Analytical Representations for Frequency

Dependences of Microwave Permeability

Konstantin N. Rozanov #1 and Marina Y. Koledintseva *2
#
Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, 13 Izhorskaya ul., 125412 Moscow, Russia
1
k_rozanov@mail.ru
*
Center for Electromagnetic Compatibility, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
4000 Enterprise Dr., HyPoint, Rolla Missouri 65401, USA
2
marinak@mst.edu

Abstract—Electromagnetic materials applied to solve various
EMC and EMI problems require adequate analytical description of
their RF and microwave material parameters. This is necessary for
numerical optimization of wideband electromagnetic performance of
devices incorporating these materials. The paper discusses the shape
of frequency dependences of microwave permeability in
homogeneous materials and composites. The Lorentzian frequency
dispersion law is shown to allow for rather accurate description of all
types of magnetic loss peaks, including those related to the
ferromagnetic resonance and the effect of eddy currents. To model
wideband electromagnetic performance of composites, mixing laws
are typically used. The problem is which mixing law is to be chosen
to adequately describe a particular composite. The paper gives
recommendations on how to make the choice of a proper mixing rule.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic materials have a number of promising
applications in various microwave devices, including those
related to EMC and EMI problems [1]. For this reason, study
and prediction of frequency-dependent RF and microwave
properties of materials currently attract much attention. The
problem of interest is the wideband analytical description of
microwave material parameters, permittivity and permeability.
This is necessary, in particular, to numerically optimize
wideband electromagnetic performance of materials and
devices. The optimization made with analytical representation
of frequency-dependent material parameters rather than with
raw measured data makes simulations faster and eliminates
errors arising from measurement and interpolation uncertainty,
which may affect greatly the optimization results [1], [2].
The paper presents a review of published data on the analysis
and description of frequency-dependent RF and microwave
material parameters, including the case of composite materials.
The frequency dispersion of permittivity of the majority of non-
conducting materials is trivial over the RF and low-gigahertz
frequencies: the real permittivity varies weakly with frequency,
and the dielectric loss tangent is small. Only few materials are
known to have a strong microwave dielectric dispersion. These
are some ferroelectrics [3], composites filled with conductive
fibers [4] or carbon nanotubes [5], composites filled with
carbon black [6], porous materials filled by water or other
liquids, e.g., biological tissues [7]. For ferroelectrics and fiber
composites, the dielectric dispersion is of resonance type; for
carbon black, nanotubes, and biological materials it is of
percolation type. In most other cases, the dielectric frequency
dispersion may be neglected, otherwise described by the
Cole−Cole model or its modifications based on the concept of a
distribution of the relaxation times [8]. Multi-term Debye [9] or
wideband Debye (Sarkar–Djordjevic) [10] representations are
also widely used to curve-fit dielectric responses of materials.
In contrast, magnetic frequency dispersion often appears in
the megahertz and gigahertz frequency ranges. It is the
frequency dependence of permeability that is the subject of the
paper. Section II discusses the case of homogeneous materials
where the dispersion arises due to the ferromagnetic resonance
and the skin-effect. The Lorentzian dispersion law is shown to
allow for rather accurate description of these magnetic loss
peaks. Section III explains the features of the dispersion laws
observed in composite materials. It is shown that mixing laws
can be used to fit wideband electromagnetic performance of
composites. A choice of a mixing law for describing a
particular composite is also discussed.
II. MAGNETIC FREQUENCY DISPERSION IN BULK MATERIALS
A. The Lorentzian dispersion law
The dependence of permeability, μ=μ’–i μ”, upon frequency
f may generally be composed of several magnetic loss peaks
with a corresponding frequency dependence of real permeability.
The main mechanisms of RF and microwave permeability
dispersion include the ferromagnetic resonance, domain wall
motion, and the skin-effect. Additional peaks may appear due to
Aharoni (exchange mode) resonances, which can be observed
in nanoparticles [11], [12], or may be due to splitting of the
ferromagnetic resonance into separate modes in magnetic films
with the stripe domain structure [13], [14].
Approaches [8]–[10] based on the Debye dispersion law are
not always suitable for fitting of the permeability dispersion
curves, because resonance phenomena are of importance in
magnetic materials. The magnetic loss peaks are known to be
governed in many practical cases by the Lorentzian dispersion
law,
μs − 1
μ ( f ) = μ∞ + , (1)
1 + iβ f f res − ( f f res )2
where μ∞ is the optical permeability, and μs,, fres and β are the
static permeability, resonance frequency, and damping factor
of the Lorentzian resonance, respectively [15]. The optical

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Fig. 1. The frequency of the magnetic loss peak appearing in the Lorentzian
dispersion law normalized against the resonance frequency and plotted
against the damping factor (black curve). The blue and red curves show the
result of approximate Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively.
permeability is typically equal to 1, because the permeability
of any material tends to unity at the high-frequency limit.
The frequency, where the Lorentzian magnetic loss peak is
located, fmax, depends on fres and β. In the case of the low
damping, β<<1, fmax is close to the resonance frequency, with
a low-frequency shift depending on β,
( )
f max = f res 1 − β 2 8 .
For large β>>1, fmax is located near the frequency fres/β:
(
f max = f res 1 β + 1 β 3 . )
In both the cases, fres defines the frequency, above which the
real permittivity is less than unity. Eqs. (2) and (3) provide a
good approximation for the magnetic loss peak frequency in a
wide range of damping factors, see Fig. 1.
If several separated loss peaks are present in the magnetic
spectrum, or the shape of the dispersion curve is distorted, for
example, because of material inhomogeneity, the dispersion
curve may be quantified as accurately as desired by a sum of
several Lorentzian terms (1).
The Lorentzian dispersion provides an accurate description
of magnetic loss peaks associated with the domain wall
motion [16], though other types of magnetic loss peaks may
also be fitted by this dispersion law [17], [18]. The
consideration below is aimed at checking the applicability of
the Lorentzian fitting for magnetic spectra appearing due to
the ferromagnetic resonance and the skin-effect.
B. The Landau−Lifshitz−Gilbert dispersion law
Rigorously, the ferromagnetic resonance theory yields the
shape of magnetic dispersion curve differing form the
Lorentzian law. Kittel’s solution of Landau−Lifshitz−Gilbert
(LLG) equation for the ferromagnetic resonance in a single-
domain ellipsoidal magnetic particle results in the frequency
dependence of the permeability given by [19]:
4π γ M s ( A + iαf )
μ( f ) = 1 + , (4)
( A + iαf )(B + iαf ) − f 2
where 4πγMs is the saturation magnetization of the material, α
is the Gilbert damping parameter, A=γ(Hk+4πMs(nx–nz)),
B=γ(Hk+4πMs(nу–nz)), γ≈3 GHz/kOe is the gyromagnetic ratio,
Hk is the magnetic anisotropy field, nx, ny, nz are the principal
demagnetization factors of the ellipsoidal particle. Eq. (4)
will be referred below to as the LLG dispersion law.
The demagnetization factors depend on either the shape of
the magnetic particle or the shape of magnetic domains in the
particle [14]. For a single-domain particle, Eq. (4) is related
to the case when the magnetic moment of the material is along
z-axis and the high-frequency magnetic field is along y-axis.
It is seen from (4) that the magnetic permeability is greatly
dependent on the orientation of the magnetic particle.
The magnetic loss peak described by (4) is located at the
frequency fmax=(AB/(1+α))1/2, and the frequency, above which
the real permittivity is less than unity, is (AB·(1+α))1/2.
Equation (4) is not convenient for the purposes of fitting, as it
involves four parameters to be fitted. Indeed, the main features of
a loss peak are its magnitude, location, and width, i.e., three free
parameters. The fourth parameter can be responsible for the
exact shape of the peak (its asymmetry), which may depend on
many other factors, such as material inhomogeneity. For this
reason, an optimization procedure may lead to a large uncertainty
in this parameter estimation, which results in an uncertainty in the
other parameters as well. Because of this, fitting of magnetic
(2) dispersion curves associated with the ferromagnetic is typically
made under assumption that A=B – see [16], [20], and [21].
Equality A=B is held for approximately isotropic magnetic
(3)
materials, with all three demagnetizing fields being about the
same, which is typical for polycrystalline ferrites. Another
important particular case is A>>B. It is found in the magnets,
where one of the principal components of internal magnetic field
is large, and two other are small. For these, the magnetic moment
of the particle is collinear to one of the small components of the
internal field, while the other small component is responsible for
the low value of B. These conditions are to be held for high-
frequency permeability values in a material to be large.
Examples of such materials are thin ferromagnetic films,
ferromagnetic platelets, and long magnetic wires with circular
magnetization, where demagnetizing fields fulfill the above
conditions. For hexaferrites with the easy-plane anisotropy, the
conditions are held due to a strong magnetic anisotropy field that
is perpendicular to the hexagonal plane.
In the both cases under consideration (A=B and A>>B), an
averaging of the permeability over all possible orientations of
the magnetic particle does not change the result. This is
because all the orientations are equivalent at A=B, and only
one of the orientations plays the dominant role at A>>B, while
the contributions of two others are negligible.
The shape of the magnetic loss peak produced by (4)
coincides with the shape of the Lorentzian loss peak, if either
A>>B or α<<1. In these cases, the difference between (1) and
(4) appears only at very high frequencies, due to the different
high-frequency asymptotes of the equations. As f→∞, the
imaginary permeability is proportional to 1/f3 for (1), and to
1/f for (4). The difference in the high-frequency behavior has
been experimentally observed in [22]. A comparison of the
Lorentzian and LLG dispersion laws at frequencies near the
loss peak is shown in Fig. 2 for the case of α=1. It is seen that
423
Fig. 2. Solid curves: frequency dependences of permeability calculated by (4)
with 4πγMs =2 T, A=1 GHz, B= 1 GHz, α=1 for the red curve and 4πγMs=2 T,
A=10 GHz, B= 1 GHz, α=1 for the blue curve. Dotted curves: fitting of the
solid curves with the Lorentzian dispersion law (1).
the agreement between these dispersion laws is close when
A=10 × B and disagreement is large when A=B.
Therefore, the LLG dispersion law agrees with the Lorentzian
dispersion law at A>>B, i.e., for materials with high microwave
permeability. For such magnets, Lorentzian law (1) is more
suitable for fitting the frequency dependence of permeability,
since it involves three physically meaningful fitting parameters.
Notice that the validity of the LLG dispersion law for A=B and
α≥1 may also be under question. The damping factor of the
ferromagnetic resonance peak in real materials is often
determined by a spread in the resonance frequencies rather than
by intrinsic damping of these resonances. For this reason, very
large values of α, up to several hundreds, may be observed [16].
In such cases, the shape of the loss peak, which helps to
distinguish between the Lorentzian and LLG dispersion laws, is
defined by the distribution of the resonance frequencies rather
than by intrinsic magnetization processes. Measuring very high-
frequency asymptotic of imaginary permeability, which depends
on the intrinsic damping, may allow for distinguishing between
the magnetic damping and inhomogeneity effects, which is not
feasible by any other approaches [23]. However, no experimental
studies of this kind are found in the literature.
One more useful asymptotic relation is Acher law [24],
∞
2 made by applying (6). However, in many materials, especially
(γ 4π M s ) ∫ μ ′′ ( f ) f df ,
2
≥ (5)
π 0
which relates the high-frequency and magnetostatic behavior
of a magnetic material. The equality in (5) is held for
materials with A>>B enlisted above. For magnetic materials
with A=B, the well-known Snoek’s law is held instead of (5).
For the Lorentzian dispersion law (1), the right part of (5) is
equal to (μs−1)fres2, which can be used in fitting of microwave
performance of materials to avoid non-physical results. For
the LLG dispersion law (4), the integral in the right part of (5)
diverges because of the high-frequency asymptote μ” ∝ 1/f,
and the constraint to the high-frequency permeability of
magnetic materials cannot be accounted for in fitting.
C. The effect of eddy currents
The high-frequency limit permeability may differ from
unity because of the effect of eddy currents in conducting
424
Fig.3. The solid curves are the calculated real (blue) and imaginary (red)
permeability in a magnetic material with the account for the effect of eddy
currents. The intrinsic permeability of material is governed by the Lorentzian
dispersion with μs=100, fres=10 GHz, and β=1. The imaginary part of the
intrinsic permeability is shown as the black curve. The colored dotted curves
are the best fit of the calculated data with a sum of two Lorentzian terms.
magnetic materials. Electromagnetic field does not completely
penetrate into a bulk conducting sample; therefore, μ∞=0 for
such samples. The requirement of μ→1 at f→∞ is not held
with strong skin-effect, because the frequency dependence of
conductivity, which must also disappear at very high
frequencies, is not accounted for.
The skin-effect is mathematically accounted for by
introduction of the “apparent” permeability. For a spherical
conductive particle of diameter d and conductivity σ, the
apparent permeability μ is related to the intrinsic permeability
μ0 of the material as [25]
2 ( sin θ − θ cos θ )
μ = μ0 2 , (6)
( − 1) sin θ + θ cosθ
θ
where θ=2πd(εμ0)1/2/λ and ε=2iσ/f. Equations for cylindrical
and film shapes are available, e.g., in [26].
The skin-effect in a conducting sample results in a
magnetic loss peak appearing at the frequency, where the skin
depth is equal to the dimension of the sample. Therefore, the
skin-effect distorts the shape of the magnetic frequency
dispersion associated with the ferromagnetic resonance. A
check on whether a peak is attributed to the skin-effect can be
in composites, the conductivity and intrinsic permeability are
characterized by a large dispersion, and may be unknown or
known with a low accuracy. To avoid the uncertainty, the
skin-effect criterion has been proposed recently [27], and it
was used in the analysis of measured data [28], [29]. The
criterion is based on the equality
μ ′′ ( μ ′2 f ) = Sd 2σ , (7)
which is valid for any material with the permeability
independent of frequency over the frequency range, where the
loss peak due to the skin-effect appears. The left part of the
equality depends on the characteristic dimensions and
conductivity, but does not depend on the intrinsic permeability.
The factor S depends on the shape of conducting particles. For
example, in the case of a sphere, S=(4/5)(π/c)2, while for a
cylinder, S=2(π/c)2, where c is the light velocity.
 Actually, the use of the skin-effect criterion is based on the
low-frequency asymptotic behavior of the magnetic loss peak
arising due to the skin-effect, which is μ’=const and μ” ∝ f.
However, the real permeability is an even function of
frequency, and the imaginary permeability is an odd function
of frequency [30] in all materials. Therefore, this asymptotic
behavior is inherent to any other magnetic loss peak. For this
reason, the use of the criterion is feasible in only cases, where
magnetic losses, attributed to the ferromagnetic and domain
resonances, are located far in the high-frequency region as
compared to the skin-effect loss peak. A compliance with (6)
at low frequencies is not a proof for the dominant role of the
skin-effect in magnetic loss, because the equality is held for
any other magnetic loss, too.
In many cases, magnetic spectrum arising from a
superposition of the ferromagnetic resonance and the skin-
effect can be fairly accurately described by a sum of two
Lorentzian peaks, which is illustrated by Fig. 3. Both Lorentzian
peaks involved in the fitting have the resonance frequency
equal to that of the initial magnetic dispersion curve. The
damping factor of one of the resonances indicates the location
of the loss peak associated with the skin-effect. Additional
validation of such fitting can be found in [31].
III. MAGNETIC FREQUENCY DISPERSION IN COMPOSITES
A. The shape of dispersion curves in composites
The shape and location of loss peaks in composites may
differ greatly from those in the constituents of the composite.
The effective permeability of composite, μeff, depends on the
permeability of inclusions, μi, permeability of the host matrix,
μm, volume fraction of inclusions, p, and the morphology of
the composite that characterizes the shapes of inclusions,
correlations in the location of these, etc. The morphology is
quantified by mixing rules, a review of which is given in [32].
Herein, the Maxwell Garnet (MGA) approximation is used,
μ eff − μ m μi − μ m
=p , (8)
μ m + n(μ eff − μ m ) μ m + n(μi − μ m )
where n is the demagnetization factor of inclusions. The MGA
defines the weakest possible cooperative phenomena between
neighboring inclusions that are feasible for the given p.
To compare the magnetic frequency dispersion of the intrinsic
permeability of inclusions and effective permeability of a
composite, we assume that the morphology of the composite is
quantified by the MGA (8), and the intrinsic permeability is
governed by the Lorentzian dispersion law (1). Combining (1)
and (8) one can get the Lorentzian frequency dispersion for the
effective permeability, the parameters of which are given by:
μs, eff = 1 +
(μs,i − 1)p (9)
(μs,i − 1)n (1 − p ) + 1 ,
β eff = β i (μs,i − 1)n (1 − p ) + 1 , (10)
f res, eff = f res,i (μs, i − 1) n (1 − p ) + 1 , (11)
where additional subscripts, “i” and “eff”, are related to the
Lorentzian laws governing the intrinsic permeability and the
effective permeability, respectively.
425
Fig. 4. The frequency dependence of effective permeability of a composite
calculated by the EMA with p=0.25 and n=1/3 (solid curves, blue curve for real
permeability and red curve fro imaginary permeability). Inclusions in the
composite exhibit the Lorentzian frequency dispersion with μs=100, fres=1 GHz,
and β=0.5. The dashed curves are the best fit of the solid line with the Lorentzian
dispersion law, the dotted curves − with a sum of two Lorentzian terms.
It is seen from (9)−(11) that two different cases are possible.
When (μs,i–1)n<<1, the shape of the frequency dependence of the
effective permeability is the same as that of the intrinsic
permeability, with a decrease of magnitude proportional to p and
no frequency shift. When (μs,i–1)n>>1, the loss peak in the
composite is shifted towards higher frequencies as compared to
the loss peak of inclusions. At frequencies above the peak, the
effective permeability is proportional to the intrinsic permeability
again. At frequencies below the peak, the effective permeability
depends on the composite morphology only, and is independent
of the intrinsic permeability. In the above consideration, the
factor (1−p) is neglected, as it is not significantly different from
unity in practical polymer-based composites.
B. Mixing laws
To account for the performance of real composites, a number
of mixing rules have been suggested. The mixing rules differ
from each other by different account for inhomogeneous fields
excited by neighboring inclusions. The problem of effective
material properties of composites is considered based on the
Bergman-Milton (BM) spectral theory [33], which is generalized
for all possible mixing rules using the spectral function B(n),
which is associated with the composite morphology,
⎛ 1 ⎞
μi − μ m
μ eff = μ m ⎜1 + ∫ B(n ) dn ⎟ (12)
⎜
⎝ 0 μ m + n(μi − μ m ) ⎟⎠
In fact, the BM equation (12) accounts for a distribution in
effective shape factors of inclusions in a composite, which may
appear because of both the inhomogeneous fields, and the
distribution of real shapes of inclusions, comprising the
composite. It follows from the BM theory that Acher’s law is
held for composites as well, and the volume fraction of magnetic
inclusions is involved in the left part of (5) as a factor [32].
When (μs,i–1)n>>1, such distribution results in distortions of
the magnetic loss peak. If any mixing rule, other than the MGA,
is applied to a composite containing inclusions with the magnetic
dispersion of the Lorentzian type (or of the Debye type, as a
particular case), the resultant dispersion curve of a composite is
distorted. As an example, solid lines in Fig. 4 shows the
permeability dispersion curve of a composite obtained by the
effective medium approximation (EMA) mixing rule [32]. The
dispersion curve is calculated under the assumption that p=0.25,
n=1/3, and the inclusions exhibit the Lorentzian dispersion with
μs,i=100, fres,i=1 GHz, and β=0.5, the volume fraction of inclusions
is. The calculated effective permeability is shown by dotted lines
in the figure. The difference between the solid and dotted lines is
evident. It is seen from the figure that the EMA produces an
asymmetrical magnetic loss peak with a very spread high-
frequency tail. Because of this tail, the quality factor of the fitted
Lorentzian law is lower than that of inclusions.
Fitting of the data in Fig. 4 by a sum of two Lorentzian
terms produces more close approximation, but the parameters
of resulting Lorentzian peaks have no physical meaning. It
can be concluded from this that the use of mixing rules in
fitting of frequency dependences of material parameters of
composites would produce more solid results. Theory (12) is
not convenient for fitting the dispersion curves for the
purposes of performance optimization, as it involves an
unknown function B(n) and does not consider a volume
fraction dependence of material parameters of composites.
The mixing rules are the same for the permittivity and
permeability of a composite. From here, another useful constraint
on the material constant of composites filled with powders of
magnetic metals and alloys follows. As the static value of intrinsic
permittivity of any metal particle is infinity, and the static intrinsic
permeability of any magnetic material is finite, then the ratio of
the effective static permittivity and permeability can not be less
than the permittivity of the host matrix in any composite
comprising ferromagnetic conducting powders and non-magnetic
host matrix. In other words, in composites possessing high static
permeability, the permittivity is always even higher. Over the
microwave range, the difference between the permittivity and the
permeability increases because of the strong magnetic frequency
dispersion and weak dielectric dispersion. This constraint may be
helpful in finding a reasonable solution, when simultaneous
optimization of dielectric and magnetic performance is needed.
C. The problem of selection of a mixing law for description
of a particular composite
The above consideration allows for determining the validity
limits of various mixing rules. The problem of comparing
measured data with mixing rules in practice is complicated. The
intrinsic permeability of inclusions in composites depends not
only on their physicochemical and crystallographic structure, but
also on the treatment regimes and manufacturing technologies,
and therefore must not be considered as known for granted.
The effective material parameters of composites must be
considered in different ways, depending on the relationship
between the form factor and the intrinsic permeability of
inclusions. Three particular cases may be considered: μs,in<<1,
μs,in>>1, and μs,in~1.
For the case of μs,in<<1, the Landau−Lifshitz−Loyenga
mixing rule [30] is a rigorous result. For majority of practical
cases, it may be rewritten just as μeff=μm+p(μi−μm). This case
is typical for microwave permeability of composites filled
with either fibrous or platelet inclusions, as well as for all
effective susceptibilities at very high frequencies.
426
When μs,in~1, the Maxwell Garnett mixing rule usually
agrees closely with the measured data. This is the most
frequent occasion for the microwave permeability of magnetic
composites, as the intrinsic permeability of magnetic materials
does not exceed several units at microwaves due to its fast
decrease with frequency according to Snoek’s and Acher’s
laws. With these relatively low intrinsic permeability values,
the dependence of the effective material parameters on the
shape of inclusions appears. In particular, a low-frequency
shift of the loss peak is observed with as p increases. However,
the dependence is still weak and may therefore be
characterized by an averaged demagnetization factor n.
The case of μs,in>>1 is a rare occasion for the microwave
permeability. However, the analogous inequality εs,in>>1 is
characteristic for the permittivity of metal-dielectric mixtures, as
the imaginary part of the permittivity of metal inclusions is so
high that the absolute value of the microwave permittivity can be
considered as infinite. Hence, the microwave permittivity of
composites filled with metal powders typically is independent of
both frequency and the intrinsic permittivity.
More accurate approximations of the frequency-dependent
material parameters of composites may be needed for
broadband modeling and applications. Then the value of μs,in
may vary in a wide range due to the pronounced dispersion of
the magnetic permeability over the frequency range of interest.
Also, simultaneous description of the microwave permittivity
and permeability is needed in many cases. From the physical
reasons, such description must use the same mixing law for
both the complex permittivity and permeability.
Checks for validity of mixing rules are conventionally made
by comparing the concentration dependence of permeability
measured at a certain frequency (or at several frequencies) with
predictions of the theory. To do this, the values of all parameters
involved in the mixing law, i.e., p, μi, μm, and n, must be known.
In practice, μi and n are rarely known with a sufficient accuracy.
The effective permeability may be measured over a wide
frequency range, and the intrinsic permeability often exhibits
strong frequency dispersion. It is quite possible that all the
abovementioned cases are observed within the same measured
frequency dependence. In this case, both intrinsic permeability
of inclusions and parameters characterizing the morphology of
the composite can be found simultaneously from the
permittivity and permeability measured for a set of composites
with different volume fractions of inclusions [34]. An accurate
description of such data requires accounting for distribution in
inclusion shapes, which leads to the mixing rule given by [35]
μ − μm 1 − p 1
p eff + = 1 (13)
μi − μ m 3 pn 1 p − 1 pc − 1 n (μ eff − μ m )
for composites filled with inclusions of nearly-spherical shape.
In (13), n and pc are the parameters characterizing the
morphology, the average form-factor of inclusions, and the
percolation threshold of the composite, respectively. Both these
parameters are found from the volume fraction dependence of
the effective permittivity governing by the same equation with
all μ substituted to ε. As soon as these two parameters are
found, the permeability of inclusions can be calculated using
(13) from the measured effective permeability for each
frequency and volume fraction. The agreement between the
intrinsic permeability values, obtained with different volume
fractions, provide a validation for the theory. Application of the
theory requires that the inclusions in the composite have nearly-
spherical shape (n>0.15) and that the measured magnetic loss
peak shifts with the volume fraction of inclusions. As is shown
in [33], it is possible to accurately describe the measured data in
a wide range of frequencies and volume fractions using (13).
CONCLUSIONS
The wideband analytical representation of microwave material
parameters, necessary for numerical optimizing of the
performance of materials and devices over a broad microwave
frequency range, is discussed. Since the permittivity of most
magneto-dielectric materials used for EMC/EMI purposes have a
weak frequency dispersion over the frequency range up to tens
gigahertz, while magnetic properties typically have the
pronounced dispersion, most part of the paper is devoted to the
discussion of permeability. The cases of homogeneous materials
and composites are considered. The Lorentzian frequency
dispersion law is shown to allow for comparatively accurate
description of all types of magnetic loss peaks. These resonance
effects cannot be accurately modeled or fitted using just multi-
term Debye dependence or its modifications. In fitting the
wideband electromagnetic performance of composites,
appropriate mixing laws are recommended to be used.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
K. Rozanov acknowledges the partial financial support of
the work from the RFBR, grants no. 12-02-91667 and 12-08-
00954. M. Koledintseva acknowledges the support by the U.S.
NSF Grant No. 0855878.
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