Digital Viva Questions

Number Systems:
1. What is a number system? Answer: A number system is a way of representing numbers. It
defines a set of rules and symbols for representing values.

2. What are the different types of number systems? Answer: The different types of number
systems are binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal.

3. How do you convert a decimal number to a binary number? Answer: To convert a decimal
number to a binary number, divide the decimal number by 2 and note down the remainder.
Continue this process until the quotient becomes 0. The binary number is the sequence of
remainders, read from bottom to top.

Signed Binary Representation:

1. What is signed binary representation? Answer: Signed binary representation is a way of
representing negative numbers in binary form. It uses a sign bit to indicate the sign of the
number.

2. How do you represent -7 in 8-bit signed binary representation? Answer: To represent -7 in 8-bit
signed binary representation, we first represent 7 in binary form as 00000111. Then we take the
two's complement of this number, which is 11111001.

3. What is the range of values that can be represented using 8-bit signed binary representation?
Answer: The range of values that can be represented using 8-bit signed binary representation is
-128 to 127.

Complemented Forms:
1. What are the different types of complemented forms? Answer: The different types of
complemented forms are ones' complement and two's complement.

2. What is ones' complement? Answer: Ones' complement is a binary number system in which all
the bits of a number are inverted (changed from 0 to 1, and from 1 to 0).

3. How do you represent -10 in 8-bit two's complement form? Answer: To represent -10 in 8-bit
two's complement form, we first represent 10 in binary form as 00001010. Then we take the
ones' complement of this number, which is 11110101. Finally, we add 1 to this number to get
the two's complement, which is 11110110.

Binary Addition and Subtraction:

1. What is binary addition? Answer: Binary addition is a process of adding two binary numbers.

2. How do you perform binary subtraction? Answer: Binary subtraction is performed by taking the
two's complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend.
 3. What is overflow in binary addition? Answer: Overflow in binary addition occurs when the result
of the addition exceeds the range of values that can be represented using the given number of
bits.

Weighted Codes:
1. What is a weighted code? Answer: A weighted code is a code in which each digit has a specific
weight or value.

2. What is BCD code? Answer: BCD code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit is
represented by its corresponding binary value.

3. How do you convert a BCD code to a decimal number? Answer: To convert a BCD code to a
decimal number, multiply the value of each digit by its weight and add up the results.

BCD Arithmetics:
1. What is BCD arithmetic? Answer: BCD arithmetic is a method of performing arithmetic
operations on BCD numbers.

2. How do you perform BCD addition? Answer: BCD addition is performed by adding the
corresponding decimal digits of the two BCD numbers, and then adjusting the result for any
carry.

3. How do you perform BCD subtraction? Answer: BCD subtraction is performed by subtracting the
corresponding decimal digits of the subtrahend

Sequential codes, Self complementing codes,BCD arithmetics,XS-3 codes, Error detecting

codes,Parity codes,Hamming codes,Logic gates,Duality property.
1. What are sequential codes? Answer: Sequential codes are codes in which the position of a digit
in a code word affects the value represented by the code word.

2. What are self-complementing codes? Answer: Self-complementing codes are codes in which the
complement of a code word, obtained by changing all 0s to 1s and all 1s to 0s, represents the
negative of the original code word.

3. What is BCD arithmetic? Answer: BCD arithmetic is a method of performing arithmetic

operations using binary-coded decimal (BCD) digits.

4. What is XS-3 code? Answer: XS-3 code is a self-complementing code in which each decimal digit
is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent plus 0011.

5. What are error-detecting codes? Answer: Error-detecting codes are codes designed to detect
errors that may occur during transmission or storage of data.

6. What is a parity code? Answer: A parity code is an error-detecting code in which an extra bit,
called the parity bit, is added to a data word to make the total number of 1s in the word even or
odd.
 7. What is a Hamming code? Answer: A Hamming code is an error-correcting code in which extra
bits are added to a data word to detect and correct errors that may occur during transmission or
storage of data.

8. What are logic gates? Answer: Logic gates are electronic devices that perform logical operations
on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.

9. What is the duality property of logic gates? Answer: The duality property of logic gates states
that the truth table for the complement of any logic function is obtained by interchanging the 0s
and 1s in the truth table for the function.

10. What are SOP and POS forms of logic expressions? Answer: SOP (sum of products) and POS
(product of sums) are two standard forms for representing logic expressions. SOP represents a
logical function as the OR of ANDed product terms, while POS represents a logical function as
the AND of ORed sum terms.

11. What are Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps)? Answer: Karnaugh Maps, also known as K-Maps, are
graphical tools used to simplify Boolean expressions by grouping adjacent minterms or
maxterms.

12. What are the basic logic gates and their truth tables? Answer: The basic logic gates are AND, OR,
NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR gates. Their truth tables are as follows:

 AND: 0 0 -> 0, 0 1 -> 0, 1 0 -> 0, 1 1 -> 1

 OR: 0 0 -> 0, 0 1 -> 1, 1 0 -> 1, 1 1 -> 1

 NOT: 0 -> 1, 1 -> 0

 NAND: 0 0 -> 1, 0 1 -> 1, 1 0 -> 1, 1 1 -> 0

 NOR: 0 0 -> 1, 0 1 -> 0, 1 0 -> 0, 1 1 -> 0

 XOR: 0 0 -> 0, 0 1 -> 1, 1 0 -> 1, 1 1 -> 0.

SOP,POS,K-MAPs,Combinational logic circuits, FULL and HALF ADDER and

SUBTRACTOR,Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary convertors
1. What is the full form of SOP and POS? Answer: SOP stands for Sum of Products, while POS
stands for Product of Sums.

2. What is a Karnaugh map or K-map? Answer: A Karnaugh map or K-map is a graphical

representation of a truth table. It helps to simplify Boolean algebraic expressions and is a useful
tool in digital logic design.
 3. How do you simplify a Boolean expression using a K-map? Answer: To simplify a Boolean
expression using a K-map, you need to group the minterms or maxterms that share common
variables. Each group should contain 2^n terms, where n is the number of variables in the
expression. Then, you can write the simplified expression by combining the variables that
remain constant within each group.

4. What is a combinational logic circuit? Answer: A combinational logic circuit is a digital circuit
where the output depends only on the current input values. It does not have any memory
elements.

5. What is the difference between a full adder and a half adder? Answer: A half adder can add two
binary digits, while a full adder can add three binary digits. A full adder has an extra input called
a carry-in, which takes into account any carry generated by the addition of two previous bits.

6. What is a subtractor circuit? Answer: A subtractor circuit is a digital circuit that performs
subtraction of two binary numbers.

7. What is a binary to gray code converter? Answer: A binary to gray code converter is a digital
circuit that converts a binary number to its corresponding Gray code.

8. What is a gray to binary code converter? Answer: A gray to binary code converter is a digital
circuit that converts a Gray code to its corresponding binary number.

9. What is the advantage of using Gray code over binary code? Answer: The advantage of using
Gray code over binary code is that it reduces the probability of errors in digital communication
systems. The transition from one code word to another is limited to one bit change, reducing
the possibility of multiple bit errors.

10. What is a multiplexer or MUX? Answer: A multiplexer or MUX is a digital circuit that selects one
of several input signals and forwards the selected input to a single output.

11. What is a BCD encoder? Answer: A BCD encoder is a digital circuit that converts a binary number
to its corresponding BCD code.

12. What is a decoder? Answer: A decoder is a digital circuit that converts a binary code into a
specific output configuration.

"Comparator circuits" ,"MUX " , "BCD Encoders " , "De-MUX" , "Priority

encoders" , "Decoders ", "Entrance of enable inputs ", "Sequential logic
circuits".
1. What is a comparator circuit and what is its purpose?
 A comparator circuit is an electronic circuit that compares two voltages or currents and
determines which one is larger. Its purpose is to indicate whether the input voltage is higher or
lower than a reference voltage.

2. How does a multiplexer (MUX) work and what are its applications?

A multiplexer is a digital circuit that selects one of several input signals and forwards the
selected input to a single output. Its applications include digital signal switching, analog-to-
digital conversion, and data routing.

3. What is a BCD encoder and what is its purpose?

A BCD encoder is a digital circuit that converts binary-coded decimal (BCD) to a standard binary
representation. Its purpose is to simplify the design of digital circuits that process BCD data.

4. What is a demultiplexer (De-MUX) and what are its applications?

A demultiplexer is a digital circuit that takes a single input and distributes it to one of several
output lines based on a select signal. Its applications include data routing, address decoding, and
signal distribution.

5. What is a priority encoder and what is its purpose?

A priority encoder is a digital circuit that converts multiple binary inputs into a binary output
code based on the highest-priority input. Its purpose is to simplify the design of digital circuits
that process multiple inputs.

6. What is a decoder and what is its purpose?

A decoder is a digital circuit that converts a binary code into a set of output signals. Its purpose
is to enable a computer or other digital system to communicate with external devices or
perform other functions.

7. What is the function of enable inputs in digital circuits?

Enable inputs are used to control the operation of digital circuits by allowing or blocking signals
from being passed through the circuit. They are often used to synchronize the operation of
multiple circuits or to reduce power consumption.

8. What is a sequential logic circuit and how is it different from a combinational logic circuit?

A sequential logic circuit is a digital circuit whose output depends not only on the current input
but also on the previous inputs and outputs. It contains feedback elements such as flip-flops or
registers. A combinational logic circuit, on the other hand, produces an output based solely on
the current input.

9. What is a D flip-flop and how does it work?

 A D flip-flop is a sequential logic circuit that stores a single bit of data. It has a data input (D) and
a clock input (CLK). When the clock signal transitions from low to high, the input data is
transferred to the output. The output remains stable until the next clock cycle.

10. What is a shift register and what is it used for?

A shift register is a sequential logic circuit that stores and shifts data serially. It has a data input
and a shift input, and the output is shifted out one bit at a time. It is commonly used in digital
communication systems, data storage devices, and other applications where serial data transfer
is required.

11. What is a counter and what is its purpose?

A counter is a sequential logic circuit that counts the number of clock pulses or other events
that occur. It is often used to control the timing of digital circuits or to measure the frequency of
signals.

12. What is a synchronous circuit and how does it differ from an asynchronous circuit?

A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit whose operation is synchronized by a common clock

signal. It is designed to operate in a predictable and reliable manner. An asynchronous circuit,
on the other hand, does not rely on a common clock signal and can be more difficult to design
and analyze.