IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER, SANITATION AND

HYGIENE (WASH) PROGRAM AND THE

INTERMEDIATE PUPILS’ HYGIENE AND
SANITATION PRACTICES: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED
INTERVENTION MEASURES

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 1046-1053
Document ID: 2023PEMJ926
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8170171
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-19-7
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 1046-1053, Document ID:2023 PEMJ926, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8170171, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Program and the

Intermediate Pupils’ Hygiene and Sanitation Practices:
Basis for a Proposed Intervention Measures
Anthonet J. Sunga*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study attempted to determine the extent of the implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WaSH) program and its relationship with hygiene and sanitation practice of intermediate pupils in
Sta. Cruz Elementary School, City Schools Division of Antipolo during the School Year 2022-
2023.The method of research used was the descriptive correlational type with the questionnaire as the
data gathering instrument which was validated by the experts. The respondents of the study included
85 teachers and 362 pupils from Grades IV, V & VI. The statistical tool utilized to compute the data
were weighted mean, one way analysis of variance and Pearson r Correlation.The findings included
that the extent of the implementation of WaSH program as regards the aspect of disease preventive
and control as well as community and environmental health to the hygiene and sanitation among
intermediate pupils was High as perceived by both teachers and pupil respondents with the grand
weighted mean of 3.07 and 3.08 respectively. Moreso, there was no significant difference between
perceptions of the teachers and pupil respondents on the extent of the implementation of WaSH
Program, while there was a significant relationship between the perceived implementation of WaSH
program of the teachers and pupils and the hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils.An intervention
measure in the implementation of the WaSH program was proposed to further improve its
management and implementation.

Keywords: sanitation, hygiene, public school, WASH program

Introduction overlaps strongly. Addressing these deficiencies

Every child around the world deserves an opportunity
to learn in a safe and healthy environment. Safe
drinking water and a safe place to use the bathroom are
as important at teachers, classrooms, and books.
Hence, hygiene and sanitation are essential to good
health. Adequate water supply, toilets, and
handwashing facilities are necessary to achieve good
hygiene and sanitation, while the lack of access to
these facilities may cause problems to people’s health.
Problems in water, hygiene and sanitation have
actually caused many children in developing countries
to fall ill from infections and diarrheal diseases
(Pabalan, 2018).
The advocacy of promotion of correct hygiene and
sanitation practices among school children has been
the government's goal and priority through the
Department of Education (DepEd) to keep the pupils
safe and healthy. Hence, the Philippines Department of
Education (DepEd) issued the Policy and Guidelines
for the Comprehensive Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
in School (WiNS) program for the promotion of
correct hygiene and sanitation practices among school
children and a clean environment in and around school
to keep pupils safe and healthy. The concept of WaSH
groups together water supply, sanitation, and hygiene
because the impact of deficiencies in each area
together can achieve a strong positive impact on public
health (Manuel, 2022).
WASH in Schools (WinS) Program is a holistic
program for personal health care and environmental
sanitation that contains set of standards for proper and
correct health practices that should be implemented in
every school. The goals and objectives of the policy
intend to generate positive outcomes on the following
key areas: water, hygiene, sanitation, health education,
and deworming while the implementation of the
program is managed by the schools through the
execution of School-based Management (SBM)
approach.
Water and sanitation-related illnesses may be
effectively prevented by implementing best practices
from throughout the world, such as expanding access
to and use of water and sanitation facilities inside
schools and strengthening hygiene and sanitation
practices. This would also aid the Philippines in
fulfilling its Millennium Development Goal target to
improve sanitation coverage and reduce the prevalence
of infectious illnesses by 2025. Proper access to water,
hygiene, and sanitation are cornerstones of health.
Hygiene and sanitation can only be maintained with
access to sufficient water, sanitation, and handwashing
facilities.

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Research Article
The Schools Division of Antipolo City has ordered all
schools to adapt and implement the policy in order to
promote healthy and safe learning environment and to
prevent the spread of COVID-19 around schools. To
facilitate systematic and organize WinS program
implementation, the division office has been
conducting an advocacy and capacity building to the
technical staff, program administrators and
implementers, parents and other stakeholders. Hygiene
and sanitation have been a concern in most elementary
schools in the Philippines. Many school administrators
have ignored this problem because they were too
preoccupied with financial concerns. It illustrates the
idea of recognizing the significance of clean facilities
to a good learning environment. We have hygiene and
sanitation policies in place. Almost every state
recognizes the significance of enforcing these policies,
as the majority of citizens agree that in order for
students to learn effectively and for the school's
services to run smoothly, all school districts must have
adequate facilities to cater to their basic needs, such as
water, sanitation, and hygiene (Sangalang et al., 2021).
Given the above cited situations, the researcher
decided to conduct an evaluation on the status of the
implementation of WaSH Program among public
elementary schools in the Schools Division of
Antipolo City to provide concrete data regarding the
implementation of the program and hoped to propose
intervention measures to facilitate the improvement
and successful implementation of the program for the
succeeding years.
Research Questions
This study aimed to assess the implementation of
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) program
among intermediate pupils in the City Schools
Division of Antipolo towards the development of a
proposed intervention program. Specifically, this study
sought answers to the following questions:
1. What was the extent of the implementation of the
WaSH Program to the hygiene and sanitation among
intermediate pupils as perceived by the teachers and
pupils themselves in terms of the following aspects:
1.1 Disease Preventive and Control;
1.1.1 Deworming
1.1.2 Personal hygiene and sanitation
1.1.3 Proper disposal of waste
1.1.4 Proper utilization of toilets and urinals
1.2 Community and Environmental Health
1.2.1 Healthful Surroundings
1.2.2 Water Supply
1.2.3 Maintaining health environment
Anthonet J. Sunga
2. Was there any significant difference in the
perceptions of the two groups of respondents on the
extent of implementation of the DepEd WaSH
Program in terms of aforementioned aspect?
3. Was there any significant relationship between
perceived implementation of WaSH program of
teachers and pupils and the hygiene and sanitation
practices of pupils?
4. Based on the results of the study, what intervention
measures was proposed to enhance the School WaSH
Program?
Literature Review
Rowles et al. (2020) noted a practical and simple best
practice in the design of catchment and storage
systems, such as the use of first flush diverters
appropriate containers, and coverings can keep
rainwater quality high. Seasonal and diurnal variations
in water quality are common because of temperature
fluctuations weather, and human and animal use of
water sources. To assess water quality, humans
typically use visual clues to evaluate if the water is of
sufficient quality although if there are no feasible
alternatives, people may still use a particular water
source even if they perceive the quality to be poor.
In addition, Hacker and Kaminsky (2017) deliberately
focused on the sanitation and hygiene, hygiene
activities, such as handwashing, bathing, washing
clothes, or cleaning the home, can act as primary or
secondary barriers to transmission. Hygiene activities,
like handwashing or clothes washing, can destroy or
remove pathogens and prevent transmission to a new
host, a critical step in preventing the transmission of
fecal-oral pathogens, water-washed diseases, and
airborne-transmitted infections. However, data on
hygiene activities and access to hygiene services is
severely lacking and agreed upon indicators for
monitoring hygiene were not introduced until 2015.
Although “hygiene” is a broad term, the international
WASH community is most interested in access to
handwashing facilities with soap and water.
As stated by Davis et al. (2019), access to
handwashing facilities, water, and soap is likely a good
metric for actual handwashing behavior, however,
additional considerations are also important, such as
how often such facilities are used, the quality of the
water, whether it is flowing. For example, some
populations frequently reuse water from other
activities for multiple hygiene uses, such as sharing
handwash basins between multiple people or reusing
bathing water for cleaning the home. While the safe
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Research Article
reuse of greywater can have the double benefit of
increasing the amount of water available for use and
decreasing the total volume of water needing to be
disposed, reuse of untreated greywater can cause major
health challenges. Engineered infrastructure can
improve hygiene by increasing the availability and
quantity of water in the home providing easier access
to flowing water for hygiene activities and safely
containing and disposing of greywater.
The WHO (2016) stated that a school with adequate
water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) has a reliable,
sufficient, and clean water supply; a sufficient number
of toilets that are private, safe, clean, and gender
segregated; handwashing facilities with water and
soap; and hygiene education in the school curriculum.
Facilities should cater to all, including small children,
girls of menstruation age, and children with
disabilities. Yet schools in many developing countries
lack WASH services, with associated potential
detrimental effects on health and school attendance. In
2016, only 57% of schools in the least-developed
countries had adequate drinking water facilities and
53% had adequate sanitation.
Correspondingly, Cumming et al. (2019) took
important note on data that Globally, WASH in
Schools interventions aim to reduce the incidence of
diarrhea and other hygiene-related diseases; improve
hygiene behaviours; improve school enrolment, school
performance, and attendance; and influence the
hygiene practices of parents and siblings via school
students acting as agents of change.In the study of
Wada et al. (2022), schools with adequate water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities have a
reliable water system that provides safe and sufficient
water, especially for hand-washing and drinking;
sufficient number of toilets for students and teachers
that are private, safe, clean, and culturally and gender
appropriate; water-use and hand-washing facilities,
including some close to toilets; and sustained hygiene
promotion. Facilities should cater to all, including
small children, girls of menstruation age, and children
with disabilities. WASH conditions in schools in many
low-income countries, however, are inadequate with
associated detrimental effects on health and school
attendance.The health promotion community is
generally aware of the significance of creating a
conducive atmosphere for the spread of healthy habits,
as stated by Duijster et al. (2022). Establishing a
setting conducive to students adopting and maintaining
a safe hygiene behavior can be aided by the provision
of sufficient hygiene facilities in schools. Results from
this research indicate a widespread lack of adequate
sanitary facilities at educational institutions.
Anthonet J. Sunga
Methodology
This study was quantitative in nature and used
descriptive-correlational and descriptive-comparative
method to investigate the implementation of Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) program on the
hygiene and sanitation among intermediate pupils in
the Schools Division of Antipolo City towards the
d ev elo p m en t of a pro p o sed in terv en tio n
program. Using descriptive-correlational design is a
fact-finding study with accurate interpretation based
on the findings of the study. It is used to identify how
much variation is caused by implementation of WINS
in the school system to the pupils. In addition, this
method of research emphasizes on the prevailing
c o n d i t io n s th at reall y ex ist ( C a l d er o n ,
2012).Considering the main objective of the study, a
survey design was also used. According to Creswell
(2012). a survey design is used when investigators
administer a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe the attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of the
population.
Participants of the Study
Three Hundred sixty-two (362) were selected as
respondents from grades four, five and six and eighty-
five (85) teachers from grade four, five and six from
Sta. Cruz Elementary School.A total of eighty-five
(85) teacher respondents were randomly selected,
twenty-five (25) teachers from grade 4, twenty-four
(24) from grade 5, and thirty-five (35) from grade 6.
Instruments of the Study
The research instrument in this study is a standardized
survey questionnaire adopted from DepEd Order 10.
s.2016 to determine the implementation of Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene in School (WiNS) program on
the hygiene and sanitation among intermediate
pupils.The survey questionnaire consisted of 2 main
parts; the first part is the implementation of the WaSH
Program to the hygiene and sanitation among
intermediate pupils which measure the said
implementation in terms of Disease Preventive and
Control and Community and Environmental Health. In
addition, the second part is the assessment of hygiene
and sanitation practices among the pupils were
measured in terms of personal hygiene, domestic
hygiene, environmental hygiene and food hygiene.
Procedure
After the approval of the title and reading literature
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Research Article

and studies about the implementation of Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene in School (WiNS) program on
the hygiene and sanitation among intermediate pupils,
As reflected in the table, the data show that the
the researcher prepared the survey questionnaire which
teacher and pupil respondents were similar in their
was adopted from DepEd order 10.s.2016. The
perceptions as regards the implementation of the
researcher first drafted a letter of approval to use the
WaSH Program on the disease preventive and
survey instrument and sent it through the e-mail of the
control in the aspect of deworming at High extent
validators. After the validation of the instrument, the
as manifested by the weighted mean of 3.21 of the
researcher drafted the criteria in selecting the
former and 3.03 of the latter.
respondents. The researcher then made a simple survey
based on the criteria among the respondents of the These findings implies that the two groups of
locale of the study to select and evaluate their respondents believe that their School WaSH program
qualifications for the research study properly and was effective and beneficial in the aspect of
carefully. In all the cases, before conducting the survey deworming.
among the respondents, permission from the locale of
the study was secured and informed consent was Table 2. Extent of Implementation of the WaSH
requested from the respondents. Data gathered were Program on Disease Preventive and Control in the
accomplished by survey questionnaire among the Aspect of Personal Hygiene and Sanitation
qualified respondents. The researcher followed the
rapport building and protocols as determined by the
administrators of the academic institutions. Times and
venues were scheduled in coordination with the
administrators and the respondents.

Ethical Considerations

The researcher herself explained and gave the

informed consent to each participant before the
conduct of the study. She ensured them that the
information would be used with utmost confidentiality
and within the purpose of the study only.

Results and Discussion
Extent of the Implementation of the WaSH
Program to the Hygiene and Sanitation among
Intermediate Pupils as Perceived by the Teachers
and Pupils Themselves
Table 1. Extent of the Implementation of WaSH
Program on the Disease Preventive Control in the
Aspect of Deworming
It can be seen in the table that the teachers and pupils’
respondents have a common perception on the three
indicators on the extent of the implementation of the
WaSH program on disease preventive and control in
the aspect of personal hygiene and sanitation. These
are indicator 1 “Cleaning your body /taking a bath
everyday” with the weighted mean of 3.00, indicator 2
“Washing your hands with soap after going to the
toilet” with weighted mean of 3.00, indicator 3
“Washing your hands after handling pets and other
animals” with weighted mean of 3.00, respectively.

These findings connote that the teachers and pupils

were convinced that these tips on personal hygiene and
sanitation are really important and vital to them,
especially if they want to be healthy, alert and
enthusiastic. Generally, the teachers and pupils were
almost parallel in their perception that the WaSH
program in the school is effective as evidenced by the
overall weighted means of 3.01 and 3.15, respectively,
with verbal interpretation of High Extent.

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Research Article
Table 3. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH
Program on Disease Preventive and Control in the
Aspect of Proper Disposal of Waste
It is shown in the table that teachers and pupils’
respondents perceived the implementation of the
WaSH program on the disease preventive and control
in the effect of proper disposal of waste with common
rating of High Extent as reflected by the weighted
mean of 3.50 and 3.15 respectively.
This implies that the teachers and pupils s were
advocates of “Cleanliness is next to Godliness” In fact
the school supports the campaign of the community on
the two projects: “Sa Basura may Pera” and “Harap ng
Bahay nyo Linis Mo”.
Table 4. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH
program on Disease Preventive Control in the Aspect
of Proper Utilization of Toilets and Urinals
As reflected in the table, the data show that the teacher
and pupil respondents were similar in their perception
Anthonet J. Sunga
of the implementation of the WaSH Program on
Control in the Aspect of Proper Utilization of Toilets
and Urinals at the High extent as manifested by the
overall weighted mean of 3.03 of the former and 3.05
of the latter.
Table 5. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH
program on the Community and Environmental Health
in the Aspect of Healthful Surroundings
It can be gleaned from the table that by the
respondents perceived the six indicators of the
healthful surroundings at High Extent as clearly shown
by the weighted mean of 3.06 and 2.56 respectively.
Although these findings were considered satisfactory
and efficacious, the groups of respondents still believe
that they can enhance the implementation in terms of
healthful surroundings to great extent.
Table 6. Extent of implementation of the WaSH
Program on the Community and Environmental Health
in the aspect of adequate Water Supply, Sanitation,
and Hygiene
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Research Article
As reflected in the table, the teacher and pupil
respondents both perceived the five indicators of the
adequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene at High
Extent as evidenced by the overall weighted mean of
3.02 and 3.10 respectively.
It should be noted that even if both respondents rated
the five indicators at high extent, the teacher
perception rating is slightly lower and distinct since
teachers are more aware and conversant of the
guidelines on health and sanitation.
Table 7. Extent of implementation of the WaSH
Program on the Community and Environmental Health
in the aspect of Maintaining Healthful Environment
As presented in the table, both teacher and pupil
respondents rated the three indicators of maintaining
healthful environment identically to the scale of 3.00
with verbal interpretation of High extent. As a whole,
the two groups of respondents observed that the five
indicators
of maintaining healthful environment at a High Extent
as clearly shows by the overall weighted mean of 3.02
and 3.03 respectively.
These findings further suggest that even if present
findings show that maintaining healthful environment
in school and community is practiced at High Extent,
the respondents can still improve or enhance this
undertaking as an advocacy.
Anthonet J. Sunga
Table 8. Test of Significant Difference Between the
Perception of the Two Groups of Respondents on the
extent of the implementation of the WaSH Program
As manifested in the table, the Z-test computed value
is -756.50 while the Z-tabular value or critical value is
0.688 at 0.05 level of significance with -376 degree of
freedom, it is evident therefore, that since Z test
computed value (i.e -756.50) is less than the tabular
value (i.e 0.688), Therefore there is no significant
difference between the perception of the two groups of
respondents on the extent of the implementation of the
WaSH program. These findings connotes that the two
groups of respondents in the general have similar level
of perceptions on the extent of the implementation of
the WaSH program.
Table 9. Test of Significant Relationship between the
perceived implementation of WaSH Program and
hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils
As identified in the table, the computed Pearson r-
value of 0.816 with 9 degrees of freedom, and the
computed t-value of 8.647-2.262 is greater than the
tabular t-value of 2.282 at 0.05 level of significance.
Hence, the null hypothesis that there is no significant
relationship between the perceived implementation of
WaSH program of the teachers and pupils and the
hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils is rejected,
Therefore, there is a significant relationship between
the implementation of WaSH program and hygiene
and sanitation practices of pupils.
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Research Article
Table 10. Summary of the Test of differences on the
Implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WaSH) program and the intermediate Pupils’
hygieneand sanitation practices using t Test
In summary, the results suggest that the
implementation of the WaSH program has a
significant positive impact on some aspects of hygiene
and sanitation practices among intermediate pupils.
However, the program may not have a significant
effect on other aspects of hygiene and sanitation
practices, such as the proper utilization of toilets and
urinals and maintaining a healthful environment.
Proposed Intervention Measure to Enhance the
Implementation of Wash Program in School
Despite the strong commitment of the Philippine
government being carried out by Department of
Education and other School stakeholders, our country
still faces significant challenges and problems in
achieving access to WaSH services especially in the
basic and secondary school setting.
In fact, DepEd for more than a decade has several vital
measures developed to address WaSH challenges in
the schools all over the country; nonetheless, there are
still glaring and crystal-clear gaps in the coverage and
quality of WaSH services in school which requires
solution and rehabilitation to ensure school children
have access to safe and clean water and proper
sanitation and hygiene practices It is in this context
that based on the salient findings of the study this
research deemed it wise to recommend this training
program to address the challenges and problems
encountered in the implementation of WaSH program
more particularly in the setting of the study, i.e., Sta
Cruz Elementary School, the biggest school in terms
of pupil’s enrollment in the City Schools Division of
Antipolo.
The Target participants of this training are Grades 4, 5,
and 6 Pupils. This proposed training program aims to
achieve the following: a. enhance the Implementation
of the School WaSH Program to develop proper
hygiene and sanitation of the pupils; and b. provide an
opportunity for the pupils to apply their knowledge
Anthonet J. Sunga
about proper hygiene and sanitation practices they
learned from the training.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following
conclusions were drawn: (1)There is still a need to
improve the management and implementation of the
WaSH program in Sta. Cruz Elementary School,
Antipolo City. (2)The perceived implementation of the
WaSH Program is associated with the hygiene and
sanitation practices of the pupils. (3) An intervention
measures were to deemed necessary to enhance the
management and implementation of the WaSH
program based on the result of the study.
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the
following recommendation are hereby offered: (1) It is
recommended that the result of the study be
disseminated to school head and stakeholders through
the City Schools Division of Antipolo. (2) The School
heads are encouraged to utilize the positive and sound
result of the study as benchmark in the implementation
of the WaSH program. (3) The Proposed Intervention
Measures be implemented not only within the school
of Sta. Cruz Elementary School but be district wide.
(4) Parallel studies should also be conducted by other
schools or divisions to validate the result of this
present study.
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