“TRAINING oF PIM to WUA/Wuc INTRODUCTION - [Sma schemes) which have been constructed hy government. usually Igek the strong Yatemal organization] which is ciuacteristic of Tecndigenous.svstemmand-offen verfonn very poorly as a result. The main reason appears to be that after constriction, lity is handed over almost immediately to the farmers without Training. As in the case of indigenous systems, service support is offen Tnadequater when new Small schemes are 10 be constructed it is essential that the plenners should obtain a good prior understanding of the capabilities and needs of the farmers in the areas concerned, and in the initial stages of implementation emphasis should be given to group formation and training, In the socio-economic environment, the task envisaged for FOs is unattainable until intensive capacity building program is organized. Job analysis of the FOS was the key of. this capacity bitlding program. The taining programs are organizedffoy management committee members of outlet, pipe a ae oer peel ancaement artment. Unive praia ited work as Communy organizers, instuuiondl organizers or Talla whe, In other eases existing government staff, such as irrigation Resa apeieltual Sttension agents and others have worked to inform communities and help them organize (Ty ly, community organizers are expected t0 five in the community sad spend substantia! time getting to know people, individually, informally and in small groups. through s bottom up organizing process,) ‘The training programs includes awareness on institutional reforms, discharge measurement and walk thru (O&M), organizational and financial management, FO rls, reulations, Bylaws, action plan and Uanster agreement soe ase ‘Workshops On agricultural production practices. |_|. It isa widely recognized fact that without some form of long teimn and consistent support aechanism, the rural groups cannot easily be maintained because the change process in tural societies is very slow. Some kind of extemal support is needed to nurture these newly born érganizations, and this is likely to be true for the FOs. DESIGNING A CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAM FOR PIM cople are key players in establishing an effective operation of the institutions, In ease of irigatfon service provision means to acquire, allocate and dist equitably and Teliably to all the legitimate users 1m sustainable way, Enhancing the abilities cf the Ieadets-to-smooihlyesuUTSH ie HaTTaTON and perform. the designed function is essential. (Hur resource yment capaci ding, ees sustainability of the institution, luws and regulation are efficiently used, and more resources are mobilized.)Role of a Trainer at assures tnem If rothing a least of thei people, which they fee! 2 les of thinking isa big challenge Ifthe innovations in regard of preparation of fields, change in the method of uld be disseminated to the irigators and if they could be ‘motivated te accept the practices, ulilisation can be increased at once, This into rise of agricultural production, help of extension education, and it car Ziainer sould be well versed with the knowledge of way of educating people about Sree danied The farmers need o be equipped with necessary knowlege, skills and suitable attitude, aaa NEEDED is system of out of school education for adits and youth alike, It is a Syst lich ses a proper approach t educate the people to help. themselves by applying use in thee daly it, Italy i Y Helpiig ih: poople to acquire knowledge and inspiring them forthe ation 7 Simulatin,racntal and physical activity that produces the desired leering. 7 Feaching yevols "how to think” and "what o think” both individually and collectively, viduals in their day to day life. . well-being of all rural people within the framework of the social and. < policies of the nation. ’ . ‘The ttainer being equipped with technique said above and having knowledge of the ‘approaches stated above will first try to know what is the prevailing environment, ‘That iis he will try to know what are existing tices followed by the farmers exclusively in the majoraes ofthe iigats apreutse a via oT SaeaTScep ee Irrigation schedules ————— Judicious water applic methods ‘Scientific timing of irrigation according tothe developmental stage ofthe plant. Land leveling, grading and shaping Recommended size of the irrigation beds Proper: ‘maintenance of the water course and the field channels Soil management practices + 3 Proper cropping pattern for a high water use efficiency 3 IT = Social scientist is to ondgett dy he will then ident being done. Having identified theSo, that he will have to do He will do this by creating awareness about the new _praviices by ‘mesgaye tluwugh a proper chanel Tm the regional culture” the channe? mmasi media, individual contael or group eee Creating interest in what has to be done by the farmers (a) He would arrange meetings ‘with irrigators outlet wise for this purpose through various Tnstructional techniques ~(b) He will clearly convince them of economic gains in new practices —(c) demonsirations. Thus he willcreate interest through conductive learning sit [Gesdine Tamme) to action showing the farmers, the innovations adopted and fruits achieved. This will develop eredbiliy, ee hieved. This will develop credibility Continued extension and the guidance till farmers are satisfied about the real facts on adoption of new methods. ‘Making the farmers to adopt the new methods. Having been satistied and feeling Confident the farmers also would have reached to the point of strike. Diffusing thé innovation adopted by the farmers in # block to the entire comnwunity. That is he wilt socialize the idea of improving irrigation water management. disseminating we press, The * LEARN approach is found to be a success in achi L- Listen carefully to farmers E- Encourage farmers to speak ‘Ask questions without interrupting R- Review whatever farmers has to say N- Note everything for planning ng the objectives of PIM: Objectives of the Capacity Bui 1g Program The objectives of the capacity building program are well defined but are difficult to measure because results of capecity building are intangible in most of the cases. The capacity building program is to be designed to form and strengthen the farmers’ institutions and to develop the necessary skills among the leaders of these institutions. The obisctives are to: Facilitate institution building process, legal requirement and formulate and adopt rules and regulations. Fill the knowledge gap among farmers regarding their new role and respon ‘Transfer basic organizational and financial skills. Enhance technical know how of irrigation and drainage management. Provide external support to create conducive environment for weaving the fab institutions. Rationale of Training The outlet committees (OC) are the foundation of Water Users’ Association (WUA), The effective working of WUA depends on OCs. in other words the OCs are the basic units of this new organizational set-up where people at all levels are involved at grass root level.‘The soundness of WUAs is direct, linked with the performance of the orcanizational leader i.e, office bearers and uainagement commiuiee members In any institution the role of leaders is decisive which makes organizations functiona! cr dysfunctional. The FO at tubewell level has to manage the overall organizational activities, keep close coordination with its members at pipeline/chak level and also establish the external links with the fencemed agencies for advocating and promoting the cause’ of the organization. Therefore, it weeds abilitics in leading the organization, negotiating with the concemed agencies, and presenting cases for its smooth ‘working and promotion. FO is particularly goncemed with ensuring water distribution equity between pipelines and in. the Assessment and collection of irrigation service fees. CONDUCTING TRAINING PROGRAM in touch with the members of farmer tion throu, individual meetings, and other events through participatory cural appraisal, imparting taining to FO members was assessed in the Held of organizalional, financial and technical aspects to uidertake operation and maintenance of distibution structures, assess and collect water charges and run the organization, ‘The followine fields were identified to develop the capacity of water users for smooth fegeauing of sir organizations and apraion and manienanee ofthe ToTgRTOW a orgnizaons and aperaion and ates the inigation and ‘drai ‘and bylaws Participatory wvigation management “Effective co:ninnication strategy and conflict resolution Organizatioi:a! ancl financial management Project planning and implementation “Operation 2:14 maintenance of irrigation and drainage system Equitable wate> distribution Optimum use oF irrigation water - Discharge measurement “Resource mobilization Crop assessment, water charges collection and record keeping Business plan Financia ‘As envisaged in the terms of references of the project, most of the training events were ‘organized during the project period. However, few of training events directly could not be imparted, duc to non-transfer of irrigation and drainage management to FOs, - The following training prograrns need to be organize Effective communication strategy and conflict résolution; Equitable water distribution Optimum use of water Business planFinancial management Methodology Adopted for Tvai ig Farmers The senior people trom an NGO with ey Of the project should be invoi members with selected village v ‘command area, id perience in organizing FO during the first phase fed as the trainers. One project leader and 3 training ‘olunteers are required for orientation of farmers af the Mostly one-day training on organizational raanagement for office bearers of outlet Committee, pipe committce and tubewell conimittee and members of all the tiers are organized The training contents were: Introduction of institutional reforms Role of FOs ~Action plan for operation and maintenarice of irrigation and drainage system -Rules, regulations and bylaws of FOs {rrigation and drainage management transfer ayreement nancial management of the organization Maintaining proper records including minute's book. cash and receipt book and voucher file. Criteria Considered For Conduc 1g Successful Training Programs The group should be smal . ‘The ideal number of members is between 8 and 15. In_a small group, all members have the chance to speak and to contribute their energy and ideas to group development, Small groups are Tess likely to be divided by arguments or dominated by a minority, In general, the larger the grouj members, the higher the transa the tendeny to Faerie. Thi g00ds for their members. the _less noticeable are the actions of its individual sis of bringing them. iogether, and hence, higher iy lurge groups frequently fail to provide collective Experience shows that a large community meet participatory when preceeded smaller group disc The group should be homogencous “Wieaber shoud ive under snilar economic conditions gnd-have close social affinity, Homogeneity reduces conflict within the group - members with simi it backgrounds are more likely to trust each other and accept joint liability for their activities, ‘The group should be formed around income-generating activities in ie generating aclivities are crucial to group development because they produce assets that help build velf-reliance. — more effective and more cussions. ©roups should be voluntary and democrat “Weems Snounracrae whe canon i group. who wil ead ther, what rules they will follow, and what activities they will undertake. Decisions should be taken by consensus ora majority vote. : Formation ot viable and stable groups requires patience and, in most cases a period of from two to six months. You should avoid both overly rapid formation and overly long delays, which may dampen the interest of potential group members. ‘Merabership should be discuss. ‘Make a list of people interested in forming a group Explain to them that the group should not become too larze. Groups of 8 10 13 members are usually the most effective. Remind people that_ membership implics certain rights and benefits, such us the right to attend group meetings and share in profits from group activites, However, it also implies the following obligations. » Toatiend mestings regularly + To_pay_a_mombership fee (this ensures that only serious persons apply for group membership and helps raise initial capital for financing the group activities ) + To elect the group leaderst ike regular contributions to the group savings fund ifestablished . 1-1 = z ASR an nem wher in need a ai for the grou The menus should choose a name for the group In some countries, people enamel their groups after their village or locality, followed by a number if there is more than one group. Other groups have names like "Unity" or "Working together". jecide wiven and how often to meet Schedule niceting days and times that are convenient for the members. Frequent meetings (weekly or bi-weekly) are desirable especially during the early stage of group formation and learning. Stress the need for regular attendance at these meetings. Di nee iing_mestings itclear that group meetings are the most important place for discussions, learning and dvcision making. Members who do nat attend meetings are not able to participate properly in the grovp If a ‘meniber cannot come to a meeting, he should report in advance giving the reason for his absence. If members stop attending, meetings, one should ty to find_out why. For example, members may stay away because they cannot sfford to pay the ship fee. In that cease, the group should discuss wheilier member tees should be reduced. roup s aber fens should be jeduvcodCriteria to be Considered for Conducting a Meeting The training courses are organized at places suitable to all members of the FOS, It is believed that the water users could get free time only after sun set._So it is to be considered while arranging ameeting. Explain ekasting system of irrigation in the command and the revised irrigation practices after formation of FOs. — List out PIM projects in India and its experiences. isd ibuted among the -Local language is used during the training and written mat participants. Orient group on aims, end results, methodology, overall framework and framework of the week. Provide comprehensive manus! with training methodology, handouts and session guides. Ask responses and ideas of PIM from participants end chart out the responses. Lengthy and circular discussions, competing ideas and destructive comments, all oft ‘waste of fine and produces sense of frustration and ill feeling. Support demands active lisiening and careful thought.It is not simply agreeing for sake of harmony.lt is carrying, ideas forward, with energy and conviction towards purposeful action. Help farmers out in his_chores to the best of his convenience, sit with him, share his thoughts and yours also and build credibility and confidence. Become a part of the village, look into his problems, understand them and facilitate if possible to-easen then. Take part in village discussion's communities and levels of people. Be impartial and positive. Be a good listenet and be rapportive. all sections, communities and levels of people. Try to mix wi ‘Maps, drawing sheets and flip charts are used during training. Also during discussions the remarks of each participant are noted down on sheets of paper. The latest communication equipment such as multi media, overhead projector, flip charts and white boards are used to deliver the message properly and achieve the desired results.In the technical sessions discharge sr :asuring equipment are used. The theoreticul’conceptual knowledge is augmented with classroom and field practice. The participants are encouraged .o share experiences on every aspect of the contents of the training, Water users irrespective of land holding, tenancy staius and social and financial status, should sit together and discuss common issues breaking the skepticism that big Iendlords and privileged water users can not sit together with deprived land owners. Development of a sense of friendly competition among various farmer creanizations to see who can To WE DETION. — : ‘To keep the financial record transparent, independent auditors audit the Accounts. Organized meetings on regular basis to discuss different issues. During brain storming sessions participants should identify the problems related to ‘rigetion, drainage and agriculture and also perceive benefits of FO. is wee’ Figure 7.1: Discussion carried out using maps Material Distributed The printed material distributed among the members during training included: + Farmers organizations by-laws and Gujarat Irrigation Act. + Action pla for operation and maintenance of imigation and drainage system. + Draft ivrightion and drainage management agreement document. Discharge measurement training notes. +‘Training of Rotes and Responsibilities Management for office bearers of watercourse associations and ‘management committees of farmer organizations and members of both the tiers arc organized. The training contents are: Introduction of instititional reforms Role of FOs . Action plan for operation and maintenance of irrigation and d Rules, regulations and bylaws of FOs Irrigation ond drainage management transfer agreement Financial management of the organization Maintaining proper records including minute's book, cash snd receipt book and voucher file, Results of the Training The participants understands ‘New institutional arrangement. Need of the reforms and role of farmers" organizations, Rules, regulations and bylaws for adoption in formation of FOs, Proper documentation and record keeping for transparency. Action plan for operation and maintenance of éistributares and drainage system. Clauses of the draft irrigntion and drainage management transfer agreement. Strengths and weaknesses of their organizations are identified. TRAINING FOR DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT. Opera jective of the FO. To operate the system for equal distribution of wat to be measured at Farts meets and contol points. Therefore, one-day training should be organized for the members of associations using following methods —— . Cutthroat flume; Current meter; Outlet calibration; Gauze calibrationFigure 7.2: Installation of discharge measuring equipment Results of Training The participants learn: ‘by Equations uscd in the flume rating tables and calculation of velocity measured by current meter. Y Use of rating tables and rating curves. ty The groiip leaders presents the methods learned, SEES presents the methods learn WALK THROUGH SURVEY/ MAINTENANCE SURVEY One-day waik through survey is carried out with for each pipeline with pipeline committer: members at time of Rehabilitation and at end of first season of irrigation. Maintenance survey of pump, underground pipelines, outlets ot kundies and maintenance of lining of ticld channet. Results of Tratnta: The participants: Identified the problems related to various aspects of maintenance, Importance of lining of field channel"Tin Eos oe codec seeps fir spend clan af sae sheng Sh ipaituanal Fern Moses [Rtcording tothe Gujarat fig autonomous and will generste their own resou “ 5 Responsibility of FO to stop the Tevenue leakage, One-day training workshops Should be SGRIIER Tor The member of management eormitee of FOs to understand the erop assessment and water charges collection mechanism from members and non-members. © During the Jtaining emphasis was to understand the records that are_requised for assessment and collection: °ree —> Ge maps show all the survey/block number location marks, sancti ed villages, old ‘watercourses, pucca (metal Ted) roads ete. The reference point for crop assessment can be judged through these maps.) (Hakan Command hap) - PT ligation Department for he allsaton of water pers tbevel command maps ‘The tubewell maps show the survey/bloék numbers, Uhe—outlet location and the demarcation of field channels. {eta Boor The field book is kept to enter all the survey/block numbers that have crops, RCI IS REDE OTe Se Sure RN eer that have crops.Landowners and Land ‘The record ef rights is also an essential document forthe assessment. The water charges is charged from the possestor of land that is why the record of rights carder high importance. 712 Records 202 records contain names-of owners, thee land holding and cropped area.Almost all ies from eld books are wansferred to his aoe PPE (Water Charges Resister Un the Water charges register the cropped area is tranfere from the 7/12 record saleultion of water charges's rade fe he classification of crops and rates charged ag — 7 crops are mainiaineae ant aes Tage aga BillBook ) . Te cil! book is maintained for the record keeping procedure _of water charges seu The bills are to indi the assessment figures mentioned in 7/12. Results of Training £ ‘The participants leams through Surveying cropped area. - U ing command maps and field books Calcutating water charges bills by completing all the record, ( TRAINING TO AGENCY OFFICIALS i > One-week training ‘program on “Socic ili should be organized for‘ Irrigation Department and Di Management ofc: The tn pares ink organizing such inings Tor other. offi and level. . {he tning covered the folowing tples: ' erie tion System of India Gujarat Irigation orders, rules and regulations and bylaws * ‘Social Organization process Action Pan, Irigation and Drainage Management Transfer (IDMT) Agreement Social Mobilization process Discharge Measurement and its methods Calibratioi of downstream gauges litate the trainees in’ ize the farmers aj ihe tubewellOperation und niaintenance of channel Crop Assessment and water charges Coltection Business Plan for FOs and discussion Optisum use of irigation water Financial Management und Record Kecping by FUs. FOs functions and responsibilities Effective coordination between FOs and egencies. WORKSHOPS OW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PRACTICES Workshops should be organized in collaboration with private and public organizations, agencies, and departments on different aspects of agricultural production practice such as agricultural crops, cil sampling, and pesticide and ferilizer applications. At the end of Agricultura! season, technoloyies tried ott by farmers are evaluated through, feedback sessions inthe fietds. ‘The participants tear: ‘Technical sie of agricultural production of various crops. Importance of soil sampling for their land. Application of appropriate dose and type of fexilizer for different crops.