Chapter 2

Aa¨vq: 02 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I †bUIqvwK©s
KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g aviYv I †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb:

 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g nj cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ †Kvb mgwš^Z
eë¯’v|
 g‡Wg, UªvÝwgUvi, myBP, wiwmfvi BZ¨vw` n‡”Q KwgDwb‡Kgkb wm‡÷‡gi Dcv`vb|
 mgy`ª Zj‡`k w`‡q dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g M‡o D‡V‡Q KwgDwb‡Kkb eë¯’v|
 B‡j±ªwbK †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi Ges GKwU †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq|
 †cÖiK †_‡K medium Gi gva¨‡g †WUv cvVv‡bv nq|
 †WUv n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡i iwÿZ †Kvb Z‡_ï B‡jw±ªK¨vj iƒc|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb ev †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©vewj:
Drm, 2) †cÖiK, 3) gva¨g, 4) cÖvcK I 5) MšÍe¨ GB cuvPwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q m¤úvw`Z nq|
 †cÖiK Drm hš¿ †_‡K †WUv wb‡q gva¨‡gi Kv‡Q cvVvq| D`vniY: g‡Wg|
 †WUv wnmve †U·U, AwWI, wfwWI, MÖvwd· BZ¨vw` ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb P¨v‡bjÑGi ga¨ w`‡q †WUv GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b hvq ev cwievwnZ nq|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨ cÖavbZ 3wU| h_v: 1) UªvÝwgkb, 2) P¨v‡bj, 3) wiwmfvi|
 hvi ga¨w`‡q †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq †mwUB gva¨g| gva¨g 2 cÖKvi h_v: K) Zvihy³, L) Zvi wenxb|
 †WUv iƒcvšÍ‡i eëüZ nq g‡Wg|
 wmMb¨vj iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqv‡K gWz‡jkb e‡j|
 g‡Wg Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K GbvjM ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
 †cÖiY cÖvšÍ †_‡K MÖvnK cÖvß ch©šÍ †h ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K KwgDwb‡Kkb P¨v‡bj e‡j| GB P¨v‡bj
ˆZwi‡Z/ev¯Íevq‡b †h me Dcv`vb eëüZ nq Zv‡K KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g e‡j|
 evsjv‡`k Submarine Cable Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq 2006 mv‡ji †g gv‡m|
 2008 mv‡j evsjv‡`k mve‡gwib †Kej †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW cÖwZwôZ nq|
 2006 mv‡j evsjv‡`k mve‡gwib †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ hy³ nq|
 mshy³ †Kej †bUIqv‡K©i bvg SEA-ME-WE4 (South East Asia-Middle East-Westem Europe
æversion-4”)
 e¨vÛDB_ nj †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii nvi|
 GK wWfvBm †_‡K Ab¨ wWfvB‡m cÖwZ GKK mg‡q †h cwigvb †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii nvi ev e¨vÛDB_
e‡j|
 e¨vÛDB‡_i GKK nvR© ( Hz)
 e¨vÛDB_ ev †WUvi nvi hZ †ewk n‡e, †WUv ZZ `ªæZ GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †h‡Z cvi‡e|
 e¨vÛDB_‡K weU cvi †m‡KÛ ( bps) wn‡m‡e MYbv Kiv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v: 1) b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ, 2) f‡qm e¨vÛ I 3) eªWe¨vÛ|
 b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45 †_‡K 300 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 f‡qm e¨v‡Ûi †WUvi MwZ 9600 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 eªWe¨v‡Û we¯Í…Z e¨vÛDB_ Ges AwaK †WUv en‡bi ÿgZv _v‡K Ges hvi MwZ Gbps ch©šÍ nq|
 mg‡qi mv‡_ †fv‡ë‡Ri IVv bvgv n‡jv wmMb¨vj|
Page- 24
 wmMb¨vj 2 ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_v: GbvjM wmMb¨vj I wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj|
 cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZ¸‡jv wmMb¨vj I‡q‡f ev wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ ˆZwi nq ZvB e¨vÛDB_|
 GbvjM wmMb¨v‡ji I‡qf dg©‡K ejv nq mvBb I‡qf (Sine Wave)|
 wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡ji I‡qf dg©‡K ejv nq ¯‹qvi I‡qf ( Square Wave)|
 †Uwj‡dvb I wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs G f‡qm e¨vÛ eënvi Kiv nq|
 †Kv-Gw·qvj †Kej I AcwUK¨vj †WUv UªvÝdv‡i eªWe¨vÛ eënvi nq|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W:
 wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgkb Kiv n‡q _v‡K, GB c×wZ¸‡jv †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq wmMb¨vj we‡Ui gva¨‡g|
 †cÖiK I cÖvcK DfqB wmMb¨vj we‡Ui ïiæ I †kl eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 we‡Ui ïiæ I †kl eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j MšÍe¨ ev cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi g~j †WUvi wmMb¨vj †_‡K †WUv cybiƒ×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv|
 wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi mgq wewfbœ we‡Ui g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ c×wZ‡K weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb e‡j|
 weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v: 1. Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb, 2. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb, 3. AvBwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb:
 Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb G †WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq|
 Gwmb‡µvbvm wm‡÷‡g cÖwZ K¨v‡i±vi cvVv‡bvi mgq wmMb¨vj weU wm‡÷‡gi Av‡M I c‡i AwZwi³ GKwU K‡i ÷vU© I
÷c weU hy³ Kiv nq|
 Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ Kg|
 wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb eë¯’vq †WUvi K¨v‡i±vi ¸‡jv‡K eøK ev c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZevi GKwU K‡i eøK
ev c¨v‡KU UªvÝwgU Kiv nq|
 cÖwZ eø‡K Kgc‡ÿ 80 †_‡K 132wU K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K| cÖwZ 2wU eø‡Ki UªvÝwgk‡bi gaëZx© weiwZi mgq (delay
time) mgvb nq|
 wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g UªvÝwgkb MwZ AZ¨šÍ †ewk|
AvBwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb:
 AvBwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb n‡jv wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi DbœZ ms¯‹iY|
 AvBwmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b †Kvb primary storage device cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
 wi‡qj UvBc application G AvBwmb‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝdvi †ewk nq|
 AvBwmb‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi gvSLv‡b weiwZi mgq (delay time) me©wb¤œ ivLv nq|
 wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb Zzjbvg~jK e¨qeûj|
 †bUIqv‡K©i jvBb B›Uvi‡d‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v: 1) wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb, 2) c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb|
 wmwiqvj UªvÝwgk‡b cÖwZev‡i 7 we‡Ui Z_¨ cvVv‡bv nq|
 c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgk‡b A‡bK¸‡jv Zvi w`‡q GK mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv we‡Ui †WUv cvVv‡bv nq|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW:
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K cÖvc‡Ki msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1) BDwbKv÷ (Singel user),
2) gvwëKv÷ (Group of user), 3) eªWKv÷ (All user)
 One to one †WUv UªvÝwgkb n‡”Q BDwbKv÷ †g_W| GB UªvÝwgkb †gvW †K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: K)
wmg‡cø·, L) nvd-Wz‡cø·, M) dzj-Wz‡cø·|
Page- 25
 GKgyLx †WUv cÖevn‡K ejv nq wmg‡cø· †gvW|
 nvd-Wz‡cø· eë¯’vq Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv cvVv‡bvi my‡hvM _v‡K, Z‡e Zv GKB mg‡q m¤¢e bv| †hgb: Fax, Walky-
talky |
 dzj-Wz‡cø· †gv‡W GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v _v‡K| †hgb: B›Uvi‡bU, †gvevBj †bUIqvK©|
 eªWKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb GKwU †bvW (†hgb: Kw¤úDUvi) †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj
†bvWB MÖnY K‡i|
 gvwë Kv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqvK© †Kv‡bv GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv cvVv‡bv n‡j Zv ïaygvÎ †h mKj †bvW‡K AbygwZ †Ìqv
n‡e Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 wmg‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gv‡Wi D`vniY nj PABX wm‡÷g| †hgb: †iwWI|
 dzj-Wz‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gv‡Wi D`vniY n‡jv †gvevBj †dvb|
 eªWKv÷ UªvÝwgkb †gv‡Wi D`vniY n‡jv †Uwjwfkb|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev †bUIqvK© wgwWqv‡K cÖavbZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v: 1) Zvihy³ wgwWqv, 2) Zviwenxb wgwWqv|
 †Kv‡bv B‡j±ªwbK wmMb¨v‡ji Av‡k cv‡k Ab¨ †Kvb wmMb¨vj _vK‡j GKwU Av‡iKwU‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| G‡K ejv nq
B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ|
 UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡j GKmv‡_ mvaviYZ †gvU 4 †Rvov (8wU Zvi) Zvi eëüZ nq|
 BDwUwc (UTP) K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ 10 Mbps Z‡e 1 †_‡K 155 Mbps ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Data
loss Z_¨ A¨v‡Uby‡qkb Av‡Q| ZvB Gi `~iZ¡ 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ mxgve×| G‡Z EMI (B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ)
cÖfve Lye †ewk|
 Data loss mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ ping Kiv nq|
 Optical Fiber Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z Data transmit K‡i|
 †KvÑGw·qvj K¨vej eënvi K‡i GK wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ `~i‡Z¡ wWwRUvj †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †WUv UªvÝdvi
†iU 200 Mbps ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j †K‡›`ªi g~j ZviwU ˆZwi nq KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZ iƒ‡c
†WUv cwievwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| GwU “U” Gi g‡Zv euvKv‡bv hvq|
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZ `yÕfv‡e †h‡Z cv‡i| †jRvi ( Laser) I †jW (Light Emitting
Diode-LED) c×wZ‡Z|
 †bUIqvK© e¨vK‡evb ( Backbone of Network) wn‡m‡e dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej eûjfv‡e eëüZ nq| dvBevi
AcwUK K¨ve‡j B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ (EMI) †bB| †m Kvi‡b †WUv wmMb¨vj cwiewZ©Z nIqvq fq †bB|
 dvBevi AcwUK¨vj K¨ve‡ji wZbwU Ask _v‡K| h_v: 1) †Kvi, 2) K¬vwWs I 3) R¨v‡KU|
 wm‡½j †gvW dvBevi Gi †Kvi mvBR 8/125 gvB‡µvb| G‡Z GK mv‡_ ïaygvÎ GKwU UªvÝwgkb NU‡Z cv‡i|
 `~ieZx© ¯’v‡b wmMb¨vj cvVv‡Z Amplifier eënvi Kiv nq|
 UzB‡÷W †cqvi Ab¨ gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq m¯Ív|
 STP (Shielded twisted pair) K¨ve‡ji evB‡i R¨v‡KU Ges d‡qj wmì _v‡K|
 UTP (Unshielded twisted pair) K¨ve‡ji evB‡i R¨v‡KU _v‡K wKš‘ d‡qj wmì _v‡K bv|
 UTP K¨ve‡ji cÖKvi‡f` n‡”Q Cat-4, Cat-5, Cat-6 G‡ì wfZi me‡P‡q fvj Cat-6.
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej AZ¨šÍ `vgx|
 †jRvi wmMb¨vwjs Gi Rb¨ wm‡½j †gvW dvBevi eënvi Kiv nq|
Zviwenxb gva¨g:
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg eënvi K‡i hv‡K ejv nq †iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
(RF)|
Page- 26
 wm‡½j wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ UªvÝwgkb †Kej GKwU gvÎ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eënvi Kiv nq|
 gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgkb B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªv‡gi wmMvnvR© wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eënvi Kiv nq|
 †Uiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgkb wmMb¨vj 1 †_‡K 50 gvBj ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i|
 m¨v‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi †ÿ‡Î wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ f~ -c„‡ô _v‡K m¨v‡UjvBU wWk G‡›Ubv Ges k~‡b¨ _v‡K
m¨v‡UjvBU| †¯úm ev gnvk~‡bï Aew¯’Z m¨v‡UjvBU I f~-c„‡ôi wWk G‡›Ubvi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ cÖvq 50,000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 Bbd«v‡iW LyeB wbKUeZx© wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK I‡qf G‡Z
eëüZ nq, hvi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ mxgv †UivnvR© ( THz) ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 3 wK‡jvnvR© †_‡K 300 wK‡jvnvR© wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †eZvi Zi½‡K †iwWI I‡qf e‡j| wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î †iwWI I‡qf eëüZ
nq|
 †Kvb wmMb¨v‡ji kw³ K‡g hvIqv‡K e‡j GUby‡qkvb|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g A‰ea †Q`‡K e‡j DfmWªwcs|
 LED-Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Light emitting Diode.
 †iwWI I‡qf I gvB‡µvI‡qf nj Zvi wenxb cÖavb `ywU gva¨g|
 gvB‡µvI‡qf euvKv c‡_ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU DuPz ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 1950 mv‡ji w`‡K cÖ_g m¨v‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf eënvi Kiv nq|
Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g:
 Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g Zvi wenxb gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Iq¨vi‡jm wWfvBm mg~‡ni gva¨‡g †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb
nq|
 eøy-Uz_ Gi e¨vÛDB_ 1 Mbps n‡q _v‡K 2.4GHz wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨v‡Û KvR K‡i| e¨vÛDB_ Kg|
 Wireless Fedelity k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q WLAN|
 WLAN LAN (Local Area Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jm eë¯’v|
 Wi-Fi †bUIqv‡K©i Gbwµckb c×wZ mwVK fv‡e KbwdMvi Kiv _vK‡jI Zv Lye mn‡R †f‡O †djv hvq| A_©vr Gi
wmwKDwiwU eë¯’v Lye `ye©j| Wi-Fi Gi D”P wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ †iwWI I‡q‡f eënvi Kiv nq|
 Wi-MAX Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡”Q Worldwide Interoparability for Microwave Access|
 Wi-MAX Gi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †iU 40-70 Mbps. Wi-MAX wm‡÷‡gi `ywU cÖavb As‡ki GKwU nj Wi-MAX †eR
†÷kb Ges Ab¨wU G‡›Ubvmn Wi-MAX wiwmfvi|
 nU¯úU n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó Iq¨vi‡jm Kfv‡iR Gwiqv|
 UHF-Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Ultra High Frequency.
 eøy-Uz_ †UK‡bvjwR ˆZix K‡i Ericsson †Kv¤úvwb|
 Wi-Fi Gi Rb¨ IEEE (international Electrical & Electronic Engineering) ¯^xK…Z LAN n‡jv 802.11.
†gvevBj †hvMv‡hvM:
 hy³iv‡óªi cÖhyw³ cÖwZôvb g‡Uv‡ivjv †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡eK fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U gvwU©b Kzcvi 1973 mv‡j AvaywbK †gvevBj †dvb
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Zvi D™¢vweZ cÖ_g †gvevBj †dvbwU wQj cÖvq 2 †KwR IR‡bi|
 †gvevBj ev †mjyjvi †Uwj‡dvb BDwb‡U g~jZ 3wU Ask _v‡K|
h_v: 1) GKwU K‡›Uªvj BDwbU, 2) GKwU BbcyU UªvwÝfvi Ges 3) GKwU G‡›Ubv wm‡÷g|
 wRGmGg †gvevBj †dv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) KvW© Ges wmwWGg †gvevBj †dv‡bi
Rb¨ R-UIM (Removable User Identity Module).
 GSM n‡”Q FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Ges TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) Gi mw¤§wjZ GKwU P¨v‡bj G‡·m c×wZ|
Page- 27
 1991 mv‡j GSM Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi gva¨‡g GSM cÖhyw³ †gvevBj †dv‡bi †ÿ‡Î eënvi ïiæ nq|
 Av‡gwiKvb Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb M‡elYv I Dbœqb cÖwZôvb †KvqvjKvg (Qualcom) Avwe®‹…Z CDMA GKwU
A¨vWfvÝ wWwRUvj Iq¨vi‡jm cÖhyw³|
 CDMA †Z UªvÝwgkb cvIqvi Lye Kg| ZvB K_v ejvi mgq †iwW‡qkb Kg nq| ZvB G‡K wMÖb †dvbI ( Green
phone) ejv nq|
 GKB e¨vÛDB‡_i CDMA wm‡÷g GSM wm‡÷g A‡cÿv 4 †_‡K 5 ¸Y †ewk aviYÿg| †bUIqvK© †mj mvBU 110
wK.wg. ch©šÍ Kfvi K‡i| †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 154-614 Kbps.
 GSM Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Global System For Mobile Communication.
 CDMA Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Code Division multiple access.
 eZ©gv‡b †gvevB‡ji 4wU cÖRb¥ i‡q‡Q| 2q cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji GSM I SMS myweav wQj|
 3G †gvevBj 2000 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 3DTV, Wimax, VSB Iq¨vi‡jm g‡Wj 4G †gvevB‡ji êwkó¨| †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ cÖRb¥|
 1983 mv‡j DËi Av‡gwiKvq evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb Pvjy Kiv nq| hvi bvg wQj A¨vWfvÝ †gvevBj
†dvb wm‡÷g (AMPS-Advance Mobile Phone System).
 wØZxq cÖR‡b¥ me©cÖ_g wcÖ‡cBW c×wZ Pvjy nq| mxwgZ gvÎvq AvšÍR©vwRK †ivwgs myweav Pvjy nq| GgGgGm (MMS-
Multimedia Message Service) Ges GmGgGm (SMS-Short Message Service) †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy nq|
 1992 mvj †_‡K Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ †gvevBj †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU myweav Pvjy nq| Gi †WUv †iU 2Mbps Gi AwaK| PZz_ ©
cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj e¨vswKs, B-Kgvm© BZ¨vw` †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy m¤¢e nq|
 PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji MwZ Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji MwZ †_‡K cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk|
 3G gv‡b Third Generation|
 CDMA n‡j wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †hvMv‡hvM wm‡÷g|
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) n‡jv 3G wm‡÷g|
 †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m Pvjy nq wØZxq cÖR‡b¥|
 FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access) eënvi nq B-Kgv‡m©|
 4G Gi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv IP (Internet Protocol) wfwËK †bUIqvK©|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s Gi aviYv I D‡Ïk¨:
 cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev PAN Gi cwimxgv mvaviYZ 10 wgUvi Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× PAN ˆZwi Kivi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq
gva¨g n‡”Q eø-y Uz_ I Bbd«v‡iW|
 †jvKvj Gwiqv Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK©‡K, `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1) wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK©, 2) K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi
†bUIqvK©|
 wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqv‡K© LAN-G †K›`ªxqfv‡e †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y eë¯’v _v‡K bv Ges wbivcËv eë¯’v `ye©j nq|
 K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi †bUIqvK© c×wZ‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi‡K mvf©vi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| mf©v‡ii mv‡_ GKvwaK
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM †Ìqv nq|
 †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev MAN G GKwU kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wKQz Kw¤úDUvi‡K wb‡q GKwU †bUIqvK©
MwVZ nq|
 MAN Gi gva¨‡g g~jZ GKvwaK LAN-†K mshy³ Kiv nq|
 IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev WAN-me‡P‡q eo Ges we¯Í…Z †bUIqvK©|
 PAN Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Personal Area Network|
 LAN Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv Local Area Network|
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 `ywU kn‡ii g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡b eënvi nq WAN|
 PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN GB PviwU g~jZ †bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f`| eZ©gv‡b HAN bv‡gI GKwU cÖKvi i‡q‡Q|
 g‡Wg (Modem) kãwU gWz‡jUi-wWgWz‡jUi ( Modulator and Demodulator) Gi mswÿß iƒc|
 gWz‡jUi wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj‡K A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj Ges wW-gWz‡jUi A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj‡K wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j cwiYZ
K‡i|
 NIC KvW© †bUIqvK© A¨vWvÞvi Ges LAN KvW© bv‡g cwiwPZ| NIC (Network Interface Card) KvW©‡K B›Uvibvj
g‡WgI ejv nq|
 †bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvi mg~n‡K ci¯úi Kv‡b‡±W ev mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ nve GKwU Kv‡bw±s c‡q›U ev wiwcUvi wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i|
 myBP †cÖiK cÖvšÍ †_‡K cÖvß †WUv cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mywbw`©ó †cvU©wU‡Z cvwV‡q †`q| wKš‘ nve mywbw`©ó Kw¤úDUv‡i bv
cvwV‡q mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq|
 ivDUvi LAN, MAN I WAN G wZb ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©B KvR K‡i|
 ivDUv‡ii g‡a¨ B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ev eyw×gËv †Ìqv _v‡K, hv GK †bUIqvK© †_‰K Ab¨ †bUIqv‡K© †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi
†ÿ‡Î mswÿß c_ Lyu‡R|
 nve, myBP, ivDUvi BZ¨vw` wWfvBm cÖ‡UvKj UªvÝ‡jk‡bi myweav †`q bv, wKš‘ †MUI‡q‡Z G myweav †`q|
 G‡Wªm †MUI‡q, cÖ‡UvKj †MUI‡q, A¨vwcø‡Kkb †MUI‡q BZ¨vw` n‡jv †MUI‡qi cÖKvi‡f`|
†bUIqvK© Gi KvR I U‡cvjwR:
 evm U‡cvjwR‡Z ÷vi U‡cvjwR n‡Z Kg Zvi jv‡M|
 ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z myBP ev nve eënvi Kiv nq|
 †gk U‡cvjwR Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hvM ( wireless communication) Gi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk eënvi Kiv nq|
 †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z c‡q›U Uz c‡q›U Kv‡bKkb eënvi Kiv nq|
 †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ Kiv nq n(n-1)/2 wn‡m‡e †hLv‡b n n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v|
 Kw¤úDUvi mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© _vK‡j Z_¨ wewbgq ev Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
 evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU gvÎ gva¨‡gi mv‡_ me K‡qKwU IqvK© †÷kb ( Work Station) ev Kw¤úDUvi ev †bvW mshy³
_v‡K|
 evm †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv|
 ÷vi U‡cvjwR †bUIqv‡K© me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †K›`ªxq Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm †_‡K ms‡hvM †Ìqv nq|
 ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq †bUIqvK© nve ev myBP Lvivc n‡q †M‡j mg¯Í †bUIqvK©wU APj n‡q hvq|
 wis U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©fz³ me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi‡K K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g mshy³ Kiv n‡j GKwU wis ev jy‡ci m„wó nq|
 ÷vi U‡cvjwRi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc n‡”Q wUª-U‡cvjwR| wUª-U‡cvjwR msMV‡b GK ev GKvwaK ¯Í‡i †bUIqvK©fz³
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv iƒU Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Awdm eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡R iƒU †bUIqv‡K©i MVb †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
 †gk ev ci¯úi mshy³ U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU IqvK© †÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wjsK ev evm _v‡K|
 nvBweªW U‡cvjwR wewfbœ U‡cvjwR A_©vr ÷vi, wis, evm BZ¨vw` †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q MwVZ|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs:
 Online G Unique address registration Kivi cÖwµqv‡K Domain e‡j| †hgb: www.e-iskool.com,
www.facebook.com
 Domain Gi 2wU Ask| h_v: 1) Domain Name, 2) Domain Nature.
 Domain Z_¨ Unique address Gi mKj Data †h Computer G msiÿY Kiv nq Zv‡K Server ev Hosting
e‡j|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡”Q Internet Base Share Hosting hv‡K On Demand Computing ejv nq|
Page- 29
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi aviYv me© cÖ_g †`q Apple 1994 mv‡j|
 1996 mv‡j Kgc¨vK (hp) Modem cloud computing Gi Documentation Compaq cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Amazon me© cÖ_g 2006 mv‡j eëmvwqK iƒc cÖ`vb K‡i K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs‡K eëmv ch©v‡q DcwbZ K‡i|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs AbjvBb cwi‡mev, †WUv G‡·m I †WUv †¯úm cÖavb|
 †gBj †mev cÖwZôvb (mail.yahoo.com, mail.google.com) BZ¨vw` cvewjK K¬vD‡Wi GKwU D`vniY|
 K¬vDW †mev hw` †Kej †Kvb MÖæc A_ev cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ n‡q _v‡K Z‡e Zv cÖvB‡fU K¬vDW|
 †Kvb KwgDwbwUi AšÍM©Z e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hv‡ì GKB ai‡bi K¬vDW myweav cÖ‡qvRb, hw` GKwU wbw`©ó K¬vDW eënvi
K‡i _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K KwgDwbwU K¬vDW e‡j|
 cvewjK, cÖvB‡fU Ges KwgDwbwUi K¬vD‡Wi g‡a¨ †h‡Kvb `ywU A_ev wZbwUi mswgkÖ‡YB nvBweªW K¬vDW MwVZ nq|
 K¬vDW ej‡Z †evSvq `~ieZx© †Kvb mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi|
 Iaas Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Insfrastructure as a service.
 cvewjK K¬vD‡Wi D`vniY n‡jv A¨vgvRb|
 cÖvB‡fU K¬vDW eënvi nq wbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡b|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi GKwU mgm¨v n‡jv n¨vwKs|
 wKQz c~Y©iƒc:
BTClBangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited.
ICX Inter Connection Exchange
NIX National Internet Exchange
BIX Bangladesh Internet Exchange
ISP  Internet Service Provider
SIM Subscriber Indentity Module
IMSI International Mobile Subacriber Identity
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subseriber Identity
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
ESN Electronic Serial Nummber
MIN Mobile Identification Number
SID System Identification Code
LTE Long Term Evolution
EDGE Enhancd Data Rates for Global Evolution
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access.
Page- 30
kU© †bvU
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkbt wbf©i‡hvM¨fv‡e GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb Kivi cÖwµqv †K †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
e‡j| Drm > †cÖiK > gva¨g > cÖvcK > MšÍe¨
†WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯cW (e¨vÛDBW_)t GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb cÖwZ GKK mg‡q †h cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi
nq Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯cW e‡j| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZ¸‡jv wmMb¨vj I‡qf ev wd«Kz‡qwÝ ˆZwi nq Zvi cwigvY‡K e¨vÛDBW_
e‡j| A_©vr †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi nvi‡K e¨vÛDBW_ e‡j| G‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯cWI ejv nq| cÖKvi‡f`t-
b¨v‡ive¨vÛ 45bps – 300bps > f‡qme¨vÛ 9600bps/ 9.6kbps > eªWe¨vÛ upto 1Mbps
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_Wt †h c×wZ‡Z GK Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤cDUv‡i †WUv UªvÝwgU nq Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
e‡j|
cÖwZ ev‡i KZ weU †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb Gi `ywU Dcvq Av‡Q| h_vt
1) c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkbt †h †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b †WUv mgv¯Íivj fv‡e Av`vb cÖ`vb nq Zv‡K c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
†hgbt BDGmwe †cvU©|
2) wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkbt †h UªvÝwgk‡b †WUv ev Z_¨ ch©vqµ‡g 1 weU K‡i Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb
e‡j| †hgbt g‡Wg, gvDm|
we‡Ui ïiy I †kl eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j MÖnxZv Kw¤cDUvi †mB wmMb¨vj †_‡K †WUv cybiy×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB wmMb¨vj
cvVv‡bvi mgq wewfbœ we‡Ui mgš^‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ c×wZ‡K weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb ejv nq| GB weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rk‡bi
Dci wfwË K‡i wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb‡K Avevi 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
K) A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkbt K¨v‡iKUvi evB K¨v‡iKUvi UªvÝwgkb hvi ÷vU© I ÷c weU Av‡Q| Gi w¯cW Kg, weiwZi
mgq mgvb bq| g‡Wg I wcÖ›Uv‡i GB UªvÝwgkb c×wZ eëüZ nq| GQvov wK‡evW©, Rqw÷K, cvÂKvW© wiWvi BZ¨vw` †ZI
eëüZ nq|
L) wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkbt eøK ev c¨v‡KU(80-132 wU K¨v‡iKUvi) AvKv‡i UªvÝwgkb hvi ïiy †Z ÷vU© weU Gi cwie‡Z©
†nWvi (2evBU) Ges †k‡l ÷c weU Gi cwie‡Z© †UªBjvi (2evBU) Av‡Q| w¯cW †ewk, weiwZ mgvb| `~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b †WUv
cvVv‡bvi Rb¨, GKB mv‡_ A‡bK Kw¤cDUv‡i †WUv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨, f‡qm, wfwWI †Z GB †WUv UªvÝwgkb eëüZ nq|
M) AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkbt A¨vwmb‡µvbvm I wmb‡µvbvm Gi mgwš^Z iyc n‡”Q AvB‡mv‡µvbvm| weiwZ Qvov cÖvq mgvb
mg‡q eøK AvKv‡i UªvÝwgU nq| wi‡qj UvBg A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †WUv UªvÝdv‡i GwU eëüZ nq| †hgbt jvBf wUwf m¤cÖPvi,
wfwWI w÷ªwgs BZ¨vw`|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvWt †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi mgq †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †¶‡Î †WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f`t
1) BDwbKv÷ †gvWt 1 Rb †cÖiK Ges 1 Rb cÖvcK| BDwbKv÷ †K Avevi 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
 wmg‡cø· †gvWt GKg~Lx †WUv cÖevn| †hgbt †iwWI, wUwf|
 nvd Wz‡cø· †gvWt Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq Z‡e GKB mg‡q m¤¢e bv| †hgbt IqvwK-UwK|
 dzj Wz‡cø· †gvWt Dfq w`K †_‡K GKB mg‡q †WUv UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq| †hgbt †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb|
2) gvwëKv÷ †gvWt 1 Rb †cÖiK Ges †bUIqvK© Gi K‡qKR‡bi MÖyc cÖvcK|
3) eªWKv÷ †gvWt 1 Rb †cÖiK Ges †bUIqvK© Gi mevB cÖvcK|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨gt hvi ga¨ w`‡q Drm n‡Z MšÍe¨ ch©šÍ †WUv UªvÝwgU ev ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb
gva¨g ejv nq| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g 2 cÖKvi| h_vt
1| Zvi gva¨gt †cÖiK Ges cÖvcK Gi `ywU cÖv‡šÍ Zvi _v‡K| G‡K MvB‡WW wgwWqv e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Zvi gva¨g 3
cÖKvi| h_vt
Page- 31
 UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vejt GKmv‡_ K‡qK †Rvov K¨vej cvKv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K| MwZ 10Kbps - 10Mbps ch©šÍ| Kg
Li‡P j¨vb ˆZwi‡Z GwU eënvi Kiv nq|
Zvgvi Zvi GKwU AciwUi Kv‡Q _vK‡j GKwUi wmMb¨vj Av‡iKwUi wmMb¨vj †K cÖfvweZ K‡i hv‡K µmUK
(Crosstalk) e‡j|
 †Kv-Gw·‡qj K¨vejt †Kv-Gw·‡qj gv‡b n‡”Q hv‡ì A¶ GKB| G‡¶‡Î `ywU cwievnx‡K GKwUi †fZi AciwU‡K
Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z R¨vwgwZKfv‡e Zv‡ì †K›`ª eivei †h A¶ †iLv i‡q‡Q Zv `ywU cwievnxi Rb¨ GKB nq|
MwZ 200Mbps ch©šÍ| K¨vej wUwf †bUIqv‡K© GwU eënvi Kiv nq|
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨vejt g~j ZviwU wmwjKv, KvuP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q ˆZwi| MwZ 100Mbps – 2Gbps ch©šÍ|
Av‡jvi MwZm¤cbœ B›Uvi‡bU eë¯’vq GwU eënvi Kiv nq|
2| Zviwenxb gva¨gt †Kv‡bv Zvi QvovB ZworPz¤^Kxq ms‡KZ kw³‡Z iycvšÍi n‡q †WUv UªvÝdvi nq| G‡K AvbMvB‡WW
wgwWqv e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Zviwenxb gva¨g Avevi 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
 †iwWI I‡qft 3KHz †_‡K 300GHz wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †eZvi Zi½‡K †iwWI I‡qf e‡j| f~wg †_‡K f~wg †Z †hvMv‡hv‡M
GwU eënvi Kiv nq|
 gvB‡µvI‡qft 300MHz †_‡K 300GHz wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ‡Z cvVv‡bv we`y¨r †PŠ¤^Kxq Zi‡½i bvg gvB‡µvI‡qf| GB
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ‡Z Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ LyeB †QvU nq| Kw¤cDUv‡i Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ GwU eënvi Kiv nq|
gvB‡µvI‡qf Avevi 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
 eøyUz_t ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡b GwU eëüZ nq| GwU GKwU I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm †cÖv‡UvKj| wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ
2.4GHz †_‡K 2.485GHz ch©šÍ| Z‡e 2.4GHZ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ m‡e©vÎ eûj eëüZ|
 IqvB-dvBt Wireless Fidelity k‡ãi msw¶ß iƒc n‡”Q Wi-Fi hv LAN (Local Area Network) Gi
Iq¨vi‡jm eë¯’v| Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 802.11 | Gi cÖv_wgK wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ 2.4GHz n‡jI eZ©gv‡b GB
e¨vÛ 5.85GHz ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 IqvB-g¨v·t WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access | GwU
WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jm eë¯’v| Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE
802.16 | Gi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ 2-66GHz ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 Bbd«v‡iWt 300GHz †_‡K 430THz wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ‡K Bbd«v‡iW e‡j| †nW‡dvb, gvDm, wK‡evW©, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw`‡Z
GwU eëüZ nq|
†gvevBj †hvMv‡hvMt †gvevBj kãwUi DrcwË gyf (Move) †_‡K| ZvB gywfs ev ågY Ae¯’vq Zviwenxbfv‡e †h †dvb eënvi
Kiv nq Zv‡K †gvevBj e‡j| †gvevBj Gi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM Kiv‡K †gvevBj †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| †gvevBj †dvb Gi 4wU cÖRb¥
Av‡Q| h_vt
 1g cÖRb¥t †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© cÖeZ©b, †mwgKÛv±i I gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖhyw³i eënvi| P¨v‡bj G‡·m FDMA c×wZ
eënvi|
Hand off, Roaming, SIM KvW© eënv‡ii myweav †bB|
 2q cÖRb¥t †bUIqvK© GSM I CDMA ÷¨vÛvW©| P¨v‡bj G‡·m FDMA, TDMA, CDMA c×wZ eënvi|
wcÖ‡cBW wm‡÷g Pvjy| SMS, MMS mvwf©m Pvjy|
mxwgZ Hand off, Roaming, SIM KvW© eënv‡ii myweav Pvjy| †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU †mev Pvjy|
 3q cÖRb¥t GSM,EDGE,UMT I CDMA 2000 ÷¨vÛvW© Pvjy| c¨v‡KU myBwPs I mvwK©U myBwPs Pvjy| P¨v‡bj
G‡·m TD-SCDMA, TD-CDMA c×wZ eënvi|
Hand off, Roaming, SIM KvW© eënv‡ii myweav AviI e¨vcK nq| †gvevBj e¨vswKs, B-Kgvm©, B-‡gBj mvwf©m
Pvjy| wfwWI Kj Gi eënvi ïiy|
 4_© cÖRb¥t ïay c¨v‡KU myBwPs c×wZ| Bluetooth, WLAN, GPS, WCDMA, GPRS eënvi|
Iq¨vi‡jm eªWe¨vÛ myweav| AvBwcwbf©i Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g| wÎgvwÎK Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v|
Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqvK©t GKvwaK Kw¤cDUvi‡K mshy³ K‡i Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g ˆZwi Kiv nq|
†fŠMwjK we¯Í„wZ ev AvKvi Abymv‡i Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqvK©‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
Page- 32
1) cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb (PAN)t GKRb eënviKvwii Av‡kcv‡ki cÖ‡qvRbxq wWfvBm wb‡q †h †bUIqvK©
wm‡÷g ˆZwi nq Zv‡K cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb e‡j| GwU LyeB ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb
cÖ`vb nq| eøyUz_ Gi D`vniY|
2) †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb (LAN) t mvaviYZ ¯^í `~iZ¡ ev 1 wK.wg Gi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kw¤cDUvi ev †cwi‡divj
wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb e‡j|
3) †g‡UªvcwjUvb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev g¨vb (MAN)t wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z Kw¤cDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨
¯’vwcZ †bUIqvK©‡K †g‡UªvcwjUvb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev g¨vb e‡j|
4) IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev Iqvb (WAN) t we¯Í„Z †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK g¨vb ev j¨vb wb‡q †h †bUIqvK©
M‡o I‡V Zv‡K IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev Iqvb e‡j|
†bUIqvK© wWfvBmt Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqvK© ˆZwii Rb¨ Kw¤cDUvi QvovI †h mKj hš¿cvwZ eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K †bUIqvK©
wWfvBm e‡j| wKQz †bUIqvK© wWfvBmt
 g‡Wgt wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj †K GbvjM Ges GbvjM wmMb¨vj †K wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj G iycv¯Íi KivB g‡Wg Gi KvR|
†cÖiK Kw¤cDUvi > g‡Wg > P¨v‡bj ev gva¨g > g‡Wg > cÖvcK Kw¤cDUvi
 ivDUvit GKwU †cÖv‡UvK‡ji g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j|
 †MUI‡qt GKvwaK †cÖv‡UvK‡ji g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j|
 wiwcUvit wmMb¨vj `ye©j n‡q co‡j Zv GgwcødvB ev kw³kvjx K‡i M¯Íe¨ ch©¯Í †cŠu‡Q †`q|
 myBPt †h Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm †cÖiK gva¨g n‡Z cÖvß wmMb¨vj ïay Uv‡M©U cÖvcK‡KB †cÖiY K‡i Zv‡K myBP e‡j|
 nvet GKvwaK Kw¤cDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ nve eënvi Kiv nq|
 NIC: †Kv‡bv Kw¤cDUvi‡K †Kv‡bv †bUIqvK© wgwWqvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`qvi Rb¨ †h we‡kl B›Uvi‡d‡mi ìKvi nq
Zv‡K Network Interface Card ev NIC e‡j|
 weªRt GKvwaK †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i GKwU e„nr †bUIqvK© MV‡bi †¶‡Î eëüZ we‡kl ai‡bi wWfvBm‡K weªR
ejv nq|
 †MUI‡qt wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖv‡UvK‡ji †bUIqvK© mg~n‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ †h wWfvBm eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K †MUI‡q
e‡j|
†bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRt Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤cDUvimg~n GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvi c×wZ‡K †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR e‡j|
†bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR 6 ai‡bi| h_vt
1) evm U‡cvjwRt mij msMVb nIqvq ev¯Íevqb mnR I e¨q Kg|
cÖavb ms‡hvM jvBb ev ev‡m ÎywU n‡j m¤c~Y© †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o|
2) ÷vi U‡cvjwRt †Kv‡bviyc ms‡KZ msNl© QvovB `ªyZ MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
†K›`ªxq wWfvBm ev nve bó n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o|
3) wis U‡cvjwRt ms‡KZcÖevn GKgyLx Ges †Kv‡bv †bvW GK”QÎ AvwacË we¯Ívi K‡i bv|
†bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv †bvW hy³ ev wew”Qbœ Ki‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o|
4) wUª U‡cvjwRt m¤cÖmviY mnR|
†K›`ªxq Kw¤cDUvi APj n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o|
5) †gk U‡cvjwRt Ab¨vb¨ U‡cvjwR A‡c¶v `ªyZMwZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgkb K‡i|
†bUIqvK© ev¯Íevqb I KbwdMvi †ek RwUj|
6) nvBweªW U‡cvjwRt †bUIqvK© mgm¨v wba©viY mnR|
†bUIqvK© i¶Yv‡e¶Y cÖwµqv RwUj|
K¬vDW Kw¤cDwUst B›Uvi‡b‡U ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz ‡Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB K¬vDW Kw¤cDwUs|
G‡Z wi‡gvU mvf©v‡ii Kw¤cDUvi wi‡mvm© †hgbt nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi, †bUIqvK© BZ¨vw` †kqvi ev eënvi K‡i
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwf©m cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgbt Wªce·, B‡gBj, ¸Mj WªvBf BZ¨vw`|
Page- 33
Aa¨vqÑ2: KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷gm I †bUIqvwK©s
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û weU †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqvi nvi‡K bps e‡j|
01. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb Kx? [Xv. †ev: 2016] Z‡_ï ÿz` ªZg GKK n‡jv weU ( Bit)| Bit Gi cy‡iv bvg
(K) `yBwU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z‡_ï wewbgq Binary Digit | GK weU mgvb evBbvwi Z_¨ 0 ev 1| 8
(L) gva¨gwenxb Z‡_ï cÖevn we‡U GK evBU (byte) mgvb GK K¨v‡i±vi|
(M) ïaygvÎ Zvihy³ Z‡_ï cÖevn  bps A_© n‡jv Bit per second (1 weU=1 ev 0)
(N) ïaygvÎ Kw¤úDUviwbf©i †hvMv‡hvM
 Kbps n‡jv Kilobits per second (1024 we‡U=1
DËi: (K)
wK‡jvweU)
e¨vL¨v:
 Mbps n‡jv Megabits per second (1024
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb: GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK
wK‡jvweU =1 †gMvweU)
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK wWfvBm †_‡K
 Gbps n‡jv Gigabits per second (1024
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wWfvB‡m (†gvevBj, ¯§vU©‡dvb, cv‡m©vbvj
†gMvweU= 1 wMMvweU)
wWwRUvj A¨vwmm‡U›U, wRwcGm †bwf‡MUi BZ¨vw`) Z_¨
 Tbps n‡jv Terabits per second (2024
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Z_¨ Z_¨ wewbgq‡K ejv nq †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb
wMMvweU= 1 †gMvweU)
(Data Communication) ev †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|  Tbps n‡jv Petabits per second (1024
e¨vÛDBW_ †UivweU=1 †cUvweU) AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
02. GKwU P¨v‡b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q 10 †m‡K‡Û 1,00,000 weU 04. e¨vÛDB_ Kx? [gv`ªvmv †ev: 2016]
(K) †WUv cÖev‡ni nvi (L) †WUv cÖev‡ni gva¨g
†WUv UªvÝdvi n‡j Gi e¨vÛDB_ KZ? [wm. †ev: 2017]
(M) †WUv cÖev‡ni w`K (N) †WUv cÖev‡ni c×wZ
(K) 10000 kbps (L) 10000 bps DËi: (K)
(M) 1000 kbps (N) 1000 bps e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (L) 10000 bps e¨vÛDB_: cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY †WUv weU ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
e¨vL¨v: Zvi cwigvY‡K bps e‡j| wbw`©ó cwigvY wewcGm hLb †WUv
10 †m‡K‡Û UªvÝdvi nq =1,00,000 weU UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZi GKK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq, ZLb †mwU‡K
100000 Band ev Bandwidth ejv nq|
 1 †m‡K‡Û †WUv UªvÝdvi nq =
10 weU AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
=10000weU 05. †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K e‡jÑ [h. †ev: 2017]
GLb, 1 †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY †WUv UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K bps ev (K) e¨vÛ wgUvi (L) e¨vÛ DB_
e¨vÛDB_ e‡j| (M) †WUv UªvÝwgkb (N) †WUv Kv‡bKkb
 D³ P¨v‡b‡ji e¨vÛDB_ 1000 bps
DËi: (L)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| †bvU: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
03. bps Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? [h. †ev: 2017] 06. f‡qme¨vÛ †Kv_vq eëüZ nq? [Kz. †ev: 2019]
(K) bit per second (K) †UwjMÖv‡d (L) †Uwj‡dv‡b
(L) byte per second (M) ivDUv‡i (N) †MUI‡q
(M) binary per second DËi: (L)
(N) bit per system e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (K) f‡qme¨vÛ (Voiceband): f‡qme¨v‡Ûi MwZ mvaviYZ
e¨vL¨v: 9600 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dv‡b †ewk
e¨vÛDB_ GKK wnmve (Units of Bandwidth eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b
Measurement): Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î wKsev KvW©
Page- 34
wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î G Band 12. b¨v‡iv e¨v‡Û me©wb¤œ †WUv w¯úW KZ wewcGm?
width eënvi Kiv nq| †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b GB e¨v‡Û [Xv.†ev: 16]
mvaviYZ 200 †_‡K 3600 nvU©R wd«Kz‡qwÝ‡Z Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi (K) 35 (L) 45
Kiv hvq| (M) 200 (N) 300
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| DËi: (L)
07. Kw¤úDUvi †_‰K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nqÑ Note: c~‡e©i 9bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
[h. †ev: 19] 13. eªWe¨v‡Ûi e¨vÛDBW_ KZ?
(K) b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (L) f‡qm e¨vÛ [Kz. †ev: 2016]
(M) nvd-Wz‡cø· (N) dzj-Wz‡cø· (K) 1 mbps ev AwaK (L) 9600 bps
DËi: (L) (M) 45-300 bps Gi g‡a¨ (N) 45 bps Gi Kg
†bvU: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| DËi: (K)
08. f‡qm e¨vÛ-Gi m‡e©v”P MwZ KZ? [iv. †ev: 16] e¨vL¨v:
(K) †Uwj‡dvb (L) †UwjMÖvd eªWe¨vÛ ( Broadband): D³ MwZm¤úbœ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi
(M) m¨v‡UjvBU †dvb (N) IqvwKUwK cÖwµqvq eªWe¨vÛ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eªWe¨v‡Û we¯Í…Z
DËi: (M) e¨vÛDB_ Ges AwaK Z_¨ en‡bi ÿgZv _v‡K| G e¨v‡Ûi
Note: c~‡e©i 6bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| MwZ 1 mbps (†gMvweU/ †K‡KÛ) ev Gi †P‡q †ewk n‡q
09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z b¨v‡ive¨vÛ eëüZ nq? [h. †ev: 2016] _v‡K| mvvìYZ wWwRUvj mve¯ŒvBevi jvBb ev wWGmGj,
(K) †Uwj‡dvb (L) †UwjMÖvd †iwWIwj¼, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi, gvB‡µvI‡qf Ges
(M) m¨v‡UjvBU †dvb (N) IqvwKUwK m¨v‡UjvBU KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i G e¨vÛ
DËi: (L) eënvi Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v: AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
b¨v‡ive¨vÛ (Narrowband): bÄ‡ive¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45 14. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi MwZ‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
†_‡K 300 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GB e¨vÛ axi MwZm¤úbœ [P. †ev: 2016]
†WUv UªvÝwgkb-Gi †ÿ‡Î eënvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ (K) 2 (L) 3
†Uwj‡dvwbi †ÿ‡Î GB e¨vÛwUi eënvi AwaK jÿ Kiv hvq| (M) 4 (N) 5
†Uwj‡dv‡bi †ÿ‡Î bÄ‡ive¨vÛ mvaviYZ 300 †_‡K 3400 DËi: (L)
nvU©R (Hz) wdKz¨‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G‡K mveÑf‡qm e¨vL¨v: †WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb
e¨vÛ ejv nq| †UwjMÖv‡d †U·U g¨v‡mR cÖ` v‡b b¨v‡ive¨vÛ MwZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vÑ
eëüZ nq| 1. b¨v‡ive¨vÛ (Narrowband )
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| 2. f‡qme¨vÛ (Voiceband)
10. b¨v‡iv e¨v‡Û KZ MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq? [P. †ev: 2019] 3. eªWe¨vÛ (Broadband)
(K) 1 mpbs (L) 9600 bps AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(M) 1200 bps (N) 300 bps †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
DËi: (N) 15. †WUv UªvÝwgkb wW‡j me©wb¤œ nqÑ [h. †ev: 2019]
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| (K) A¨vwmb‡µvbvm (L) AvB‡mvµvbvm
(M) eªWKv÷ (N) BDwbKv÷
11. b¨v‡iv e¨v‡Ûi m‡e©v”P MwZ KZ? [wm. †ev: 2019] DËi: (L)
(K) 300 bps (L) 69000 bps e¨vL¨v:
(M) 9600 bps (N) 1 mbps AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous
DËi: (K) Transmission): AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkbZ wmb‡µvbvm
Note: c~‡e©i 9bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| UªvÝwgk‡bi DbœZ fvm©b ejv †h‡Zc cv‡i| ci ci `ywU eø‡Ki
Page- 35
†WUv UªvÝdv‡ii gaëZx© mgq cÖvq 0 GKK mgq Kivi †Póv e¨vL¨v:
Kiv nq| mvaviYZ wi‡qj UvBg A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †WUv UªvÝdv‡i wmg‡cø· (Simplex): †KejgvÎ GKw`‡K †WUv †cÖi‡Yi
G c×wZ †ewk eëüZ nq| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| †gvW ev cÖ_v‡K wmg‡cø· ejv nq|
16. A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi myweav n‡jvÑ [e. †ev: 2017]
(K) cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv gva¨g (Medium)
(L) WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ †ewk K K
(M) eøK AvKv‡i WvUv †cÖwiZ nq wPÎ: wmg‡c· (Simplex)
(N) m¨v‡UjvB‡U eënvi AwaK Dc‡hvMx
BDwbKv÷ (Unicast): †h eë¯’vq GKwU †cÖiK †_‡K
DËi: (K)
ïaygvÎ GKwU cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K BDwbKv÷ e‡j|
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
17. 5 wK‡jvevBU †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gwmb‡µvbvm †h‡nZz, wmg‡cø· †gv‡W GKwU gvÎ †cÖiK I MÖvnK _v‡K ZvB
UªvÝwgk‡bi `ÿZv KZ? [P. †ev: 2019] G‡K BDwbKv÷I ejv nq| †iwWI Ges †Uwjwfk‡bi †ÿ‡Î
(K) 72.73% (L) 77.23% Df‡qB †KejgvÎ GKw`‡K †WUv †cÖiY K‡i| ZvB G‡ì
(M) 90.25% (N) 95.24% wmg‡cø· Ges BDwbKv÷ †gv‡Wi AšÍfz©³ aiv nq|
DËi: (K) D‡jøL¨,
e¨vL¨v: nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex): GB eë¯’vq Dfq w`K
Avgiv Rvwb, †_‡K †WUv †cÖi‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K, Z‡e Zv GKB mg‡q ev
1 evBU=8 weU hyMcr m¤¢e bq| †h †Kvb cÖvšÍ GKB mg‡q †KejgvÎ †WUv
myZivs, cÖK…Z †WUv=5 kilobyte MÖnY A_ev †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ MÖnY Ges †cÖi Y GKB
mv‡_ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
=58 kilobyte
=100040 weU gva¨g (Medium)
K K
=40000 weU|
cÖwZ 8 we‡Ui mv‡_ 1wU ¯§vU© I 2wU ÷c weU hy³ _v‡K| wPÎ: nvd-Wz‡c· (Half-Duplex)
Kv‡RB, 8 weU †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ Ifvi‡nW weU dzj-Wz‡cø· (Full-Duplex): G‡ÿ‡Î GKB mg‡q Dfq
cÖ‡qvRb= 3wU w`K n‡Z †WUv †cÖi‡Yi eë¯’v _v‡K| †h †Kvb cÖvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b
†WUv †cÖiY Kivi mgq †WUv MÖnY A_ev †WUv MÖn‡Yi mgq
40000 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó   40000
3
†cÖiYI Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †hgb: †gvevBj †dvb|

8
=15000 weU
gva¨g (Medium)
 †gvU †WUv = cÖK…Z †WUv+Ifvi‡nW †WUv K K
=4000+1500
wPÎ: dzj-Wz‡c· (Full-Duplex)
eªWKv÷ (Broadcast): eªWKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb
=55000
Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡b `ÿZv,
GKwU †bvW (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb hš¿cvwZ) †_‡K

†WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í mKj †bvW-B MÖnY

40000
  100%
K‡i| †hgb wUwf m¤úªPvi †K›`ª †_‡K †Kvb gywf m¤úªPvi
55000
=72.73%
Ki‡j Zv mK‡jB MÖnY K‡i Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
B
†cÖiK
18. GKB mv‡_ Dfq w`K w`‡q †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi MÜwZ‡K Kx C
e‡j? [w`. †ev: 2019]
A
D
(K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd-Wz‡cø·
(M) dzj-Wz‡cø· (N) gvwëKv÷ E
DËi: (M) wPÎ: eªWKv÷ †gvW
Page- 36
gvwëKv÷ (Multicast): gvwëKv÷ eªWKv‡÷i gZB Z‡e Note: c~‡e©i 18 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
cv_©K¨ n‡jv gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb GKwU †bvW 22. eªWKv÷ †gv‡Wi D`vniY n‡jvÑ [e. †ev: 2017]
†_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í mwµq †bvWB (K) wUwf m¤úªPvi (L) wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝ‡qi †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ (M) †Uwj‡dv‡b K‡_vcK_b (N) SMS †cÖiY
hv‡ì AbywgZ _vK‡e ZvivB AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| DËi: (K)
B Note: c~‡e©i 18 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
†cÖiK B, D I E GKB 23. `yBRb e¨w³ †gvevB‡j K‡_vcK_‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb †gvW
C MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ weavq KvR K‡i? [gv. †ev: 2016]
D †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z
A
(K) dzj-Wz‡cø· (L) nvd-Wz‡cø·
cvi‡Q| (M) wmg‡cø· (N) gvwëKv÷
DËi: (K)
E
wPÎ: gvwëKv÷ †gvW
Note: c~‡e©i 18 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| 24. Kw¤úDUvi I gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii g‡a¨ †WUv mÂvjb
19. wb‡Pi wPÎwU †Kvb †gv‡Wi? [w`. †ev: 2017] †gvW †KvbwU? [iv. †ev: 2017]
B (K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd-Wz‡cø·
(M) dzjÑWz‡cø· (N) gvwëKv÷
DËi: (K)
C
A
D e¨vL¨v:
Kw¤úDUvi I gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii g‡a¨ †WUv †KejgvÎ
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| wKš‘
E
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kv‡bv †WUv †cÖY Kiv

(K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd Wz‡cø· m¤¢e bq, Zvi GwU wmg‡cø· †gvW †WUv mÂvjb|
(M) dzj Wz‡cø· (N) gvwëKv÷ AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
DËi: (N) 25. MÖæc SMS cÖ`vb n‡jvÑ [wm. †ev: 2017]
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vLvq †`Lyb| (K) BDwbKv÷ (L) gvwëKv÷
20. wb‡Pi wPÎwU †Kvb †gv‡WiÑ [Kz. †ev: 2017] (M) eªWKv÷ (N) †UwjKv÷
B DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v:
gvwëKv÷ (Multicast): gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W GKwU †bvW
C
A
D †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv n‡jI †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvaxb wbw`©ó
wKQz MÖvnK ïaygvÎ Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
(K) eªWKv÷ (L) dzj Wz‡cø· MÖæc SMS Gi †ÿ‡Î †cÖwiZ SMS ïaygvÎ H wbw`©ó
(M) nvd-Wz‡cø· (N) wmg‡cø· cÖvc‡KivB MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB MÖæc SMS gvwëKv÷
DËi: (K) †gv‡Wi AšÍM©Z|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
Note: c~‡e©i 18bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g
21. †KvbwUi gva¨‡g GKB mg‡q †WUv `yw`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i?
26. †KvGw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †WUv †cÖi‡Yi mvaviY nvi KZ?
[h. †ev: 2017]
[w`. †ev: 2016]
(K) Simplex (L) Half duplex
(K) 100 Mbps (L) 200 Mbps
(M) Broad cast (N) Full duplex
(M) 2 Gbps (N) 40 Gbps
DËi: (N)
DËi: (K)
Page- 37
e¨vL¨v: G‡ì gv‡S Acwievnx c`v_© eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G
wewfbœ K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝdvi w¯úW: UTP-Unshielded ai‡bi K¨ve‡j mvaviYZ †gvU 4 †Rvov Zvi eënvi nq| cÖwZ
Twisted Pair g~jZ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji GKwU †Rvov Zv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU mvaviY ev Kgb is‡qi (mv`v) Zvi
cÖKvi‡f`| Gi †WUv UªvÝdvi wjwgU 10 Mbps †_‡K 1 _v‡K Ges Aci Zvi¸‡jv nq wfbœ is‡qi| Zvimg~n
Gbps ms‡hvR‡bi mgq 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 b¤^‡ii wfwË‡Z
STP-Shielded Twisted Pair Gi gva¨‡g †WUv UªvÝwgU ms‡hvM w`‡Z nq|
wjwgU 16 Mbps †_‡K 500 Mbps. AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
†Kv-A¨vw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †ÿ‡Î †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 100 29. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej Gi mvaviY is †KvbwU?
[iv. †ev: 16]
Mbps †_‡K 2 Gbps.
Ges dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv (K) Kgjv (L) ev`vgx
(M) Kv‡jv (N) mv`v
UªvÝwgU nq e‡j GwU me©v‡cÿv `ªæ ZMwZ m¤úbœ|
DËi: (N)
27. †Uwj‡dvb‡i Rb¨ eëüZ K¨vej †KvbwU? Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
[wm. †ev: 2016] 30. gvB‡µvI‡qf cÖhyw³i Amyweav `~i Ki‡Z †Kvb cÖhyw³
(K) mvaviY (L) †Kv-Gw·Iqvj Avek¨K? [iv. †ev: 2019]
(M) UzB‡÷W †cqvi (N) dvBevi AcwUK (K) Bbd«v‡iW (L) wRwcGm
DËi: (M) (M) †iwWI I‡qf (N) K…wÎg DcMÖn
e¨vL¨v: DËi: (N)
mvaviYZ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej Gi mv‡_ eëüZ e¨vL¨v:
Kv‡b±i¸‡jv RJ ev Registered Jack bv‡g cwiwPZ| gvB‡µvI‡qf cÖhyw³i Transmitter I Receiver Gi
g‡a¨ euvav (†hgb: cvnvo ev eo wewìs) _vK‡j †hvMv‡hvM
g~jZ j¨vb ev B_vi‡bU Ges †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î RJ
ivLv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ †m‡UjvBU ev K…wÎg DcMÖn Øviv G
Kv‡b±i¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wewfbœ RJ Kv‡b±i
mgm¨v `~i Kiv m¤¢e KviY Transimitter I Teceiver
m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
Gi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM ivLvi Rb¨ K…wÎg DcMÖn _v‡K|
RJ11 Kv‡b±i: Pvi-wcb hy³ GB RJ Kv‡b±i †Uwj‡dvb
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
BKzBc‡g›Umg~n mshy³ Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
31. †Uwjwfk‡bi wi‡gvU K‡›Uª‡j e¨üZ nqÑ [h. †ev: 2019]
RJ45 Kv‡b±i: Qq-wcb hy³ GB RJ Kv‡b±i j¨vb ev
(K) Infrared (L) Radio wave
B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi I Gi mswkøó
(M) Microwave (N) Bluetooth
BKzBc‡g›U¸‡jv mshy³ Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
DËi: (K)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
e¨vL¨v:
28. Zvi¸‡jv †cuPv‡bv I †Rvov †Rvov _v‡K e‡j H Zvi‡K
ejv nqÑ [Xv. †ev: 2016] †Uwjwfk‡bi wi‡gvU K‡›Uªv‡j infrared eëüZ nq|
(K) †Uwj‡dvb K¨vej Bbd«v‡qW cÖhyw³i eënvi:
(L) †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej  †iwWI, wUwf, Gqvi KwÛkb BZ¨vwì wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj
(M) UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej wm‡÷‡g|
(N) dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej  Mvoxi ìRv, Rvbvjv BZ¨vw` wbqš¿‡Y|
DËi: (M)  Kw¤úDUv‡ii Zviwenxb KxÑ†evW©, gvDm, wcÖ›Uvi
BZ¨vwì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kivi Kv‡R|
e¨vL¨v:
 ¯§vU© †nv‡gi cwi‡ek (ìRv, Rvbvjv, M¨v‡iR, jvBU,
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej (Twisted Pair Cable): `ywU
wd«R, I‡fb BZ¨vw`) wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z|
cwievnx Zvi‡K ci¯úi mylgfv‡e †cuwP‡q UzB‡÷W †cqvi
 †Ljbv mvgMÖx wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z|
K¨vej ˆZwi Kiv nq| †cuPv‡bv Zvi `ywU‡K c„_K ivLvi Rb¨
Page- 38
Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g weavq GwU‡K Zviwenxb (Wireless) cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv
32. nU¯úU Kx? [iv. †ev: 2016] †bUIqvK© ( WPAN) cÖ‡UvKj ejv nq| AZGe, cÖkœwUi
(K) wbw`©ó DËß GjvKv mwVK DËi (L)|
(L) Zvihy³ B›Uv‡bU eë¯’v 36. †KvbwU eøy-Uz_ ÷¨vÛvW©? [w`. †ev: 2019]
(M) Zvi wenxY B›Uvi‡bU eë¯’v (K) 802.11 (L) 802.11 b
(N) wek¦e¨vcx †bUIqvK© eë¯’v (M) 802.15 (N) 802.16
DËi: (M) DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
nU¯úU (Hotspot): nU¯úU (Hotsot) n‡jv GK ai‡bi eøy-Uz_ †bUIqv‡K©i †gŠwjK Dcv`vb: eøy-Uz_ cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †h
Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© ev †gvevBj Kw¤úDUvi I wWfvBm †hgb †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv nq Zvi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡jv wc‡Kv‡bU
¯§vU© †dvb, wcwWG, U¨ve, †bUeyK, †bvUeyK ev j¨vcUc (Piconet) | wc‡Kv‡bU †Kvb GKwU gyn~‡Z© GKwU gv÷vi
BZ¨vw`‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM mieivn K‡i| (Master) †bvU I me©vwaK 7wU mwµq `vm (Slave) †bvW
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GKwU wc‡Kv‡b‡U †gvU 255wU `vm †bvW
33. †Kvb IEEE wU Wi-Fi ÷¨vÛvW©? [iv. †ev: 17; w`. †ev: _vK‡Z cv‡i hvi g‡a¨ 7wU e¨ZxZ Ab¨me¸‡jv wbw®Œq wnmv‡e
16] _v‡K| cvkvcvwk `ywU wc‡Kv‡bU‡K GKwU mvaviY `vm †bv‡Wi
(K) 802.11 (L) 802.11u gva¨‡g mshy³ n‡j GB `ywU wc‡Kv‡bU‡K GKmv‡_ ¯‹¨vUvi‡bU
(M) 802.15 (N) 802.16 (Scattenet) ejv nq| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
DËi: (K) 37. WiMax Gi ÷¨vÛvW© KZ? [Xv. †ev: 2019]
e¨vL¨v: (K) 802.11 GHz (L) 802.11a GHz
IqvB-dvB ÷¨vÛvW©: IqvB dvB GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm ev Zviwenxb (M) 802.15 GHz (N) 802.16 GHz
LAN ÷¨vÛvW© ev cÖhyw³MZfv‡e IEEE 802.11 bv‡g DËi: (N)
cwiwPZ| e¨vL¨v:
D‡jøL¨, eø-y Uz_ ÷¨vÛvW© IEEE 802.15 IqvBg¨v· ( WiMax) cÖhyw³ n‡jv eZ©gvb mg‡qi me©vaywbK
IqvBg¨v· ÷¨vÛvW© IEEE 802.16| D”PMwZi eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj mvwf©m, hv Zviwenxb
eë¯’vq 10 †_‡K 60 wK.wg. ch©šÍ B›Uvi‡bU myweav cÖ`vb
K‡i| Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE-802.16|
34. IEEE 802.11 cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †bUIqvK©wU ˆZwi AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
Kiv hv‡e? [wm. †ev: 2019]
38. GEO m¨v‡UjvBU f~wg †_‡K KZ D”PZvi wbw`©ó Kÿ-
(K) PAN (L) LAN c‡_ ivL‡Z nq? [Kz. †ev: 2019]
(M) CAN (N) WAN (K) 12000 km (L) 22000 km
DËi: (L)
(M) 27000 km (N) 36000 km
e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N)
IEEE 802.11 n‡jv IqvBÑdvB Gi ÷¨vÛvW© GwU Zviwenxb e¨vL¨v:
LAN ev Local Area Network. m¨v‡UjvBU †hvMv‡hvM: i‡K‡Ui gva¨‡g we‡kl cÖhyw³ eënvi
35. eøyU‡z _i gva¨‡g ˆZwi †bUIqvK©‡K e‡jÑ [h. †ev: 2017] K‡i m¨v‡UjvBU‡K f~-c„ô †_‡K (36000 wK.wg.) 22,230
(K) LAN (L) PAN gvBj Dc‡i wRIwmb‡µvbvm Aiwe‡U ¯’vcb Kiv nq| †hLv‡b
(M) MAN (N) WAN K¨ve‡ji †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e bq †mLv‡b m¨v‡UjvBU
DËi: (L) UªvÝwgkb eëüZ nq| m¨v‡UjvB‡U UªvÝwgkb, wiwmfvi,
kw³kvjx wiwmfvi UªvÝwgkb A¨v‡›Ubv VSAT (Very
e¨vL¨v: eøy‡U‡_i gva¨‡g Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK©: eøyUz‡_i mvnv‡h¨
Small Aperture Terninal) , †mvjvi cvIqvi _AK‡Z
webv Li‡P ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ _vKv AvaywbK cÖvq mKj wWfvBm nq| c„w_exi †h †Kvb cÖvšÍ Lye ZvovZvwo Kg Li‡P †hvMv‡hvM
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ e¨w³MZfv‡e †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Kiv hvq|
Page- 39
39. Wi-Max †Kvb ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© eëüZ nq? e¨vL¨v:
[mw¤§wjZ †evW©Ñ2018] ISP Gi c~Y©iƒc Internet Service Provider
(K) PAN (L) LAN D‡jøL¨,
(M) MAN (N) WAN BTClBangladesh Telecommunication
DËi: (M) Company Limited.
e¨vL¨v: Wi Max Gi gva¨‡g Zviwenxb eë¯’vq 10 †_‡K ICX Inter Connection Exchange
60 wK.wg. ch©šÍ B›Uvi‡bU myweav cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| ZvB NIX National Internet Exchange
MAX †bUIqvK© G WiMax eëüZ nq| KviY MAN BIX Bangladesh Internet Exchange
†bUIqvK© Gi we¯Í…wZ 10 †_‡K 50 wK.wg. ch©šÍ nq| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
40. mvkÖqxfv‡e cvnvox GjvKvq Kvh©Kix †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡bi 43. †gvevB‡ji †Kvb cÖRb¥ n‡Z B›Uvi‡bU eënvi ïiæ nq?
Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨gwU myweavRbK? [e. †ev: 2017] [e. †ev. 2016]
(K) AcwUK¨vj dvBevi (L) †iwWI I‡qf (K) 1g (L) 2q
(M) IqvBdvB (N) IqvBg¨v· (M) 3q (N) 4_©
DËi: (N) DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
IqvBg¨v‡·i gva¨‡g A‡bK †ewk eënviKvix eû`~i GjvKv wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨:
ch©šÍ D”PMwZ‡Z eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU †mev †c‡q _v‡K| cÖZ¨šÍ 1. G cÖR‡b¥i UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷g wWwRUvj c×wZ Ges Ges
AÂj †hLv‡b mvaviYZ eªWe¨vÛ †mevi K_v KíbvI Kiv hvq
Noise
gy³|
bv, †mLv‡bI webvÑZv‡i eªWe¨vÛ †mev †`qv hv‡”Q 2. GB cÖR‡b¥ wWwRUvj c×wZi †iwWI wmMb¨vj eëüZ
IqvBg¨v‡·i gva¨‡g| we‡kl K‡i DuPz-bxPz cvnvox AÂj nq|
wKsev K¨vej ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ `yM©g GjvKvq eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU 3. †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b ÎæwU wbY©q I ÎæwU ms‡kvab n‡Z
†mev †cuŠ‡Q †èvi Rb¨ IqvB-g¨v· n‡jv m‡e©vrK…ó cÖhyw³MZ _v‡K|
mgvavb| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| 4. f‡qm †cÖi‡Yi myweav Pviæ nq|
5. P¨v‡bj GK‡mm c×wZ njÑ FDMA, TDMA I
41. K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi †bUIqvK© eëüZ nq †Kvb †ÿ‡Î?
CDMA.
[h.†ev. 16] 6. †gvevBj †dv‡bB †c‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi cÖeZ©b|
(K) PAN (L) LAN 7. MMS (Multimedia Message Service) †mev Pvjy
(M) MAN (N) WAN nq|
DËi: (L) 8. mxwgZfv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK †evwgs myweav Pvjy nq|
e¨vL¨v: 9. †gvevBj †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU eënvi myweav|
LAN-Gi †kÖwYwefvM: wbqš¿Y KvVv‡gv Ges mvwf©m cÖ`v‡bi 10. †WUvi †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU eënvi myweav|
ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© cÖKvi‡f` AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
wbqš¿Y KvVv‡gv Ges mvwf©m cÖ`v‡bi ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i 44. †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡j me©cÖ_g MMS mvwf©m Pvjy nq?
†bU©IqvK©‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:Ñ [iv. †ev. 2019]
1. K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi †bUIqv ( Clien-Server Network) (K) cÖ_g (L) wØZxq
2. wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK (Peer to Peer Network) (M) Z…Zxq (N) PZz_©
3. wgkÖ ev nvBweªW †bUIqvK© (Hybrid Network) DËi: (L)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
42. ISP Gi c~Y© bvg? [w`. †ev: 2017 45. †iwWI wmMbvj cÖ_‡g wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i
(K) Internet Super Power †gvevBj eëüZ nq?
(L) Internet Server Provider (K) 1G (L) 2G
(M) Internet Server Programme (M) 3G (N) 4G
DËi: (L)
(N) Internet Service Provider
Note: c~‡e©i 43 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
DËi: (N)
Page- 40
46. MÖxb †dvb ejv nq †Kvb cÖhyw³i †gvevBj †dvb‡K? 49. AvBwc †WUv †bUIqvK© †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev. 2017]
[iv.‡ev. 19] (K) 1G (L) 2G
(K) FDMA (L) TDMA (M) 3G (N) 4G
(M) CDMA (N) PDMA
DËi: (N)
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i ev 4G †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv
wm‡÷‡g Kg cvIqvi ìKvi nq hvi d‡j e¨vUvwii Avqy¼vj mvwK©U myBwPs ev c¨v‡KU myBwPs‡qi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU
e„w× cvq Ges `xN©ÿY a‡i K_v ejv hvq hv cwi‡ek iÿvq cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i eënvi| Gi d‡j
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| ZvB G‡K MÖxY †dvb ( Green †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb wm‡÷‡g B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK
Phone) ejv nq|
†bUIqv‡K©i eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e
47. GPRS Gi c~Y©i ƒcÑ [Kz. †ev. 2017]
n‡e|
(K) General Packet Radio Service
(L) Global Packet Radio Service
50. †KvbwU PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨?
(M) Global Package Radio Service [wm. †ev. 2017]
(N) General Package Radio Service (K) AvBwc wbf©i Iqvi‡jm †bUIqvK©
DËi: (K) (L) wek¦e¨vcx †ivwgs myweav
e¨vL¨v: (M) †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
GPRS Gi c~Y©i ƒcÑGeneral Packet Radio Service (N) †mwgKÛvKUi I gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi cÖhyw³
g‡b ivLyb: DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v:
PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨:
SIM Subscriber Indentity Module
1. G cÖR‡b¥ mvwK©U myBwPs ev c¨v‡KU my¨BwPsÑGi cwie‡Z©
IMSI  International Mobile Subacriber
Identity
TMSI  Temporary Mobile Subseriber B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wbf©i †bUIqvK© eënvi|
Identity 2. †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷‡g AvjUªv-eªW e¨Û MwZi B›Uvi‡bU
GSM  Global System for Mobile eënvi Kiv hvq|
Communications 3. †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU n‡e me‡P‡q †ewk|
ESN  Electronic Serial Nummber 4. 4G Gi MwZ 3G Gi †P‡q cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk|
MIN  Mobile Identification Number 5. D”P MwZi wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges wÎ-gvwÎK Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi e¨¯’v|
SID  System Identification Code 6. wewfbœ †bUIqvUcv‡K©i g‡a¨ cwieZ©‡bi mgq wbiew”Qbœ
LTE  Long Term Evolution †hvMv‡hvM _vK‡e|
EDGE  Enhancd Data Rates for Global 7. DbœZgv‡bi †gvevBj †Uwjwfkb †`Lvi Dc‡hvMx n‡e|
Evolution AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
CDMA  Code Division Multiple Access. 51. †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡b AjUªv eªWe¨vÛ MwZi
48. GSM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jvÑ [e. †ev. 2017] B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kiv nq? [h. †ev: 2019]
(K) General System for Mobile (K) 1g (L) 2q
Communication (M) 3q (N) 4_©
(L) Global Standard for Mobile
DËi: (N)
Communication
(M) General Standard for Mobile Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
Communication 52. †Kvb wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ wWwRUvj
(N) Global System for Mobile ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq? [gv. †ev: 2016]
Communication (K) ivDUvi (L) g‡Wg
DËi: (N) (M) wiwcUvi (N) myBP
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| DËi: (L)
Page- 41
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
g‡Wg (Modem): g‡Wg kãwU gWz‡jUi-wWgWz‡jU‡ii †MUI‡q wfbœ ai‡bi †bUIqvK©mg~n‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ
(Modulator Demodulator) mswÿß iƒc| gWz‡jUi nq| nve, myBP, ivDUvi BZ¨vw` wWfvBm cÖ‡UvKj
wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM ms‡K‡Z Ges wWgWz‡jUi UªvÝ‡jk‡bi myweav †`q bv, wKš‘ †MUI‡q G myweav †`q| wfbœ
A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| g‡W‡g †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi mgq GwU †cÖv‡UvKj
GKwU gWz‡jUi Ges GKwU wWgWz‡jUi _v‡K| †cÖiK UªvÝ‡jk‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ g‡Wg Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWwRUvj AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
msK‡Z‡K A¨vbjM ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i †Uwj‡dvb 56. †Kvb wWfvBmwU cÖ‡UvKj UªvÝ‡jk‡b eëüZ nq?
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Øviv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †WUv I Z_¨ †cÖiY K‡i| [P. †ev: 19]
Gfv‡e †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ‡K (K) †MUI‡q (L) ivDUvi
wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqv‡K gWz‡jkb (M) weªR (N) myBP
(Modulation) e‡j| DËi: (K)
D‡jøL¨, myBP †cÖiK cÖvšÍ †_‡K cÖvß †WUv cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
mywbw`©ó †cvU©wU‡Z cvwV‡q †`q| †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR
ivDUvi: GwU GKwU eyw×gvb B›Uvi‡bIqvK© Kv‡bKwUwfwU 57. Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s Gi Rb¨ Kq ai‡bi U‡cvjRx
wWfvBm ev jwRK¨vj Ges wdwRK¨vj G‡Wªm eënvi K‡i `yB eënvi Kiv nq? [P. †ev: 2016]
ev Z‡ZvwaK †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi (K) 3 (L) 4
eë¯’v K‡i| (M) 5 (N) 6
wiwcUvi: Z_¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î eëüZ GK ai‡bi wWfvBm DËi: (N)
we‡kl| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g hy³ e¨vL¨v:
Kw¤úDUviwU hw` `~i nq Zvn‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ †WUv U‡cvjwRi cÖKvi‡f`: Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwKs Gi Rb¨ 6
wmMb¨vj `ye©j n‡q hvq| G `ye©j ms‡KZ‡K mej Kiv Ges ai‡bi U‡cvjwR eënvi Kiv nq| h_vÑevm U‡cvjwR, ÷vi
MšÍe¨ ¯’v‡bi w`‡K †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ wiwcUvi eënvi Kiv nq| U‡cvjwR, wis U‡cvjwR, †gk U‡cvjwR, wUª-U‡cvjwR Ges
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| nvBweªW U‡cvjwR|
53. g‡W‡gi A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
Kivi KvR‡K Kx e‡j? [Xv. †ev: 2017] 58. iwng evmvq †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †`vKvb †_‡K RJ45
(K) gWz‡jkb (L) wWgWz‡jkb K¨v‡b±i I 1wU myBP wK‡b Av‡b| iwn‡gi evmvi
(M) eªWKv÷ (N) nvd Wz‡cø· †bUIqvK© †Kvb U‡cvjwRi n‡e?
DËi: (K) [e. †ev: 2016
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
(K) ÷vi (L) evm
54. †Kvb wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K
wmMb¨vj wbw`©ó cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡iB †cÖiY Kiv hvq? (M) wis (N) †gk
[mw¤§wjZ †ev: 18] DËi: (K)
(K) nve (L) myBP e¨vL¨v:
(M) wiwcUvi (N) weªR †h‡nZz iwng †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ myBP eënvi K‡i‡Q|
DËi: (L) ZvB iwn‡gi †bUIqvK©wU n‡e ÷vi U‡cvjwRi|
e¨vL¨v: †h wWfvBm †cÖwiZ wmMb¨vj‡K MÖn‡Yi ci Uv‡M©U AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖiY K‡i Zv‡K myBP e‡j|
59. ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kvb wWfvBmwU eëüZ nq?
55. cÖ‡UvKj UªvÝ‡jk‡b myweav †`q †Kvb †bUIqvK© wWfvBm?
[Kz. †ev: 2016] [Kz. e. †ev: 16]
(K) NIC (L) weªR (K) nve (L) g‡Wg
(M) wiwcUvi (N) †MUI‡q (M) ivDUvi (N) wiwcUvi
DËi: (N) DËi: (K)
Page- 42
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
÷vi U‡cvjwR ( Star Topology): †h U‡cvjwR GKwU ÷vi †bUIqvK© wWfvBm¸‡jv nve/myB‡Pi gva¨‡g G‡K A‡bï
†K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡iI †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| †mjyjvi
Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ K‡i †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K †bUIqvK© †mj‡dvb ¸‡jv UvIqv‡ii gva¨‡g ci¯úi †hvMv‡hvM
÷vi U‡cvjwR ejv nq| D‡jøL¨, †nv÷ nve/myBP I n‡Z iÿv K‡iI †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB †mjyjvi †bUIqvK©
cv‡i| ÷vi U‡cvjwR m`„k¨|
60. †Kvb U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K? [w`. 64. 5 I 7 bs Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡j †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi
†ev: 18] g‡a¨ †bUIqvUK© mPj _vK‡e? [e. †ev: 2017]
(K) ÷vi (L) wis
(M) evm (N) †gk
1
DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v:
2 3
÷vi U‡cvjwR ( Star Topology): †h U‡cvjwR GKwU

†K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_
4 5 6 7
Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ K‡i †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K (K) 1, 3 Ges 6 (L) 4 Ges 6
÷vi U‡cvjwR ejv nq| D‡jøL¨, †nv÷ nve/myBP I n‡Z (M) 1, 3 Ges 4 (N) 1, 2, 3, 4 Ges 6
cv‡i| DËi: (N)
61. GKwU †K›`ªxq nve Øviv †Kvb U‡cvjwR mshy³ _v‡K? e¨vL¨v:
[w`. †ev: 2016] wPÎ n‡Z GUv ¯úóZ †h GwU wUª †bUIqvK© wP‡Îi 5 I 7 bs
(K) BUS (L) MESH Kw¤úDUviØq bó n‡j evwK Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv mPj _vK‡e|
(M) RING (N) STAR KviY GLv‡b †Kvb †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi bó nqwb| A_©vr 5 I 7
DËi: (N) bs Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡j †bUIqv‡K©i 1,2,3,4, I 6 bs
e¨vL¨v: Kw¤úDUvi mPj _vK‡e| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
÷vi U‡cvjwR ( Star Topology): †h U‡cvjwR GKwU 65. [e. †ev: 2017]
†K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_
Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ K‡i †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K
÷vi U‡cvjwR ejv nq| D‡jøL¨, †nv÷ nve/myBP I n‡Z
cv‡i|
62. wb‡Pi †Kvb wWfvBmwU‡Z †WUv wdëvwis m¤¢e?
[w`. †ev: 16]
(K) nvi (L) myBP
(M) wiwcUvi (N) ivDUvi Dc‡ii wPÎwU‡Z KqwU wfbœ wfbœ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR i‡q‡Q?:
DËi: (N) (K) 1wU (L) 2wU
e¨vL¨v:
(M) 3wU (N) 4wU
ivDUv‡ii myweav ( Advantages of Router):
DËi: (N)
1. †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †ÿ‡Î euvavi m¤¢vebv Kgvq|
2. †WUv wdëvwis m¤¢e nq| e¨vL¨v: wis U‡cvjwR
3. wewfbœ ai‡bi †bUIqvK© †hgb B_vi‡bU, †Uv‡Kb, wis
BZ¨vw`‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. GKvwaK †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
evm U‡cvjwR ÷vi U‡cvjwR
63. †mjyjvi †dv‡b †Kvb U‡cvjwR eëüZ nq? [e. †ev: 2019]
(K) †gk (L) wis
(M) ÷vi (N) nvBweªW wUª U‡cvjwR
DËi: (M) wP‡Îi †bUIqvK©wU fv‡iv fv‡e jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvqÑ
Page- 43
evgw`K †_‡K cÖ_g PviwU Kw¤úDUvi evm U‡cvjwRi gva¨‡g g‡a¨ mgØ‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ c×wZ‡K ejv nq weU
mshy³ i‡q‡Q| Gici evm U‡cvjwRi Wv‡b A_©vr gvSLv‡b wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
4wU Kw¤úDUvi wis U‡cvjwRi †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ Av‡Q| 68. †Uwjwfk‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡”QÑ [wm. †ev:
Zvici G‡Kev‡i Wv‡b PviwU Kw¤úDUvi ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z 2019]
mshy³ Ges wis U‡cvjwRi wb‡Pi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mvZwU i. wmg‡cø·
Kw¤úDUvi wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z mshy³ i‡q‡Q| ii. gvwëKv÷
AZGe, wPÎwU‡Z †gvU 4wU wfbœ wfbœ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR iii. eªWKv÷
i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
66. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g n‡”QÑ [wm. †ev: 2019] DËi: (L)
i. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej e¨vL¨v:
ii. †iwWI I‡qf wmg‡cø· ( Simplex):
iii. g‡Wg †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †WUvi GKw`‡K cÖevn‡K wmg‡cø· †gvW
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ejv nq| G c×wZ‡Z GKwU †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi memgq Ab¨
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv cvVvq Ges cÖvcK †WUv MÖnY K‡i|
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii †hgbÑwP‡Î K n‡Z LÑGi w`‡K †WUUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e, wKš‘
DËi: (K) L n‡K K-Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e bv|
e¨vL¨v: D`vniYÑPABX wm‡÷g, †iwWI, wUwf BZ¨vw`|
†WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq P¨v‡bj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ eªWKv÷ (Broadcast):
wewfbœ cÖKvi gva¨g eënvi Kiv nq| gva¨g `yB cÖKvi| h_v: †h UªvÝwgkb eë¯’vq †bUIqvK©fz³ †Kvb †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi (ev
1| Zvigva¨g: UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej, dvBevi AcwUK †bvW) n‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgU n‡j IB †bUIqvK©fz³ mKj †bvWB
K¨vej (cÖvcK) Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K eªWKv÷ UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
2| Zviwenxb, †eZvi Zi½ gvB‡µvI‡qf, Bbd«v‡iW g‡Wg mKj ai‡bi j¨vb wKsev B›Uvi‡bU QvovI eªWKv÷
n‡jv GKwU B‡jKwUªK wWfvBm hv input ev output UªvÝwgkbwU AviI eënvi nq †Uwjwfkb I †iwWI m¤úªPv‡ii
wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| †ÿ‡Î| †Uwjwfk‡b †Kvb Abyôvb m¤úªPvi Kiv n‡j Zv mKj
67. weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb n‡”QÑ [Xv. †ev: 2016] †Uwjwfkb ev MÖvnKhš¿ GKB mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
i. weU †cÖi‡Yi mgwš^Z c×wZ †Kvb j¨vb †bUIqvK© G GKwU †g‡mR eªWKv÷ wm‡÷g
ii. we‡Ui ïiæ Ges †kl eyS‡Z cviv UªvÝwgU Ki‡j †mwU †bUIqv‡K©i mKj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU
iii. evÛDB‡_i cwigvY e„w× cvIqv †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb cÖvcK _vK‡jI GKmv‡_
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? GKvwaK MÖvnK ev MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wP‡Î K n‡Z †cÖwiZ
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii †WUv L, M Ges N mKj †bvWB MÖnY mÿg n‡e| eªWKv÷
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii UªvÝwgkb ïaygvÎ wmg‡cø· n‡q _v‡K|
DËi: (K) 69. dzj Wz‡cø· †gv‡W P‡jÑ [P. †ev: 2017]
e¨vL¨v: i. †gvevBj †dvb ii. j¨vÛ †dvb
weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb: †WUv UªvÝwgkb nIqvi mgq †cÖiK I iii. †iwWI eªWKv÷
cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU mg‡SvZv ìKvi hv‡Z wmMb¨vj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
we‡Ui ïiæ Ges †kl eyS‡Z cv‡i| we‡Ui ïiæ I †kl eyS‡Z (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
bv cvi‡j cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi †m wmMb¨vj †_‡K †WUv cybiæ×vi (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| G wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi mgq wewfbœ we‡Ui DËi: (K)
Page- 44
e¨vL¨v: we:`ª: mwVK DËi †bB| mwVK DËi n‡e ïay ( i)
†gvevBj I j¨vÛ †dv‡b K_v ejvi mgq Avgiv GKev‡i 72. GKwU `vjv‡bi Dci Zjvq hš¿cvwZmn GKwU G‡›Ubv
gy‡LvgywL K_v ejvi g‡Zv K‡iB K_v ej‡Z cvwi| A_©vr AvKvkgyLx K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| D³ AvKvkgyLxZvi
GKRb K_v ejvi mgq Ab¨Rb K_v ej‡Z cvwi| `yB cÿ eënviÑ [h. †ev: 2016]
Gfv‡e GKB mgq †WUv †cÖiY I MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i weavq
†gvevBj I j¨vÛ †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡jv dzj i. †Uwjwfk‡bi wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î
Wz‡cø·| ii. AvenvIqvi me©‡kl Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿ‡Y
D‡jøL¨, †iwWI eªWKv÷ n‡jv wmg‡cø· †gv‡Wi AšÍM©Z KviY, iii. AvšÍtgnv`‡kxq †Uwj‡dvb K‡ji †ÿ‡Î
G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej GKcÖvšÍ n‡Z †WUv †cÖiY Kiv nq| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
70. Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwcBD‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq eëüZ
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
UªvÝwgk‡bi êwkó¨ njÑ [P. †ev: 2019]
i. †WUv eøK AvKv‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq DËit (N)
ii. †h †Kv‡bv mgq †WUv †cÖiY I MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v:
iii. cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv D³ G‡›Ubv AvKvkgyLx Kivi KviY n‡”Q f~-c„‡ô ¯’vwcZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui ms‡hvM cvIqvi Rb¨| Avi Gi Ab¨Zg
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii eënvimg~n n‡jvÑ
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii 1| c„w_exi Rjevqy Ges AvenvIqv ch©‡eÿY Kivi Kv‡R|
DËi: (M) 2| †UwjwfkY m¤úªPvi Kv‡R|
e¨vL¨v:
3| A‡ckv`vi †iwWI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î|
Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwcBD‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi n‡jv Gwmb‡µvbvm
4| cÖwZiÿv Kv‡R|
UªvÝwgkb c×wZ| G c×wZ †WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡iKUvi
UªvÝwgU nq| G myweav¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc: 5| B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î|
1| †cÖiK †h †Kvb mgq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges 6| wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î|
MÖvnK Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 7| `~‡ii MÖn, M¨vjvw· Ges gnvk~‡bï wewfbœ welq ch©‡eÿY
2| †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ †cÖi‡Ki †Kvb cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR Kv‡R|
wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| 8| †Møvevj cwRkwbs wm‡÷g (Global Positioning
3| GwUi BÝU‡jkb e¨q AZ¨šÍ Kg|
4| Aí K‡i †WUvi UªvÝwgkb cÖ‡qvRb Ggb cwi‡e‡k, †hgb System -GPS) Gi|
B›Uvi‡b‡U GB c×wZ †ewk Dc‡hvMx| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
71. 300 wMMvnvR© n‡Z 400 †UivnvR© ch©šÍ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ‡K 73. Wi-Fi Ges Wimax Gi cv_©K¨ n‡”QÑ
ejv nqÑ [Kz. †ev: 2017] [e. †ev: 2016]
i. Bbd«v‡iW ii. †iwWI I‡qf i. Kfv‡iR Gwiqvi
iii. gvB‡µv I‡qf
ii. w¯ú‡Wi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii iii. ÷¨vÛv‡W©i
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi: mwVK DËi †bB| mwVK DËi ïay i n‡e| (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
e¨vL¨v: (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv UvBc m¤¢ve¨ Zi½‰`N©¨ DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v:
†iwWI I‡qf 3 KHz †_‡K 300 KHz
gvB‡µvI‡qf 1 GHz †_‡K 40 GHz
Bbd«v‡iW 300 GHz †_‡K 400 THz
Page- 45
eøyUz_, IqvB-dvB Ges IqvB-g¨v· Gi Zzjbv: myweav 1. LiP 1. LiP Kg 1.
Zzjbvi eøyUz_ IqvB-dvB IqvB-g¨v· †bB `ªæZMwZm¤ú
2. bœ
welq
2. ¯^j `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ
÷¨vÛvW© ÷¨vÛvW© GKvwaK ÷¨vÛvW© we`y¨r 3. mn‡RB 2. †bUIqvK©
GKwU ÷¨vÛvW© GKwU| h_v: eënvi KbwdMvi Kiv Kvfv‡iR
h_v: Av‡Q| h_v: 802.16 hvq| Gwiqv †ewk|
3. K¨vej
802.15 Wi-Fi(a)=
ms‡hvM hvq
802.11a,
bv Ggb
Wi-
RvqvMvqI
Fi=802.11
†bUIqvK©
b, Wi-
†Ìqv hvq|
Fi(g)-
802.111g,
Wi-Fi(n)= Amyweav 1. ‡iÄ 1. we`y¨r †ewk 1. LiP †ewk
802.11n Kg LiP nq
2. BÝU‡jkb
wd«‡Kv‡qw 2.45 2.4GH 2-22GHz 2. 2. ågYiZ cÖwµqv RwUj
Ý GHz †_‡K 5GHz †bUIqvK© Ae¯’vq
Awbivc` UªvÝwgk‡b 3. Lvivc
¯úxW ev 72-25 AvenvIqv
weNœ N‡U
11-300 800
MwZ Mbps Mbps Mbps- 3. †WUv
1Gbps `yB‡qi 3. IqvB- UªvÝwgk‡b
†iÄ ev 10 †_‡K 50 AwaK g¨v‡·i weNœ NUvq|
†_‡K cÖvq
wWRvB‡b Zzjbvq
50
MwZ 200 wgUvi wK‡jvwgUvi
i †ÿ‡Î Kfv‡iR
100
wgUvi
†bUIqvK© A‡bK Kg|
e¨q webv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡ Zzjbvg~jKfv ¯’Acb
Li‡Pi e ¯^í e¨q ‡e e¨q †ewk KóKi|
cÖhyw³
jvB‡mÝ cv‡m©vbvj jvB‡mÝ ev jvB‡mÝmn
eënvi ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ Iq¨vi‡jm Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj †Kv‡bv h_vh_
e¨w³MZ j¨vb (LAN) g¨vb ZvB KZ…©c‡ÿi KZ…©c‡ÿi
jvB‡mÝ Aby‡gv`b Aby‡gv`b
†WUv ˆZwi‡Z (MAN) cÖ‡qvRb cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cÖ‡qvRb|
UªvÝwgk‡b eëüZ nq| ˆZwi‡Z †bB|
i Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
eëüZ AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi: (N)|
74. mvaviYZ †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jvÑ [Kz. †ev: 2016]
†bUIqvK© cv‡m©vbvj †jvKvj Gwiqv †g‡UªvcwjUb i. Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v ii . ïaygvÎ K_v ejvi eë¯’v
UvBc Gwiqv †bUIqvK© Gwiqv iii. dzj Wz‡cø· †bUIqvK©
†bUIqvK© (LAN) †bUIqvK© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(PAN) (MAN) (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
Page- 46
DËi: (L) cwievwnZ n‡e Zv Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡K †cÖiK ev
e¨vL¨v: UªvÝwgUvi ev †mÛvi ejv nq| †hgbÑg‡Wg, ivDUvi cÖf…wZ|
†gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb: GKvwaK Pjbkxj wWfvBm A_ev wm¤új †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb g‡W‡j Drm Ges †cÖiK‡K GK‡Î
GKwU Pjbkxj I Ab¨wU w¯’i wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv/Z_¨ Drm ev Source wm‡÷g ejv n‡q _v‡K|
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Gi Rb¨ eëüZ Zviwenxb KwgDwb‡Kkb cÖvcK (Receiver): UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡gi ga¨ w`‡q MšÍ‡e¨
wm‡÷g‡K †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb ejv nq| †gvevB‡j †h‡nZz AvMZ †WUv mivmwi MšÍ‡eï wWfvBm KZ…©K M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i
GKB mv‡_ †WUv †cÖiY I MÖnY Kiv hvq ZvB GwU dzjÑWz‡cø· bv| †Kbbv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡gi ga¨ w`‡q cwievwnZ †WUv
†gv‡Wi D`vniY| UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡gi Dc‡hvMx di‡gU ev wmMb¨v‡j cwievwnZ
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi: (L)|
nq| MÖvnK ev Receiver GB Gb‡Kv‡WB †WUv‡K MÖnY K‡i
75. †Kvb U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ_g I †kl Kw¤úDUvi ci¯úi MšÍ‡eï wWfvB‡mi Dc‡hvMx d‡g© cwiewZ©Z K‡i Zrci Zv
mivmwi hy³ _v‡K? [mw¤§wjZ †evW©Ñ2018] MšÍ‡eï wWfvB‡m †Wwjfvwi K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑg‡Wg, ivDUvi
i. evm ii. wis iii. †gk cÖf…wZ| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 77. g‡W‡gi KvR n‡jvÑ [Kz. †ev: 2016]
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii i. †WUv cvVv‡bv ii. †WUv MÖnY
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii iii. †WUv msiÿY
DËi: (M) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
e¨vL¨v: wis I †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ_g I †kl Kw¤úDUvi (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
ci¯úi mivmwi hy³ _v‡K|
76. g‡WgÑ [P. †ev: 2016]
DËi: (K)
i. wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
ii. †cÖiK I cÖvcK hš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i 78. Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i D‡Ïk¨Ñ [P. †ev: 2016]
iii. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i i. nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii iii. Bbdi‡gkb †kqvi
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N)
g‡Wg: Modulation k‡ãi ‘Mo’ Ges Demodulation e¨vL¨v:
k‡ãi ‘Dem’ wb‡q ‘Modem’ kãwU MwVZ i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i D‡Ïk¨: wewfbœ wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kivi
†bUIqvwK©s-G Z_¨vewj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î g‡Wg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Rb¨ GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUvi
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| hLb Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Bbdi‡gkb g‡W‡g †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB wi‡mvm© †kqvi ej‡Z
hvq ZLb GwU Bbdi‡gkb‡K wWwRUvj weU n‡Z Gbdi‡gkb Bbdi‡gkb wi‡mvm© †kqvi, mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi Ges
nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi †evRvq|
g‡W‡g hvq ZLb GwU Bbdi‡gkb‡K wWwRUvj weU n‡Z
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVL DËi (N)|
GbvjM wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| 79. †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq wWfvBm wnmv‡e eëüZ
†cÖiK (Communication Channel/ nqÑ [h. †ev: 2019]
Transmission System): Dr‡m Drcbœ †WUv‡K Zvi i. mwµq nve ii. wbw®Œq nve
MšÍ‡e¨ †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ †h gva¨g w`‡q †WUv‡K †cÖiY Kiv iii. myBP
n‡e †mB gva¨‡gi Dc‡hvMx d‡g© ev wmMb¨v‡j cwiewZ©Z Kivi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖ‡qvRb nq| †h wm‡÷g Drm Gi †cÖiY‡hvM¨ †WUv ev (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
Bbdi‡gkb‡K Gb‡KvW K‡i GwU †h gva¨g ev PÄ‡bj Øviv (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (N)
Page- 47
e¨vL¨v: 82. mvwf©m †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨Ñ [Xv. †ev: 2019]
wbw®Œq nve, mwµq nve, myBP wZbwUB †m›Uªvj wWfvBm wn‡m‡e i. †K›`ªxq wi‡gvU© mvf©v‡ii gva¨‡g WvUv wbqš¿Y
KvR K‡i Z‡e G‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| wbw®Œq nve ii. eënv‡i AwZwi³ g~j¨ w`‡Z nq
ïay Kv‡b±i wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i wKš‘ mwµq nve Kv‡bKU‡ii iii. iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi LiP bvB
cvkvcvwk wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z K‡i| myBP †cÖiK cÖvšÍ †_‡K cÖvß wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†WUv mywbw`©ó †cv‡U© cvVvq| (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
80. K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi gva¨‡g KvR Kiv myweavRbK (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
KviYÑ DËi: (M)
[Xv. †ev: 2019] e¨vL¨v:
i. ïaygvÎ wbR¯^ nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Ggb GKwU Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw³ hv B›Uvi‡bU
ii. mdUIq¨vi ¯^qswµqfv‡e Avc‡WU nq Ges †K›`ªxq wi‡gvU mvf©vi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †WUv Ges
iii. mve©ÿwYK eënvi Kiv hvq Gwcø‡Kkbmg~n wbqš¿Y I iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z mÿg| gvwK©bZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? hy³iv‡óªi b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ad ÷¨vÛvW© GÛ †Uw÷s
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (NIST) Abymv‡i K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi msÁv wb¤œiƒcÑK¬vDW
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii Kw¤úDwUs n‡jv †µZvi Z_¨ I wewfbœ Gwcø‡Kkb‡K †Kv‡bv
DËi: (M) †mev`vZvi wm‡÷‡g AvDU‡mvm© Kivi Ggb GKwU g‡Wj hv‡Z
e¨vL¨v: 3wU êwkó¨ _vK‡eÑ
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi myweav: 1| wi‡mvm© †¯‹‡jwewjwU: †µZv h‡Zv Pv‡e, †mev`vZv Z‡ZvB
1| mve©ÿwYK eënvi Kiv hvq| AwaK cwigv‡Y †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e|
2| †h †Kvb ¯’vb n‡Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡gZ Z_¨ Avc‡jvW 2| Ab-wWgvÛ †mev: †µZv hLb Pv‡e, ZLbB †mev w`‡Z
Ges WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq| cvi‡e| †µZv Zvi B‡”QgZ hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v
3| wbR¯^ †Kvb nvW©Iq¨vi Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| evov‡Z-Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
4| Z_¨ Kxfv‡e msiwÿZ n‡e ev cÖ‡mm n‡e Zv Rvbvi 3| †c-A¨vR-BD-‡Mv: †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‰K †Kv‡bv mvwf©m
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv hv eënvi Ki‡e, Zvi
5| †h †Kvb †QvU eo nvW©Iq¨v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q A¨vwcø‡Kkb Rb¨B †Kej cqmv †`‡e|
eënv‡ii myweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi D×xcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
6| Acv‡iwUs LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg _v‡K| ÔKÕ K‡j‡Ri gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi 12wU Kw¤úDUvi
7| ¯^qswµqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cÖ`vb K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv GKB †d¬v‡i Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvi
j¨ve, jvB‡eªix Ges K¬vmiƒ‡g eëüZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi g‡a¨ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †cbWªvBf eëüZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: A‡bK Amyweav nw”Qj| ZvB AvBwmwU wkÿ‡Ki civg‡k©
'X' Zvi wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m bZzb mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡Z K‡jR KZ…©cÿ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hv‡Mi
cv‡i bv| eZ©gv‡b GK bZzb mvwf©m MÖnY Kivq A‡Uv Avc‡WU eë¯’v Ki‡jb|
D”P MwZm¤úbœ wWwRUvj myweav cvq| 83. DÏxcK Abyhvqx Dchy³ ms‡hvM eë¯’v †KvbwU?
81. DÏxc‡K mvwf©mwUi bvg Kx? [Xv. †ev: 2019] [iv. †ev: 19]
(K) eøyUz_ (K) PAN (L) MAN (M) LAN (N) WAN
(L) IqvBdvB DËi: (M)
(M) IqvBg¨v· e¨vL¨v:
(N) K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb ( Local Area
DËi: (N) Network-LAN) GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev GKB
Page- 48
K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv‡K ejv wm‡÷g, †iwWI, wUwf BZ¨vw`| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i I
nq ¯’vwbK †bUIqvK© ev Local Area Netwrok ms‡ÿ‡c wK‡evW© Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K WvUv †cÖiY|
LAN| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges 86. Abycw¯’wZi welqwU Rvv‡bvi Rb¨ eëüZ †WUv UªvÝwgkb
wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZwi K‡i †gvW n‡jvÑ [P. †ev: 2019]
wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv
i. BDwbKv÷
†h‡Z cv‡i|
84. K‡jR KZ…©c‡ÿi M„nxZ eë¯’vi †h †h wi‡mvm©mg~n †kqvi ii. gvwëKv÷
Kiv m¤¢e n‡eÑ [iv. †ev: 2019] iii. eªWKv÷
i. nvW©Iq¨vi ii. mdUIq¨vi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Bbdi‡gkb (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii DËi: (K)
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N) BDwbKv÷ (Unicast) BDwbKv÷ eë¯’vq GKwU †cÖiK
e¨vL¨v: †_‡K ïaygvÎ GKwU cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb ( Local Area cÖvcK GKmv‡_ †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ wmg‡cø·,
Network-LAN) GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I nvd-Wz‡cø· I dzjÑWz‡cø· †gvW‡K BDwbKv÷ (Unicast)
MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev GKB †gvW ejv nq| BDwbKv÷ eë¯’vq A †bvW †_‡K †Kvb †WUv
K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv‡K ejv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í GKwUgvÎ †bvW-B
nq ¯’vwbK †bUIqvK© ev Local Area Netwrok ms‡ÿ‡c (†hgbÑC Kw¤úDUvi) MÖnY Ki‡e| GwU 1 †_‡K 1 (1 to 1)
LAN| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges †gvW bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZwi K‡i gvwëKv÷ (Multicast) gvwëKv÷ †gvo eªWKv÷ †gv‡Wi
wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv gZB Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb
†h‡Z cv‡i| LAN G hy³ wWfvBm ¸‡jv Z‡_ï cvkvcvwk GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í
nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mej †bvWB MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó GKwU MÖæ‡ci
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o ceiZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: mKj m`m¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝ‡qi
ivqnvb mv‡ne gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i eënvi K‡i K¬vm †bb| †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ hv‡ì AbygwZ _vK‡e ZvivB AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
†h mKj wkÿv_x©iv K¬v‡m Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡ì AwffveK‡ì cvi‡e| GwU 1 †_‡K N (1 to N)d †gvW bv‡gI cwiwPwZ|
SMS Gi gva¨‡g Abycw¯’wZi welqwU AewnZ Kiv nq| GLv‡b mKj †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ GKB MÖæ‡ci N msL¨K †bv‡Wi
85. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ivqnvb mv‡n‡ei K¬vm †bqvi mgq †WUv MÖnY Kiv‡K eySvq| cv‡ki wP‡Î A †cÖiK †bvW †_‡K
†Kvb ai‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW eëüZ n‡q‡Q? [P. †Kvb †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡Ki Aaxb¯Í B, D I E
†ev: 2019] †bvW MÖnY Ki‡e| C †bvW †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv KviY
(K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd Wz‡cø· C †bvW Av‡jvP¨ wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ bq|
(M) dzj Wz‡cø· (N) eªWKv÷ ivqnvb mv‡ne hw` Abycw¯’wZ QvÎ‡ì Awffve‡Ki b¤^‡i GK
DËi: (K) GK K‡i SMS cvVvb Z‡e GwU Uricast mode n‡e| Z‡e
e¨vL¨v: GwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ bq| Avi hw` wZwb GK mv‡_ Abycw¯’wZ
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †WUvi GKw`‡K cÖevn‡K wmg‡cø· †gvW QvÎ‡ì Awffve‡Ki b¤^‡i SMS cvVvb Z‡e GwU
ejv nq| G c×wZ‡Z GKwU †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi memgq Ab¨ Multicast mode|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv cvVvq Ges cÖvcK †WUv MÖnY K‡i| †hgbÑ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K n‡Z L-Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e, wKš‘ L n‡K K- K‡j‡Ri weÁvb fe‡b wekwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© mshy³
Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e bv| D`vniY-PABX Kiv n‡jv| 2018 mv‡j wkÿv mwPe g‡nv`q wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ
Page- 49
Gi gva¨‡g D³ fe‡b Abvm© cÖ_g e‡l©i Iwi‡q‡›Ukb K¬vk e¨vL¨v:
D‡Øvab K‡ib| †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb ( Local Area
87. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z fe‡b eëüZ †bUIqvK©wU †Kvb ai‡bi?
Network-LAN) GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I
[e. †ev: 2019]
MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev GKB
(K) LAN (L) MAN
(M) WAN (N) PAN K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv‡K ejv
DËi: (K) nq ¯’vwbK †bUIqvK© ev Local Area Netwrok ms‡ÿ‡c
e¨vL¨v: LAN| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb ( Local Area wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZwi K‡i
Network-LAN) GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv
MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev GKB †h‡Z cv‡i|
K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv‡K ejv
90. DÏxc‡Ki eë¯’vq m¤¢eÑ [w`. †ev: 2019]
nq ¯’vwbK †bUIqvK© ev Local Area Netwrok ms‡ÿ‡c
i. ¯^í cÖhyw³‡Z AwaK †mev
LAN| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges
ii. ¯^í cwim‡i mxgveÏ Kvh©µg
wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZwi K‡i
iii. mnR †hvMv‡hvM
wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
88. DÏxc‡Ki †bUIqv‡K© eëüZ †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
†KvbwU? [e. †ev: 2019]
DËi: (N)
(K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd-Wz‡cø·
(M) dzj-Wz‡cø· (N) gvwëKv÷ Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
DËi: (M) DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
e¨vL¨v: iv‡mj 4G †gvevBj †dvb eënvi K‡i Zvi wbw`©ó wKQz eÜz‡K
gvwë †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY SMS-Gi gva¨‡g GKwU evZ©v †cÖiY K‡i|
Ki‡j Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í mKj †bvWB 91. evZ©v Rvbv‡bvi †gvW †KvbwU? [mw¤§wjZ
MÖnY K‡Z cv‡i bv| ïaygvÎ †h mKj †bvW‡K AbygwZ †Ìqv †evW©Ñ2018]
nq Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †bUIqvK©fz³ †h‡Kv‡bv †bvW‡K (K) wmg‡cø· (L) dzj Wz‡cø·
G c×wZ‡Z †WUv MÖnY n‡Z weiZ ivLv hvq| †hgb: MÖæc (M) gvwëKv÷ (N) eªWKv÷
SMS MÖæc MMS B-†gBj, †UwjKbdv‡iwÝsÑG ev wfwWI DËi: (M)
Kbdv‡iwÝsÑGi †ÿ‡Î hv‡ì AbygwZZ _vK‡e ZvivB ïaygvÎ e¨vL¨v: iv‡m‡ji evZ©v Rvbv‡bvi †gvW n‡jv gvwëKv÷|
gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv n‡jI
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs G GKB mg‡q
†bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvaxb wbw`©ó wKQz MÖvnK Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z
Dfq w`K n‡ZB †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ZvB GwU cvi‡e|
dzj Wz‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW| †h‡nZz iv‡mj †gvevBj †dvb eënvi K‡i wbw`©ó wKQz eÜz‡K
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: SMS Gi gva¨‡g GKwU evZ©v †cÖiY K‡i †m‡nZz evZ©v
GKwU Awd‡mi `ywU Kÿ †_‡K `yÕRb Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iUi Rvbv‡bvi †gvWwU n‡jv gvwëKv÷|
GKwU wcÖ›Uvi †_‡K wcÖ›U w`‡Z cv‡ib| Awd‡mi cwiPvjK 92. iv‡m‡ji †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖhyw³ w`‡q m¤¢eÑ
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i we‡kl eë¯’vq Zvi †Q‡ji mv‡_ [m¤§wjZ †evW©Ñ2018]
i. mvwK©U myBwPs c×wZ‡Z †WUv †cÖiY
cÖevmx †g‡qi K_v ewj‡q w`‡jb|
ii. IP wbf©i Iqvi‡jm †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb
89. DÏxc‡K wcÖw›Us Gi †ÿÎ †bUIqv‡Ki aiY n‡jvÑ
iii. wÎ-gvwÎK cwi‡e‡k †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi
[w`.†ev: 19] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) PAN (L) LAN (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) MAN (N) WAN (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (L) DËi: (M)
Page- 50
e¨vL¨v: PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨: 95. DÏxc‡Ki DuPz UvIqvi¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi wgwWqv eënvi
1| G cÖR‡b¥ mvwK©U my¨BwPs ev c¨v‡KU my¨BwPsÑGi cwie‡Z© K‡i? [P. †ev: 2016]
B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wbf©i †bUIqvK© eënvi| (K) †iwWI I‡qf (L) †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf
2| †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU n‡e me‡P‡q †ewk| (M) Bbd«v‡iW (N) m¨v‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf
3| 4G Gi MwZ 3G Gi †P‡q cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk| DËi: (L)
4| D”P MwZi wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges wÎ-gvwÎK Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi e¨vL¨v:
eë¯’v| †U‡iw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf cÖhyw³‡Z f~ -c„‡ôB UªvÝwgUvi I
5| wewfbœ †bUIqcv‡K©i g‡a¨ cwieZ©‡bi mgq wbiwew”Qbœ wiwmfvi emv‡bv nq| G‡Z †gMvnvU©R †i‡Äi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
†hvMv‡hvM _vK‡e| mxgvi wb‡Pi w`‡Ki wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eënvi Kiv nq| UªvÝwgUvi
6| DbœZgv‡bi †gvevBj †Uwjwfkb †`Lvi Dc‡hvMx n‡e| I wiwmfvi `„wó‡iLvq †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K Ges wmMb¨vj
 DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: †Kv‡bv µ‡gB gaëZx© †Kv‡bv euvav AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
†Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi `yBRb wbivcËv Kg©KZ©v wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ ev eµc‡_ †h‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
†hvMv‡hvM K‡ib wKš‘ GKB mg‡q Zviv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv 96. DÏxc‡Ki AvKvkgyLx eë¯’v eënvi Kiv nqÑ [P. †ev:
93. Zviv †Kvb †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW eënvi K‡ib? [Kz. †ev: 16]
16] i. †Uwjwfk‡bi wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î
(K) wmg‡cø· (L) nvd-Wz‡cø· ii. AvenvIqvi me©‡kl Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿ‡Y
(M) dzjÑWz‡cø· (N) gvwë‡cø· iii. AvšÍtgnv‡`kxq †Uwj‡dvb K‡ji †ÿ‡Î
DËi: (L) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
e¨vL¨v: †h‡nZz †cÖiK I cÖvcK Df‡qB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
cv‡ib wKš‘ GKB mg‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv A_©vr Zviv nvd- (N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
Wz‡cø· †gv‡W †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| GKB mg‡q Wz‡cø· †gv‡Wi DËi: (N)
wWfvBm| †hgb: †gvevBj eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZGe, e¨vL¨v:
cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| AvKvkgyLx eë¯’v ev m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui eënvi Kiv nq c„w _exi
94. GKB mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì †h wWfvBm Rjevqy Ges AvenvIqv ch©‡eÿY Kivi Kv‡R, †Uwjwfkb
cÖ‡qvRbÑ [Kz. †ev: 2016] m¤úªPvi Kv‡R, †iwWI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kv‡R, cÖwZiÿv Kv‡R,
i. †gvevBj ii. IqvwKsÑUwK B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY
iii. †iwWI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, `~‡ii MÖn, M¨vjw· Ges gnvk~‡bï wewfbœ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? welq ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Kv‡R| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
(K) i (L) i, iii wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii gwbgvi K‡jRwU 3 Zjv| Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUvi wkÿK wm×všÍ
DËi: (K) wb‡q‡Qb wewfbœ Zjvq Aew¯’Z Zv‡ì mKj Kw¤úDUvi GKB
e¨vL¨v: †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avb‡eb|
GKB mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM Kivi †ÿÎwU‡K dzj Wz‡cø· e‡j| 97. K‡jRwUi †bUIqvK© M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iÑ [w`. †ev. 2017]
†gvevB‡j dzj Wz‡cø· †gv‡W †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| i. K¨vej eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| ii. m¨v‡UjvBU eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
iii. †iwWI wj¼ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
†gvnbv jÿ¨ Kij, Zv‡ì GjvKvi me‡P‡q DuPz `vjvb¸‡jv
Ici wewfbœ †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwbi UvIqvi emv‡bv Av‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
GgbwK †Lvjv cÖvšÍ‡iI A‡bK `~‡i a~‡i UvIqvi¸‡jv emv‡bv (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
hv‡ì gvSLv‡b †Kvb evav †bB| GKwU `vjv‡bi Ici wKQz (N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
hš¿cvwZmn GKwU Gw›Ubv AvKvkgyLx K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| DËi: (L)
Page- 51
e¨vL¨v: †h‡nZz cÖ‡kœ wP‡Îi †bUIqv‡K© GKwU nve (HUB) we`¨gvb,
DÏxcK Abymv‡i gwbgvi K‡jR wZbZjv wewkó| A_©vr ÿz`ª ZvB GwU ÷vi U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK|
cwim‡i GKB wewìs‡qi mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K GKB †bUIqv‡K© AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
Avb‡Z n‡e| Avi GRb¨ Dc‡hvMx gva¨g n‡jv K¨vej eënvi 100. A I B Gi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
A_ev †iwWI wjsK ev I‡qf eënvi| Rb¨ Kiv DwPZÑ [wm. †ev. 2017]
ZvB, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| i. HUB Gi cwie‡Z© switch
D‡jøL¨, m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ A‡bK `~ieZx© ¯’v‡b †hvMv‡hvM ii. HUB Gi cwie‡Z© ivDUvi eënvi
†bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Z‡e Zv GKB †bUIqv‡K©i bvI n‡Z iii. Twisted pair cable Gi cwie‡Z© optical
cv‡i| fiber cable eënvi
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
98. †bUIqvK© Pvjyi d‡j gwbgviv †h myweav cv‡eÑ (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
[w`. †ev: 17]
i. mevB mdUIqvimg~n eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e DËi: (L)
ii. mKj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡e e¨vL¨v:
iii. GK Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWfvBm Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vbvšÍi i. myBP‡K B‡›Uwj‡R›U wWfvBm ejv nq| myBP `ye©j
Ki‡Z cvi‡e wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z ev A¨vw¤úwjdvB K‡i| ZvB HUB Gi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cwie‡Z© Switch eënvi Ki‡j A I B Gi g‡a¨ †WUv
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii Av`vb cÖ`vb e„w× cv‡e|
ii. ivDUvi axi MwZ‡Z †WUv †cÖiY K‡i| ZvB HUB Gi
cwie‡Z© ivDUvi A I B Gi †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb gš’i
DËi: (K)
K‡i|
e¨vL¨v: †bUIqvK©wU Pvjyi d‡j me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUviB iii. Optical fiber Cable Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv †cÖiY
mdUIq¨vi UªvÝdvi K‡i eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avevi, K‡i| ZvB Twisted Pair Cable Gi cwie‡Z©
mK‡jB Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ h_vm¤¢e mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Optical fibre Cable eënvi †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb e„w×
wKš‘ †bUIqv‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWfvBm Ab¨ K‡i|
Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vbvšÍi m¤¢e bq| ZvB, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi i, iii AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
D‡jøL, GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
GKB †bUIqv‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢e|
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
A A wPÎ-2
wPÎ-1
101. wPÎÑ2 †Kvb ai‡bi U‡cvjwR? [h. †ev: 2017]
HUB
UTP STP
99. wP‡Îi †bUIqvK©wU †Kvb ai‡bi U‡cvjwR? [wm. †ev. (K) evm (L) wis
2017] (M) ÷vi (N) nvBweªW
(K) ÷vi (L) wis DËi: (K)
(M) evm (N) †gm e¨vL¨v:
wPÎÑ2 g‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, meKwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi GKwU
DËi: (K)
e¨vK‡evb K¨vej Øviv mshy³, ZvB GwU evm U‡cvjwRi
e¨vL¨v: †bUIqvK©|
÷vi ( Star) †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU nve AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
(HUB) ev myB‡Pi (Switch) gva¨‡g mivmwi hy³ _v‡K|
Page- 52
102. wPÎÑ1 U‡cv‡jvwRi †bvW¸‡jv ci¯úi mshy³ Ki‡j wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
†Kvb U‡cv‡jvwR MVb Kiv hv‡e? [h. †ev: 2017] GKwU Awd‡mi AvUZjv fe‡bi wewfbœ Zjvq Aew¯’Z mKj
(K) ÷vi (L) wUª Kw¤úDUvi‡K †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avbvi cwiKíbv Kiv
(M) †gk (N) ksKi n‡”Q|
DËi: (M) 105. Zv‡ì †bUIqvK©wU Kx
e¨vL¨v: ai‡bi n‡e? [iv. †ev: 2017]
wPÎÑ1 Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi †bvW¸‡jv ci¯úi mshy³ (K) LAN (L) MAN
Ki‡j cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi gv‡S mivmwi ev cÖZ¨ÿ ms‡hvM (M) WAN (N) PAN
¯’vcb nq, hv †gk AvK…wZi| d‡j U‡cvjwRwU †gk U‡cvjwRi DËi: (K)
n‡e| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| e¨vL¨v:
DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: LAN: mvaviYZ 10km ev Zvi Kg Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz
Kzwkqviv K‡j‡R wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Uvwg©bvj mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv nq
hy³ i‡q‡Q †hb cÖ_g n‡Z †kl ch©šÍ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯úi Zv‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vj (LAN) e‡j| †hgb:
PµvKv‡i hy³| wKš‘ mgq euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ AvBwmwU wkÿK ¯‹zj K‡j‡R K¨v¤úvm, eo Awdm wewìs BZ¨vw`|
†bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRi cwieZ©Y Ki‡jb| DÏxc‡Ki febwU AvU Zjv Ges wewfbœ Zjvi Kw¤úDUvi
103. K‡jRwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi U‡cvjwR eëüZ n‡q‡Q [P. ¸‡jv‡K †h ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avbv hvq Zv n‡jv
†ev: 2017] (LAN)| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
(K) ÷vi (L) wis 106. AwdmwUi †bUIqvK©wU‡K Zviwenxb cÖhyw³‡Z M‡o
(M) evm (N) †gk Zzj‡Z †Kvb e¨vÛDB_ mxgv eëüZ n‡e? [iv. †ev:
DËi: (L) 2017]
e¨vL¨v: (K) 1-9 Mbps (L) 10-50 Mbps
h‡nZz Kzwkqviv K‡j‡Ri Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv PµvKv‡i hy³ ZvB (M) 51-100 Mbps (N) 101-150 Mbps
GwU‡Z wis U‡cvjwR eëüZ n‡q‡Q| KviY, wis DËi: (L)
U‡cvjwR‡ZB Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯úi PµvKv‡i hy³ _v‡K| e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| Wi-Fi: AwdmwUi †bUIqvK©wU‡K Zviwenxb cÖhyw³‡Z M‡o
104. AvBwmwU wefv‡Mi wkÿK `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Zzj‡Z IqvB-dvB ( Wi-Fi) cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi U‡cvjwR eënvi K‡i‡Qb? KviY Gi mvnv‡h¨ mxwgZ cwimi †_‡K we¯Í…Z cwim‡iI cvIqv
[P. †ev: 2017] m¤¢e| Avi IqvB-dvB Gi MwZ mxgv/e¨vÛDB_ 10 Mbps-
(K) ÷vi (L) wis 50 Mbps.
(M) evm (N) †gk A_©vr AwdmvwUi †bUIqvK©wU‡K Zviwenxb cÖhyw³‡Z M‡o
DËi: (N) Zzj‡Z 10-50Mbps e¨vÛDB_ eëüZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
e¨vL¨v: AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
†gk ev ci¯úi mshy³ †bUIqvK© (Mesh Network): we. `ª: cÖ‡kœ wdKz‡qwÝ mxgvi ¯’z‡j e¨vÛDB_ n‡e|
†gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡Z¨KwU wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Kw¤úDUvi G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| wPÎ †_‡K wgt wek¦w RZ Zvi Awd‡mi `kwU Kw¤úDUvi Ggbfv‡e hy³
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h †Kvb GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi K‡i †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Ki‡jb hv‡Z 1g I †kl Kw¤úDUvi
m‡½ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e hy³| ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| nVvr GKw`b Kw¤úDUvi bó
†gk U‡cvjwR eënv‡ii myweav: nIqvq †bUIqvK©wU eÜ n‡q hvq| wZwb †bUIqvK©wUi KvVv‡gv
†h †Kvb `yBwU †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z ms‡KZ cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡jb|
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| 107. DÏxc‡Ki †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRwU wK? [e. †ev: 2016]
A_©vr, AvBwmwU wefv‡Mi wkÿK `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi (K) ÷vi (L) wis
Rb¨ †gk U‡cvjwRi eënvi K‡i‡Qb| (M) evm (N) †gk
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| DËi: (L)
Page- 53
e¨vL¨v: 110.DÏxc‡Ki eë¯’vq m¤¢eÑ [Xv. †ev: 2016]
wgt wek¦wR‡Zi Awd‡mi `kwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU i. ¯^í wWfvB‡m AwaK †mev
Kw¤úDUvi bó nIqvq cy‡iv †bUIqvK© wm‡÷gwUB AKvh©Ki ii. MÖvnK‡ì mv‡_ mnR †hvMv‡hvM
n‡q‡Q hvq| hv GKgvÎ wis U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î nq| A_©vr wgt iii. ÿz`ª AÂ‡j mxgve× Kvh©µg
wek¦wR‡Zi Awd‡m Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©wU wis U‡cvjwRi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wQ‡jv| G mgm¨v n‡Z mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K †bUIqvK© (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
U‡cvjwR cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi U‡cvjwR cwieZ©Y K‡i (N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
evm U‡cvcjwRi †ÿ‡Î GKwU g~j jvBb/K¨vej Ges ÷vi DËi: (K)
U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î nve/myB‡Pi ìKvi n‡e| AZGe, cÖkœwUi Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
mwVK DËi (L)| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
108. wgt wek¦wR‡Zi wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ m¤¢e¨ mgvavb
n‡jvÑ [e. †ev: 2016]
i. Kw¤úDUvi cwieZ©b Kiv
ii. nve/myBP ¯’Acb Kiv
iii. GKwU g~j jvBb ¯’vcb Kiv
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii 111. wP‡Îi †bUIqvK©wU †Kvb ai‡bi U‡cvjwR? [iv. †ev: 19]
(N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii (K) ÷vi (L) wis
(M) evm (N) wUª
DËi: (M)
DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v: †h‡nZz DÏxc‡K GKwU myBP eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
†bUIqvK©wU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU ÷vi U‡cvjwR| Avevi,
ivwRe Zvi evevi Awd‡m wM‡q †`Lj Zvi evev wb‡Ri †Uwe‡j Avgiv cvwb AcwUK¨vj K¨ve‡jB ïaygvÎ Av‡jvi MwZi mgvb
e‡m Kw¤úDUv‡i wcÖ›U KgvÛ w`‡jb Ges Zuvi †_‡K wKQz `~‡i
MwZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝdvi m¤¢e| A_©vr UzB‡÷W K¨ve‡ji cwie‡Z©
Aew¯’Z Av‡iKRb Awdmvi I GKB mv‡_ wcÖ›U KgvÛ w`‡q
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej eënvi Ki‡j A I B Gi g‡a¨
GKB wcÖ›Uvi †_‡K wcÖ›U w`‡jb| ivwR‡ei evev wb‡Ri
m‡e©v”P MwZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝdi m¤¢e n‡e| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i ivwRe‡K Zvi cÖevmx dzdzi mv‡_
DËi (K)|
mivmwi K_v ewj‡q w`‡jb|
109. DÏxc‡K †bUIqv‡K©i aib 112.wP‡Î A I B Gi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-
n‡”QÑ [Xv. †ev: 2016] cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Kx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? [iv. †ev: 2016]
(K) myBPwU cvëv‡Z n‡e
i. LAN ii. MAN iii. WAN
(L) UzB‡÷W K¨ve‡ji cwie‡Z© AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e
(M) AcwUK¨vj K¨ve‡ji cwie‡Z© †Kvb-Gw·qvj K¨vej
(N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e
DËi: (L) (N) wis U‡cvjwR‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e
e¨vL¨v: DËi: (L)
†h‡nZz GKB mv‡_ `yBRb GKB wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U w`‡Z mÿg
n‡q‡Q ZvB †mLv‡b Aek¨B LAN (Local Area wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Network) _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevi, †h‡nZz cÖev‡m A_©vr Ab¨ GKwU iæ‡g j¨vcUç‡jv †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avbvi
†`‡k Aew¯’Z AvZ¥xq mv‡_ mivmwi †`‡L K_v ejvq Aek¨B cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq|
†mLv‡b WAN (Wide Area Network) ev B›Uvi‡b‡U 113. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †bUIqvK© n‡e †KvbwU?
Kv‡bKkb wQj| gvÎ LAN Kv‡bKk‡bB GKB mv‡_ [Xv. †ev. 2017]
GKvwaK e¨w³ wcÖ›U w`‡Z cviv Ges B›Uvi‡b‡U `~i-`~iv‡šÍ (K) WPAN (L) WLAN
_vKv AvZ¥qx‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h ¯^í (M) WMAN (N) WWAN
wWfvB‡m AwaK †mev Ges mnR †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| AZGe, DËi: (K)
cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
Page- 54
e¨vL¨v: †Kv‡bv e¨w³i wbKUeZx© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb e¨vL¨v: dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji myweav:
†UK‡bvjwR wWfvB‡mv‡i g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖv`‡bi †bUIqvK© 1| Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgU nq e‡j me©v‡cÿv
wm‡÷g‡UK WPAN e‡j| mvaviYZ mxgZ RvqMv ev 10 `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ|
Meter Gi g‡a¨ WPAN mxgve×| DÏxc‡K †h‡nZz GKwU 2| D”P e¨vÛDB_ m¤úbœ|
iæ‡g ev mxwgZ cwimxgvq j¨vcUç‡jv‡K †bUIqv‡K©i 3| †bUIqvK© e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq|
AvIZvq Avbvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB †bUIqvK©wU n‡e 4| †WUv cwien‡b Kg kw³ ÿq K‡i|
WPAN| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| 5| gv‡bi AebwZ ev Gw›UwbD‡qkb N‡U bv|
114. DÏxc‡Ki †bUIqvK©Ñ [Xv. †ev: 2017] 6| cwi‡e‡ki Zvc Pvc BZ¨vw` †WUv PjvP‡ji|
i. K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g ii. K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi 7| †ÿ‡Î evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
iii. IqvBdvB-Gi gva¨‡g 8| AvKv‡i †QvU Ges IRb AZ¨šÍ Kg|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 9| we`y¨r †PŠ¤^K cÖfve n‡Z gy³ (EMI) †bB|
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii 10| †WUv msiÿ‡Yi wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv †ewk|
DËi: (L) DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
e¨vL¨v: Kwei mv‡ne 500 wRwe nvW©wW¯‹ m¤^wjZ GKwU Kw¤úDUvi
eënvi K‡ib| nvW©wW¯‹ bó nq GUv Rvb‡Z †c‡i wZwb Zvi
c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v n‡Z cvB, DÏxcK †bUIqvK©wU PAN
Kw¤úDUv‡i ivLv Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡q DwØMœ|
†bUIqvK© ¯’Acb m¤¢e nq|
117. Kwei mv‡ne G Z‡_ï wbivcËvi Rb¨Ñ [gv. †ev: 2016]
(i) K¨ve‡ji mvnv‡h¨ A_ev
i. wmwW‡Z mKj Z_¨ Kwc K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib
(ii) Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
ii. Ab¨ GwKU nvW©wW‡¯‹ Z_¨¸‡jv Kwc K‡i ivL‡Z
D‡jøL¨, K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi cÖ‡qvRb nq LAN †bUIqv‡K©i
cv‡ib
†ÿ‡Î|
iii. Zvi nvW©wW¯‹ mwVKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Kwei mv‡n‡ei Kw¤úDUviwU 500 wRwe nvW©wW¯‹ m¤^wjZ| wKš‘
wZwb Zvi †P‡q eû¸Y Z_¨ eënvi K‡ib Avi e‡jbÑGUvB (N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
me‡P‡q wbivc` c×wZ| DËi: (N)
115. Kwei mv‡n‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨gwU me‡P‡q wbivc`? e¨vL¨v: †h‡nZz nvW©wW¯‹ bó nq †m‡nZz weKí †÷v‡iR wn‡m‡e
[gv. †ev: 16] wmwW, A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb nvW©wW¯‹ eënvi K‡i Z_¨vejx msiÿY
(K) wmwW/wWwfwW (L) cv‡m©vbvj I‡qemvBU Kiv wbivc`| ZvQvovI nvW©wW‡¯‹i mwVK eënviI wbivcËvi
(M) K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs (N) †cv‡U©ej nvW©wW¯‹ Ask we‡kl|
DËi: (M) myweavRbK I wbivcËvg~jK n‡e hw` wZwb K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs
e¨vL¨v: Kw¤úDUvi I †WUv †÷v‡iR mn‡R, †µZvi †mev MÖnY K‡ib| KviY, G‡Z evowZ †Kvb Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z
myweavg‡Zv PvwnevgvÎ Ges eënvi Abyhvqx Zvov †`qvi nq bv|
wm‡÷gB n‡jv K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs| Kwei mv‡ne g~jZ Cloud
118. Kwei mv‡n‡ei Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK I Z‡_ï wbivcËv
Computing (K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs) †mevwU MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
we‡ePbvq m‡e©vËg c×wZ †KvwbU?
KviY G‡Z, wZwb wb‡Ri †Kvb Sv‡gjv QvovB Zvi Z_¨vejx
(K) †cv‡U©ej nvW©wW‡¯‹i eënvi
†÷vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
(L) K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs eënvi
116. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡ji mweav njÑ
(M) cv‡m©vbvj I‡qemvB‡U Z_¨ msiÿY
[gv. †ev. 2016]
(N) †jvKvj mvf©v‡i Z_¨ msiÿY
i. Gi gva¨‡g `ªæZMwZ‡Z WvUv ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq DËi: (L)
ii. GwUi iÿYv‡eÿY mnRZi Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
iii. GwU we`y¨r I †PŠ¤^Kxq cÖfvegy³
DËi: (N)
Page- 55

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Aa¨vq: 02 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I †bUIqvwK©s

KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g aviYv I †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb:

†WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í mKj †bvW-B MÖnY

gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kv‡bv †WUv †cÖY Kiv

÷vi U‡cvjwR ( Star Topology): †h U‡cvjwR GKwU

gvB‡µvI‡qf 1 GHz †_‡K 40 GHz

Bbd«v‡iW 300 GHz †_‡K 400 THz

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