Unit 14 – DS

C H E M I S T R Y
l¾udka; ridhkh Amila Dasanayake
(MBBS Undergraduate, University of Colombo)

fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ksIamdokh

 wuqøjHh −

 uQ,O¾uh −

 m%Odk M,h −

 w;=re M, −

▪ laf,dafrda - we,al,S fldaI Ndú;dlr c,Sh fidaähï laf,darhsâ ødjKla úoHq;a úÉfcaokh lsÍfuka jdKsc
jYfhka fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ksmojkq ,nhs'

▪ ;=ka wdldrhl laf,dafrda - we,al,S fldaI we;'

- riÈh fldaIh
- m%dÖr fldaIh
- mg, fldaIh

• mg, fldaIh m%dÖr fldaIhg fnfyúka u iudk jk w;r tl u m%;sl%shdj isoq fõ' m%Odk; u fjki jkafka
m%dÖrhla fjkqjg whk jrKSh mg,hla u`.ska mg, fldaIfha bf,lafg%dav hq., fjka lr ;sîuh'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 1

 • wefkdavh − ghsfÜkshï
lef;davh − ksl,a

• nyqwjhúl whk yqjudre mg,hlska wefkdav yd lef;dav l=àr fjka lr ;sfí'

• mg,h ;=<ska legdhk yqjudre úh yels w;r (wekdhk yqjudre fkdlrhs) th yryd Na+ whkj,g wefkdavfha
isg lef;dav l=àrh lrd .uka l< yels h'

• úoHq;a úÉfâokfha § wefkdavfha § wdfrdamK bj;a lsÍu;a, lef;davfha § iemhSu;a, isÿ jk ksid l=àr fofka
úoHq;a WodiSk;dj legdhk m%jdyh u`.ska mj;ajd .kq ,nhs'

• O𝐇 − whk Cl2 iu`. m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka ksIamdok l%shdj,shg ndOd úh yelsh' tfy;a mg,h yryd wekdhk
yqjudre fkdjk neúka O𝐇 − whk idxprKh je<efla'

• NaOH ødjKh Nd.sl jYfhka jdIamSlrKh lr isis,a lrkq ,nhs'

• w;=reM, f,i Cl2 yd H2 ksmofõ'

NaOH j, Ndú;

laf,daÍka j, m%fhdack

yhsv%cka j, m%fhdack

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 2

 ue.akSishï ksIamdokh

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 3

 ⑳OBP TBBEEC
88308:-0000000 coms00
NaOH KOH

01.2010BBDO c

on Be DiverGoe) c0 obzo NaOHs KOHiS

·breaecgogorepea
Gee condo.

E8Fog on be we NaOHaqKOHlaq)

⑧
100, 035800
5580.
R - C -

0 -

CH2 CHz
-

0H

o < 2006
R. -0 -
cH
3NaOH
+

->
1
BRCOONat
CH -OH
888z
⑧
H (t)
=

R I -

0
CH2
CHzOH

200a Ord
P908B)
R =
CkH35Cistzl CpH23 CzHzT

02. BOB DOP 580

1.
NaCllgoe
B2BP
1

#
NaClcaq)
L 888 + 0288B + NaOH

* 2003 N90
#
. * 0
+

-808 NaOH
+

L
-
V
R-COON -
④ R200 + Nat
(aq)
2000000308358 (5) (aq)

otrow we ag00
00338.
* snow some a wood
03 .
25 @ of 8808,3 3dB @ .

② 20 @ of + NaCl + NaOH + 8
@on

i) NaCl
oofzfgo.ro 6690
> NaCl (
w
w 0.5% Erdos gag so)

② 20 @ of + NaOH +8@on

> 2000 ED GROO

288,59 0852808 of

zozfzs6oz9.o5Eosado0zepon@ocoEo.J
ii ) NaOH

so @ of +0
@ as

04.358 so @ of 000 roof 3580 .

① own @ of +
Ohio

120°C QQ Bass a @soooo

spray -280 .

( or@ woioo D.)

snow @Dunn

② oe@woiiEsas14.Cw / w )
£0s gag ③ ADA
( Gosei aorist)

86cg @snobs ,
08AM ,

6 OWED
gorgon on

me @ cheat8D .

358 einss
 Naxos Ñdvzw
Guido road

2. NaCl +
Cacoz →
Nastos +
Caclz

poison
- NaCl CREW]
NH}

Caco, ( cos /yard)

forbid @ w -

cache

① qcGObPa6bsw

* Edition @@08bar → Fois of .

* NH
,
Catrin Osgood ] @out
✓
§wB snozowas us exostosis 09 .

i. we
@ 20MW world ucoot .

HÑÉÑq0Hcag
NHS Css + ears

u
/ §
② G WOAN

CaCOs -> Ca0

+COc->

* rabies stow aims of

* eso rdas 2a, (one comers varis acon)

CO2 (B) #an-COccas) aswe

+

COLCaaS +

NApOHCas] -> NHpHCOs (a) +spw

NH, 301 SmGu

real quot
I
* con vest gas don't wish is onup.Ugur NHS Bata was
power opdia barn, god ayed on co2 3050 s80d s.

Cune diners to with or

③ NaHCOs cobaincu.

NHGHCOSCa ->
NHpTcas) HCOJcan)
+

NaClcasi -> Natcas) + CTcas)

acroomar Bond 5000 as food way oven INHpHC0s] Buywe.

as would [HC05] snawa. as
see Add
gowns
arizmar NaHCOs 00 Ksp your 2000 and as of God

scodew words of

Natcas) HCOGCas)
+
-> NaHCOs(s)

cond arom NaltCOs(s) simon aid abunds.

send ano:

NaCl + NHz CO
+
H2O ->
+

NaHCOz +

NHpC

④ NaHCOs ddad NacCOs 20s u150 ② wold

CO2+. ...
2 NaHCOg > NasCOs +

NHS yonaw
① owl

2NApC CaO CaCIe +

............i
NHg HcO
+ -> +

(as) (S) (a2)

 wefudakshd ksIamdokh ^fyan¾ l%uh&

wuqøjH –

uQ,O¾uh −

 khsg%cka yd yhsârcka jdhq wuqøjH fõ'

 khsÜrcka jdhqj ,nd .kafka jd;fha Nd.sl wdijkfhks'
 my; ±lafjk l%u u`.ska kema;dj,ska fyda N=ñ jdhqfjka fyda yhsârcka ,nd .efka'

C6H14(g) + 6H2O(g) → 6CO(g) + 13H2(g) C6H14(g) + 3O2(g) → 6CO(g) + 7H2(g)

(kema;dj,) (kema;dj,)

CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g) 2CH4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 4H2(g)

(N=ñ jdhqfõ) (N=ñ jdhqfõ)

 khsÜrcka yd yhsârcka w;r m%;sl%shdfjka wefudakshd iys; iu;=,;

s ñY%Khla we;s fõ'

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) ∆H = − 92 kJ mol-1

 f,a peg,sh¾ uQ,O¾uhg wkqj jeä mSvkh yd wvq WIaK;ajh iu;=,s;;dfõ § wefudakshd m%udKh jeä
lsÍug fya;= fõ'
 by< mSvk meyeÈ,sj u wefudakshd M,odj by< kexùug Wmia:ïNl jk kuq;a wêl mSvkj,g Tfrd;a;=
fok WmlrKj, kv;a;= msßjeh o wêlh' fï ksid j¾;udkfha Ndú; jkqfha 250 atm m%Yia; mSvkhls'
 jeä wefudakshd weiajekakla ,eîug WIaK;ajh wvq úh hq;=h' tfy;a wvq WIaK;aj j,§ m%; sl%shd YS>%;dj o
wvq neúka th wd¾Ól jYfhka wjdisodhl h' fï ksid Ndú;fha mj;skafka 450 ℃ l m%Yia; WIaK;ajhls'
 m%;sl%shdj ;dmodhl neúka WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;ajd .ekSug isis,kh l< hq;=h'
 WIaK;ajh yd mSvkhg wu;rj fuys ,d W;afma%rlh o jeo.;a úp,Hls' fuys § W;afma%rlh f,i hlv o
W;afma%rl j¾Ol f,i l=vd m%udKj,ska fmdgEishï Tlaihsâ yd we¨ñkshï Tlaihsâ o Ndú; fõ' wvq
wefudakshd idkaøKh u`.ska bÈß m%;sl%shdj Èß .ekafõ' t neúka mSvkhla hgf;a NH3 isis,a lr øj NH3
bj;g .efka'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 10

 HNOS cidrizue
BODDD DOW

38308:
①NIS

2) Byview exa

③ New

alabour materia

↓ ↓
pt/Rh
① 4NHz + 50r -> 4NO + 6HcO
800-850%
(onefon)

000zy00] 1: a

150%
② INO + Or -> 2N0s

③ PNOa +2H20 + Or -> 4HN03

3NO2 H2O-2HNOs
+

+ NO- @

2N0 Or
+
->
INO2- b
⑨ x2 +

32898: 25qu00
NOVEW WOM
150! 3000020 958.
300

o
↓ ↓↓↓↓↓
H20 ↑
wwow 30
* (da wra

↑
O2 30000002 (800 850)-

02 N02
+ 500 or
NHg00B>83W NOL + 02
↑444

82835800056. 5-10 atm

->

* Nig origin cr (96%.5

enggons resiod)
8880 fs50 4/8.
(8xw) navon 8200
stor of
 H2SO4 GOuzE
Calvia 880)

out
gasow-s good delve, New, oseu

②
①

250s
St

+
-soccmonoccocosono
a

98%
=
v205(S)
2503
450 500%
-

latm
AH 7]
=
-

sension
SO2Zapor,

③ SOS +

HeSOp -> HeScO7(8Dw8/290 wONyWd)

④ H2SzO7 +

H2O -> 2H2SOy

Sincein
580
more

380, 300 unvo seofoc

30058

/
V 450
830° ① V205

(ii) ② V205

(800) 85News ③ V205

④
v0 5 ↑ SOs
=**

(S02 -
8). -

9.))
SOS +H2SOy -> HiSuOf
5 02+
-
SO2 SO 0= SOs+

H2ScOf HIO
+
- H.SOy
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 13
 Fe wdrezuc
8D 2900s ar

38305:

C + 0s -> C02 100044

102+C -> 10 10004

3
FecOs +
C0 ->
FegOx + CO2
1000!
->
FesOq +
10 FeO+CO2

-> Fe
FeO + 10 + CO2

Fe0 C
+ -> Ee CO
+ 100084

CaCOs > Ca0 +COL 1000

3,00004
Ca0 +
Sia -> CaSiO3l

CaO + AlOs -> CaCAlO)c

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 15
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 16
 Tio2 ksIamdokh

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 17

 nyqwjhúl
1. nyqwjhúl hkq fudkjd o@
2. my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

mqkrdj¾;S tallh
nyqwjhúlfha ku taldjhúl(h) nyqwjhúlh

i) fmd,st;s,k
S a (𝐏𝐄)

ii) fmd,siaghsÍka (𝐏𝐒)

iii) 𝐏𝐕𝐂

fmd,sfgg%d*af,dafrd t;s,k
S a
iv)
(𝐏𝐓𝐅𝐄)

v) fmd,st;s,k
S a fgß;ef,aÜ

vi) khsf,daka 𝟔, 𝟔

vii) fíla,hsÜ

viii) rn¾ (fmd,swhsfidm%Ska)

3. by; i`oyka jk nyqjhúl wdl,k yd ix>kk f,i j¾. lrkak'

4. by; Tn i`oyka l< nyqwjhúl w;ßka rn¾ yer wfkla tajd ;dm iqúld¾h yd ;dm ia:dmk f,i
j¾. lrkak'
5. ;dm iqúld¾h yd ;dm ia:dmk hk mo y`ÿkajkak'
6. wdf,dalh jvd fyd`Èka úksúo hdu isÿ lrkafka iaMálrEmS yd wiaMálrEmS hk nyqrEmS wdldr foflka
ljrl o@
7. rn¾ lsß leá .eiSu isÿ jk wdldrh myokak'
8. wefudakshd u`.ska rn¾ lsß leá .eiSu m%udo jkafka flfia o@
9. rn¾ odu hkq whsfidm%Ska j, cis iudjhúl o" ke;fyd;a trans iudjhúl o@
10. rn¾ j,slkhsia lsÍu hkq l=ula o@
11. m%Yia; uÜgñka j,alkhsia l< rn¾ j, we;s .=Kdx. fudkjd o@ tu .=Kdx. we;s ùug fya;=j l=ula o@
12. tnkhsÜ hkq fudkjd o@
13. nyqwjhúl ksIamdokfha tk wdl,k øjH hkq fudkjd o@
14. gh¾ iE§fï § wdl,k øjH f,i ldnka í,ela fh§fï jdis folla yd wjdishla i`oyka lrkak'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 18

 Ydl wdY%s; ksIamdok

t;fkda,a ksIamdokh
15.
(i) t;fkda,a ksIamdokh ld¾ñlj isÿ l< yels wdldr 2 ls' tajd i`oyka lrkak'
(ii) by; wdldr foflka laIqø cSùka Ndú;d jk l%ufõofha wdrïNl øjH f,i Ndú;d lrkqfha l=ula o@
(iii) by; (ii) ys wdrïNl øjHfhys we;s ridhksl ixfhda.h t;fkda,a olajd mßj¾;kh jk whqre ridhksl
m%;sl%shd 2 la f,i olajkak'
(iv) laIqø cSù l%shdldÍ;ajh u; muKla ,nd .; yels t;fkda,a j, ixY=oaO;dj fldmuK o@
(v) by; (iv) ys ixY=oaO;dj by< kexùug Ndú;d lrk l%ufõoh l=ula o@
(vi) iqfl%daia ødjKhla u; nelaàßhd l%shd lrñka t;fkda,a iEfok l%shdj,sh ;=< moaO;sfha iqfl%daia" t;fkda,"a
weisála wï,h hk tajdfha idkaøK ld,hg tÈßj úp,kh jk wdldrh m%ia:dr.; lrkak'
(vii) t;fkda,aj, m%fhdack 3 la i`oyka lrkak'
(viii) fmda,a rd yereKq fldg t;fkda,a ksIamdokhg Ndú;d l< yels fjk;a Ydluh fldgia 3 la kï lrkak'

úkdlsß ksIamdokh
16.
(i) ridhksl úkdlsß hkq fudkjd o@
(ii) iqfl%daia j,ska wdrïN lr úkdlsß ksIamdokh olajd l%shdj,sh mshjr 3 la f,i ridhksl m%;sl%shd j,ska
olajkak'
(iii) by; (i) ys Tn i`oyka l< ridhksl ixfhda.h úkdlsß ;=< wka;¾.; m%;sY;h i`oyka lrkak'

i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh

17.
(i) i.kaO f;,a hkq fudkjd o@
(ii) i.kaO f;,aj, Ndú;hka 2 la i`oyka lrkak'
(iii) i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh lsÍug fhdod .; yels Ydl 3 la olajd ta i`oyd tu Ydlj, Ndú;d l< yels
fldgia o olajkak'
(iv) i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKhg Ndú;d lrk fjkia l%ufõo 3 ls' tajd fudkjd o@
(v) i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh i`oyd yqud, wdijk l%ufõoh Ndú;fha úfYaI jdish /wruqK l=ula o@
(vi) f;rmSu u`.ska i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh lrk tla Ydlhla olajd tu l%ufõofha wjdis 2 la i`oyka lrkak'
(vii) i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKhg Ndú;d lsÍug jvd;a fhda.H jkafka l=uk jhia iSudjl m;% o@
(viii) ksiaidrK l%shdj,shg Ndú;d lsÍug fmr m;% fijK iys; ia:dkhl Èk fol ;=kla úh<Sug bv yÍ'
fuys wruqK l=ula o@
(ix) my; tla tla ridhksl ix>glh wvx.= jk i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh lr.kakd Ydlh i`oyka lrkak'
A. iskue,aäyhsâ B. bhqcsfkda,a C. fcrksfhda,a

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 19

 ffcj ãi,a ksIamdokh

04. fmfg%da,h
s ï f;,a wNsnjd ffc, ãi,a j, wjYH;dj u;= ùug fya;= 2 la olajkak'

i) ridhkslj ffcj ãi,a hkq fudkjd o@

ii) ffcj ãi,a ksmoùug wod< m%;sl%shdj ,shkak'
iii) ffcj ãi,a ksmoùug wod< mshjr 5 ,shkak'
iv) wuqøjH f,i ,nd .kakd Ydl f;,a j, ksoyia fïo wï, mej;=Kfyd;a we;s jk .eg¿j l=ula o@
v) NaOH fjkqjg Ndú;d l< yels fjk;a iucd;Sh W;afm%arl 2 la iy úIucd;Sh W;afm%arl 2 la i|yka
lrkak'
vi) M, f,i ,efnk ffcj ãi,a yd .a,sifrda,a w;ßka >k;ajh jeä l=ul o@
vii) m%;sM, f,i ,efnk ffcj ãi,a j, wvx.= my; tla tla m%fNaoh bj;a lsÍug Ndú;d lrk l%ufõo
i|yka lrkak'
I. fu;fkda,a II. NaOH III. .a,i
s frda,a

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 20

 mßir ¥IKh

wï, jeis

01. idudkH jeis c,fha pH w.h 7 fkdj Bg jvd ;rula wvq (wdï,sl) w.hls' tfia ùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrkak'
02. wï, jeis we;s lsÍug odhl jk jdhq 4 la olajkak'
03. by; Tn ±la jQ jdhq 4, ldKav 2 la f,i fjka fldg tu tla tla ldKavhg wod< m%fNao jdhqf.da,hg tla
jk iajdNdúl yd lD;Su l%shdj,s fudkjd±hs i|yka lrkak'
04. N j, Tlaihsv yd S j, Tlaihsv j,ska werö wï, jeis we;s jk wdldrh ridhksl m%;sl%shd olajñka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
05. wï, jeis we;s ùfuka,
(i) c,hg (iii) mig
(ii) Ydl j,g (iv) bÈlsÍï j,g isÿ jk ydksh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
06. wï, jeis we;s ùu wju lsÍug .; yels l%sudud¾. i|yka lrkak' (wjYH ;eka j,§ ridhksl m%;sl%shd ,nd
fokak')

f.da,Sh WKqiu
q by< hdu

01. yß;d.dr wdprKh f.da,Sh jYfhka cSjfha meje;aug jeo.;a jk wdldrh olajkak'
02. yß;d.dr jdhqjla ùug hï jdhqjla ;Dma; l< hq;= fldkafoais ljf¾ o@
03. my; jdhQka w;ßka wfOdarla; lsrK wjfYdaIKh l< yels jdhq fudkjd o@
O2 , O3 , H2 O , CO , NO , CO2 , CH4 , N2 , Ar
04. SO2 , NO2 , NO jeks jdhQkag wfOdarla; lsrK wjfYdaIKhg yels jqj o tajd yß;d.dr jdhQka fkdfõ' meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
05. m%Odk yß;d.dr jdhq 5 i`oyka lrkak'
06. c, jdIam yß;d.dr jdhqjla jqj o th f.da,h
S WKqiqu by< kexùug odhl fkdfõ' fuu m%ldYh myokak'
07. yß;d.dr jdhq w;ßka f.da,h
S WKqiqu by< kexùug odhl jk jdhq" jdhqf.da,hg ksl=;a jk wdldr fjk fjk
u olajkak'
08. f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hEfï wys;lr n,mEï fudkjd o@
09. f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hEu wju lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾. fudkjd o@

´fidaka úhk ydhkh

01. ´fidaka úhk ydhkh hkq l=ula o@

02. jdhqf.da,fha my< isg by<g wkqms<sfj,ska we;s ia:r 3 la i`oyka lr ia:ÍlrKfha moku i`oyka lrkak'
03. by; ia:r w;ßka ´fidaka ia:rh mj;sk ia:rh l=ula o@
04. ´fidaka ia:rfha ksrka;rj ´fidaka ì`o jeàu yd iE§u iu;=,;
s hla f,i isÿ fõ' tu iu;=,;
s hg wod< ish¨
ridhksl m%;sl%shd i`oyka lrkak'
05. ´fidaka úhk ydhkhg odhl jk m%Odk jdIamYS,S ixfhda. ldKav 3 la i`oyka lrkak'
06. CFC jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia ùug fya;= jk ldrñla Ndú;hka 3 la i`oyka lrkak'
07. CFC u`.ska ´fidaka úhk ydhkh isÿ lrk wdldrh ridhksl m%;sl%shd weiqßka olajkak'
08. ´fidaka úhk ydhkh je<elaùu wruqKq fldgf.k CFC jd;hg ksoyia ùu je<elaùug bÈßm;a l< iïuq;shla
kï lr th bÈßm;a jQ j¾Ih i`oyka lrkak'
09. fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh wkqj CFC fjkqjg úúO úl,am y`ÿkajd ÿka w;r fï jk úg ´fidaka úhk ydhkhg
odhl fkdjk wdfoaYl jdhq y`ÿkajd § we;'
(i) CFC fjkqjg Ndú; l< m<jk yd fojk úl,am jdhQka i`oyka lrkak'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 21

 (ii) by; tla tla jdhQka Ndú;fha § we;s jQ .eg¨ i`oyka lrkak'
(iii) fï jk úg Ndú; jk m%Odk wdfoaYlhla 2 i`oyka lr tajdfha jHqyhka ,nd fokak'

10. ´fidaka úhk ydhkh ùu fya;=fjka wêYla;s UV lsrK mDÓú mDIaGh olajd meñKSu isÿ fõ' fï fya;=fjka
we;s jk wys;lr n,mEï i`oyka lrkak'

m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj

01. m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj we;sùug fya;= jk m%Odk jdhqq ¥Il 2 la i`oyka lrkak'
02. NO j,ska werö m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj we;sùu olajd l%shdj,sh wjYH úg § ;=,;
s ridhksl iólrK Ndú;
lrñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03. m%ldY ridhksl OQñldfõ wys;lr n,mEï i`oyka lrkak'
18. ckdlS¾K k.r wdY%s;j we;s úh yels ′m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj′ hkq mshú weig fmfkk tlu jdhq ¥IK
wjia:djhs' ta ms<sn`oj wid we;s my; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

(i) m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj we;sùug wjYH mdßißl ;;a;aj fudkjd o@

(ii) m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj we;sùug fya;= jk ridhksl ¥Il j¾. folla m%Odk jYfhka ±laúh yel' ta
fudkjd o@
(iii) "by; (ii) ys kï l< ridhksl ¥Il jdhqf.da,hg tla ùug m%Odk fya;=jla f,i r:jdyk ±laúh yel"
hk m%ldYh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
(iv) WÑ; wjia:djkays § ridhksl iólrK o Ndú;d lrñka m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj we;sjk whqre fláfhka
úia;r lrkak'
(v) m%ldY ridhksl OQñldj fya;=fjka ksmofjk ridhksl m%fNao ;=kla kï lrkak'
(vi) by; (v) ys kï l< tla tla m%fNaoh ksid we;súh yels wys;lr n,mEï i`oyka lrkak'

c, ¥IKh

01. tla;rd c,dYhlska fjkalr .;a 500 cm3 idïm,hla f.k" th úkala,¾ l%ufõohg Ndckh lr tys ødú;
[O2 ] mÍlaIKd;aulj .Kkh lrhs' fuys § wjika mshjfrys wkqudmkh i`oyd [Na 2 S2 O3 ] = 1 x 10−3 M
ødjKhlska 10 cm3 jeh fõ'

(i) úkala,¾ l%ufõofha mshjr ;=,;

s ridhksl iólrK f,i olajñka by; c, idïm,fha [O2 ] mol dm−3
j,ska fidhkak'
(ii) by; idkaøKh ppm w.hla f,i olajkak'
(iii) tu ppm w.h u; mokïj fuu c,dYh c,c cSùkag fl;rï ys;lr o hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 22

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 23
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 24