PERCEPTION
Extraction of information
It captures the stimuli of the
environment and if the information
is weak it uses mechanisms to
capture it actively .
Stimulus
Any change in energy capable of
exciting a receiver.
Sensory isolation
There are no changes, it keeps
stimulating conditions constant,
you cannot extract information.
Information
If a stimulus is perceived and
provokes a response, it becomes
information.
THRESHOLDS
Boundaries between feeling and not
feeling.
Absolute Threshold:
 Bottom: Min. Energy
needed to excite a
receiver
 Maximum: Max.
Energy that provokes a
response.
After that limit, the receiver is
destroyed or no longer perceived.
Differential Threshold:
Min. amount of DAN or DAP
between 2 stimuli.
THE INFORMATION EXTRACTION
PROCESS
Cognitive processes allow the adaptation of human beings to their environment.
 Perception → Attention
 Learning → Memory
 Thinking →
o Language formation of concepts
o Reasoning and problem solving
STAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Actividad
Entrada o Transducción Salida o
intercurrente
Estímulo sensorial Respuesta
del cerebro
Input of energy of threshold value, through the senses.
Sensory Transduction
Necessary transformation of the stimulus into → nerve impulse within the specialized
sensory receptor, within the S.N
Energies that the organism can perceive:
Mechanics: Touch, vision, balance, kinesthetic.
Light: View.
Chemistry: Smell and taste.
Electric: Leather
Thermal: Any receiver.
Atomic: None.
Intercurrent Activity
The impulse is analyzed, compared, classified, stored, and sent in response to an
effector muscle.
Output or Response
A perceptual or experiential response is given.
 Sensibility
The answer is a sign that
they performed all the
stages.
Subliminal
information
Stimulation below the
threshold.
Contextual
information
It has a value above the
threshold. Associate product
and context.
Neuroglial circuits
They awaken and monitor,
detect, recognize and
integrate changes in the
environment and respond.
SENSES
Sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch.
Sense of balance.
Somesthetic: gives
information about the (soma)
body.
Receptors: cold, heat, pain,
spatial orientation.
Attention
Process of selection and
filtering of relevant stimuli:
q facilitates knowledge and
adaptation to the
environment.
LIGHT: Clusters of energy
that travel in a straight line
with wave behavior.
Sound
Pressure or vibration wave,
which is transmitted in air
and solids.
Chemical senses
PERCEPTUAL HIERARCHY
There are levels for information extraction, each level involves, + energy, + duration of stimulus
and + learning.
1. Detection
Detects the energy change of the stimulus.
2. Discrimination
It differentiates the approx. size of the figure from the background, but without details.
3. Determination in details
+ intensity and duration of the stimulus. Few details, no security.
4. Identifying a Model or Shape
It allows the comparison of the stimulus with the information stored in the memory.
5. Manipulation and individuality
Recognizes the Patrick Duck, helps in solving problems and social perception.
PERCEPTION
It helps the organism to recreate the reality of the subject.
Conscience
All known information.
Perceptual predisposition: perception depends not only on the physical stimulus and the
appropriate receptor mechanisms, but also on more complex processes of learning and
disposition to stimuli.
Altered States
Impaired ability to think, reason, and perceive reality.
Loss of time perception and self-control, hallucinations and daydreaming.
Imagination
Cognitive ability that helps overcome emotional problems and find creative solutions.
Perceptual Modality
Type of receiver used for information extraction.
VISION
It needs light and working conditions of the brain, S.N and eyes.
Hue: Wavelength.
Brightness: Amplitude.
Saturation: Amount of light- purity of a color.
EYE
Sclera: shapes the eye.
Choroid: keeps darkness in the eye chamber.
Retina: transduces light into nerve impulse.
Cones: Color vision and fine details → Photopic vision.
Canes: Black and white, low light, no details. → Scotopic vision.
AUDITION
Signal or alert function, perceive space, listen to speech and music.
Frequency: is the N of waves
Tone: low or high.
Intensity: wave amplitude.
Taste and smell. It requires a
chemical reaction to occur
on the receptor.
Color= Hue
Psychological interpretation
of light wave changes.
Spectral colors
Light passes through a prism
and forms the rainbow.
Field of view
The domain space of a right
eye that focuses on a point.
Green and brown color less
visible.
Color blindness
Alterations in the perception
of hue.
Form
Result of the perception of
the contour and contrast of
things.
Contextual
information:
Stimulus in context.
It is not subliminal and does
not modify behavior or
motivate, only associate.
Visual illusions:
They are normal phenomena,
due to the special
interpretation of information
by keys that are interpreted
in different ways. 1.
. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pictorial keys
To give an impression of a
three-dimensional space on a
2-dimensional plane.
Interposition
One object hides or partially
overlaps another.
Linear perspective
It decreases the size of the
Volume: loud or soft sound.
EAR
Outer ear: The tube that leads the eardrum to the middle ear.
Middle ear: hammer, anvil and stapes.
Inner ear: Stimuli are transformed into nerve impulses by the ciliary cells of the organ of Corti.
 Semicircular channels: It allows the location of space and the control of reflex
movements.
SMELL
It warns us of danger.
The nerves of the nose are connected to the hippocampus and amygdala, participating in
emotion and memory.
Smell is activated by olfactory protein -→ olfactory bulb makes transduction -→ nerve
impulse -→ Temporal Lobe.
TASTE
It is related to: smell, heat and cold. Tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter.
TACT
Crucial in the physical and psychological development of the human being in survival.
The skin is the largest sensory organ, containing the body's fluids and regulating temperature,
pressure sensations, temperature and pain.
Stimuli pass through the medulla and thalamus → sensory cortex
Others by the thalamus → Reticular formation.
COLOUR
Color is a language in all cultures.
Primary:
For Light: blue, green, red.
For pigment: yellow, blue and red.
POSITION
The effect of a stimulus persists even after its physical termination.
1. Positive: maintains the same black and white intensity and the same colors: photography
flash.
2. Negative: persistence of the image, but in reverse.
GESTALT PRINCIPLES
Good configuration: The easiest configuration items determine the type of grouping.
Proximity: Nearby elements are grouped together.
Resemblance: Elements with similar features.
Good continuity: They follow the same direction, straight or curved.
Common Destination: Groups of elements in the same direction are perceived as a single
element. Wave.
Close: Fills empty parts of the item.
1. Perceptual predisposition: Perception is affected by learned dispositions.
PERCEPTION OF SPACE
View
Hearing: Location and distance of stimuli.
Touch: atmospheric pressure, velocity, temperature and air density.
Visual perception
3 dimensions: Vertical, horizontal and depth (monoculars and binoculars).
Monocular keys
1. Aerial perspective: Sharper objects appear closer than blurry ones.
2. Texture gradient: The degree of density of a surface in relation to the distance
most distant elements and
the space that separates
them. Train track.
Stereopsia
Perceptual process that
contributes to the experience
of depth.
Perceptual illusions
The stimulus has different
keys of interpretation.
LEARNING AND MEMORY
observed.
3. Parallax of movement: the observer moves with the environment, objects seem to
move in opposite directions. Car in motion.
4. Accommodation: the lens of the eye increases its curvature to focus on objects.
Binocular keys
1. Convergence: The eyes turn toward each other to observe nearby objects and separate
for distant objects.
 Binocular parallax or binocular disparity: difference between the retinal images of
each eye in its field of vision.
MOVEMENT PERCEPTION
Image-retina system: when you fix the view on a point and the images move from one side to
another, or up and down.
Eye-head system: the image is fixed in a place on the retina and the eye moves in relation to
the head.
The retinal stimulation regimen, in which the successive increase or decrease in the size of
the image gives the key to moving away or approaching.
Apparent movement: sensation of movement by stationary stimuli.
PHI phenomenon: Lights that turn on intermittently. Christmas lights, advertisements, cinema
images.
PERCEPTION OF TIME
Expectation, fatigue, motivation, learning, etc.
Protensity: perception of time, psychological variables and subjective experience.
Hypothetical biological clocks: Number of brain waves per second and circadian rhythm,
bowel activity, sleep, low body temperature around 3:00 to 4:00 a.m.,
Cognitive approach:
The passage of time is measured: by the amount of information that is given in that period. If we
are motivated, the time is shorter.
SOCIAL PERCEPTION
Attribution: The process of determining the causes of behavior, interpreting it, and drawing
conclusions.
Certain combinations of visual stimuli produce impressions of causality, such as those we
attribute to people.
The physical variables involved are: initial distance between objects, when they begin to
move, speed, response time, nature of contact, direction and distance.
 Behavioral
plasticity
LEARNING
Aspects of relatively Basic cognitive process; All relatively permanent behavioral changes given by experience and not
durable changes in due to maturation or temporary states of the organism.
responses Functions
1. Knowledge of the environment and adaptation of behaviors for problem solving.
2. Everything we are is the product of learning.
Learning
(behavior change) is the TYPES OF LEARNING
result of functional
modifications of the CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov
nervous system (NS). Classical or responsive conditioning consists of learning to transfer a natural or reflex response
from one stimulus to another.
Evoked potentials Law of association, its responses are visceral, reflex and already known to the individual.
Answers: irrational fears or phobias.
Learning and memory are
studied through the
associated electrical
(evoked potentials) and
biochemical responses.
Learned
hopelessness
Or state of helplessness,
the individual no longer
reacts to unpleasant
stimuli.
Reflex behavior
It is immediate, occurs in
all organisms of the same
species, is biologically and
genetically determined.

THORNDIKE OPERANT CONDITIONING

The extinction of a conditioned response is achieved by suppressing the reinforcer of behavior.
Enigmatic box experiment with cats, who tried to escape the box again and again (trial and
error).
Law of effect: Satisfaction of a successful response increased the odds that it would occur the
next time the cat was placed in the box.
Skinner's box with rats.
The behavior of pressing the lever "operates" on the environment. In this experiment, Skinner had
control of the environment, the animal and the consequences of its behavior,
Positive Reinforcer
Increases the likelihood of response.
Negative Reinforcer
It increases the probability of repetition of a response, but in this case it is because an unpleasant
stimulus is avoided or eliminated. Electrified fence.
1. Exhaust conditioning: Eliminate unpleasant stimulus.
2. Avoidance conditioning: responds to a key stimulus or signal that occurs before the
aversive or unpleasant stimulus.

PUNISHMENT
It tries to diminish the conduta with unpleasant consequences and pain, it must be relevant to the
subject, immediate and sufficient without falling into cruelty, constant and certain.
RESPONSE EXTINCTION
Stop reinforcing the behavior. He hears the bell and no food is given, the EI EC association is
broken .
Overcome a phobia.
GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION
Generalization: similar stimuli produce the R.C ------- campaigns, telephone, bells.

REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS
1. Continuous reinforcement: for each response 1 reinforcer-----Faster to extinguish
NUMERO DE RESPUESTAS
 P. Razón fija: X Cada N° de respuestas  1 reforzador----extinción rápida
 P. Razón variable: N° de respuestas variable, tasa de repuestas alta y firme. No sabe
cuándo recibirá su premio. Juegos de azar, chupar dedo

TIEMPO
 P. Intervalo fijo: el tiempo disponible del reforzador es variable, la RS disminuye después
del refuerzo y aumenta al acercarse el siguiente reforzador.
 P. Intervalo variable: Refuerza conductas correctas en intervalos variables. Respuestas
 constantes, extinción lenta.

BIOFEEDBACK
The observation of one's own execution and internal processes makes it possible to control and
modify some involuntary responses. Relaxation.

COGNITIVE LEARNING Gestalt

Based on Gestalt, the subject organizes the fundamental elements that lead to learning, as well as
to perception and problem solving.

LEARNING BY DISCERNMENT OR INSIGTH

Moment in which the elements are organized into a significant whole thanks to the sudden
understanding of the relationship of the elements for the solution of the problem.

The chimpanzee suspends the premium behavior, inspects its environment and tools and gives the
positive response that reinforces it (understanding) is given by learning by Insight
Visible, sufficient and distracting elements.

LATENT LEARNING Tolman

There is a learning stored in some way that manifests itself only at the necessary moment, without
having been done before, thanks to cognitive maps or mental images.
Rat walk through the labyrinth.

SOCIAL LEARNING
Observation of the behavior of other people and their consequences, so it is called observational
learning, by vicarious modeling or imiation.

Limbic system
MEMORY
Fundamental for the
formation of memory. Ability to store, retain and remember information.
Memory is the ability to make use of stored information. It manifests itself through remembrance
(or recall), recognition, and relearning.
Codofocation strategy
stipulated classification

Keys to memory
stimuli of the
environment.
Associate stored
information with new
information.

Unconsciously deliberate
forgetfulness Freud called
repression.

Remembering those events Remembrance or remembrance

frees them from the The person remembers or reconstructs the information learned.
feelings of anxiety and
maladjustment they EFFECT OF SENSORY POSITION
provoke through a process
Primacy effect
of catharsis.
Remembers the first items in a list.
Recency effect
Loci Method A
technique for improving Remember the last ones
memory, in which the
reagents to be remembered
are associated with
specific places or
locations.

FORGETFULNESS: Loss of information

1. Passage of time
2. Attention when receiving and retrieving information
INTERFERENCE
The more similar the concepts or information stored, the more likely the ability to remember will
deteriorate.
Preactive interference
Interference of what has been learned previously with what is being learned in the moment. The
new information deteriorates the previous memory.
Emotions
Events that elicit an intense emotional response are better remembered.
I remember strongly if it involves several senses.
AMNESIA
Anterograde Amnesia: loss of memories that occur after injury.
Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memories prior to the injury.
Mnemotecnia
Todos los métodos que Alzheimer.
nos ayudan a mejorar la Strategies
memoria como relacionar Repeat-vocalize-fractionate.
con personas y reducir la
información en claves.
Tomar apuntes
Es una memoria externa.

Mejor Sensory Memory

Dar un significado Visual iconics
personal y cuestionarse
porque, para que. Auditory echo

Short-term memory  working memory

Long-term memory
It is remembered all life, but retrieving information is more complicated.

1. Enunciative:
2. Declarative: meanings of words
3. Procedural: Practice playing an instrument.

ATTENTION
One of the first studies set of brain processes that interact, among themselves and with other brain processes, in the execution
to find parietal of different perceptual, cognitive and motor tasks".
activation during
the performance of a parietal, posterior and frontal lobes, and the reticular system.
displacement attention
task is that of Corbetta COMPONENTS OF CARE
et al. 1. Selection or targeting: Prioritize stimuli and filter the information of the senses.
2. Surveillance or sustained attention: for a certain time.
Functional 3. Divided attention: more than 1 stimulus at a time.
neuroimaging 4. Control: directing behaviors, inhibiting responses and detecting errors.
techniques FMR and
PET . NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Executive MESULAM
attention Extrapersonal care integrated by a neural network
incorporating 1. Prefontal visual fields and prefrontal cortex: exploratory movements and orientation.
functional 2. Superior posterior pariental cortex: perceptial map of extrapersonal space
neuroimaging 3. Cortex cingualdo: motivation, relevance and expectation.
generally uses the
Stroop paradigm, RED Regulated by the S. Reticular activator arousal level or alertness.
The anterior cingulate
cortex is activated
POSNER
Attentional networks:
1. R.A. Vigilance: maintains alertness or arousal, taras of execution of the prefrontal and
superior parietal cortex of the right hemisphere.

2. R.A. Posterior: Displacement attention: parietal cortex, pulvinar nucleus and superior
coliculus. It is studied by Posner's paradigm.

Say the direction of the object in boxes and with clues:

sensory (exogenous) or cognitive (endogenous).

3. R.A. Previous: Action: control of goal-directed behavior, detection of errors and events,
inhibition of automatic responses and resolution of conflict situations. Medial frontal areas
and basal ganglia.