf of a battery of internal resistance 0.5 Q. If the balance point is obtained at Length 30 cm from the positive end, the emf of the battery is (i = current in potentiometer wire) SOE 308 308-05) 0B, © To08 ©) To0=0.5 © 100 © Too 55. In the circuit the galvanometer shows zero deflect internal resistance, the value of resistance R will be . If the batteries 4 and Bf have negligible on — RVTB R apy @ 1000 (2000 © 500.8 (1000 56. An uncharged capacitor of capacitance 4uF a battery of emf 12 V and a resistor of 2.5 MS are connected in series. The time after which the p.d. across capacitor becomes 3-times across resistor (i.e, Ve = 8V,) is (log, 2 = 0.693) (@) 6-935 (0) 15°86 5 (© 1086s (@) none of above 57, An electric bulb rated 500 W at 100 V is used in a circuit fed by a 200 V supply; then the resistance R ta be pnt in series with the bulb, sa that bull delivers 500 W is (@) 409 (@) 20 © 102 @ 802 58. Time taken by a 836 W heater to heat one litre of water from 10°C to 40°C is (a) 508 () 100 (©) 1508 (@ 2008 59, An electric bulb is marked 100 W, 230 ¥. If the supply voltage drops to 115 V, what is the total energy produced by the bulb in 10 minutes? (@) 30k) ASKS © WK Way 60. Ina Wheatstone bridge, three resistances P, Q and R are conneeted in the three arms and the fourth arm is formed by two resistances S, and S, connected in parallel. The condition for the bridge to be balanced will be P__ 3s og © Cys PB _ RO AS) © ot ‘Gein 61. Ifthe ratio of concentration of electrons to that of hole in a semiconductor is 2 and the ratio of currents is 7, then what is the ratio of their drift velocities? 5 4 5 4 os oF of wt 62. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0°C but their temperature coefficients are a, and «a, the respective temperature coefficients of their series and parallel combination are nearly a, +a, ta, aya, a tay a a Current Electricity | 6566 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. n. 72. 2B. 74. A potentiometer can measure emf of a cell because [CBSE 2020 (55/1/1)] (@) the sensitivity of potentiometer is lange (@) no current is drawn from the cell at balance. (©) no current flows in the wive of potentiometer at balance. (@ internal resistance of cell is neglected. ‘The resistance of a metal wire increases with increasing temperature on account of [CBSE 2020 (55/1/2)] (a) decrease in free electron density. (0) decrease in relaxation time. (o) increase in mean free path, (d) increase in the mass of electron, Kirchhoff’ first rule at a junction in an electrical network, deals with conservation of [CBSE 2020 (55/1/2)] (@) energy (6) charge (9 momentum, (@) both energy and charge. ‘The conductivity of a metal decreases with the increase in temperature on account of [CBSE 2020 (5571/3) (@) decrease in number density of electrons. (b) decrease in resistivity, (©) decrease in relax: ‘ime. (@) increase in mean free path. ‘Acell of internal resistance ris connected across an external resistance R can supply maximum, current when IGBSE 2020 (55/2/1)] (@Rer ) R>r © R=D @R=0 In a current carrying conductor, the ratio of the electric field and the current density at a point is called [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)] (a) Resistivity () Conductivity (0) Resistance (d@) Mobility Resistivity of a given conductor depends upon [RSE 2020 (5572/2) @ emperauure, () length of conductor: (©) area of cross-section, (d) shape of the conductor: ‘The ratio of current density and electric field is called [CBSE 2020 (55/2/2)) (a) Resistivity (0) Conductivity {e) Drift velocity id) Mobility For a fixed potential difference applied across a conductor, the drift speed of free electrons does not depend upon [CBSE 2020 (5572/3)] (a) free electron density in the conductor. (6) mass of the electrons. (0) length of the conductor (d) temperature of the conductor ‘Ohm's law is obeyed by [CBSE 2020 (55/2,3)| (a) extrinsic semiconductors. (6) intrinsic semiconductors. (©) metals at low temperature. (@) metals at high temperature. ‘The electrical resistance of a conductor [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)) {@) varies diveetly proportional to its area of cross-section, @ decreases with inerease in its temperature. (0) decreases with increase in its conductivity (@ independent or its shape but depends only on its volume. The element of a heater is rated (1). 1 power communed by it is connected across a source of voltage ¥/2, then the 2020 (55/9/1)] @P () 9P Physies-XIl: Term=175. mvs" is the ST unit of which of the following? [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)] (a) Drift velocity (b) Mobility (@) Resistivity (d) Potential gradient 76. A cell of emf (E) and internal resistance r is connected across a variable external resistance R. ‘The graph of terminal pot 2020 (55/4/1)) @ * ® ¢ = } v TE te © @) = = Answers 1. (b) 2. (a) +3. (0) 4.(6) 5. (a) 6.(5) To) 8. ()) 9 (a) 10, (4) IL. (a) 12.(@) 13. (d) 14.(¢) 15. (0) 16. (b) 17 @ 18.) 1%} BHA) BLL) BB) BALI) 2B. (6) 26.(a) Td) Bal) —2HLU) BO.) BL) BRD) 33. (0) 84.(2) 85. (a) 36.06) BT.) 88.6) BB) ADAH) 41. (a) 42.0) 43. (c) 44 @) 45.06) ABQ) ATA) 48,40) 49.0) 50d) 51) BR) BBL) BAC) BBKa)——56.() 57. (0) BBL) BML) 6.) BI) BR) GB.(e) 4.) 65. (0) 66.6) GT) B@)— OH) TO.) TL) TRA) 73. (0) 74d) 75. (6) 76. (6) fey aatab el eed Attempt any 4 sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1, ELECTRON DRIFT: An electric charge (electron, ions) will experience a force if an electric field is appli consider solid conductors, then of course the atoms are tightly bound to each other so that the current is carried by the negative charged electrons. Consider the first case when no electric ficld is present, the electrons will be moving duc to thermal motion during which they collide with the fixed ions. An electron colliding with an ion cmerges with same speed as before the collision. However, the divection of its velocity after the collision is completely random. Ata given time, there is no preferential direction for the velocities of the electrons. Thus, on an average, the number of clectrons travelling in any direction will be equal to the number of electrons travelling in the opposite direction. So, there will be no net electrie current. [fan electric field is applied, the electrons will be accelerated «tus to this field towards positive charge. The electrons, as long as they are moving, will constitute an electric current. The free electrons in a conductor have random velocity and move in random directions. When current is applied across the conductor, the randomly moving electrons are subjected to electrical forces along the direction of electric field. Due to this electric field, free electrons still have their Current Electricity | 67random moving nature, but they will move through the conductor with a certain force, The net velocity in a conductor due to the moving of electrons is referred to as the drift of electrons. (i) When a potential difference ¥ is supplied across a conductor at temperature T, the drift velocity of electrons is proportional to @V vv Ov @T (ii) A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform eross-secti following quantities is constant along the conductot (a) Current density © Drift speed (©) Current (d) None of these (ii) Relation between drift velocity (v,) of electron and thermal velocity (27) of an electron at room temperature O v> vr Ouse Wyner +h of the following characteristics of electrons determines the current in a conductor? (@) Thermal velocity alone (b) Drift velocity alom (¢) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity _(d) Neither drift nor thermal velocity (©) IFE denotes electric field in a uniform conductor, I corresponding current through it, vy drift velocity of electrons and P denotes thermal power produced in the conductor, then which of the following graphs is/are correct? (@P w © (d) All of the above ‘Answers 1. @ (a); We know that drift velocity, vy OB [+ E=VLI So, vg BK, So for a particular conductor of a particular length, the drift velocity will directly depend on the voltage. 68 | Physics-Xil: Term-1i) (Os When a steady current flows through a metallic conductor of non wn then dhift velocity, ¥y = oy je Moe rand 7g 0c Eso E 4 AY Both vj and E change with 4, only current J vemains constant. Git) (0): Electrons with the fermi energy carry considerable kinetic energy. Their mean thermal velocity at temperature 7 should be 0,= ¥3KT/m, which generally turns out to be quite lange. The average velocity with which electrons must pass along a conductor to carry a current is called drift velocity and is given by 2, which is much less than the eA thermal velocity, or ay < 2 (i) (Os As T= nedy, so current faci. Although also depends on n, the number of free electrons which increases on increasing temperature that causes more collision between electrons which in turn increases resistance or decreases current. So, 1254. eee ae va) 4 or ROR Py PSE =PR; ie, PoP or P= ‘THE POTENTIOMETER: The potentiometer is an instrument that can be used to measure the emf of a source without lrawing any current from the source italso has a number of other usefull applications. Essentially, it balances an unknown potential difference against an adjustable, measurable potential difference, Potentiometer is based on the principle that when a constant current flows through a wire the potential drop across any length of the wire is directly wire AB of total resistance Rag is permanently connected to the terminals of a source of known emf ¢). A sliding jockey J is connected through the nometer G toa second sonree whose emf to be measured. As jockey J is moved along, the resistance wire, the resistance ya between points P and B varies; if the resistance wire is uniform, Rpp is proportional to the length of wire between P and B. To determine the value of &, J is moved until a position is found at which the galvanometer shows no deflerti this corresponds to zero current passing, through The term potentiometer is also used for any variable resistor, usually having a circular resistance clement and a sliding contact controlled by a rotating shaft and knob, of uniform area of cross-section, proportional to the length. A vesista (i) ‘wo cells of emfs approximately 5 V and 10 V are to be accurately compared using a potentiometer of length 400 cm. Choose the correct option, (@) potentiometer is usually used for comparing resistance and not voltages. (©) the first portion of 50 cmn of wire itself should have a potential drop of 10 V. Current Electricity | 69(©) the battery of potentiometer can havea voltage of 15 Vand R adjusted so that the potential drop across the wire slightly exceeds 10 V. (a) the battery that runs the potentiometer should have voltage of 8 V. (ii) AB is a potentiometer wire of a potentiometer. If the value of R is increased, in which rect 1¢ balance point J shift? — fj J A 2 € —|——_@ (@) Towards A (0) Towards B (©) Same as initial point (@) None of these i) The current in a potentiometer wire is adjusted to give a null point at 56 cm with a standard of 1.02 V. The emf of another cell for which a null point at 70 em is @iv @ 102V (©1275 V W1sVv (ix) Potentiometer is an electrical measuring device which measure (a) emf of the cell (6) internal resistance of the cell (©) both (a) and (b) (@) none of these it of a potentiometer is 0.2 A. The specific resi (©) The current in the primary ci are 4X 107 ohm metre and 8 x 107 mm! and cross-section arca of the potentiometer w respectively. The potential gradient will be equal to (@)0.1 Vat (© 02 Vm" 0.5 Vm (@) 1 Vm" Answers 2. (@) (i Hexe emf of primary cells are 5 V and 10 V, So, the potential dyop across potentiometer ‘wire must be slightly more than the larger emf 10 V. So, the battery should be 15 V and about 4 V potential is dropped by using rheostat or resistance, (ii) (0) LER is increased, current in main circuit will decrease (by IR) as the potential (£) is constant. So, in turn potential difference across AB will decrease (by V’ = 170). As R of AB v is constant so potential gradient K= 5 will decrease. So, to balance potential across AB equal to potential of secondary civeuit (F), the length A/’ must be larger than easlies AJ. So, the point shifts towards B. Git) (c); In potentiometer, comparison of emfs, “7 70 = Fp 102= 1.275 V 70 | Physics-Xil: Term-1() (5 The potentiometer is an electrical measurement device which measure emf of the cell and internal resistance of the cell volgen (Az) (0) (a); Let be the length of potentiometer wire and be the potential drop across length l. Potala, b=. Rr! TTA ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Ais true but Ris false. Ais false and R is also false. (@) (b) ) (d) i 2 3. a 8 Assertion (A) Reason (R) Assertion (A) Reason (R) Assertion (A) Reason (R) + Assert Reason (R) Assertion (A) + Reason (R) Assertion (A) Reason (R) + Assertion (A) Reason (R) Asser om (A) Reason (R) ws Electric current isa scalar guantity. Electric current arises due to continuous flow of charged particles ‘The current density is a veetor quantity. ‘Curvent density has magnitude current per unit area and is directed along the direction of current, ‘The connecting wires are made of copper: ‘Copper has very high electrical conductivity. Wi ent flowing U decreases The cu The current flows in a conductor when there is an electric field within the conductor: nevease in drifl velocity, the rough a metallic conductor nal to drift velocity. nt flowing, a conductor is inversely proport ‘The electrons in a conductor drifi only in the presence of electric field In a metre bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is put side an enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null point can be obtained at the same point as before by decreasing the value of standard resistance (aus 2015 Resistance of metal increases with increase in temperature: The conductivity of an electrolyte is very low as compared to a metal at room, temperature, [AUIMS 2015) The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much sinaller as compared to number density of free electrons in metals, Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier. An electrical bulb starts glowing instantly asit is switched on, [AZIMS 2017] Drifi speed of electrons in # metallic wire is very lange, Current Electricity | 719. Assertion (A) : Aire car ing an electric current has no electric field around it.[AZIMS 2013] Reason (R) + Rate of flow of electrons in one direction is equal to the in opposite direction. 10. Assertion(A) + Electrons move from a segion of higher potential to a region of lower potential [AUS 2013] te of flow of protons Reason (R) : An electron has less potential energy at a point where potential is higher and Answers 1 2@) Bla) 4d) 5a) 6d) Ta 8.10) % (6) 10(@) HINTS/SOLUTIONS OF SELECTED MCQs LL @t=1 0? m, A= (1x 100) c1 1 10 = ax xa S = 9107 so resistance of the galvanometer can be omitted (P + Qare in serie Sate alin seven = 28) Now the equatetrsance = 2 8. (6) It is based on null deflection ancl measure accurate emf because the method involves a condition of no current flow through the galvanometer 4. @) The cuyrent density is also directed along £ and is also a vector and relationship is given by T=oF QR, Rand The J changes due to electric field produces by charge accumulated on the surface of the 6) F=Anev, 3 yay x since, here R: $= 2.9: 97.1 > $=39R. In order to make the ratio 1:1, it times, i 8.8 necessary to reduce the value of s 8.) The potential drop across wires of potentiometer should be greater than emfs of primary cells. So, the potential drop along potentiometer wire muust be more than 10 V. 9. (a) According to Kirchoff’s loop rule, Vy- 2% 2)-3-@X )-Wg 20 = Vy-Vy= 443 +2=9¥. 10. (a) The resistance of wire depends on its geometry of wire/metallic vod, So, for greater value of i R, Lnust be higher and A should be lower, iv. R = 72 | Physics-Xil: Term-1Th rem 1. 14. 15. 16. 7 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. (a) T= Ano > 1204 Thus, only drift velocity determines the current in conductor @) 9 =—R. when temperature increases, than successive collision between electrons will be inevcases and relaxation time (t) will be decreases @ Rirchhof1’s junction rule states that algebraic sum of eurvent flowing towards any point in an clectrie network is zero, ie, charges are conserved in electric network. 80, 1 iva reflection of eoriservation of charge. (c) Aselectrolyte carry +ve as well as—ve charge. (@ i=2A+2A=48 () Ry = Rill + alty-t)) 2 = 1 [1+ 0.00125 27)] = ty = 827°C or 1100 K f@) (@ Astength increases n time area decreases by m times so ool. ont RTA Ran (© Tnloop ABCD4 BY 20 -12 +2 +40) +h) ap f}—48 6h +l tts 40 BI, + 2h i) Aran p In loop FADEF pL, ww Se AU, +1) Ig + i eve Solving (i) and (ii) So, (0. CD because slope of this portion is negative. (@) Specific resistance doesn’t depend upon length and area, @ Current Electricity | 7324. 25. 27. 28. 29. 30. BS oy % 60 wee (e). Resistivity depends on material only ye {220)" R= "00 @ PP 180)° _ 18051805100 _ 8100 Oy 220x220 121 (100) 67 W (approx) n= Gromvaing 160160100 _ 6400 33. 36. 74 ov 199 = (©) The cusvent following in the different branches of eixeuit is shown in figure, a 3 _@ 1 4 ‘a 5 B4t5¢4=18V (© Asin parallel p.d. is same (©) Suppose two cells have emfs €, and é, (also €, >€,). Potential difference per unit length of the potentiometer wire = k (say) When €, and €, are in series and support each other then 0% “i When €, and €, are in opposite direction Physics—XIl: Term-137 38. 39. 40, Al. 42, 43. 46. &,-€,=10%k On adding equ. (i) and eqn. (i) 2€, = 60k + €, = 30k and €,= SOK 30k = 20K @ lav (0) As according 10 mai R= internal resistance = ext. jum power theorem nal load (©) For the fill length of wire, total drop required =x 100¢m=100mV 30 Now requived resistance = 60-8 = 57.0 @ Vecnir in 02% 1021-02" ie =o2 0.59 (a) For same mass if a wire is stretched, Ra & actos = T 2 0.1% = 0.2% ie eee © OR Taray (@). In series, the combined power P is given by FP, _ 100x100 F +P, 100+ 100 ow (@) In parallel, P = Py + Py = 100 + 100 = 200 W. (@) H=PRE= mat @) When /= 0,17 Intercept = & o — Current Electricity | 7547. (@) Applying Kivchhoff's law in mesh ABQPA +i, ty tig R=0 3 yO Hi) R-iy =O 48. (¢) For same mass of mercury Ra. 49. (2) On cooling resist nce of semice reases, so current J 50. (l) 1 neakyy, for given iy 0° So only current is same dy se) rats ga fw Leesa =108+ @1-12° + @A=216 52. (€) Theres no current in capacitor branch, Current in circuit ABCD (ignoring branch £F) is wv _Y 33. (a) x ¥ 4 Y = 4x > 10-5 ~T00=%, 54. (©) Potential gradient, k= nn, 2=nt-[ 55. (a) Pa. across R lov 56.) 4 T= RO =2.5 KW X4 x 10 = 108 ¥ 2ar,+ 1934-9 From equation of growth of eharge, Ve= Ba 67) 76 | Physics-Xil: Term-158. 59, 60. 61. 62. ® ® ® o 9= 120 y ret 00 , Pw Current in bulb, 1=2-= 0 = 5.4 Resistance required for 200 V supply. 200 400 Additional Resistance required = 4920 = 20 Mass of 1 litre of water = 1 kg June M0 F PL= Jmc M0 + 6 4.1810 <1 x1 30 or 5Oseconds Ws P= 25 x 10x 6OJ = 15 x 10°] = 3h Resistance of fourth arm $ = S, and S, connected in parallel = R p_RG,+5,) R= Ry (1+4,6) and R, = Ry (+a,0) In series combination Rs = Ry + Ry R,1+a,0)= R,(1+e,0)+ 1 +0,0) R= 2R, 14 2R,(1+4,8) = 2R, +a, Similarly R,(l+a,0). Ryd +a,0) 1+ 04,0) = Roll Sr) yl a0) Pal 0) = 2 a, )+ (1a, 0) Solving for a and neglecting («, + ae) a, +4, we get a = Current Electricity | 7763. (¢) no current flows in the potentiometer wire at balance. ok BOR 74. ld) acrossa source of voltage when heater is connected fen power consumed wie P 1B aR 4 R 75. (b) Mobility, = Viaw 76. (b) V=IR=E-h 78 | Physics-Xil: Term-1